THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH, AND HOW IT SENDS MESSAGES.
=107. The Complete Telegraph Line= consists of several instruments,
switches, etc., etc., but its essential parts are: The _Line_, or wire,
which connects the different stations; the _Transmitter_ or _Key_; the
_Receiver_ or _Sounder_, and the _Battery_ or _Dynamo_.
=108. The Line= is made of strong copper, iron, or soft steel wire. To
keep the current in the line it is insulated, generally upon poles, by
glass insulators. For very short lines two wires can be used, the line
wire and the return; but for long lines the earth is used as a return,
a wire from each end being joined to large metal plates sunk in the
earth.
[Illustration: Fig. 106.]
=109. Telegraph Keys= are merely instruments by which the circuit
can be conveniently and rapidly opened or closed at the will of the
operator. An ordinary push-button may be used to turn the current off
and on, but it is not so convenient as a key.
Fig. 106 shows a side view of a simple key which can be put anywhere
in the circuit, one end of the cut wire being attached to X and the
other to Y. By moving the lever C up and down according to a previously
arranged set of signals, a current will be allowed to pass to a
distant station. As X and Y are insulated from each other, the current
can pass only when C presses against Y.
Fig. 107 shows a regular key, with switch, which is used to allow the
current to pass through the instrument when receiving a message.
[Illustration: Fig. 107.]
=110. Telegraph Sounders= receive the current from some distant
station, and with its electromagnet produce sounds that can be
translated into messages.
[Illustration: Fig. 108.]
Fig. 108 shows simply an electromagnet H, the coil being connected in
series with a key K and a cell D C. The key and D C are shown by a top
view. The lever of K does not touch the other metal strap until it is
pressed down. A little above the core of H is held a strip of iron, on
armature I. As soon as the circuit is closed at K, the current rushes
through the circuit, and the core attracts I making a distinct _click_.
As soon as K is raised, I springs away from the core, if it has been
properly held. In regular instruments a click is also made when the
armature springs back again.
The time between the two clicks can be short or long, to represent
_dots_ or _dashes_, which, together with _spaces_, represent letters.
(For Telegraph Alphabet and complete directions for home-made keys,
sounders, etc., see "Apparatus Book," Chapter XIV.)
[Illustration: Fig. 109.]
[Illustration: Fig. 110.]
Fig. 109 shows a form of home-made sounder. Fig. 110 shows one form of
telegraph sounder. Over the poles of the horseshoe electromagnet is an
armature fixed to a metal bar that can rock up and down. The instant
the current passes through the coils the armature comes down until a
stop-screw strikes firmly upon the metal frame, making the down click.
As soon as the distant key is raised, the armature is firmly pulled
back and another click is made. The two clicks differ in sound, and can
be readily recognized by the operator.
=111. Connections for Simple Line.= Fig. 111 shows complete connections
for a home-made telegraph line. The capital letters are used for the
right side, R, and small letters for the left side, L. Gravity cells,
B and b, are used. The _sounders_, S and s, and the _keys_, K and k,
are shown by a top view. The broad black lines of S and s represent the
armatures which are directly over the electromagnets. The keys have
switches, E and e.
The two stations, R and L, may be in the same room, or in different
houses. The _return wire_, R W, passes from the copper of b to the zinc
of B. This is important, as the cells must help each other; that is,
they are in series. The _line wire_, L W, passes from one station to
the other, and the return may be through the wire, R W, or through the
earth; but for short lines a wire is best.
[Illustration: Fig. 111.]
=112. Operation of Simple Line.= Suppose two boys, R (right) and L
(left) have a line. Fig. 111 shows that R's switch, E, is open, while
e is closed. The entire circuit, then, is broken at but one point. As
soon as R presses his key, the circuit is closed, and the current from
both cells rushes around from B, through K, S, L W, s, k, b, R W, and
back to B. This makes the armatures of S and s come down with a click
at the same time. As soon as the key is raised, the armatures lift and
make the up-click. As soon as R has finished, he closes his switch E.
As the armatures are then held down, L knows that R has finished, so
he opens his switch e, and answers R. Both E and e are closed when the
line is not in use, so that either can open his switch at any time and
call up the other. Closed circuit cells must be used for such lines. On
very large lines dynamos are used to furnish the current.
=113. The Relay.= Owing to the large resistance of long telegraph
lines, the current is weak when it reaches a distant station, and not
strong enough to work an ordinary sounder. To get around this, relays
are used; these are very delicate instruments that replace the sounder
in the line wire circuit. Their coils are usually wound with many turns
of fine wire, so that a feeble current will move its nicely adjusted
armature. The relay armature merely acts as an automatic key to open
and close a local circuit which includes a battery and sounder. The
line current does not enter the sounder; it passes back from the relay
to the sending station through the earth.
[Illustration: Fig. 112.]
Fig. 112 gives an idea of simple relay connections. The key K, and
cell D C, represent a distant sending station. E is the electromagnet
of the relay, and R A is its armature. L W and R W represent the line
and return wires. R A will vibrate toward E every time K is pressed,
and close the local circuit, which includes a local battery, L B, and
a sounder. It is evident that as soon as K is pressed the sounder will
work with a good strong click, as the local battery can be made as
strong as desired.
Fig. 113 shows a regular instrument which opens and closes the local
circuit at the top of the armature.
[Illustration: Fig. 113.]
=114. Ink Writing Registers= are frequently used instead of sounders.
Fig. 114 shows a writing register that starts itself promptly at the
opening of the circuit, and stops automatically as soon as the circuit
returns to its normal condition. A strip of narrow paper is slowly
pulled from the reel by the machine, a mark being made upon it every
time the armature of an inclosed electromagnet is attracted. When the
circuit is simply closed for an instant, a short line, representing a
_dot_, is made.
Registers are built both single pen and double pen. In the latter case,
as the record of one wire is made with a fine pen, and the other with
a coarse pen, they can always be identified. The record being blocked
out upon white tape in solid black color, in a series of clean-cut dots
and dashes, it can be read at a glance, and as it is indelible, it may
be read years afterward. Registers are made for local circuits, for
use in connection with relays, or for direct use on main lines, as is
usually desirable in fire-alarm circuits.
[Illustration: Fig. 114.]