THE ANTS GO MILKING
"You know," said Dick, as the boys threw themselves down at the side of
the mound and looked at it with an entirely new interest, "if these were
African ants, you wouldn't be taking any such liberties with them.
Instead of hanging around this mound you would be running away like all
possessed. And if you didn't make tracks in a hurry the only thing left
here would be your skeleton picked as clean as the one you saw the other
day in old Dr. Sanford's office."
"What?" cried Jim, "do you mean to say that I would run away from a
little thing like an ant. Not on your life, I wouldn't."
"Let's see," said Dick, "you'd run away from a boa-constrictor, wouldn't
you?"
"Who wouldn't," retorted Jim.
"Well, if you'd run away from the boa-constrictor, and he'd run away
from the ants, where do _you_ get any license to face the ants."
"Do you mean to say that those monster snakes are afraid of such tiny
things?"
"I should say they were," replied Dick, "the ants go from place to
place through the great African forest in countless numbers, millions at
a time, a regular army of them. Nothing can stand before them. They
strip every shrub, eat every blade of grass. They swarm over every
living thing they find in their way. Sometimes they come across a snake
unawares, and climb all over him. He squirms and twists and rushes away,
trying to brush them off, against the bushes. At last he turns and bites
frantically, but they never let up. They actually eat him alive, and in
less than ten minutes they pass on leaving his bones picked clean as a
whistle. The natives take their wives and children and flee for their
lives whenever they see an army of ants approaching."
"But that, of course, has nothing to do with these little American
neighbors of ours. They are perfectly harmless and though they are
fierce scrappers among themselves, inflict no injury on any one else.
And there is nothing in the whole animal or insect world, except perhaps
the bees, that have a society and government so much like that of men."
"In one respect they are like their African brothers and that is in
their fondness for travel. Every once in a while they make up their
minds to emigrate and then they fly in swarms of millions----"
"What?" interrupted Frank, "do you mean to say they fly? I never knew
that an ant had wings."
"Of course they have," said Dick, "they often have to cross rivers to
get to their new home. How could they do that without wings?"
"Oh, I don't know," hummed Shorty:
"The bed bug has no wings at all
But he gets there just the same."
A rather severe glance from Dick quenched Phil's exuberant spirits which
had all come back to him since his ducking.
"Now," continued Dick, "these swarms are sometimes so vast that they
darken the sun in certain localities. Men working on high buildings have
been surrounded and almost blinded by them. While these emigrations last
they are a bother, if not a peril, and the only ones that are really
happy are the fish in the brooks and rivers over which they pass.
Sometimes the surface is fairly black with them and the trout and little
troutlings have the time of their lives. Once the flight is ended,
however, and the new locality chosen, the wings disappear. Nature has no
use for needless things and from that time on the air knows them no
more. The carpenter ants get busy right away. The place is marked off as
accurately as a surveyor marks out a plot in the suburbs of a city. The
queen ant is given a royal room apart from all the others. She is a good
mother and takes the best of care of her little ones. As they grow
older, they in turn help the queen to care for their little brothers and
sisters. They are excessively neat and clean in their personal habits.
They spend hours preening and combing and cleaning until they are
immaculate----"
"Regular dudes," muttered Jim.
"Well," said Tom, "that's something that will never be laid up against
you, Jim."
Jim, who indeed had a hard time keeping up to a high ideal of
cleanliness, and whose hair was usually tumbled while his nails too
often were draped in mourning, looked a little confused, and while he
was thinking up something to hurl back at Tom, Dick went on.
"There is one thing, however, about the ants that I don't admire. They
like to get somebody else to do their work. A certain number of their
own colony are 'hewers of wood and drawers of water' for the rest.
Indeed, the aristocrats among them get so lazy after a while that they
will not even feed themselves. The workers not only have to hustle for
the grub, but actually have to feed it to the lords and dukes. And
talking of hustling for grub, just look here."
The boys followed the direction of Dick's finger, and there coming up a
little beaten path they saw a procession of ants dragging along a big
fat caterpillar. It had evidently put up a good fight, judging from the
numbers that had been necessary to capture it, but they had proved too
strong. A little convulsive movement showed that it was not yet quite
dead, but it no longer made any resistance. The formic acid that the
ants secrete had partly paralyzed it and made defence impossible. There
was an almost comical disproportion between its large helpless bulk and
the tiny size of its conquerors, but this was a case where numbers
counted. The victors all pulled like good fellows and passing through
one of the entrances of the mound finally dragged their booty into the
inner cave.
"Another thing," said Dick, when the keenly interested boys had again
gathered about him, "the red ants are slaveholders. When their working
force has been weakened or diminished, they get a big army together and
raid some colony of black ants a few hundred feet or yards distant in
order to carry them away as slaves. There is nothing haphazard or
slouchy about the way they go about it. Everything is arranged as
carefully and precisely as in the case of an American or European power
getting ready to go to war. At a given signal the troops come out and
get in order of battle. There is perfect order and system everywhere.
When there is a very large army, a sort of hum or buzz arises from it
almost as though they were beating drums to inspire the soldiers for
battle. They march forward in perfect time and dash upon the enemy with
irresistible fury. The black ants through their scouts have been told of
the enemy's approach and have made all the preparation they can to beat
them off. The infant ants, together with their household goods, have
been tucked away in upper galleries where they can see the fight but not
be in it."
"Reserved seats as it were," murmured Frank.
"The ants have two weapons. One is the nipper, that can cut off their
enemy's head as neatly as a pair of shears. Then they have the formic
acid that, used against ants or other insects, has a poisonous quality.
With both of these weapons they fight with the greatest desperation
until victory declares for one side or the other. The red ants are
usually victorious, as they are larger and stronger and more aggressive.
In case they win, they carry away all the little ones of their black
opponents and bring them up as slaves. They are treated kindly, and
after a while seem to grow content and take their place as the humbler
members of the community. After the battle is over the wounded ants are
carried home by their companions and the dead are buried in a regular
ants' cemetery."
The boys had listened with a fascinated interest to these marvelous
stories of life going on all around them and to which they had never
given more than a passing thought.
"Well," said Jim, "it sure is the queerest thing I ever heard about. If
anyone else but Dick had told me this I wouldn't have believed it."
"Yes," said Tom, "it certainly sounds like a fairy story."
"What gets me," said Shorty, "is that the queen seems to be the most
important of the whole bunch. What about the king? It must be a regular
suffragette colony."
"Yes," replied Dick, "in a certain sense it is. The males of the
community don't amount to much. One by one their privileges are taken
away from them. They even lose their wings before the females do. After
they have taken their flight and safely escorted the queen to her future
home they drop out of sight. Their wings fall off and in some cases are
pulled off by the more ill-tempered females of the family. They hang
around a little while and then drop out of sight altogether. Nobody
seems to care what becomes of them. They can't even get back to the
place from which they started. Their wings are gone and they can't
walk. They remind me of the cat--they are so different--the cat came
back--the male ants can't."
"Gee," said Jim, "how do the rest get on without them?"
"Oh," replied Dick, "they don't seem to mind the males at all. It takes
away some of the conceit of the male sex when they see how easily one
can get along without them."
"Well," said Shorty, who was never partial to work, "they at least get
rid of a lot of trouble. How about the carpenter ants, the soldier ants,
the foraging ants? Are they all females?"
"Every one of them," said Dick. "It is a regular colony of Amazons."
"It seems to me," said Shorty, "that in all the bunch the queen is the
only one who has a snap."
"Don't you believe it," returned Dick, "as a matter of fact, she is the
hardest worker of all, that is, at the start. She is the busiest kind of
a mother, brings up all the little ants, washing their faces, combing
their hair----"
"Oh, say," interrupted Shorty, "aren't you putting it a little bit too
strong, Dick?"
"Not at all," said Dick; "here, take up this ant and look at it through
the magnifying glass."
Under the lens the boys, crowding around, saw that there, sure enough,
was a fine silky down resembling very much the hair upon the human head.
"Of course," said Dick, "as in every other part of the animal or insect
world, this only lasts for a little while. Men and women are the only
creatures in the whole universe that stick by their children through
thick and thin. There is no better mother than a cat, for instance,
while the kittens are small and they need her help, but just as soon as
they are able to shift for themselves, nothing more doing for Mrs. Cat.
Out they go to hustle for their own living, and if some of the slower
and lazier ones still hang around, the mother's claws soon give them a
sharp reminder that it is time to be up and doing. The same is true of
the birds. See how the mother bird sits brooding over her eggs. With
what tender care she watches them while they are still unable to feed
themselves. How the father bird scratches from morning to night to find
worms to put down those scrawny little beaks. But after a while they,
too, go to the edge of the nest, and with many a timid flutter stretch
their wings and drop off the edge. And with the laggards, the parental
beak is ready to push them off into the new world where they hustle for
themselves. It is only a fellow's father and mother that stand by him to
the end. No matter how bad he is, how often he wrenches their hearts,
how many times he has sinned and been forgiven and sinned again, the
mother heart clings to him to the end. I tell you what, boys, you can't
make too much of that father and mother of yours."
"You bet," came in a responsive murmur from the boys.
"Now, going back to the queen," said Dick, "it sure does seem that after
the kids have grown up she'd have a dandy time. She is by far the biggest
figure in the colony. The worker ants can't do too much for her. She has
the finest room and the choicest food, and yet, after all, I suppose this
becomes tiresome. It is just as it is with human queens. So many things
are done for them, so much pomp and ceremony surrounds them, that no
doubt they often sigh for freedom and would exchange their places with
almost any of their subjects. They are something like a little girl that
was a rich man's daughter. Her milk was pasteurized, the water she drank
was sterilized, so that after a while her only thought was to grow big
enough to do as she chose and the very first thing she was going to do
was to eat a germ."
The boys laughed and Dick resumed.
"It is almost pathetic to see the poor old queen going out for a walk.
She moves in a perfect circle of courtiers. As long as she keeps in the
middle she is all right, but the minute she strays to one side or
attempts to go further, this surrounding group push her back. Sometimes
they thrust their shoulders against her and at other times simply mass
themselves in front of her, and even, at times, are undignified enough,
if these hints are not sufficient, to take her by one of her antennae
and lead her back into the center of the circle, for all the world like
a mother taking home a naughty child by the ear. No, you can bet it is
not all 'peaches and cream' where the queen is concerned."
"Well," said Shorty, only partly convinced, "even if the queen has
troubles of her own, it must be nice to be the aristocrat. Think of
having nothing to do but just hang around and let the carpenter ants
build your house and the farmer ants store up the grain and the foraging
ants bring in the caterpillars and the soldier ants do the fighting."
"No," said Dick, "you are wrong again, Shorty. They do so little and
become so dependent upon the work of others that after a while they seem
to lose their faculties. They wander around in a crazy and feeble way,
trying to kill time, I suppose, and after a while become so lazy and
helpless that they can't even eat without help."
"Can't eat!" said Jim, whose appetite was a standing joke in camp; "then
no lords and dukes for me."
"I really think," resumed Dick, "that just as it is in human life, the
workers are the lucky ones after all. There is something doing every
minute. Their lives are full of interest. They are too busy to be
unhappy. Don't make any mistake, fellows, work is the salvation of the
world. The happiest are the busiest; the drones and sluggards are
almost, without exception, the most miserable creatures on the face of
the earth. If I were----"
But just at this moment a curious thing happened. The afternoon had worn
on while the boys were talking, and so keen was their interest in the
wonders that were being brought before their eyes that they had failed
to realize how late it was. The ants had been wandering around in an
aimless way--that is, it seemed aimless to the boys, but doubtless they
knew what they were about and had a definite object, even though the
boys couldn't understand it. But now a sudden stir and bustle seemed to
arouse the colony. From numerous gates the throng came forth with almost
military order and precision.
"Ah," said Dick, "here's just the thing you want to see, boys. It is
milking time and the ants are going to herd their cows. Now we will
follow one of these lines and see just how they do it."
At a few feet distant from the mound there was a little shrub about
three feet high, covered with foliage and with widely extended branches.
The column of ants reached the foot of this, climbed it, and scattered
among the branches.
The boys at a signal from Dick followed him softly, so that the ants
might not be disturbed.
"See," said Dick, gently taking hold of a branch that projected beyond
the others, "look through this magnifying glass."
One by one the boys stole up, each eager for a sight that they had never
before seen or dreamed of. On the upper side of the branch which Dick
held between his thumb and finger were little groups of parasites,
almost too small to be seen by the naked eye. All day long they had been
feeding upon the sap that came from a branch until their bodies were
swollen with a transparent honey dew. An ant approached one of them,
placed its antennae over the throat and extracted a tiny drop of the
colorless liquid. Again and again this was repeated. It seemed like rank
robbery, but there was no resistance on the part of the herd. They
seemed just as glad that milking time had come as do the cows that stand
lowing at the bars of the fence and calling for the farmer. Drop after
drop of the honey dew was extracted, until finally the aphid, as the
little creature is called, grew lank and thin, while the ant became
correspondingly large. From time to time the antennae of the ant stroked
the tiny hair on the back, just as a farmer would stroke the cow in
order to soothe it and keep it perfectly still.
Finally the milking was completed and the farmer ants retraced their way
along the branch and down the stem and, falling into line with their
comrades similarly laden, resumed their march to the colony. The boys
had watched with bated breath and almost awe-struck interest.
"Well," said Jim, at last breaking the silence, "those ants are surely
not going hungry to bed."
"Gee," said Shorty, "I bet they will suffer from indigestion."
"Not a bit of it," said Dick. "You don't suppose they keep this all to
themselves, do you? Just look here."
He lifted a stone about eighteen inches from the foot of the mound. Under
the magnifying glass they could see a number of tiny apertures that
evidently led in the direction of the colony, and on one side an ant
waiting for the return of the milking party. As Dick selected one and
placed his magnifying glass directly upon the opening, the boys could see
one of the ants laden with the honey dew stop and, placing its mouth
close to that of the waiting ant, exude a tiny drop of its burden. Moving
the glass around quickly in the arc of a circle, they saw this process
repeated until finally the round was finished and the farmer ants, more
lightly laden than before, went on toward the main entrance of the
colony.
"Those," said Dick, "are the lords and dukes getting their supper."
"Well," said Tom, "after this I am ready to believe anything. I tell you
what, Dick, I never learned so much in my life as I have to-day."
"Yes," said Shorty, as the boys picked up their kits and prepared to
return to camp, "I am glad enough now that I didn't smash that ant nest
when I tried to. After all, they are good sports and I would hate to
spoil their fun."
"Yes," replied Dick, "you know that one of the most important principles
in life is kindness to anything that breathes. Of course there are
certain pests that are harmful to human life and we are compelled to
kill in self-defense, but for anything that is harmless the one great
principle that should govern us always is found in those two lines that
Mr. Hollis repeated the other day:
"'Never to blend our pleasure or our pride
With sorrow to the meanest thing that feels.'"