By Mr. THOS. WOOD, of Sandusky.
Those who were in attendance at our Dayton meeting will perhaps recall the
fact that the writer, in a paper read at that time, strongly advocated gas
companies taking hold of the electric light business and running the same
in connection with their gas business; you will also recall the fact that
the writer suggested that gas companies should take up the incandescent
electric light and fuel gas. Since that time it has been demonstrated by
several gas companies in this and other States that the electric arc
system can be added with success, financially, to gas companies and with
satisfaction to their patrons; and the writer derives great pleasure in
hearing of so many companies who have left the narrow and beaten track of
prejudice and are now walking in the broad road of progression.
[4] A paper read lately before the Ohio Gas Light Association.
It is not my intention to dwell upon arc lighting now only long enough to
state that, after two years of practical experience with the combination,
our company consider they have taken a right step in adopting it, and that
it is satisfactory in every respect. Other gas companies that have adopted
the arc system can undoubtedly corroborate this with their experience. I
would make this paper a continuation of the last one by now taking up the
incandescent electric system and fuel gas question. That both will be
introduced into every city in the United States before long by some one I
have not a shadow of a doubt; and why? Simply because they are both
desirable commodities in domestic economy and hygiene.
Please lay aside all prejudice, and I will show you an ideal domestic
burner for illumination purposes. Now, what comprises an ideal burner for
domestic use? In the first place, such a burner must not blacken our walls
and ceilings, neither must it give off deleterious products of combustion;
it must be a steady light, and not subject to draughts; it must not give
out heat in summer, it must not be possible for inflammable goods to
ignite by coming in contact with it; it must be a light that will have no
ill effect if by accident the key is left open; it must be a light that
our country cousins cannot blow out, neither must it be one that requires
dangerous matches to ignite it, and lastly, it must be a fairly cheap
light.
Now, gentlemen, if you have thrown prejudice to the winds, perhaps you can
recognize in this ideal burner the incandescent electric light for
domestic use. Now, if this light is an ideal one, who is going to prevent
its adoption by the public? Gas companies cannot, and if they cannot no
one can. So, in my mind, the wisest course to pursue is to admit what we
know to be true, and proceed at once to supply the demand, increase our
revenue, push out into the suburbs of our cities, sell it as cheaply as
possible, and don't let others come in and take away what rightly belongs
to you. If there is any money to be made in the business by others, there
is still more in it for us.
For store purposes, where the hours of burning are defined, I think it
better to abandon the meter system and fix a price per annum or month for
each lamp, taking into consideration the hours of use as a basis for
charges. For private dwellings this would not be practicable, and we would
have to resort in this case to meters, or perhaps fix upon a price for
furnishing the current and have the consumer purchase the bulbs or lamps
whenever renewals were necessary. In this way economy would cheapen the
light to the consumer. Any method that will dispense with the meter and
still be satisfactory will be the one to adopt.
I cannot understand how some gas companies who have the incandescent
electric system as a competitor can console themselves with the fact that
it is not injurious to their gas business, even taking it for granted they
are selling as much gas as before its advent. Is this a just reason why
they should make no effort to secure their old patronage? I think not, for
it is human nature to secure a whole loaf in place of the half, when it is
possible to get it. A gas company's revenues would certainly be increased
by the step, and a dangerous rival would be made profitable.
I think it is a mistake to think that by and by the people will get back
to gas. Of course some will, just as gas consumers sometimes go back to
coal oil; but, because a few give it up, don't let us deceive ourselves by
thinking that all will do it eventually, for the incandescent electric
burner is bound to remain wherever it is now in use, and will find its way
to the other places where it is not now in use. "That is all very well to
talk about," I hear some one say, "but what are they going to do with our
prior investment?" To such I would say, push that, too. Cheapen it to its
lowest point and urge its use for power and cook stoves until such time
that you find yourselves able to supply gas for heating purposes of all
kinds.
What difference does it make to a company whether the money expended for
improvement account be coal gas benches, holders and mains, or dynamos,
boilers, and wire? I fail to see the difference, and if improvements have
to be made in both, so much the better--it shows a healthy demand for both
branches, and should be promptly provided for.
If arc lighting is to be the light on our streets and the incandescent
electric light for our stores and dwellings, shall we have to draw our
fires from under our gas benches and stop making gas? This, to the writer,
would be an absurd deduction, for the very reason that in nature's
laboratory all these elements are placed, and gas would not be one of them
if there were not some important part for it to play in the supplying of
man's wants. It is for us to take the things we find in nature's
laboratory and select the fittest articles for each special use; and it is
reasonable to suppose that it will be only the fittest that will finally
be a success. The arc light, so far as the writer has ascertained, has
asserted pretty generally throughout the country its supremacy on our
streets, and this in spite of all opposition from gas companies--showing
conclusively that it has gained its position by the force of demand for
the fittest. Incandescent electric light is just as surely finding its
position and field of usefulness, and in its turn will assert its
supremacy, and why? Because it has the qualifications called for in the
public specifications. Some will assert that it is too expensive to come
into general use, and also that it is not as reliable as gas. The first is
no argument against it, for was not coal gas sold at exorbitant prices in
its early days? It certainly is capable of being cheapened in the future,
as gas has been, and this is one reason why gas companies should enter the
business, as it is in their power to cheapen it.
As far as unreliability is concerned, it certainly looks the most serious
objection; but don't be alarmed on that score, for duplicate machinery or
storage batteries will eventually overcome this bugbear, and while
discussing this subject don't let us forget that the breaking of a main,
the filling up of a drip, a flood or explosion, or even Jack Frost, has
often caused our customers to think that even gas is not very reliable.
I cannot understand what prompts gas companies as a rule to prejudice
against electric lighting, unless it be they imagine the outcome to be
idle gas mains and cold benches. This I think is all wrong. The largest
unoccupied field to-day is the fuel gas field, and who should step in and
supply this demand? Could any one do it as well as the present gas
companies? We have our mains and services already laid; we have our
holders, meters, and trained labor, most of us have also the necessary
land to spare on which to erect the generators.
Next to the fuel gas field I think I can see another field nearly as
extensive, and that is the coal oil field.
Please imagine the following picture, which is representative of the
writer's belief of what a gas company will be in the near future; in fact
so near in the future that before our next convention rolls around it will
be a reality.
One set of officers, whose principal qualifications shall be
progressiveness--their duties to be divided between electric lighting of
all kinds, including electric power, fuel gas for all purposes, including
gas engines; also incandescent lights off fuel gas mains.
Now let us see what the plant will consist of. One set of mains for fuel
gas, from which our patrons will draw all their fuel, and also light, if
they wish. Gas engines will be run economically with this gas. One set of
meters only will be required.
There will be no coal gas benches as we have them now, as the method of
manufacture is too laborious, too expensive and very primitive, not to say
barbarous--everything now being built on the horizontal plan, requiring
the greatest possible exertion to both draw a charge and stoke. The
generators of the future will be on the cupola style, feeding by
gravitation from the top. Native coals in all probability will be
sufficiently good to make gas of. One portion of the plant will be devoted
to the dynamos and engines for furnishing the electric light. Where the
coal gas benches now are will be boilers, or perhaps even these will be
unnecessary if gas engines be used. If steam boilers be used, they will be
fired with producer gas, and the holders will become simply pressure
regulators. The revenues of gas companies will be increased fivefold, if
not more; the consumer will get cheaper fuel, cheaper power, and cheaper
light.
Native coal fields will become more valuable, and we will not pay tribute
to other States, as heretofore. The change from illuminating coal gas to
fuel gas will perhaps be a slow one, owing to the conservatism of gas
companies and imperfected details; but eventually it will be brought about
in spite of all obstacles. If a company is operated as pictured, it will
furnish arc lighting, incandescent electric lighting, and electric motors,
fuel gas, incandescent gas lighting, and gas engines.
Gas will be made on a larger scale, with less dirt and nuisance, and
without that laboriousness now made necessary. Valves, levers, and push
buttons will displace scoop, drawing hook, and wheelbarrow, and the
employees will no longer be known as "gas house terriers," but will become
elevated to a higher plane. The officers of the company will also of
necessity have to be more active and alert, and the rule of thumb will be
at a discount. Now let us see where the gas man will be who fails to
occupy these new fields of pasture green.
He will, of course, go on making coal gas in the old way; he will still
wrestle with stopped stand pipes, steam jet exhausters, naphthaline, etc.,
and worry over how much a bushel of coke weighs. He will try to convince
his customers that he knows better than they do what they want, and that
anything but his gas is of no account. He will keep on cutting out items
from the newspapers whenever he finds it recorded that an electric light
somewhere failed to flicker.
He will still maintain that there is not a company in the country making
anything out of electric lighting, and that it is only a matter of time
when some fellow slips into his town and, noting things, works up an arc
light company, captures the street lighting and some of our friend's best
consumers. The price of gas is lowered; all kinds of patent gas burners
are invested in to recapture those lost consumers; a fight ensues,
factions are made in the town, and the arc light company adds an
incandescent plant to the arc light, and captures more of our friend's
consumers. To cap the climax, another fellow comes along and proposes to
supply fuel gas to the citizens, gets a franchise, puts in pipes and
services, and our friend wakes up some fine morning to find that what the
electric light fellow has left him in the shape of lighting has been
captured by the fellow with the fuel gas plant, who puts in the
incandescent gas burners.
Evidence is cropping up all around us that tends to this change. We find
manufacturers of fireclay goods now making carbons for electric lighting;
we also find gas fixture manufacturers now making and selling electric
wires of all kinds, besides other apparatus connected with the electrical
field. Manufacturers of meters have not yet devised a meter for measuring
electrical currents, but perhaps it would pay them to devote a portion of
their time to studying one out. As far as the present meter business is
concerned, I think, if this transformation of the gas business is brought
about, the demand for gas meters would be quadrupled and the use of the
larger sizes of meters would be made necessary; but if accuracy could be
insured with a much smaller meter with quicker action, I think it would be
better adapted for the purpose. Fuel gas, if it can be manufactured at a
price at which it could be sold with profit at a lower or as low price as
coal, would prove a larger field than all the kinds of lighting put
together, and is certainly worth our while to investigate thoroughly. The
owners of the smallest houses of our cities would become our patrons, and
a small profit per thousand would represent a wide margin when taking into
consideration the large amount that would be consumed.
But is the fuel gas practical, and has there been sufficient progress made
to date to warrant gas companies taking hold of it with any assurance of
success?
In the first place, what assurance do we require? Do we want some one to
come along and guarantee us a profit of 20 per cent. on our investment if
we enter the field? If so, the patentees of the different processes might
just as well negotiate with the shoe maker as with the gas company. I
think all the assurance we want in the premises is that with certain
apparatus we can get certain results from a ton of coal (the kind of coal
being specified), or that from a ton of coal we can get a certain amount
of available deliverable heat units.
The balance we should be capable of working out ourselves, such as labor,
leakage, cost of gas at consumers' meters, and such other data that we
certainly should be more familiar with than any one else.
Of course, the fuel gas will have to have an odor, and must be delivered
at a proper pressure; and proper appliances for governing supply and
insuring perfect safety will have to be calculated on. In fact, the gas
man must try to improve on methods adopted, and do his best to hasten the
day when solid fuel in our homes shall be no more--in other words, we have
to take hold of the fuel gas business in its infancy or it will get weaned
away from us.
Mr. McMillin, with others, has given us some figures on fuel gas which
have been verified by practical tests. For instance, he gives us as his
opinion that a mixed gas is more adapted for all-round purposes than
either coal or water gas alone.
From experiments made we find that from a ton of bituminous coal, making a
mixed gas, we can realize as salable gas 63 or 64 per cent. of the total
heat units in the original ton of coal, or about 17,000,000 heat units,
besides a residue of heat sufficient to produce the steam for making the
above amount.
Of this mixture 20 per cent. is coal gas, made in the ordinary way, which
is the only objectionable feature the writer can see in the process. I am
inclined to think that Mr. McMillin rather strained a point here in order
not to alarm coal gas men, or else to avoid a too radical change in the
apparatus now in vogue for making coal gas.
By his statement we find that in water gas, labor and repairs cost but 7
cents per M, while coal gas costs for the same items 15 cents per M. Of
course, the proportion of coal gas made by the old method is of more value
in heat units than the water gas made by the new method; but what I wished
to suggest was this, that if the whole process be made in the cupola as
water gas is now made, whether the result would be the same number, or
nearly so, of heat units in amount of gas made, with a large reduction in
labor making the coal gas cost no more than the water gas for the item of
labor repairs. If the mixture can be made in this manner, and I have some
assurance that it can be done successfully, then I think it would pay any
company to abandon the use of the present style of gas benches, and use
the space now occupied by them with more improved apparatus, rather than
use them at a loss, simply because we have them on hand.
We have pictured an ideal burner for our homes in the fore part of this
paper, and I cannot refrain from holding up to your view this ideal fuel,
which has no smoke, no dirt, no ashes, and entails on the housewife no
extra labor, can be regulated automatically to one steady temperature, and
does not require a workingman, after doing a hard day's work, to come home
and find a ton of coal dumped on the front sidewalk, which has to be
wheeled or carried in before night comes on.
Now that we have seen an ideal street light, an ideal house light, and an
ideal fuel, we will endeavor to show you an ideal gas company; and we
cannot do it in a more concise way than to say that an ideal gas company
is one that keeps all these ideal commodities for sale at a reasonable
price.
This may look visionary on my part to some of you, perhaps all of you;
but, nevertheless, I feel that this is the place and time to talk over
"our future prospects," and if this paper is the cause of any one
investigating the subjects spoken of or bringing forth discussion
regarding the same, I shall feel I have not written in vain.