352. In this chapter brief consideration is given to a few features of
Latin diction which belong rather to style than to formal grammar.
NOUNS.
353. 1. Where a distinct reference to several persons or things is
involved, the Latin is frequently _much more exact in the use of the
Plural_ than is the English; as,--
domōs eunt, _they go home (i.e. to their homes_);
Germānī corpora cūrant, _the Germans care for the body_;
animōs mīlitum recreat, _he renews the courage of the soldiers_;
diēs noctēsque timēre, _to be in a state of fear day and night_.
2. In case of Neuter Pronouns and Adjectives used substantively, the Latin
often employs the Plural where the English uses the Singular; as,--
omnia sunt perdīta, _everything is lost_;
quae cum ita sint, _since this is so_;
haec omnibus pervulgāta sunt, _this is very well known to all_.
3. The Latin is usually _more concrete_ than the English, and especially
_less bold in the personification_ of abstract qualities. Thus:--
ā puerō, ā puerīs, _from boyhood_;
Sullā dictātōre, _in Sulla's dictatorship_;
mē duce, _under my leadership_;
Rōmānī cum Carthāginiēnsibus pācem fēcērunt = _Rome made peace with
Carthage_;
liber doctrīnae plēnus = _a learned book_;
prūdentiā Themistoclīs Graecia servāta est = _Themistocles's foresight
saved Greece_.
4. The Nouns of Agency in -tor and -sor (see § 147, 1) denote a _permanent_
or _characteristic activity_; as,--
accūsātōrēs, _(professional) accusers_;
ōrātōrēs, _pleaders_;
cantōrēs, _singers_;
Arminius, Germāniae līberātor, _Arminius, liberator of Germany_.
a. To denote single instances of an action, other expressions are
commonly employed; as,--
Numa, quī Rōmulō successit, _Numa, successor of Romulus_;
quī mea legunt, _my readers_;
quī mē audiunt, _my auditors_.
5. The Latin avoids the use of prepositional phrases as modifiers of a
Noun. In English we say: '_The war against Carthage_'; '_a journey through
Gaul_'; '_cities on the sea_'; '_the book in my hands_'; '_the fight at
Salamis_'; etc. The Latin in such cases usually employs another mode of
expression. Thus:--
a) A Genitive; as,--
dolor injūriārum, _resentment at injuries_.
b) An Adjective; as,--
urbēs maritimae, _cities on the sea_;
pugna Salamīnia, _the fight at Salamis_.
c) A Participle; as,--
pugna ad Cannās facta, _the battle at Cannae_.
d) A Relative clause; as,--
liber quī in meīs manibus est, _the book in my hands_.
NOTE.--Yet within certain limits the Latin does employ Prepositional
phrases as Noun modifiers. This is particularly frequent when the governing
noun is derived from a verb. The following are typical examples:--
trānsitus in Britanniam, _the passage to Britain_;
excessus ē vītā, _departure from life_;
odium ergā Rōmānōs, _hatred of the Romans_;
liber dē senectūte, _the book on old age_;
amor in patriam, _love for one's country_.
ADJECTIVES.
354. 1. Special Latin Equivalents for English Adjectives are--
a) A Genitive; as,--
virtūtēs animī = _moral virtues_;
dolōrēs corporis = _bodily ills_.
b) An Abstract Noun; as,--
novitās reī = _the strange circumstance_;
asperitās viārum = _rough roads_.
c) Hendiadys (see § 374, 4); as,--
ratiō et ōrdō = _systematic order_;
ārdor et impetus = _eager onset_.
d) Sometimes an Adverb; as,--
omnēs circā populī, _all the surrounding tribes_;
suōs semper hostēs, _their perpetual foes_.
2. Often a Latin Noun is equivalent to an English Noun modified by an
Adjective; as,--
doctrīna, _theoretical knowledge_;
prūdentia, _practical knowledge_;
oppidum, _walled town_;
libellus, _little book_.
3. Adjectives are not used in immediate agreement with proper names; but an
Adjective may limit vir, homō, ille, or some other word used as an
Appositive of a proper name; as,--
Sōcratēs, homō sapiēns = _the wise Socrates_;
Scīpiō, vir fortissimus = _the doughty Scipio_;
Syrācūsae, urbs praeclārissima = _famous Syracuse_.
4. An Adjective _may be_ equivalent to a Possessive or Subjective Genitive;
as,--
pāstor rēgius, _the shepherd of the king_;
tumultus servīlis, _the uprising of the slaves_.
PRONOUNS.
355. 1. In Compound Sentences the Relative Pronoun has a fondness for
connecting itself with the subordinate clause rather than the main one;
as,--
ā quō cum quaererētur, quid maximē expedīret, respondit, _when it was
asked of him what was best, he replied_. (Less commonly, quī, cum ab eō
quaererētur, respondit.)
2. Uterque, ambō. Uterque means _each of two_; ambō means _both_; as,--
uterque frāter abiit, _each of the two brothers departed_ (i.e.
separately);
ambō frātrēs abiērunt, i.e. the two brothers departed together.
a. The Plural of uterque occurs--
1) With Nouns used only in the Plural (see § 56); as,--
in utrīsque castrīs, _in each camp_.
2) Where there is a distinct reference to two groups of persons or
things; as,--
utrīque ducēs clārī fuērunt, _the generals on each side_ (several in
number) _were famous_.
VERBS.
356. 1. In case of Defective and Deponent Verbs, a Passive is supplied:--
a) By the corresponding verbal Nouns in combination with esse, etc.;
as,--
in odiō sumus, _we are hated_;
in invidiā sum, _I am envied_;
admīrātiōnī est, _he is admired_;
oblīviōne obruitur, _he is forgotten_ (lit. _is overwhelmed by
oblivion_);
in ūsū esse, _to be used_.
b) By the Passive of Verbs of related meaning. Thus:--
agitārī as Passive of persequī;
temptārī as Passive of adorīrī.
2. The lack of the Perfect Active Participle in Latin is supplied--
a) Sometimes by the Perfect Passive Participle of the Deponent; as,--
adhortātus, _having exhorted_;
veritus, _having feared_.
b) By the Ablative Absolute; as,--
hostium agrīs vāstātīs Caesar exercitum redūxit, _having ravaged the
country of the enemy, Caesar led back his army_.
c) By subordinate clauses; as,--
eō cum advēnisset, castra posuit, _having arrived there, he pitched a
camp_;
hostes quī in urbem irrūperant, _the enemy having burst into the city_.
3. The Latin agrees with English in the stylistic employment of the Second
Person Singular in an indefinite sense (= '_one_'). _Cf._ the English '_You
can drive a horse to water, but you can't make him drink._' But in Latin
this use is mainly confined to certain varieties of the Subjunctive,
especially the Potential (§ 280), Jussive (§ 275), Deliberative (§ 277),
and the Subjunctive in conditional sentences of the sort included under §
302, 2, and 303. Examples:--
vidērēs, _you could see_;
ūtāre vīribus, _use your strength_,
quid hōc homine faciās, _what are you to do with this man_?
mēns quoque et animus, nisi tamquam lūminī oleum īnstīllēs,
exstinguuntur senectūte, _the intellect and mind too are extinguished
by old age, unless, so to speak, you keep pouring oil into the lamp_;
tantō amōre possessiōnēs suās amplexī tenēbant, ut ab eīs membra
dīvellī citius posse dīcerēs, _they clung to their possessions with
such an affectionate embrace, that you would have said their limbs
could sooner be torn from their bodies_.
PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE ACCUSATIVE.
357. 1. To denote '_so many years, etc., afterwards or before_' the Latin
employs not merely the Ablative of Degree of Difference with post and ante
(see § 223), but has other forms of expression. Thus:--
post quīnque annōs, _five years afterward_;
paucōs ante diēs, _a few days before_;
ante quadriennium, _four years before_;
post diem quārtum quam ab urbe discesserāmus, _four days after we had
left the city_;
ante tertium annum quam dēcesserat, _three years before he had died_.
2. The Latin seldom combines both Subject and Object with the same
Infinitive; as,--
Rōmānōs Hannibalem vīcisse cōnstat.
Such a sentence would be ambiguous, and might mean either that the Romans
had conquered Hannibal, or that Hannibal had conquered the Romans.
Perspicuity was gained by the use of the Passive Infinitive; as,--
Rōmānōs ab Hannibale victōs esse cōnstat, _it is well established that
the Romans were defeated by Hannibal_.
PECULIARITIES IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF THE DATIVE.
358. 1. The English _for_ does not always correspond to a Dative notion in
Latin, but is often the equivalent of prō with the Ablative, viz. in the
senses--
a) _In defense of_; as,--
prō patriā morī, _to die for one's country_.
b) _Instead of_, _in behalf of_; as,--
ūnus prō omnibus dīxit, _one spoke for all_;
haec prō lēge dicta sunt, _these things were said for the law_.
c) _In proportion to_; as,--
prō multitūdine hominum eōrum fīnēs erant angustī, _for the population,
their territory was small_.
2. Similarly, English _to_ when it indicates motion is rendered in Latin by
ad.
a. Note, however, that the Latin may say either scrībere ad aliquem, or
scrībere alicui, according as the idea of motion is or is not
predominant. So in several similar expressions.
3. In the poets, verbs of _mingling with_, _contending with_, _joining_,
_clinging to_, etc., sometimes take the Dative. This construction is a
Grecism. Thus:--
sē miscet virīs, _he mingles with the men_;
contendis Homērō, _you contend with Homer_;
dextrae dextram jungere, _to clasp hand with hand_.
PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE GENITIVE.
359. 1. The Possessive Genitive gives emphasis to the _possessor_, the
Dative of Possessor emphasizes _the fact of possession_; as,--
hortus patris est, _the garden is my father's_;
mihi hortus est, _I possess a garden_.
2. The Latin can say either stultī or stultum est dīcere, _it is foolish to
say_; but Adjectives of one ending permit only the Genitive; as,--
sapientis est haec sēcum reputāre, _it is the part of a wise man to
consider this_.
* * * * *
PART VI.
PROSODY.
360. Prosody treats of metres and versification.
361. Latin Verse. Latin Poetry was essentially different in character from
English. In our own language, poetry is based upon _accent_, and poetical
form consists essentially in a certain succession of _accented_ and
_unaccented_ syllables. Latin poetry, on the other hand, was based not upon
accent, but upon _quantity_, so that with the Romans poetical form
consisted in a certain succession of _long and short syllables_, i.e. of
long and short intervals of time.
This fundamental difference in the character of English and Latin poetry is
a natural result of the difference in character of the two languages.
English is a strongly accented language, in which quantity is relatively
subordinate. Latin, on the other hand, was a quantitative language, in
which accent was relatively subordinate.
QUANTITY OF VOWELS AND SYLLABLES
GENERAL PRINCIPLES.
362. The general principles for the quantity of vowels and syllables have
been given above in § 5. The following peculiarities are to be noted
here:--
1. A vowel is usually short when followed by another vowel (§ 5, A, 2), but
the following exceptions occur:--
a) In the Genitive termination -īus (except alterĭus); as, illīus,
tōtīus. Yet the i may be short in poetry; as, illĭus, tōtĭus.
b) In the Genitive and Dative Singular of the Fifth Declension; as, diēī,
aciēī. But fidĕī, rĕī, spĕī (§ 52, 1).
c) In fīō, excepting fit and forms where i is followed by er. Thus:
fīēbam, fīat, fīunt; but fĭerī, fĭerem.
d) In a few other words, especially words derived from the Greek; as,
dīus, Aenēās, Dārīus, hērōes, etc.
2. A diphthong is usually long (§ 5, B, 2), but the preposition prae in
composition is often shortened before a vowel; as, prăĕacūtus.
3. A syllable containing a short vowel followed by two consonants (§ 5, B,
2) is long, even when one of the consonants is in the following word; as,
terret populum. Occasionally the syllable is long when both consonants are
in the following word; as, prō segete spīcās.
4. Compounds of jaciō, though written inicit, adicit, etc., have the first
syllable long, as though written inj-, adj-.
5. Before j, ă and ĕ made a long syllable, e.g. in major, pejor, ejus,
ejusdem, Pompejus, rejēcit, etc. These were pronounced, mai-jor, pei-jor,
ei-jus, Pompei-jus, rei-jēcit, etc. So also sometimes before i, e.g.
Pompe-ī, pronounced Pompei-ī; re-iciō, pronounced rei-iciō.
Quantity of Final Syllables.
_A. Final Syllables ending in a Vowel._
363. 1. Final a is mostly short, but is long:--
a) In the Ablative Singular of the First Declension; as, portā.
b) In the Imperative; as, laudā.
c) In indeclinable words (except ită, quiă); as, trīgintā, contrā,
posteā, intereā, etc.
2. Final e is usually short, but is long:--
a) In the Ablative Singular of the Fifth Declension; as, diē, rē; hence
hodiē, quārē. Here belongs also famē (§ 59, 2, b).
b) In the Imperative of the Second Conjugation; as, monē, habē, etc.; yet
occasionally cavĕ, valĕ.
c) In Adverbs derived from Adjectives of the Second Declension, along
with ferē and fermē. Benĕ, malĕ, temerĕ, saepĕ have ĕ.
d) In ē, dē, mē, tē, sē, nē (_not_, _lest_), nē (_verily_).
3. Final i is usually long, but is short in nisĭ and quasĭ. Mihi, tibi,
sibi, ibi, ubi, have regularly ĭ, but sometimes ī; yet always ibīdem,
ibīque, ubīque.
4. Final o is regularly long, but is short:--
a) In egŏ, duŏ, modŏ (_only_), citŏ.
b) Rarely in the First Person Singular of the Verb, and in Nominatives of
the Third Declension; as, amŏ, leŏ.
c) In a few compounds beginning with the Preposition pro, especially
before f; as prŏfundere, prŏficīscī, prŏfugere.
5. Final u is always long.
_B. Final Syllables ending in a Consonant._
364. 1. Final syllables ending in any other consonant than s are short. The
following words, however, have a long vowel: sāl, sōl, Lār, pār, vēr, fūr,
dīc, dūc, ēn, nōn, quīn, sīn, sīc, cūr. Also the adverbs hīc, illīc,
istīc.[60]
2. Final syllables in -as are long; as, terrās, amās.
3. Final syllables in -es are regularly long, but are short:--
a) In the Nominative and Vocative Singular of dental stems (§ 33) of the
Third Declension which have a short penult in the Genitive; as, segĕs
(segetis), obsĕs (obsidis), mīlĕs, dīvĕs. But a few have -ēs; viz. pēs,
ariēs, abiēs, pariēs.
b) In ēs (_thou art_), penēs.
4. Final -os is usually long, but short in ŏs (ossis), compŏs, impŏs.
5. Final -is is usually short, but is long:--
a) In Plurals; as, portīs, hortīs, nōbīs, vōbīs, nūbīs (Acc.).
b) In the Second Person Singular Perfect Subjunctive Active; as,
amāverīs, monuerīs, audīverīs, etc. Yet occasional exceptions occur.
c) In the Second Person Singular Present Indicative Active of the Fourth
Conjugation; as, audīs.
d) In vīs, _force_; īs, _thou goest_; fīs; sīs; velīs; nōlīs; vīs, _thou
wilt_ (māvīs, quamvīs, quīvīs, etc.).
6. Final -us is usually short, but is long:--
a) In the Genitive Singular and in the Nominative, Accusative, and
Vocative Plural of the Fourth Declension; as, frūctūs.
_b_) In the Nominative and Vocative Singular of those nouns of the Third
Declension in which the u belongs to the stem; as, palūs (-ūdis),
servitūs (-ūtis), tellūs (-ūris).
365. Greek Nouns retain in Latin their original quantity; as, Aenēā,
epitomē, Dēlos, Pallas, Simoīs, Salamīs, Dīdūs, Paridī, āēr, aethēr,
crātēr, hērōăs. Yet Greek nouns in -ωρ (-ōr) regularly shorten the vowel of
the final syllable; as, rhētŏr, Hectŏr.
VERSE-STRUCTURE.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES.
366. 1. The metrical unit in versification is a short syllable, technically
called a mora ( v ). A long syllable ( _ ) is regarded as equivalent to two
morae.
2. A Foot is a group of syllables. The following are the most important
kinds of fundamental feet:--
FEET OF THREE MORAE. FEET OF FOUR MORAE.
_ v Trochee. _ v v Dactyl.
v _ Iambus. v v _ Anapaest.
3. A Verse is a succession of feet.
4. The different kinds of verses are named Trochaic, Iambic, Dactylic,
Anapaestic, according to the foot which forms the basis of their structure.
5. Ictus. In every fundamental foot the long syllable naturally receives
the greater prominence. This prominence is called ictus.[61] It is denoted
thus: _/ v v ; _/ v .
6. Thesis and Arsis. The syllable which receives the ictus is called the
thesis; the rest of the foot is called the arsis.
7. Elision. Final syllables ending in a vowel, a diphthong, or -m are
regularly elided before a word beginning with a vowel or h. In reading, we
omit the elided syllable entirely. This may be indicated as follows:
corpor^e in ūnō; mult^um ill^e et; mōnstr^um horrendum; caus^ae īrārum.
a. Omission of elision is called Hiátus. It occurs especially before and
after monosyllabic interjections; as, Ō et praesidium.
8. The ending of a word within a foot is called a Caesúra (_cutting_) Every
verse usually has one prominent caesura. The ending of a word and foot
together within the verse is called a diaeresis.
9. Verses are distinguished as Catalectic or Acatalectic. A Catalectic
verse is one in which the last foot is not complete, but lacks one or more
syllables; an Acatalectic verse has its last foot complete.
10. At the end of a verse a slight pause occurred. Hence the final syllable
may be either long or short (syllaba anceps), and may terminate in a vowel
or m, even though the next verse begins with a vowel.
11. Iambic, Trochaic, and Anapaestic verses are further designated as
dimeter, trimeter, tetrameter, according to _the number of dipodies_ (pairs
of feet) which they contain. Dactylic verses are measured _by single feet_,
and are designated as tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, accordingly.
SPECIAL PECULIARITIES.
367. 1. Synizésis (synaéresis). Two successive vowels in the interior of a
word are often united into a long syllable; as,--
aur{eī}s, d{ei}nde, ant{eī}re, d{ee}sse.
2. Diástole. A syllable usually short is sometimes long; as,--
vidēt, audīt.
3. Sýstole. A syllable usually long is sometimes short; as,--
stetĕrunt.
a. Diastole and Systole are not mere arbitrary processes. They usually
represent an earlier pronunciation which had passed out of vogue in the
ordinary speech.
4. After a consonant, i and u sometimes become j and v. The preceding
syllable then becomes long; as,--
abjete for abiete; genva for genua.
5. Sometimes v becomes u; as,--
silua for silva; dissoluō for dissolvō.
6. Sometimes a verse has an extra syllable. Such a verse is called an
Hypérmeter. The extra syllable ends in a vowel or -m, and is united with
the initial vowel or h of the next verse by Synaphéia. Thus:--
... ignār^ī hominumque locōrum^que
errāmus.
7. Tmesis (cutting). Compound words are occasionally separated into their
elements; as,--
quō mē cumque rapit tempestās, for quōcumque, etc.
8. Sýncope. A short vowel is sometimes dropped between two consonants;
as,--
repostus for repositus
THE DACTYLIC HEXAMETER.
368. 1. The Dactylic Hexameter, or Heroic Verse, consists theoretically of
six dactyls. But in all the feet except the fifth, a spondee ( _ _ ) may
take the place of the dactyl. The sixth foot may be either a spondee or a
trochee, since the final syllable of a verse may be either long or short
(syllaba anceps). The following represents the scheme of the verse:--
_/ vv (or _) ; _/ vv (or _) ; _/ vv (or _) ; _/ vv (or _) ; _/ vv ; _/ v
(or _).
2. Sometimes we find a spondee in the fifth foot. Such verses are called
Spondaic. A dactyl usually stands in the fourth place, and the fifth and
sixth feet are generally made up of a quadrisyllable; as,--
armātum^que aurō circumspicit Ōrīōna.
cāra deum subolēs, magnum Jovis incrēmentum.
3. Caesura.
a) The favorite position of the caesura in the Dactylic Hexameter is
after the thesis of the third foot; as,--
arma virumque canō || Trōjae quī prīmus ab ōrĭs.
b) Less frequently the caesura occurs after the thesis of the fourth
foot, usually accompanied by another in the second foot; as,--
inde torō || pater Aenēās || sīc ōrsus ab alt^ō est.
c) Sometimes the caesura occurs between the two short syllables of the
third foot; as,--
Ō passī graviōra || dabit deus hīs quoque fīnem.
This caesura is called Feminine, as opposed to the caesura after a long
syllable, which is called Masculine (as under a and b)
d) A pause sometimes occurs at the end of the fourth foot. This is called
the Bucolic Diaeresis, as it was borrowed by the Romans from the Bucolic
poetry of the Greeks. Thus:--
sōlstitium pecorī dēfendite; || jam venit aestās.
DACTYLIC PENTAMETER.
369. 1. The Dactylic Pentameter consists of two parts, each of which
contains two dactyls, followed by a long syllable. Spondees may take the
place of the dactyls in the first part, but not in the second. The long
syllable at the close of the first half of the verse always ends a word.
The scheme is the following:--
_/ vv (or _) _/ vv (or _) _/ || _/ vv _/ vv v (or _).
2. The Pentameter is never used alone, but only in connection with the
Hexameter. The two arranged alternately form the so-called Elegiac Distich.
Thus:--
Vergilium vīdī tantum, neo amāra Tibullō
Tempus amīcitiae fāta dedēre meae.
IAMBIC MEASURES.
370. 1. The most important Iambic verse is the Iambic Trimeter (§ 366, 11),
called also Senarius. This is an acatalectic verse. It consists of six
Iambi. Its pure form is:--
v _ v _ v _ v _ v _ v _
Beātus ille quī procul negōtiīs.
The Caesura usually occurs in the third foot; less frequently in the
fourth.
2. In place of the Iambus, a Tribrach ( v v v ) may stand in any foot but
the last. In the odd feet (first, third, and fifth) may stand a Spondee,
Dactyl, or Anapaest, though the last two are less frequent. Sometimes a
Proceleusmatic ( v v v v ) occurs.
3. In the Latin comic writers, Plautus and Terence, great freedom is
permitted, and the various equivalents of the Iambus, viz. the Dactyl,
Anapaest, Spondee, Tribrach, Proceleusmatic, are freely admitted in any
foot except the last.
* * * * *
SUPPLEMENTS TO THE GRAMMAR.
I. JULIAN CALENDAR.
371. 1. The names of the Roman months are: Jānuārius, Februārius, Mārtius,
Aprīlis, Majus, Jūnius, Jūlius (Quīntīlis[62] prior to 46 B.C.), Augustus
(Sextīlis[62] before the Empire), September, Octōber, November, December.
These words are properly Adjectives in agreement with mēnsis understood.
2. Dates were reckoned from three points in the month:--
a) The Calends, the first of the month.
b) The Nones, usually the fifth of the month, but the seventh in March,
May, July, and October.
c) The Ides, usually the thirteenth of the month, but the fifteenth in
March, May, July, and October.
3. From these points dates were reckoned backward; consequently all days
after the Ides of any month were reckoned as so many days before the
Calends of the month next following.
4. The day before the Calends, Nones, or Ides of any month is designated as
prīdiē Kalendās, Nōnās, Īdūs. The second day before was designated as diē
tertiō ante Kalendās, Nōnās, etc. Similarly the third day before was
designated as diē quārtō, and so on. These designations are arithmetically
inaccurate, but the Romans reckoned both ends of the series. The Roman
numeral indicating the date is therefore always larger by one than the
actual number of days before Nones, Ides, or Calends.
5. In indicating dates, the name of the month is added in the form of an
Adjective agreeing with Kalendās, Nōnās, Īdūs. Various forms of expression
occur, of which that given under d) is most common:--
=====================================================================
Days |March,May,July|January, August| April,June, |
of the| October. | December | September, | February
month.| | | November |
------+--------------+---------------+---------------+---------------
1 |KALENDĪS |KALENDĪS |KALENDĪS |KALENDĪS
2 |VI Nōnās |IV Nōnās |IV Nōnās |IV Nōnās
3 |V " |III " |III " |III "
4 |IV " |Prīdiē Nōnās |Prīdiē Nōnās |Prīdiē Nōnās
5 |III " |NŌNĪS |NŌNĪS |NŌNĪS
6 |Prīdiē Nōnās |VIII Īdūs |VIII Īdūs |VIII Īdūs
7 |NŌNĪS |VII " |VII " |VII "
8 |VIII Īdūs |VI " |VI " |VI "
9 |VII " |V " |V " |V "
10 |VI " |IV " |IV " |IV "
11 |V " |III " |III " |III "
12 |IV " |Pr. Īdūs |Pr. Īdūs |Pr. Īdūs
13 |III " |ĪDIBUS |ĪDIBUS |ĪDIBUS
14 |Pr. Īdūs |XIX Kalend. |XVIII Kalend.|XVI Kalend.
15 |ĪDIBUS |XVIII " |XVII " |XV "
16 |XVII Kalend. |XVII " |XVI " |XIV "
17 |XVI " |XVI " |XV " |XIII "
18 |XV " |XV " |XIV " |XII "
19 |XIV " |XIV " |XIII " |XI "
20 |XIII " |XIII " |XII " |X "
21 |XII " |XII " |XI " |IX "
22 |XI " |XI " |X " |VIII "
23 |X " |X " |IX " |VII "
24 |IX " |IX " |VIII " |VI "
25 |VIII " |VIII " |VII " |V (bis VI)"
26 |VII " |VII " |VI " |IV (V) "
27 |VI " |VI " |V " |III (IV) "
28 |V " |V " |IV " |Pr.Kal.(III K.)
29 |IV " |IV " |III " |(Prīd. Kal.)
30 |III " |III " |Pr. Kalend. |(Enclosed forms are
31 |Pr. Kalend. |Pr. Kalend. | |for leap-year.)
=====================================================================
* * * * *
II. PROPER NAMES.
373. 1. The name of a Roman citizen regularly consisted of three parts: the
praenōmen (or given name), the nōmen (name of the _gens_ or clan), and the
cognōmen (family name). Such a typical name is exemplied by Mārcus Tullius
Cicerō, in which Mārcus is the praenōmen, Tullius the nōmen, and Cicerō the
cognōmen. Sometimes a second cognōmen (in later Latin called an agnōmen) is
added--expecially in honor of military achievements; as,--
Gāius Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus.
2. ABBREVIATIONS OF PROPER NAMES.
A. = Aulus. Mam. = Māmercus.
App. = Appius. N. = Numerius.
C. = Gāius. P. = Pūblius.
Cn. = Gnaeus. Q. = Quīntus.
D. = Decimus. Sex. = Sextus.
K. = Kaesō. Ser. = Servius.
L. = Lūcius. Sp. = Spurius.
M. = Mārcus. T. = Titus.
M'. = Mānius. Ti. = Tiberius.
* * * * *
III. FIGURES OF SYNTAX AND RHETORIC.
_A._ Figures of Syntax.
374. 1. Ellípsis is the omission of one or more words; as,--
quid multa, _why (should I say) much?_
2. Brachýlogy is a brief or condensed form of expression; as,--
ut ager sine cultūrā frūctuōsus esse nōn potest, sīc sine doctrīnā
animus, _as a field cannot be productive without cultivation, so the
mind (cannot be productive) without learning._
Special varieties of Brachylogy are--
a) Zeugma, in which one verb is made to stand for two; as,--
minīs aut blandīmentīs corrupta = _(terrifed) by threats or corrupted
by flattery._
b) Compendiary Comparison, by which a modifier of an object is mentioned
instead of the object itself; as,--
dissimilis erat Charēs eōrum et factīs et mōribus, lit. _Chares was
different from their conduct and character_ i.e. Chares's conduct and
character were different, etc.
3. Pléonasm is an unnecessary fullness of expression; as,--
prius praedīcam, lit. _I will first say in advance_.
4. Hendíadys (‛εν δια δυοιν, _one through two_) is the use of two nouns
joined by a conjunction, in the sense of a noun modified by a Genitive or
an Adjective; as,--
febris et aestus, _the heat of fever_;
celeritāte cursūque, _by swift running_.
5. Prolépsis, or Anticipation, is the introduction of an epithet in advance
of the action which makes it appropriate; as,--
submersās obrue puppēs, lit. _overwhelm their submerged ships_, i.e.
overwhelm and sink their ships.
a. The name Prolepsis is also applied to the introduction of a noun or
pronoun as object of the main clause where we should expect it to stand
as subject of a subordinate clause. Thus:--
nōstī Mārcellum quam tardus sit, _you know how slow Marcellus is_ (lit.
_you know Marcellus, how slow he is_).
Both varieties of Prolepsis are chiefly confined to poetry.
6. Anacolúthon is a lack of grammatical consistency in the construction of
the sentence; as,--
tum Ancī fīliī ... impēnsius eīs indignitās crēscere, _then the sons of
Ancus ... their indignation increased all the more_.
7. Hýsteron Próteron consists in the inversion of the natural order of two
words or phrases; as,--
moriāmur et in media arma ruāmus = _let us rush into the midst of arms
and die_.
B. Figures of Rhetoric.
375. 1. Lítotes (literally _softening_) is the expression of an idea by the
denial of its opposite; as,--
haud parum labōris, _no little toil_ (i.e. much toil);
nōn ignōrō, _I am not ignorant_ (_i.e._ I am well aware).
2. Oxymóron is the combination of contradictory conceptions; as,--
sapiēns īnsānia, _wise folly_.
3. Alliteration is the employment of a succession of words presenting
frequent repetition of the same letter (mostly initial); as,--
sēnsim sine sēnsū aetās senēscit.
4. Onomatopœia is the suiting of sound to sense; as,--
quadrupedante putrem sonitū quatit ungula campum, '_And shake with
horny hoofs the solid ground_.'
* * * * *
INDEX OF THE SOURCES OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES CITED IN THE SYNTAX.[63]
§ 162. nonne videtis, _Sest._ 47. num exspectas, _Phil._ ii, 86. videsne,
_Vatin._ 30. sensistine, _Cat._ 1, 8. a rebus, _de Sen._ 15. visne locum,
_Leg._ ii, 1. estisne, _Liv._ i, 38, 2. jam ea, _Ter. Phor._ 525. estne
frater, _Ter. Ad._ 569.
§ 166. decorum est, _Hor. Od._ iii, 2, 13. opportune accidit _Att._ i, 17,
2.
§ 168. Numa, _Eut._ i, 3. philosophia, _Tusc. Disp._ ii, 16.
§ 169. assentatio, _Lael._ 89. Corinthi, _Tac. H._ ii, 1.
§ 171. audi tu, _Livy_, i, 24. nate, mea, _Aen._ i, 664.
§ 174. rumor est, _Ter. And._ 185.
§ 175. galeam, _Aen._ ii, 392. cinctus, _Ov. Am._ iii, 9, 61 nodo sinus,
_Aen._ i, 320.
§ 176. idem gloriari, _de Sen._ 32. eadem peccat, _N.D._ i, 31. multa egeo,
_Gell._ xiii, 24. multum valet, _Hor. Epp._ i, 6, 52. nihil peccat, _Stat._
161. minitantem vana, _Sil._ i, 306 acerba tuens, _Lucr._ v, 33. dulce
loquentem, _Hor. Od._ i, 22, 24. multum sunt, _B.G._ iv, 1, 8. servitutem,
_Pl. Pers._ 34 a. vitam, _Ter. Ad._ 859. stadium _Off._ iii, 10, 42.
Olympia, _de Sen._ 14. piscis, _Sen. N.Q._ iii, 18, 2. orationes, _Brut._
82.
§ 177. homines, _Rosc. Am._ 101.
§ 178. otium, _Hor. Od._ ii, 16, 1. me duas, _Att._ ii, 7, 1. te litteras,
_Pis._ 73. hoc te, _Ter. Hec._ 766. me id, _Pl. Tr._ 96. non te, _Fam._ ii,
16, 3. omnes artes, _Liv._ 25, 37. rogatus, _de Dom._ 16. multa, _N.D._ ii,
166.
§ 179. milites, _B.C._ i, 54.
§ 180. tremit, _Lucr._ iii, 489. nuda, _Aen._ i, 320. manus, _Aen._ ii, 57.
§ 181. hic locus, _B.G._ i, 49.
§ 182. Thalam, _Sall. Jug._ 75, 1. Thurios in, _Nep. Alc._ 4. cum Acen,
_Nep. Dat._ 5. Italiam venit, _Aen._ i, 2.
§ 187. amicis, _Sall. C._ 16, 4. Orgetorix, _B.G._ i, 2. munitioni, _B.G._
i, 10.
§ 188. mihi ante, _Verr._ v, 123. illi, _Tac. Ag._ 9. intercludere, _Pl.
M.G._ 223. oppidum, _B.C._ iii, 80 tu mihi, _Verr._ 3, 213. quid mihi,
_Hor. Epp._ i, 3, 15. erit ille, _Ecl._ i, 7. quae ista, _Par._ 41.
honorem, _Verr._ iv, 25. Caesar, _Div._ ii, 79. scintillam, _Aen._ i, 174.
§ 189. disputatio, _Tusc. Disp._ ii, 2. honesta, _Off._ iii, 38.
§ 191. castris, _B.G._ vii, 16. legiones, _B.C._ ii, 22. receptui, _B.G._
vii, 47. fortunae, _Fam._ vi, 5, 1. quibus, _Flac._ 19. hos tibi, _Nep.
Paus._ 2. me gerendo, _Liv._ i, 23. noxiae, _Leg._ iii, 11.
§ 192. it clamor, _Aen._ v, 451.
§ 193. dum Latio, _Aen._ i, 6.
§ 203. magni, _Nep. Cat._ 1, 2. tantae molis, _Aen._ i, 33.
§ 204. viri, _Tusc. Disp._ ii, 43. memoria, _Or._ 54.
§ 206. Epicuri, F. v, 3. praeteritorum, _Div._ i, 63. nomina, _Pl. Poen._
1062. reminiscere, _B.G._ i, 13. reminiscens, _Nep. Alc._ 6. mihi patriae,
_Sull._ 19.
§ 207. te veteris, _ad Her._ iv, 24, 33. me admones, _ad Att._ v, 1, 3.
§ 208. pecuniae, _Flacc._ 43.
§ 209. miseremini, _Verr._ 1, 72.
§ 212. desine, _Hor. Od._ ii, 9, 17. operum, _Hor. Od._ iii, 17, 16.
§ 214. p. 142, curis, _Marc._ 34. Caesar, _B.G._ 5, 51. caret, _Hor. Sat._
i, 3, 66. urbem, _Nep. Thras._ 1. abstinere, _Plin. Epp._ i, 12, 9. hostes,
_B.G._ i, 1, 4. praedones, _Verr._ iv, 144. dissentio, _Planc._ 9.
secernantur, _Cat._ i, 32.
§ 215. ab Ulixe, _Liv._ i, 49, 9.
§ 216. a fortuna, _B.G._ v, 34, 2. a multitudine, _B.G._ iii, 2, 1.
§ 217. melle dulcior, _de Sen._ 31. patria, _Cat._ i, 27. amplius, _B.G._
vii, 15, 1. opinione, _B.G._ ii, 3, 1.
§ 218. munere, _Aen._ vi, 885. carne, _Sall. Jug._ 89. castris, _B.G._ ii,
26, 4. opus est properato, _Mil._ 49. nititur, _Aen._ vi, 760 nervis,
_N.D._ ii, 59 mortali, _Lucr._ v, 65. quid hoc, _Sest._ 29. quid mea,
_Fam._ xiv, 4, 3. fossas, _B.G._ iii, 18. vinum, _Juv._ vii, 121.
militibus, _B.G._ i, 8, 1.
§ 219. victoria, _B.G._ i, 14, 4. natura loci, _B.G._ iii, 9, 3.
§ 221. nulla est, _Brut._ 164. exstinguitur, _Tac. A._ ii, 72. longo,
_Aen._ v, 320.
§ 222A. cum febri, _de. Or._ iii, 6. improbitas, _de Or._ ii, 237. aer
calore, _N.D._ ii, 27. assuetus, _de Or._ iii, 58.
§ 224. puella, _Pl. Merc._ 13. vir singulari, _Pl. Vid._ 41. sunt specie,
_B.G._ vi, 28, 1. scopulis, _Aen._ i, 166.
§ 226. Helvetii, _B.G._ i, 2, 2. me dignor, _Aen._ i, 335.
§ 227. Cn. Pompeio, _B.G._ iv, 1. omnes virtutes, _Fin._ ii, 117. perditis,
_Fam._ vi, 1, 4. nullo adversante, _Tac. A._ i, 2. passis palmis, _B.C._
iii, 98. audito eum, _Liv._ xxviii, 7.
§ 228. stant litore, _Aen._ vi, 901.
§ 229. a Gergovia, _B.G._ vii, 59, 1.
§ 231. stella, _N.D._ ii, 52. biennio, _Tac. Agr._ 14.
§ 234. prima et, _Tac. A._ i, 37. omnium rerum, _Fam._ vi, 21, 1.
§ 235. eadem alacritas, _B.G._ iv, 24, 4. res operae, _B.G._ v, 11, 5.
stultitia, F. iii, 39. domus, uxor, _Ter. And._ 891. pars, _Sall. Jug._ 14,
15.
§ 240. senectus, _de Sen._ 55. exercitus, _Livy_, xxxix, 1.
§ 242. virtus, _Lael._ 100.
§ 244. me oravit, _Phil._ ii, 45. me oraverunt, _Div. Caec._ 2. suum
genium, _Tac. Dial._ 9. Hannibalem, _Sest._ 142. suus quemque, _Rosc. Am._
67.
§ 245. Belgae, _B.G._ ii, 1, 1. Galli, _B.G._ vi, 8, 1.
§ 246. Themistocles, _Nep. Them._ 9. illud intellego, _Sall. Jug._ 85, 5.
hic est, _Pl. Tr._ 697.
§ 247. Maximum, _de Sen._ 10. non is sum, _B.G._ v, 30, 2. non
suspicabatur, _Verr._ i, 36. vincula, _Cat._ iv, 7.
§ 248. quod idem, _Ac._ ii, 52. bonus vir, _Lael._ 65.
§ 249. ipso terrore, _B.G._ iv, 33, 1. valvae se, _Div._ i, 74. Persae,
_Nep. Alc._ 5. ea molestissime, _Q. Fr._ i, 1, 2.
§ 250. carcer quae, _Verr._ v, 143. Belgae, _B.G._ ii, 1, 1. nostra qui,
_Cat._ i, 7. servili, _B.G._ i, 40. erant, _B.G._ i, 6. quam quisque,
_Tusc. Disp._ i, 41. non longe, _B.G._ i, 10, 1. Themistocles, _Nep. Them._
4. 3. numquam digne, _de Sen._ 2.
§ 252. cognatio, _Arch._ 2. mors est, _Tusc. Disp._ i, 27. justitia, F. i,
50. si quisquam, _Lael._ 9. potestne, _Tusc. Disp._ iv, 54. si ullo, _Att._
xii, 23, 1. taetrior, _Verr._ iv, 123. quod cuique, _Off._ i, 21. quinto
quoque, _Verr._ ii, 139. nemo Romanus, _Liv._ viii, 30, 3.
§ 253. alter exercitum, _Planc._ 86. alteri se, _B.G._ i, 26, 1.
causidicus, _de Or._ i, 202.
§ 254. Tarquinii, _Liv._ i, 34, 7. non omnis, _Div._ ii, 90. Corioli,
_Liv._ ii, 33, 8. duo milia, _Curt._ iii, 2, 5.
§ 255. temeritas, F. iii, 72. si tu, _Fam._ xiv, 5, 1.
§ 256. velatus, _Ov. Met._ v, 110. tunica, _Aen._ viii, 457.
§ 259. virtus, _Lael._ 100. dum vitant, _Hor. Sat._ i, 2, 24. Caesar,
_B.G._ vii, 90, 2. jam pridem, _Att._ ii, 5, 1.
§ 260. Duilium, _de Sen._ 44. hostes, _B.G._ v. 9, 6. domicilium, _Arch._
7.
§ 262. Regulus, _Off._ iii, 100.
§ 263. Caesar, _B.G._ iv, 17, 1.
§ 265. nihil habebam, _Att._ ix, 10, 1.
§ 268. videor, _N.D._ ii, 72. Gallos, _B.G._ vii, 4, 4. honestum, F. ii,
49. si solos, _Tusc. Disp._ i, 9. rex tantum, _Nep. Con._ 4. Verres, _Verr.
Act. Pr._ 12. ardebat, _Brut._ 302.
§ 269. Caesar, _B.G._ iii, 24, 1.
§ 270. hoc jam, _Cat._ i, 5. dico me, _Sull._ 27.
§ 275. quare, _Cat._ 1, 32. isto bono, _de Sen._ 33.
§ 276. ne repugnetis, _Cluent._ 6 tu vero, _Tusc. Disp._ i, 112. impii ne,
_Leg._ ii, 41. cave ignoscas, _Lig._ 14.
§ 277. quid faciam, _Pl. Curc._ 589. ego redeam, _Ter. Eun._ 49. huic
cedamus! _Phil._ xiii, 16. quid facerem, _Ter. Eun._ 831. hunc ego, _Arch._
18.
§ 278. ne sint, _de Sen._ 34. fuerit, _Verr._ i, 37.
§ 279. di istaec, _Ter. H.T._ 1038. falsus utinam, _Liv._ xxi, 10, 10.
§ 280. dicat aliquis, _Ter. And._ 640. fortunam, _Pub. Syr._ 193. velim
mihi, _Fam._ xiii, 75, 1. nolim putes, _Fam._ ix, 15, 4. dies deficat,
_N.D._ iii, 81.
§ 281. egredere, _Cat._ i, 20. rem vobis, _Verr._ iv, 1. si bene, _de Sen._
3. consules, _Leg._ iii, 8. hominem, _Twelve Tables._ amicitia, _Liv._ 38,
38, 1. quin equos, _Liv._ i, 57, 7.
§ 282. adjuta, _Ter. Eun._ 150. portas, _B.G._ ii, 33 haec, _And._ 472. ut
ne, _Off._ i, 103. ut non, _Cat._ i, 23. ut earum, _B.G._ iv, 17, 10.
Helvetii, _B.G._ i, 7, 3. haec habui, _de Sen._ 85. non habebant, _B.G._
iv, 38, 2. idoneus, _Verr._ iii, 41. dignus, _Leg._ iii, 5.
§ 283. multa, _Tusc. Disp._ i, 80. sunt qui, _Inv._ ii, 144. nemo, _Fam._
i, 4, 2. sapientia, _Fin._ i, 43. quae, _Lael._ 23. non is sum, _B.G._ v,
30, 2. non longius, _B.G._ ii, 21, 3. o fortunate, _Arch._ 24. ut qui,
_Phil._ xi, 30. egomet, _de Or._ i, 82. nemo est, _Verr._ iv, 115. nemo
fuit, _B.C._ iii, 53, 3. quem audierim, _Nep. Ar._ 1, 2.
§ 284. quis tam, _Tusc. Disp._ iii, 71. Siciliam, _Verr. Act. Pr._ 12.
mons, _B.G._ i, 6, 1. non is, _Cat._ i, 22. nemo est, _de Sen._ 24.
habetis, _Cat._ iv, 24. nihil, _Ter. H.T._ 675. nemo est, _B.G._ vi, 39, 3.
§ 286. Themistocles, _Nep. Them._ 8, 3. neque, _de Sen._ 84. quoniam, _Nep.
Milt._ 7, 5. noctu, _Tusc. Disp._ iv, 44. Bellovaci, _B.G._ vii, 75. id
feci, _Caec._ 101. Crasso, _Fam._ xiii, 16, 3. hoc ita, _Leg._ iii, 31.
Haeduos, _B.G._ i, 16, 6. id omitto, _Sall. Jug._ 110, 7.
§ 287. Epaminondas, _Nep. Ep._ 9, 4. id ut, _Nep. Them._ 8, 3. Caesar,
_B.G._ iii, 9, 2. ubi de, _B.G._ i, 7, 3. ut quisque, _Verr._ v, 143.
hostes, _B.G._ iv, 26, 2. id ubi, _Liv._ i, 32, 13. postquam occupatae,
_Liv._ xxiv, 35, 4. postquam Romam, _Sall. Jug._ 28, 2. postquam structi,
_Liv._ i, 23, 6. posteaquam, _Leg._ ii, 64.
§ 288. an tum, _Pis._ 26. credo tum, _Verr._ iv, 46. eo tempore, _Lig._ 20.
illo die, _Mil._ 38. Lysander, _Div._ i, 96. Pythagoras, _N.D._ iii, 88.
jam Galli, _B.G._ vii, 26, 3. Treveri, _B.G._ vi, 7, 1. cum ad, _Verr._ v,
27. cum equitatus, _B.G._ v, 19, 2. saepe cum, _Nep. Cim._ 4, 2. cum
procucurrissent, _B.C._ ii, 41, 6.
§ 289. tum tua, _Hor. Epp._ i, 18, 84. cum videbis, _Pl. Bacch._ 145.
stabilitas, _Lael._ 82.
§ 290. cum tacent, _Cat._ i, 21. cum te, _Att._ xiv, 17 A, 4.
§ 291. prius, _Pl. Merc._ 456. nihil contra, _Flacc._ 51. non prius, _Sall.
C._ 51.
§ 291. priusquam, _Liv._ i, 24, 3. tempestas, _Sen. Ep._ 103, 2. priusquam
telum, _B.C._ ii, 34, 6. animum, _Pl. Amph._ 240. sol antequam, _Phil._
xiv, 27.
§ 293. Alexander, _Quint. Curt._ iv, 6, 17. dum haec, _B.G._ iii, 17, 1.
dum anima, _Att._ ix, 10, 3. Lacedaemoniorum, _Tusc. Disp._ i, 101. Cato,
_Nep. Cat._ 2, 4. donec, _Liv._ xxiii, 31, 9. ferrum, _Nep. Ep._ 9, 3.
trepidationis, _Liv._ xxi, 28, 11. exspectavit, _B.G._ iv, 23, 4. dum
litterae, _Fam._ xi, 23, 2.
§ 295. postulo, _Ter. And._ 550. orat, _Ter. Ad._ 882. milites, _B.G._ ii,
21, 2. Helvetiis, _B.G._ i, 2, 1. huic, _Rosc. Am._ 54. consuli, _Liv._
xxxv, 20, 4. ne lustrum, _Liv._ xxiv, 43, 4. prohibuit, _Liv._ xxv, 35, 6.
nec quin, _Liv._ xxvi, 40, 4. constitueram, _Att._ xvi, 10, 1. decrevit,
_Cat._ i, 4. convenit, _Liv._ x, 27, 2. fac ut, _Pl. Rud._ 1218. cura ut,
_Cat._ iii, 12. laborabat, _B.G._ vii, 31, 1. sequitur, _N.D._ ii, 81. eos
moneo, _Cat._ ii, 20. huic imperat, _B.G._ iv, 21, 8.
§ 296. opto, _Verr. Act. Pr._ 50. vereor ne, _Att._ vii, 12, 2.
§ 297. ex quo, F. ii, 24. ita fit, _Tusc. Disp._ ii, 16. est mos, _Brut._
84.
§ 298. quis, _Par._ 48.
§ 299. illud, _Off._ iii, 111. hoc uno, _de Or._ i, 32. bene mihi, _Tusc.
Disp._ i, 97. quod, _B.G._ i, 44, 6. quod me, _Nep. Ep._ 5, 6.
§ 300. oculis, _B.G._ i, 12, 1. bis bina, _N.D._ ii, 49. effugere, _N.D._
iii, 14. saepe autem, _N.D._ iii, 14. Epaminondas, F. ii, 97. ex Socrate,
_Tusc. Disp._ v, 34. nescio, _Pl. Amph._ 1056. conantur, _B.G._ i, 8, 4.
pergit, _Liv._ i, 7, 6, quaeritur, _N.D._ i, 61. haud scio, _Tusc. Disp._
ii, 41.
§ 302. naturam, _Off._ i, 100. memoria, _de Sen._ 21. si quis, _B.G._ i,
48, 6. si dicendo, _Tac. Dial._ 19.
§ 303. mentiar, _Lael._ 10. haec si, _Cat._ i, 19.
§ 304. sapientia, F. i, 42. consilium, _de Sen._ 19. Laelius, _Arch._ 16.
num igitur, _de Sen._ 19. nisi felicitas, _Tac. Agr._ 31. eum patris,
_Phil._ ii, 99. si Sestius, _Sest._ 81. si unum, _Liv._ ii, 38, 5.
§ 305. non potestis, F. ii, 71. cras, _Pl. Merc._ 770. haec reputent,
_Tusc. Disp._ i, 51. roges, F. iv, 69.
§ 306. ferreus, _Fam._ xv, 21, 3. dolorem, _Phil._ 12, 21. si feceris,
_Fam._ v, 19, 2. hoc si, _Fam._ vii, 1, 6. hunc mihi, _Cat._ i, 18. nihil,
_Cat._ ii, 10. nisi, _Mil._ 19.
§ 307. sed quid, _Div. Caec._ 14. serviam, _Pl. Men._ 1101.
§ 308. sit fur, _Verr._ v, 4. haec sint, _Ac._ ii, 105. ne sit, _Tusc.
Disp._ ii, 14.
§ 309. homines, _Phil._ ii, 39. non est, _Rep._ i, 10. quamquam, _Off._ i,
56. Caesar, _B.G._ iv, 31, 1. Atticus, _Nep. Att._ 6, 2. licet, _Rosc. Am._
31. quamquam quid, _Cat._ i, 22. quamquam, _Liv._ xxxvi, 34, 6. quamvis,
multi, _Tac. Dial._ 2. quamvis infesto, _Liv._ ii, 40, 7.
§ 310. multi, _Off._ iii, 82. omnia postposui, _Fam._ xvi, 21, 6. nil
obstat, _Hor. Sat._ i, 1, 40. oderint, _Acc._ 204. manent, _de Sen._ 22.
nubant, _Pl. Aul._ 491.
§ 312. quidquid, _Aen._ ii, 49. quidquid oritur, _Div._ ii, 60.
§ 314. Regulus, _Off._ iii, 100. tum Romulus, _Liv._ i, 9, 2. nuntiatum,
_B.G._ i, 38, 1. dixit, _Nep. Them._ 7, 5.
§ 315. Ariovistus, _B.G._ i, 44, 7.
§ 316. milites, _B.G._ iii, 5, 3.
§ 318. Caesar, _B.G._ i, 14, 6.
§ 322. concursu, _Tac. Dial._ 39.
§ 323. demonstrabantur, _de Sen._ 78. Paetus, _Att._ ii, 1, 12.
§ 324. nemo, _Par._ 52. cum diversas, _Tac. Dial._ 1, 4. mos est, _Orat._
151. quod ego, _Pl. Capt._ 961.
§ 327. dulce, _Hor. Od._ iii, 2, 13. virorum, _Tusc. Disp._ ii, 43. aliud
est, _Tusc. Disp._ iv, 27. impune, _Sall. Jug._ 31, 26. licuit, _Tusc.
Disp._ i, 33.
§ 328. Demosthenes, F. v, 5. beatus, _N.D._ i, 48. Cato, _Sall. Cat._ 54,
5.
§ 330. apertum est, F. v, 34.
§ 331. Epicurei, _Lael._ 13. Thales, _N.D._ i, 25. Democritus, _N.D._ i,
20. nullo se, _Lig._ 3. nec mihi, _de Sen._ 85. eas res, _B.G._ i, 18. te
tua, _Brut._ 331. cupio, _Cat._ i, 4. Timoleon, _Nep. Tim._ 3, 4. gaudeo,
_Pl. Bacch._ 456. non moleste, _de Sen._ 7.
§ 332. Sestius, _Sest._ 95. traditum, _Tusc. Disp._ v, 114.
§ 333. audax, _Hor. Od._ i, 3, 25.
§ 334. huncine, _Hor. Sat._ i, 9, 72.
§ 335. interim, _B.G._ i, 16, 1.
§ 336. assurgentem, _Liv._ iv, 19.
§ 337. gloria, _Tusc. Disp._ iii, 3. Conon, _Nep. Con._ 4, 5. omne, _Phil._
v, 31. mente, _Tusc. Disp._ v, 100. Solon, _de Sen._ 26. sol, _N.D._ ii,
102. mendaci, _Div._ ii, 146. perfidiam, _B.G._ vii, 5, 5. eis Catonem, _de
Sen._ 3. Homerus, _de Sen._ 54. urbem, _Liv._ xxii, 20. equitatum, _B.G._
i, 15, 1. obliviscendum, _Tac. Hist._ ii, 1. numquam, _Verr._ i, 38. suo
cuique, _N.D._ iii, 1. Caesar, _B.G._ i, 13, 1.
§ 338. scribendo, _Fam._ xv, 6, 2. mens, _Off._ i, 105. Themistocles, _Nep.
Them._ 2, 3. multa, F. i, 5.
§ 339. ad pacem, _Liv._ xxi, 13. hostes, _B.G._ iii, 6, 2. legati, _B.G._
iv, 13, 5. quae ille, _Sall. Fr._ i, 77, 11.
§ 340. legati, _B.G._ i, 30, 1. do (colloco), _Pl. Tr._ 735. hoc est,
_Att._ vii, 22, 2.
§ 341. cum homines, _Cat._ i, 31. discidia, F. i, 44. horae, _de Sen._ 69.
Caesar, _B.G._ ii, 35, 3.
§ 342. cita, _Hor. Sat._ i, 1, 8. qui aether, _N.D._ ii, 41.
§ 343. adsentatio, _Lael._ 89.
§ 346. Cn. Pompeio, _B.G._ iv, 1, 1.
§ 348. Darius, _Nep. Milt._ 4, 1.
§ 349. magnus, _Nep. Them._ 6, 1.
§ 350. erant duo, _B.G._ i, 6, 1. nisi forte, _de Sen._ 18. id ut, _Nep.
Them._ 8, 3. eo cum, _B.G._ vii, 7, 4. ut ad, _Lael._ 5. septimus, _de
Sen._ 38. recepto, _B.C._ iii, 12, 1. sed pleni, _Arch._ 14. horribilem,
_Tusc. Disp._ i, 118. simulatam, _Tac. A._ i, 10.
§ 351. Caesar, _B.G._ i, 25, 1. Haedui, _B.G._ i, 11, 2. Caesar cum, _B.G._
i, 7, 1. accidit, _Nep. Alc._ 3, 2. si quid, _Arch._ 1. Caesar, _B.G._ v,
4, 1.
§ 356. hostium, _B.G._ iii, 29, 3. mens quoque, _de Sen._ 36. tanto,
_Sull._ 59.
§ 358. pro multitudine, _B.G._ i, 2, 5.
§ 374. ut ager, _Tusc. Disp._ ii, 13. minis, _Tusc. Disp._ v, 87.
dissimilis, _Nep. Chab._ 3, 4. febris, _Cat._ i, 31. submersas, _Aen._ i,
69. nosti, _Fam._ viii, 10, 3. tum Anci, _Liv._ i, 40, 2. moriamur, _Aen._
ii, 353.
§ 375. quadrupedante, _Aen._ viii, 506.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN INDEX TO THE ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Ac., Cicero, _Academica_.
Acc., Accius.
ad Her., ad Herennium.
Aen., Virgil, _Aeneid_.
Arch., Cicero, _pro Archia_.
Att., Cicero, _Epistulae ad Atticus_.
B.C., Caesar, _de Bello Civili_.
B.G., Caesar, _de Bello Gallico_.
Brut., Cicero, _Brutus_.
Caec., Cicero, _pro Caecina_.
Cat., Cicero, _in Catilinam_.
Cluent., Cicero, _pro Cluentio_.
Curt., Quintus Curtius
de Dom., Cicero, _de Domo Sua_.
de Or., Cicero, _de Oratore_.
de Sen., Cicero, _de Senectute_.
D., Cicero, _de Divinatione_.
Div. Caec., Cicero, _Divinatio in Caecilium_.
Ecl., Virgil, _Eclogues_.
Eut., Eutropius.
F., Cicero, _de Finibus_.
Fam., Cicero, _Epistulae ad Familiares_.
Flac., Cicero, _pro Flacco_.
Gell, Aulus Gellius.
Hor., Horace.
---- Epp., _Epistles_.
---- Od., _Odes_.
---- Sat., _Satires_.
Inv., Cicero, _de Inventione_.
Juv., Juvenal.
Lael., Cicero, _Laelius, de Amicitia_.
Leg., Cicero, _de Legibus_.
Lig., Cicero, _pro Ligario_.
Liv., Livy.
Lucr., Lucretius.
Marc., Cicero, _pro Marcello_.
Mil., Cicero, _pro Milone_.
N.D., Cicero, _de Natura Deorum_.
Nep., Nepos.
---- Alc., _Alcibiades_.
---- Ar., _Aristides_.
---- Att., _Atticus_.
---- Cat., _Cato_.
---- Chab. _Chabrias_.
---- Cim., _Cimon_.
---- Con., _Conon_.
---- Dat., _Datames_.
---- Ep., _Epaminondas_.
---- Milt., _Miltiades_.
---- Paus., _Pausanias_.
---- Them., _Themistocles_.
---- Thras., _Thrasybulus_.
---- Tim., _Timoleon_.
Off., Cicero, _de Officiis_.
Or., Cicero, _Orator_.
Ov., Ovid.
---- Am., _Amores_,
---- Met., _Metamorphoses_.
Par., Cicero, _Paradoxa_.
Phil., Cicero, _Philippics_.
Pis., Cicero, _in Pisonem_.
Planc., Cicero, _pro Plancio_.
Pl., Plautus.
---- Amph., _Amphitruo_.
---- Aul., _Aulularia_.
---- Bacch., _Bacchides_.
---- Capt., _Captivi_.
---- Curc., _Curculio_.
---- Men., _Menaechmi_.
---- Merc., _Mercator_.
---- M.G., _Miles Gloriosus_.
---- Pers., _Persa_.
---- Poen., _Poenulus_.
---- Rud., _Rudens_.
---- Tr., _Trinummus_.
---- Vid., _Vidularia_.
Plin. Epp., Pliny the Younger, _Letters_.
Pub. Syr., Publilius Syrus.
Q.F., Cicero, _ad Quintum Fratrem_.
Rosc. Am., Cicero, _pro Roscio Amerino_.
Sall., Sallust.
---- C., _Catiline_.
---- Fr., _Fragments_.
---- Jug., _Jugurtha_.
Sen., Seneca.
---- Ep., _Epistles_.
---- N.Q., _Naturales Quaestiones_.
Sest., Cicero, _pro Sestio_.
Sex. Rosc., Cicero, _pro Sexto Roscio_.
Sil., Silius Italicus.
Stat., Caecilius Statius.
Sull., Cicero, _pro Sulla_.
Tac., Tacitus.
---- A., _Annals_.
---- Agr., _Agricola_.
---- Dial., _Dialogus de Oratoribus_.
---- Ger., _Germania_.
---- H., _Histories_.
Ter., Terence.
---- Ad., _Adelphoi_.
---- And., _Andria_.
---- Eun., _Eunuchus_.
---- Hec., _Hecyra_.
---- H.T., _Hautontimoroumenos_.
---- Phor., _Phormio_.
Tusc. Disp., Cicero, _Tusculan Disputations_.
Twelve Tables, Laws of the Twelve Tables.
Vatin., Cicero, _in Vatinium_.
Verr., Cicero, _in Verrem_.
Verr. Act. Pr., Cicero, _Actio Prima in C. Verrem_.
* * * * *
INDEX TO THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT VERBS
NOTE.--Compounds are not given unless they present some special
irregularity. The references are to sections.
A.
abdō, 122, I, 4. abiciō, 122, III. abnuō, 122, II. aboleō, 121, I.
abstergeō, 121, III absum, 125. accendō, 122, I, 4. accidit, 138, III.
acciō, 121, I, N. accipiō, 122, III. acquīrō, 122, I, 6. acuō, 122, II.
addō, 122, I, 2. adhaerēscō, 122, IV, 2. adipīscor, 122, V. adolēscō, 122,
IV, 1. adsum, 125. adveniō, 123, IV. afferō, 129. afficiō, 122, III.
afflīgō, 122, I, 1, a. agnōscō, 122, IV, 1. agō, 122, I, 3. algeō, 121,
III. alō, 122, I, 5. amiciō, 123, III. amō, 120, I. amplector, 122, V.
angō, 122, I, 7. aperiō, 123, II. appetō, 122, I, 6. arceō, 121, II, a.
arcessō, 122, I, 6. ārdeō, 121, III. ārēscō, 122, IV, 2. arguō, 122, II.
ascendō, 122, I, 4. aspiciō, 122, III. assentior, 123, VII. assuēfaciō,
122, III. assuēfīō, 122, III. audiō, 123, I. auferō, 129. augeō, 121, III.
aveō, 121, II, a, N. 2.
C.
cadō, 122, I, 2. caedō, 122, I, 2. calefaciō, 122, III. calefiō, 122, III.
caleō, 121, II, a. calēscō, 122, IV, 2. canō, 122, I, 2. capessō, 122, I,
6. capiō, 122, III. careō, 121, II, a. carpō, 121, I, 1, a. caveō, 121, V.
cēdō, 122, I, 1, b. cēnseō, 121, II, b. cernō, 122, I, 6. cieō, 121, I.
cingō, 122, I, 1, a. circumsistō, 122, I, 2. claudō, 122, I, 1, b. claudō,
122, I, 7. coëmō, 122, I, 3. coepī, 133. coërceō, 121, II, a. cognōscō,
122, IV, 1. cōgō, 122, I, 3. colligō, 122, I, 3. colō, 122, I, 5.
comminīscor, 122, V. comperiō, 123, V. compleō, 121, I. concutiō, 122, III.
condō, 122, I, 2. cōnferō, 129. cōnfiteor, 121, VII. congruō, 122, II.
cōnsenēscō, 122, IV, 2. cōnserō, 122, I, 5. cōnserō, 122, I, 6 (_plant_).
cōnsidō, 122, I, 4. cōnsistō, 122, I, 2. cōnspiciō, 122, III. cōnstat, 138,
III. cōnstituō, 122, II. cōnsuēscō, 122, IV, 1. cōnsulō, 122, I, 5.
contineō, 121, II, b. contingit, 138, III. coquō, 122, I, 1, a. crepō, 120,
II. crēscō, 122, IV, 1. cubō, 120, II. cupiō, 122, III. currō, 122, I, 2.
D.
dēbeō, 121, II, a. dēcernō, 122, I, 6. decet, 138, II. dēdecet, 138, II.
dēdō, 122, I, 2. dēfendō, 122, I, 4. dēlēo, 121, I dēligō, 122, I, 3. dēmō,
122, I, 3. dēsērō, 122, I, 5 dēsinō, 122, I, 6. dēsum, 125. dīcō, 122, I,
1, a. differō, 129. dīligō, 122, I, 3. dīmicō, 120, II. dirimō, 122, I, 3.
dīripiō, 122, III. dīruō, 122, II. discernō, 122, I, 6. discō, 122, IV, 1.
disserō, 122, I, 5. distinguō, 122, I, 1, a., footnote 44. dīvidō, 122, I,
1, b. dō, 127. doceō, 121, II, b. doleō, 121, II, a. domō, 120, II. dūcō,
122, I, 1, a.
E.
ēdō, 122, I, 2. edō, 122, I, 3. efferō, 129. effugiō, 122, III. egeō, 121,
II, a, N. 1. ēliciō, 122, III. ēmineō, 121, II, a, N. 1. emō, 122, I, 3.
eō, 132. ēsuriō, 123, VI. ēvādō, 122, I, 1, b., footnote 45. ēvānēscō, 122,
IV, 3. excolō, 122, I, 5. excūdō, 122, I, 4. exerceō, 121, II, a. experior,
123, VII. expleō, 121, I, N. explicō, 120, II. exstinguō, 122, I, 1, a.,
footnote 44. extimēscō, 122, IV, 2.
F.
faciō, 122, III. fallō, 122, I, 2. fateor, 121, VII. faveō, 121, V. feriō,
123, VI. ferō, 129. ferveō, 121, VI fīgō, 122, I, 1, b. findō,122, I, 2, N.
fingō, 122, I, 1, a. fiō, 131. flectō, 122, I, 1, b. fleō, 121, I. flōreō,
121, II, a, N. 1. flōrēscō, 122, IV, 2. fluō, 122, II. fodiō, 122, III.
foveō, 121, V. frangō, 122, I, 3. fremō, 122, I, 5. fricō, 120, II. frīgeō,
121, II, a, N. 2. fruor, 122, V. fugiō, 122, III. fulciō, 123, III. fulgeō,
121, III. fulget, 138, I. fundō, 122, I, 3. fungor, 122, V. furō, 122, I,
7.
G.
gemō, 122, I, 5. gerō, 122, I, 1, a. gignō, 122, I, 5. gradior, 122, V.
H.
habeō, 121, II, a. haereō, 121, III. hauriō, 123, III. horreō, 121, II, a,
N. 1.
I.
ignōscō, 121, IV, 2. illiciō, 122, III. imbuō, 122, II. immineō, 121, II,
a, N. 2. impleō, 121, I, N. implicō, 120, II. incipiō, 122, III. incolō,
122, I, 5. incumbō, 122, I, 5. indulgeō, 121, III. induō, 122, II. īnferō,
129. ingemīscō, 122, IV, 2. īnsum, 125. intellegō, 122, I, 3. interficiō,
122, III. intersum, 125. invādō, 122, I, 1, b., footnote 45. inveniō, 123,
IV. īrāscor, 122, V.
J.
jaceō, 121, II, a. jaciō, 122, III. jubeō, 121, III. jungō, 122, I, 1, a.
juvō, 120, III.
L.
lābor, 122, V. lacessō, 122, I, 6. laedō, 122, I, 1, b. lambō, 122, I, 7.
largior, 123, VII. lateō, 121, II, a, N. 1. lavō, 120, III. legō, 122, I,
3. libet, 138, II. liceor, 121, VII. licet, 138, II. loquor, 122, V. lūceo,
121, III. lūdō, 122, I, 1, b. lūgeō, 121, III. luō, 122, II.
M.
maereō, 121, II, a, N. 2. mālō, 130. maneō, 121, III. mātūrēscō, 122, IV,
3. medeor, 121, VII. meminī, 133. mereō, 121, II, a. mereor, 121, VII.
mergō, 122, I, 1, b. mētior, 123, VII. metuō, 122, II. micō, 120, II.
minuō, 122, II. misceō, 121, II, b. miseret, 138, II. misereor, 121, VII.
mittō, 122, I, 1, b. molō, 122, I, 5. moneō, 121, II, a. mordeō, 121, IV.
morior, 122, V. moveō, 121, V.
N.
nancīscor, 122, V. nāscor, 122, V. nectō, 122, I, 1, b. neglegō, 122, I, 3.
ningit, 138, . niteō, 121, II, a, N. 1. nītor, 122, V. noceō, 121, II, a.
nōlō, 130. nōscō, 122, IV, 1. nūbō, 122, I, 1, a.
O.
obdūrēscō, 122, IV, 3. oblinō, 122, I, 6. oblīvīscor, 122, V. obmūtēscō,
122, IV, 3. obruō, 122, II. obsolēscō, 122, IV, 1. obsum, 125. obtineō,
121, II, b. ōdī, 133. offerō, 129. oleō, 121, II, a, N. 1. operiō, 123, II.
oportet, 138, II. opperior, 123, VII. ōrdior, 123, VII. orior, 123, VII.
P.
paenitet, 138, II. palleō, 121, II, a, N. 1. pandō, 122, I, 4. parcō, 122,
I, 2. pāreō, 121, II, a. pariō, 122, III. pāscō, 122, IV, 1. pāscor, 122,
IV, 1. patefaciō, 122, III. patefīō, 122, III. pateō, 121, II, a, N. 1.
patior, 122, V. paveō, 121, V. pelliciō, 122, III. pellō, 122, I, 2.
pendeō, 121, IV. pendō, 122, I, 2. peragō, 122, I, 3. percellō, 122, I, 2,
N. percrēbrēscō, 122, IV, 3. perdō, 122, I, 2. perficiō, 122, III.
perfringō, 122, I, 3. perfruor, 122, V. perlegō, 122, I, 3. permulceō, 121,
III. perpetior, 122, V. pervādō, 122, I, 1, b., footnote 45. petō, 122, I,
6. piget, 138, II. pingō, 122, I, 1, a. placeō, 121, II, a. plaudō, 122, I,
1, b. pluit, 138, I. polleō, 121, II, a, N. 2. polliceor, 121, VII. polluō,
122, II. pōnō, 122, I, 6. poscō, 122, IV, 1. possīdō, 122, I, 4. possum,
126. pōtō, 120, I. praebeō, 121, II, a. praestat, 138, III. praesum, 125.
prandeō, 121, VI. prehendō, 122, I, 4. premō, 122, I, 1, b. prōdō, 122, I,
2. prōmō, 122, I, 3. prōsum, 125. prōsternō, 122, I, 6. pudet, 138, II.
pungō, 122, I, 2.
Q.
quaerō, 122, I, 6. quatiō, 122, III. queror, 122, V. quiēscō, 122, IV, 1.
R.
rādō, 122, I, 1, b. rapiō, 122, III. reddō, 122, I, 2. redimō, 122, I, 3.
referciō, 123, III. referō, 129. rēfert, 138, II. regō, 122, I, 1, a.
relinquō, 122, I, 3. reminīscor, 122, V. reor, 121, VII. reperiō, 123, V.
rēpō, 122, I, 1, a. resistō, 122, I, 2. respuō, 122, II. restinguō, 122, I,
1, a., footnote 44. retineō, 121, II, b. rīdeō, 121, III. rōdō, 122, I, 1,
b. rubeō, 121, II, a, N. 1. rumpō, 122, I, 3. ruō, 122, II.
S.
saepiō, 123, III. saliō, 123, II. sanciō, 123, III. sapiō, 122, III.
sarciō, 123, III. scindō, 122, I, 2, N. scīscō, 122, IV, 2. scribō, 122, I,
1, a. sculpō, 122, I, 1, a. secō, 120, II. sedeō, 121, V. sentiō, 123, III.
sepeliō, 123, I. sequor, 122, V. serō, 122, I, 6. serpō, 122, I, 1, a.
sileō, 121, II, a, N. sinō, 122, I, 6. solvō, 122, I, 4. sonō, 120, II.
spargō, 122, I, 1, b. spernō, 122, I, 6. splendeō, 121, II, a, N. 1.
spondeō, 121, IV. statuō, 122, II. sternō, 122, I, 6. -stinguō, 122, I, 1,
a. stō, 120, IV. strepō, 122, I, 5. strīdeō, 121, VI. stringō, 122, I, 1,
a. struō, 122, II. studeō, 121, II, a, N. 1. suādeō, 121, III. subigō, 122,
I, 3. subsum, 125. sum, 100. sūmō, 122, I, 3. suō, 122, II. supersum, 125.
sustineō, 121, II, b.
T.
taceō, 121, II, a. taedet, 138, II. tangō, 122, I, 2. tegō, 122, I, 1, a.
temnō, 122, I, 1, a. tendō, 122, I, 2. teneō, 121, II, b. terō, 122, I, 6.
terreō, 121, II, a. texō, 122, I, 5. timeō, 121, II, a, N. 1. tingō, 122,
I, 1, a. tollō, 122, I, 2, N. tonat, 138, I. tondeō, 121, IV. tonō, 120,
II. torpeō, 121, II, a, N. 1. torqueō, 121, III. torreō, 121, II, b. trādō,
122, I, 2. trahō, 122, I, 1, a. tremō, 122, I, 5. tribuō, 122, II. trūdō,
122, I, 1, b. tueor, 121, VII. tundō, 122, I, 2.
U.
ulcīscor, 122, V. unguō, 122, I, 1, a. urgeō, 121, III. ūrō, 122, I, 1, a.
ūtor, 122, V.
V.
vādō, 122, I, 1, b. valeō, 121, II, a. vehō, 122, I, 1, a. vellō, 122, I,
4. veniō, 123, IV. vereor, 121, VII. vergō, 122, I, 7. verrō, 122, I, 4.
vertō, 122, I, 4. vescor, 122, V. vetō, 120, II. videō, 121, V. vigeō, 121,
II, a, N. 1. vinciō, 123, III. vincō, 122, I, 3. vireō, 121, II, a, N. 1.
vīsō, 122, I, 4. vīvō, 122, I, 1, a. volō, 130. volvō, 122, I, 4. vomō,
122, I, 5. voveō, 121, V.
* * * * *
GENERAL INDEX.
* * * * *
The references are to sections and paragraphs.
* * * * *
ABBREVIATIONS.--Abl., ablative; acc., accusative; adj., adjective; adv.,
adverb, adverbial, or adverbially; cf., compare; comp., comparison or
comparative; conj., conjunction or conjugation; const., constr.,
construction; dat., dative; decl., declension; gen., genitive; ind.,
indicative; indir. disc., indirect discourse; loc., locative; N., note;
nom., nominative; plu., plural; prep., preposition; pron., pronoun or
pronunciation; sing., singular; subj., subject; subjv., subjunctive; voc.,
vocative; w., with.
A.
ă, vowel, 2, 1;
---- pronunciation, 3, 1;
---- development of ă, before a single consonant, 7, 1, a;
---- before two consonants, 7, 1, b;
---- ă as ending of nom. sing. of 1st decl., 20;
---- in voc. sing. of Greek nouns in -ēs of 1st decl., 22;
---- in nom. sing. of Greek nouns in -ē of 1st decl., 22, 3;
---- termination of nom. and acc. plu. of neuters, 23; 35; 48;
---- termination of nom. sing. of nouns of 3d decl., 28;
---- gender of nouns in -ă of 3d decl., 43, 3;
---- ending of acc. sing. of Greek nouns of 3d decl., 47, 1;
---- regular quantity of final a, 363, 1;
---- exceptions to quantity of final a, 363, 1, a-c.
ā, pronunciation, 3, 1;
---- arising by contraction, 7, 2;
---- as ending of stem in 1st decl., 18;
---- ā-stems inflected, 20;
---- in voc. sing. of Greek nouns of 1st decl., 22;
---- in voc. sing. of Greek nouns in -ās of 3d decl., 47, 4;
---- distinguishing vowel of 1st conjugation, 98;
---- ending of imperative act. of 1st conj., 101;
---- final a long by exception, 363, 1, a-c.
ā, ab, abs, use, 142, 1;
---- with town names, 229, 2.
ā to denote agency, 216.
---- to denote separation, 214.
---- place from which, 229.
---- with town names, 229, 2.
---- with abl. of gerund, 338, 4, b.
ā-stems, 20; 98; 101.
Abbreviations of proper names, 373.
Ablative case, 17; 213 f.
---- in -ābus, 21, 2, e.
---- in -d in prons., 84, 3; 85, 3.
---- formation of sing. of adjs. of 3d decl., 67, a; 70, 1-5.
---- of ĭ-stems, 37; 38.
---- genuine abl. uses, 214 f.
---- absolute, 227.
---- of agent, 216.
---- of accompaniment, 222.
---- of accordance, 220, 3.
---- of association, 222A.
---- of attendant circumstance, 221; 227, 2, e).
---- of cause, 219.
---- of comparison, 217.
---- of degree of difference, 223.
---- of fine or penalty, 208, 2, b.
---- of manner, 220.
---- of material, 224, 3.
---- of means, 218.
---- of penalty, 208, 2, b.
---- of place where, 228.
---- of place whence, 229.
---- of price, 225.
---- of quality, 224.
---- of separation, 214;
---- ---- with compounds of dis- and sē-, 214, 3.
---- of source, 215.
---- of specification, 226.
---- of time at which, 230.
---- of time during which, 231, 1.
---- of time within which, 231.
---- of way by which, 213, 9.
---- with continēri, cōnsistere, cōnstāre, 218, 4.
---- with special phrases, 218, 7.
---- with jungere, mīscēre, mūtāre, etc., 222A.
---- with faciō, fiō, 218, 6
---- with prepositions, 142; 213 f.
---- with verbs of filling, 218, 8.
---- with verbs and adjs. of freeing, 214, I, a, and N. 1.
---- with adjs. of plenty, 218, 8.
---- with ūtor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, 218, 1.
---- with opus and ūsus, 218, 2
---- with nītor, innīxus, and frētus, 218, 3.
abs, 142, 1.
absēns, 125.
Absolute, ablative, 227.
---- time, of participles, 336, 4.
---- use of verbs, 174, a.
Abstract nouns, 12, 2, b);
---- plural of, 55, 4, c).
-ābus, 21, 2, e).
ac, 341, 2, b);
---- = as, than, 341, 1, c).
Acatalectic verses, 366, 9.
accēdit ut, 297, 2.
Accent, 6;
---- in gen. of nouns in -ius and -ium, 25, 1 and 2.
accidit ut, 297, 2.
accidit quod, 299, 1, b.
Accompaniment, abl. of, 222.
Accordance, abl. of, 220, 3.
Accusative case, 17;
---- in -ān and -ēn of Greek nouns, 22;
---- in -om in 2d decl., 24;
---- in -on and -ōn in Greek nouns, 27;
---- in -ă in sing. of Greek nouns, 47, 1;
---- in -ăs in plu., 47, 3;
---- in -im and -is in i-stems, 37; 38;
---- acc. sing. neut. as adv., 77, 3; 176, 3; 172 f.
---- of duration of time, 181.
---- of result produced, 173, B; 176.
---- of extent of space, 181.
---- of limit of motion, 182 f.
---- of neut. prons. or adjs., 176, 2.
---- of person or thing affected, 173, A; 175.
---- in exclamations, 183.
---- as subj. of inf., 184.
---- with admoneō, commoneō, etc., 207.
---- with adv. force, 176, 3.
---- with compounds, 175, 2.
---- with impersonal verbs, 175, 2, c.
---- with intransitive verbs, 175, 2, a.
---- with passive used as middle, 175, 2, d).
---- with verbs of remembering and forgetting (meminī, oblīvīscor,
reminīscor), 206, 1; 2.
---- with verbs expressing emotion, 175, 2, b.
---- with verbs of tasting and smelling, 176, 5.
---- with verbs of making, choosing, calling, regarding, etc., 177.
---- with verbs of asking, requesting, demanding, teaching, concealing,
178, 1-5.
---- with adjs. (propior, proximus), 141, 3.
---- with adverbs (propius, proximē), 141, 3;
---- ---- clam, prīdiē, 144, 2.
---- Genavam ad oppidum, 182, 2, a.
---- cognate acc., 176, 4.
---- Greek acc., 180.
---- synecdochical acc., 180.
---- two accs., direct obj. and pred. acc., 177;
---- ---- person affected and result produced, 178;
---- ---- with compounds of trāns, 179;
---- ---- with other compounds, 179, 2.
---- with prepositions, 141; 179 f.
---- retained in pass., 178, 2.
Accusing, verbs of, constr., 208 f.
accūsō, constr., 178, 1, d).
ācer, decl., 68;
---- compared, 71, 3.
Acquitting, verbs of, constr., 208 f.
ac sī with subjv., 307, 1.
ad, 'toward,' 'in vicinity of,' 182, 3;
---- with acc. alternating with dat., 358, 2.
---- compounds of ad governing dat., 187, III; 188, 2, d.
---- with gerund denoting purpose, 338, 3.
-adēs, patronymic ending, 148, 6, a.
adg- = agg-, 9, 2.
Adjectives, 62 f; 354;
---- derivation of, 150 f.
---- of 1st and 2d decl., 63 ff.
---- in -ius, gen. sing., 63, a.
---- of 3d decl., 67, ff;
---- ---- in abl., 70, 5.
---- comparison of adjs., 71 f.;
---- ---- in -er, 71, 3;
---- ---- in -ilis, 71, 4;
---- ---- comparative lacking, 73, 3;
---- ---- defective comparison, 73;
---- ---- not admitting comparison, 75;
---- ---- comparison by magis and maximē, 74.
---- numerals, 78 f.
---- syntax, 233 ff.;
---- ---- attributive and predicate adjs., 233, 2.
---- agreement, 234, f.
---- used substantively, 236 f.
---- denoting part of an object, 241, 1.
---- with force of adverbs, 239.
---- force of comp. and superl., 240, 1.
---- not followed by infinitive, 333.
---- not used with proper names, 354, 3.
---- equivalent to a poss. gen., 354, 4.
---- special Latin equivalents of Eng. adjs., 354, 1.
---- equiv. to rel. clause, 241, 2.
---- as pred. acc., 177, 2.
---- position of adj., 350, 4.
---- pronominal adjs., 92.
---- governing gen., 204.
---- governing dat., 192.
---- governing acc., 141, 3.
---- construed with abl., 214, 1, d; 217, 1; 218, 8; 223; 226, 2; 227, 1.
---- with supine in -ū, 340, 2.
adl- = all-, 9, 2.
admoneō, constr., 207.
Admonishing, const. of verbs of, 207.
adr- = arr-, 9, 2.
ads- = ass-, 9, 2.
ad sensum, constr., 235, B, 2, c; 254, 4.
adulēscēns, spelling, 9, 2.
adulter, decl., 23, 2.
adultus, force, 114, 2.
Adverbs, defined, 140;
---- formation and comparison, 76 f.; 140; 157.
---- in -iter from adjs. in -us, 77, 4.
---- in -tus and -tim, 77, 5.
---- in ō and -o, 77, 2.
---- numeral, 79.
---- as preps., 144, 2.
---- derivation of, 157.
---- with gen., 201, 2; 3; and a.
---- special meanings, 347.
---- position, 350, 6.
Adversative clauses, 309.
---- conjunctions, 343.
adversus, prep. with acc., 141.
ae, how pronounced, 3, 2;
---- phonetic changes, 7, 1, d.
aedēs, plu., 61.
aequālis, abl. sing. of, 70, 5, a;
---- as subst., 238.
aequor, decl., 34.
aequum est = aequum sit, 271, 1, b).
aes, in plu., 55, 4, b;
---- lacks gen. plu., 57, 7.
aetās, decl., 40, 1, e);
---- id aetātis, 185, 2.
-aeus, suffix, 152, 3.
aevom, decl., 24.
Affected, acc. of person or thing, 175.
Agency, dat. of, 189;
---- abl., 216.
Agent, abl., 216;
---- with names of animals, 216, 2.
ager, decl., 23.
Agreement, nouns, 166; 168; 169, 2; 3; 4.
---- adjs., 234;
---- ---- in gender, 235, B;
---- ---- in number, 235, A;
---- prons., 250;
---- verbs, with one subj., 254, 1;
---- ---- with two or more subjs., 255, 1.
-āī, case-ending, gen. sing., 1st decl., poet., 21, 2, b).
aīn, 135, N.
ajō, 135;
---- quantity of first syllable, 362, 5.
-al, declension of nouns in, 39.
alacer, decl., 68, 1;
---- comp., 73, 4.
aliqua, 91, 2.
aliquī, 91; 91, 2.
aliquis, 91; 252, 2;
---- aliquis dīcat, dīxerit, 280, 1.
-ālis, suffix, 151, 2.
aliter ac, 341, 1, c.
alius, 66; 92, 1;
---- used correlatively, 253, 1.
alius ac, 'other than,' 341, 1, c).
Allia, gender of, 15, 3, N.
alliciō, conj., 109, 2, b).
Alliteration, 375, 3.
Alphabet, 1.
alter, decl., 66; 92, 1;
---- used correlatively, 253, 1.
Alternative questions, 162, 4;
---- indirect, 300, 4.
alteruter, decl., 92, 2.
alvus, gender of, 26, 1, b.
amandus sum, conj., 115.
amātūrus sum, conj., 115.
amb- (ambi-), 159, 3, N.
ambō, 80, 2, a;
---- usage, 355, 2.
amō, conj., 101.
amplius = amplius quam, 217, 3.
amussis, -im, 38, 1.
an, 162, 4, and a); 300, 4;
---- haud sciō an, nesciō an, 300, 5.
Anacoluthon, 374, 6.
Anapaest, 366, 2.
Anaphora, 350, 11, b).
Anastrophe of prep., 141, 2; 142, 3; 144, 3.
anceps (syllaba anceps), defined, 366, 10.
Androgeōs, decl., 27.
animal, decl., 39.
Animals, as agents, 216, 2.
animī, locative, 232, 3.
annōn, in double questions, 162, 4.
Answers, 162, 5.
ante, prep. w. acc., 141;
---- as adv., 144, 1;
---- dat. w. verbs compounded w. ante, 187, III;
---- in expressions of time, 357, 1; 371, 5;
---- ante diem, 371, 5; 6.
Antecedent of rel., 251.
---- attraction of, 251, 4.
---- incorporated with rel., 251, 4.
Antecedent omitted, 251, 1.
---- repeated with rel., 251, 3.
Antepenult, 6, 2.
antepōnō, with dat., 187, III, 2.
antequam, with ind., 291;
---- with subjv., 292.
Anticipation, denoted by subjv., w. antequam and priusquam, 292;
---- by subjv. with dum, dōnec, quoad, 293, III, 2; 374, 5.
-ānus, suffix, 151, 2; 152, 1; 3.
Aorist tense, see Historical perfect.
Apodosis, 301 ff.
---- in conditional sent. of 1st type, 302, 4;
---- result clauses as apodoses, 322;
---- quīn- clauses as apodoses, 322;
---- ind. questions as apodoses, 322, b;
---- potuerim in apodosis, 322, c;
---- apodosis in indir. disc., 319-321;
---- in expressions of obligation, ability, etc., 304, 3, a;
---- with periphrastic conjugations, 304, 3, b.
Apposition, 169;
---- agreement, 169, 2;
---- partitive, 169, 5;
---- with voc. in nom., 171, 2;
---- genitive w. force of appositive, 202;
---- id as appositive of clause, 247, 1, b;
---- inf. as appositive, 326; 329;
---- subst. clauses as appositives, 282, 1, f; 294; 297, 3.
Appositive of locative, 169, 4;
---- with acc. of limit of motion, 182, 2, a;
---- with town names, in abl. of place whence, 229, 2.
---- position of, 350, 2.
aptus, w. dat., 192, 2.
apud, prep. w. acc., 141.
Archiās, declension of, 22.
-ar, declension of nouns in, 39.
arguō, constr., 178, 1, d).
-āris, suffix, 151, 2.
-ārium, suffix, 148, 3.
-ārius, suffix, 151, 2.
armiger, decl., 23, 2.
Arrangement of words, 348-350;
---- of clauses, 351.
Arsis, defined, 366, 6.
artūs, dat. and abl. plu. of, 49, 3.
arx, decl., 40.
-ăs, acc. plu. in Greek nouns, 47, 3.
-ās, old gen. sing., 1st decl., case-ending, 21, 2, a).
---- ending of Greek nouns, nom. sing. in, 22.
---- gender of nouns in -ās, 43, 2; 45, 1.
---- voc. of Greek nouns in -ās, antis, 47, 4.
---- -ātis, abl. of patrials in, 70, 5, c).
Asking, case const, with verbs of, 178, 1, c;
---- subst. clauses w., 295, 1;
---- ind. questions, 300, 1.
Aspirates, 2, 3, c.
Assimilation of consonants, 8, 4 f.; 9, 2.
Association, abl. of, 222A.
Asyndeton, 341, 4, a); 346.
at, 343, 1, d).
-ātim, suffix, 157, 2.
Atlās, decl., 47, 4.
atomus, gender of, 26, 1, c).
atque, 341, 2, b);
---- = as, 341, 1, c).
atquī, 343, 1, e).
Attendant circumstance, abl. of, 221: 227, 2, e).
Attraction of demonstratives, 246, 5;
---- of relatives, 250, 5;
---- subjunctive by attraction, 324;
---- of adjectives, 327, 2, a; 328, 2.
Attributive adjs., 233, 2.
-ātus, its force as suffix, 151, 4.
audācter, formation and comparison, 76, 2.
audeō, conj., 114, 1.
audiō, conj., 107;
---- with pres. partic., 337, 3.
aulāī, archaic gen., 21, 2, b.
ausus, force as participle, 336, 5.
aut, 342, 1, a).
autem, 343, 1, c); 350, 8.
Auxiliary omitted in infin., 116, 5:
---- ---- in finite forms, 166, 3.
auxilium, auxilia, 61.
-āx, suffix, 150, 2.
B.
balneum, balneae, 60, 2.
barbitos, decl., 27.
Believing, verbs of, with dat., 187, II.
bellī, locative, 232, 2.
bellum, decl., 23.
bene, comparison, 77, 1.
Benefiting, verbs of, w. dat., 187, II.
benevolus, comparison, 71, 5, a).
-ber, declension of month names in, 68, 1.
-bilis, suffix, 150, 4.
bonus, decl., 63; comparison, 72.
bōs, decl., 41.
Brachylogy, 374, 2.
Bucolic diaeresis, 368, 3, d
-bulum, suffix, 147, 4.
-bundus, suffix, 150, 1.
būris, decl., 38, 1
C.
C., for G. as abbreviation of Gāius, 373.
caedēs, decl., 40.
Caesura, 366, 8:
---- in dactylic hexameter 368, 3.
calcar, decl., 39.
Calendar, 371; 372.
Calends, 371, 2, a).
campester, decl., 68, 1
canis, decl., 38, 2.
capiō, conj., 110
carbasus, gender of, 26, 1 b).
carcer, carcerēs, 61.
Cardinals, defined. 78, 1;
---- list of, 79;
---- decl., 80;
---- with and without et, 81, 1; 3;
---- expressed by subtraction, 81, 2;
---- replaced by attributives in poetry, 81, 4, d.
cārē, comparison, 76, 2.
carō, decl., 42.
carrus, carrum, 60, 1.
Cases, 17;
---- alike in form, 19; 170 ff.
Case-endings, 17, 3.
castrum, castra, 61.
Catalectic verses, 366, 9.
causā, with gen., 198, 1;
---- nūlla causa est cūr, with subjv., 295, 7.
Causal clauses, 285; 286;
---- clause of characteristic with accessory notion of cause, 283, 3.
---- conjunctions, 345.
Cause, abl. of, 219; 227, 2, d)
cavē, cavē nē in prohibitions, 276, b.
-ce, 6, 3 f.; 87, footnote 23.
cedo, cette, 137, 3.
cēdō, with dat. 187, II.
celeber, decl., 68, 1.
celer, decl., 68, 2.
cēlō, constr., 178, 1, e).
cēnātus, force, 114, 2.
cētera, adverbial acc., 185, 2.
ceterī, use, 253, 4.
Characterstic, clauses of, 283;
---- denoting cause or opposition ('although'), 283, 3;
---- gen. of, 208, 1;
---- abl., 224.
Charge, gen. of, 208, 1; 2.
Chiasmus, 350, 11, c).
Choosing, const. w. verbs of, 177, 1-3.
circā, circiter, circum, preps. w. acc., 141.
circum, compounds of, w. dat., 187, III.
circumdō, const., 187, 1, a.
Circumstance, abl. of attendant, 221.
cis, prep. w. acc., 141.
citerior, comparison, 73, 1.
cito, 77, 2, a.
citrā, prep. w. acc., 141.
cīvitās decl., 40, 1, e.
clam, with acc., 144, 2.
Clauses, coörd. and subord., 164, 165.
Clauses of characteristic, 283;
---- purpose, 282;
---- result, 284;
---- causal, 285;
---- temporal with postquam, ut, ubi, simul ac, etc., 287;
---- with cum, 288;
---- substantive clauses, 294 f.;
---- condition, 301 f.;
---- conditional comparison, 307;
---- concessive, 308;
---- adversative, 309;
---- wish or proviso, 310;
---- relative, 311 f.; 283 f.
clāvis, decl., 38, 1.
Clinging, construction of verbs of, 258, 3.
clipeus, clipeum, 60, 1.
Close of sentences, cadences used, 350, 12.
coepī, conj., 133;
---- coeptus est, 133, 1.
Cognate acc., 176, 4.
cognōmen, 373.
cōgō, w. acc., 178, 1, d);
---- w. infin., 331, VI.
Collective nouns, 12, 2, a);
---- w. plu. verb, 254, 4.
colus, gender of, 26, 1, b).
com-, compounds of, w. dat., 187, III.
comedō, conj., 128, 2.
comētēs, decl., 22.
comitia, as time expression, 230, 1.
Commanding, dat. w. verbs of, 187, II;
---- subst. clause w. verbs of, 295, 1;
---- commands expressed by jussive subjv., 275;
---- ---- by imperative, 281.
Common gender, 15, B, N. 1.
---- nouns, 12, 1.
---- syllables, 5, B, 3.
commonefaciō, w. gen, and acc., 207.
commoneō, w. gen. and acc., 207.
commūnis, w. gen., 204, 2;
---- with dat., 204, 2, a.
commūtō, w. abl., 222A.
Comparatives, decl., 69;
---- w. abl., 217;
---- w. quam, 217, 2;
---- occasional meaning, 240.
---- two required in Latin, 240, 4.
Comparison of adjs., 71 f.;
---- of adverbs, 76; 77.
---- participles as adjs., 71, 2.
---- adjs. in -dicus, -ficus, -volus, 71, 5.
---- defective, 73.
---- abl. of, 217.
Comparison, conditional, 307.
Compendiary comparison, 374, 2, b);
---- w. result clauses, 284, 4;
---- w. clauses of characteristic, 283, 2, a.
Completed action, tenses expressing, 262-4; 267, 3.
Compounds, 158 f.;
---- spelling of, 9, 2.
Compound sentences, 164.
---- verbs governing acc., 175, 2, a;
---- governing dat., 187, III; 188, 2, d.
Conative uses of pres., 259, 2;
---- of imperf., 260, 3;
---- of pres. partic., 336, 2, a.
Concessive clauses, 308;
---- 'although' as accessory idea to clause of characteristic, 283, 3.
---- subjunctive, 278.
Conclusion, see Apodosis.
Concrete nouns, 12, 2, a).
Condemning, verbs of, constr., 208, f.
Conditional clauses of comparison, 307.
---- sentences, 1st type (nothing implied), 302;
---- ---- in indir. disc., 319;
---- ---- 2d type ('should'-'would'), 303;
---- ---- in indir. disc., 320;
---- ---- 3d type (contrary to fact), 304;
---- ---- in indir. disc., 321;
---- ---- abl. abs. equivalent to, 227, 2, b);
---- ---- introduced by relative pronouns, 312;
---- ---- general conditions, 302, 2; 3;
---- ---- indicative in contrary-to-fact apodoses, 304, 3;
---- ---- protasis omitted or implied, 305, 1;
---- ---- protasis contained in imperative, or jussive subjv., 305, 2;
---- ---- employment of nisi, sī nōn, sīn, sī minus, 306;
---- ---- conditional relative sentences, 312, 2.
cōnfīdō, w. abl., 219, 1, a.
Conjugation, 11; 93 f.;
---- the four conjugations, 98;
---- periphrastic, 115;
---- peculiarities of conj., 116.
Conjunctions, 145, 1; 341 f.
cōnor, with inf., 295, 5, a.
Consecutive clauses, see Result clauses.
cōnsistere, with abl., 218, 4.
Consonant stems, nouns, 29 f.;
---- adjs., 70, 1.
---- partially adapted to ĭ-stems, 40.
Consonants, 2, 2 f.;
---- pronunciation, 3, 3.
---- double, 2, 9.
---- combinations of, in division into syllables, 4, 2 f.
Consonant changes, 8;
---- omission of finals 8, 3;
---- assimilation of, 8, 4 f.
---- stems, 29;
---- ---- following analogy of ĭ-stems, 40.
cōnspiciō, conj., 109, 2, b).
cōnstāre, w. abl., 218, 4.
Construction acc. to sense, 254, 4; 235, B, 2, c).
cōnsuētūdō est, with subjv. substantive clause, 297, 3.
cōnsuēvī = pres., 262, A.
cōnsulāris, abl. sing. of, 70, 5, a.
Contending, verbs of, with dat., 358, 3.
contentus, w. abl., 219, 1.
continerī, with abl., 218, 4.
contingit ut, 297, 2.
Continued action, tenses for, 257, 1, b.
contrā, prep. w. acc., 141;
---- as adv., 144, 1.
Contraction, 7, 2.
---- length of vowel as result of, 5, A, 1, b).
Contrary-to-fact conditions, 304.
Convicting, verbs of, constr., 208 f.
Coördinate clauses, 165.
---- conjunctions, 341 f.
cōpia, cōpiae, 61.
Copulative conjunctions, 341.
cor, lacks gen. plu., 57, 7.
cornū, decl., 48.
Correlative conjunctions, 341, 3; 342, 2.
---- adverbs, 140.
cottīdiē, spelling, 9, 2.
Countries, gender of, 26, 1, a.
Crime, gen. of, 208, 1; 2.
-crum, suffix, 147, 4.
-culum, suffix, 147, 4.
-culus (a, um), suffix, 148, 1.
cum, appended, 142, 4.
cum (conj.), 'when,' 288-290;
---- 'whenever,' 288, 3.
---- adversative, 309, 3.
---- causal, 286, 2.
---- explicative, 290.
---- to denote a recurring action, 288, 3; 289, a.
---- inversum, 288, 2.
com ... tum, 290, 2.
cum prīmum, 287, 1.
cum, spelling of, 9, 1.
cum (prep.), with abl. of manner, 220;
---- with abl. of accompaniment, 222;
---- appended to prons., 142, 4.
-cundus, suffix, 150, 1.
cupiō, conj, 109, 2, a);
---- with subst. clause developed from optative, 296;
---- w. inf., 331, IV, and a.
cūr, nūlla causa est cūr, w. subjv., 295, 7.
cūrō, with gerundive const as obj., 337, 8, b, 2.
Customary action, 259, 1; 260, 2.
D.