Transcriber's note:
The copy on which this edition is based was bound with the 3 volumes of
text in one physical volume and the plates in another. They have been
reordered into 3 separate projects with the plates inserted adjacent to the
related text - other copies are known to have been bound in this fashion.
Page numbers enclosed by curly braces (example: {25}) have been
incorporated to facilitate the use of the Index.
Images of the original plates are available through Internet Archive. See
https://archive.org/details/illustrationsofe12drur
Project Gutenberg has the other two volumes of this work.
Volume I: see https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47599.
Volume II: see https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47600.
* * * * *
ILLUSTRATIONS
OF
EXOTIC ENTOMOLOGY,
CONTAINING
UPWARDS OF SIX HUNDRED AND FIFTY
FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS
OF
FOREIGN INSECTS,
INTERSPERSED WITH
REMARKS AND REFLECTIONS ON THEIR NATURE AND PROPERTIES.
BY DRU DRURY.
----
A NEW EDITION,
BROUGHT DOWN TO THE PRESENT STATE OF THE SCIENCE,
WITH THE SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERS OF EACH SPECIES, SYNONYMS, INDEXES,
AND OTHER ADDITIONAL MATTER.
BY J. O. WESTWOOD, F.L.S.
SOC. CÆS. NAT. CUR. MOSQ. SOC.
ETC. ETC.
----
VOL. III.
----
LONDON:
HENRY G. BOHN, 4, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
MDCCCXXXVII.
{iii}MR. DRURY'S PREFACE
TO THE FIRST EDITION.
----
VOL. III.
Grateful for the favourable reception the two preceding volumes of this
work have met from the lovers of Natural History, it is with pleasure that
I now present them, though late, with this my third and last volume, which
has been completed in opposition to greater disadvantages and
disappointments than attended either of the others.
It may not be superfluous to inform my readers, that this publication is
the result of such leisure hours only as could be spared from an
indispensable assiduity to immediate business, and a necessary attention,
at that time, to an impaired constitution.
This being taken into consideration, little apology will be required for
the length of time I have been in bringing it out, by those who know what
trouble we must necessarily have with the various artists, who are employed
in executing the different parts of such a work, and with what scrupulous
exactness and care every minute part ought to be examined and corrected.
This unavoidable delay, however, has been productive of another
circumstance, which compels me to entreat all their candour and indulgence.
I have always made it a rule of my conduct to promote Natural History by
every method in my power. My cabinet has therefore been open to all those
gentlemen, from whatever part of the world they came, who made Entomology
their study. In consequence of this permission, descriptions of many of the
insects now published have got abroad some time since, and even figures of
several of them have made their appearance. This I did not expect, as many
of my plates were entirely finished some months, and even years, before
those above-mentioned could have got forth. This will account for the
seeming contradiction in many places, upon comparing the descriptions with
the Index, where many insects are described and mentioned as _new_ ones,
but in the Index have their synonyms given in various authors. The truth
is, the descriptions were made about the year 1775, between which time and
the present those authors published their respective works.
But who can foresee disappointments, or avoid their effects? It may be
urged, that these plates might have been omitted, and others substituted.
In so doing, however, I could {iv}not have been justified, either to the
purchasers of the former volumes, or to myself. Many of them, there is no
doubt, would not have the figures of those insects alluded to, unless in
this work; and, as to my part, without considering the loss, neither my
business, my health, nor my leisure, would have enabled me to supply their
place. This very circumstance I have mentioned in the Preface to my last
volume, wherein I bespoke the candour of my readers for an _anticipation_
of a similar kind, which got abroad before I could bring out that volume.
In the present case, I have the greatest reason to request the same
indulgence from a motive still stronger, which is, that almost all the
figures given by other authors, and which I have quoted in the index, were
taken from specimens originally in my possession. As it is, I hope, the
novelty, the beauty, and the curiosity of the other insects herein
published, will, by affording large gratification to the inquisitive
naturalist, make some amends, and that the nature of my situation will
procure me a full acquittal from any kind of premeditated imposition.
In regard to the manners and economy of the insects now published, I have
been able to get little information. There are very few, even of those who
collect abroad, who will give themselves the trouble of making
observations; and such as do not want inclination or ability, and even
travel expressly for the purpose, find great, and to us almost
inconceivable impediments.
Mr. Smeathman, who has been many years in Africa and the West Indies, has
furnished me with a few remarks on this subject, together with observations
on some particular insects, published in the preceding volumes as well as
this. These observations, I am of opinion, will afford information and
entertainment to my readers, and, at the same time, throw some light on the
nature, qualities, or dispositions of many kinds of insects, of which,
hitherto, we know nothing more than the external figure. He informs me,
that in hot climates, especially such as are not well settled, the
difficulties attending every kind of study, and every species of
collecting, are infinitely greater than those who have not visited them can
possibly suppose. In those countries, either from the scarcity and high
price of the materials, or the dearness of labour, the traders or settlers
are obliged to calculate for little more than necessary house-room, with
such conveniences only as are absolutely necessary for their different
occupations and pursuits; in which they are, from these circumstances,
frequently much cramped and embarrassed. If this is the case with those who
have all the best means in their power of providing for themselves, how
must it be with transient persons and speculative travellers, who are
seldom profitable visitors, and whose studies consequently meet with little
partiality from such as are assiduously engaged in the sole pursuit of
wealth or power?
As to the breeding of insects, and observing their changes and dispositions
with care and circumspection, it seems almost impossible in the nature of
things to be practised, except, comparatively speaking, with a very few.
(The ravages of the tropical ants and cock-roaches are then detailed from
the {v}information given by Mr. Smeathman, which I have thought it more
interesting to introduce with the descriptions of those insects in the
second volume.)
The _termites_ are another genus of insects, which some time or other
injure the traveller, and at least add to the number of his cares. These
wonderful creatures were little known till Mr. Smeathman developed their
extraordinary history. They were generally supposed to be a species of ant,
and in consequence so frequently confounded with the natural history of
that great genus of insects, that it has thrown much obscurity into both.
The ravages of these insects are so insidious, that travellers frequently
suffer irreparable damage before they are aware of them. When they are
previously informed, the depredations of those insects may be greatly
prevented; but constant care and caution are required, which is no small
addition to the number of cares that a collector must always have upon his
mind. I shall not pretend to go any further into the history of this genus
of insects, as I must necessarily borrow it from my ingenious friend's very
entertaining account of them, published last year in the seventy-first
volume, Part I. of the Philosophical Transactions, to which I refer my
reader.
To these obstacles, Mr. Smeathman adds others, some of which we can have
little idea of in these climates. The _Norway rats_ are so numerous and so
bold, that they will come and feed by the side of the table at supper, and
during the still hours of night, search every corner for plunder, making a
continual uproar, and often, in a kind of furor, carry away small utensils,
and other articles, which they can turn to no advantage either for food or
shelter. They are very mischievous to the naturalist's collection of plants
and seeds, tearing them and the books, in which they are kept, to pieces,
as it were in wantonness, and carrying away such as are edible, in which
they are often assisted by the land-crabs. These amphibious insects
frequently make holes for themselves, or use those made by the rats under
ground, and enter through the floors of the negroes' cottages.
In the rainy seasons many small animals are apt to take shelter in the
thatch; among others, _various species of snakes_, who most probably get
there in pursuit of the rats. Mr. Smeathman when on the African shore
observed, that the former were very harmless; and, as he found the latter
very mischievous and destructive, he would not suffer the snakes to be
killed or hunted out. The patient natives there, it seems, as well as the
rational travellers, are not without consolation amidst this heterogeneous
crowd of inmates. They see with pleasure the spiders always on the watch
for the wasps and cock-roaches, the last of which are intolerable. The
_lizards_, again, attack all sorts of insects, the large Tarantula, as it
is called, not excepted. The lizards not unfrequently fall a prey to the
_fowls_, and the rats to the snakes. Hence lizards, rats, snakes, and
land-crabs occasionally serve as delicious repasts to the improvident
inhabitants, who thus "thrive under evil."
Sometimes indeed the land-crab becomes, as in the West Indies, a part of
the stock of the provident and luxurious inhabitants, who inclose a small
piece of ground in the manner {vi}of a yard, and feed them with fruit,
herbs, Indian corn, and other grain, on which they fatten exceedingly, and
stewed in any manner are most delicious eating.
Thus a speculative man can find few opportunities of securing his
collections, or of making observations, while surrounded by the hospitable
chief, the trader, the planter, and their families, who scarce finding room
enough in their houses for themselves, think all time lost that is not
spent in lucrative business, active pleasures, or social festivity. If to
this we add frequent sickness, the want of boats or cattle for conveyance
in cases where moving without is impracticable; the want of information, of
guides, of assistance, the means of transporting things, of candlelights,
or even a table to write on, it will not be surprising we have so little
knowledge of the uncultivated tropical regions. Even travellers, who go
expressly to make observations, have other great difficulties to encounter.
They are sometimes obliged to pass much of their time in providing the mere
necessaries of life, and some in securing themselves from danger, while
their industry is always exposed to the avarice, the neglect, or the
ill-will of ignorant people, whose services, though poor, are not to be
easily dispensed with.
Sometimes the cottages have no windows, and the larger houses, which they
contrive to form in such manner as to receive the breezes, are generally
without glass; so that the student frequently has his subject, his pen, or
his paper blown away, with various other disappointments and vexations too
numerous and too trivial to mention, but altogether distressing, and in
many instances insurmountable.
As this is the case, we have not much reason to wonder that our accounts of
some foreign countries, and their natural productions, are so short and
imperfect. We must content ourselves with slight sketches, which, repeated
and corroborated by various travellers, may at last amount to one great
descriptive and useful work, of which those contained in this Preface are
offered only as so many scattered seeds.
(The various observations upon the economy of different species figured in
these Illustrations, and inserted in this Preface, have been respectively
introduced under the species to which they belonged.)
{1}ILLUSTRATIONS
OF
EXOTIC ENTOMOLOGY.
----
PLATE I.
[Illustration]
PAPILIO ANTIMACHUS.
Plate I.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna, _Latr._ FAMILY: Papilionidæ,
_Leach_.
GENUS. PAPILIO, _Linn._ (Section Equit. Troj.) _&c._
PAPILIO ANTIMACHUS. Alis nigris, anticis elongatis maculis fulvis,
posticis subdentatis disco radiato rufo, nigro punctato; apice nigro
lunulis marginalibus fulvis. (Expans. Alar. 8½ unc.)
SYN. Papilio Antimachus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ 3.
_pt._ 1. _p._ 11. _No._ 31. _Donov. Nat. Repos._ _pl._ 100. _&_ 101.
_God. and Latr. Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 28. _No._ 8. _Esper. Aus. Schm._
_t._ 22. _f._ 2. _Boisd. Hist. Nat. Lep._ 1. _p._ 188.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone (_Drury_).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Head black, with eight whiteish spots on the
top. Thorax black, with four white spots at the base of the anterior
wings. Abdomen black at the base and at top, clay-coloured on the sides
and extremity. Anterior wings black at the base, but at the extremities
more of a brown colour, with eighteen different shaped marks and spots;
those next the body dark orange, the others yellow clay-coloured, some
being so faint as to be hardly discernible. Posterior wings slightly
dentated, the inner scollops being edged with clay-coloured crescents.
These wings, next the body, are of a dark orange; the remainder
clay-coloured, with a broad black border running round each wing, from
the upper corners to the abdominal ones; the inner sides being deeply
indented, and the outer ones scolloped, with eight roundish black spots
near the middle of each wing, one of which is supposed to be hid in the
figure.
_Under Side._ Head black, with two white spots in front. Palpi scarcely
discernible. Breast and sides black, spotted with yellow. Abdomen
clay-coloured. The middle of the superior wings has a black patch, on
which are three orange-coloured spots, answering to three on the upper
side; a long angular dark orange mark joins the anterior edges next the
body, close to which are two roundish black spots; the extreme parts of
these wings are of a dark greyish ash colour, the ribs being black.
Posterior wings clay-coloured, with eight black spots, answering to those
on the upper side: the black border being narrower on this side, and the
inner edges much deeper indented.
{2}This magnificent butterfly is so exceedingly rare that M. Boisduval,
whose knowledge of the European Collections is very extensive, questions
whether there exists any other specimen than that originally figured by
Drury. Mr. Jones also, whose splendid Collection of Drawings are so
frequently quoted by Fabricius, copied this insect, figuring both the upper
and under sides, which figures have been lately published by Mr. Donovan in
his Naturalist's Repository. Mr. Donovan also adds, that from the
manuscripts of Mr. Drury, "we find that he received this insect in 1775,
from Mr. Smeathman, an assiduous and very intelligent naturalist stationed
at Sierra Leone."
"From the observations of Mr. Smeathman it may be imagined that this insect
is not unfrequent in that particular part of Africa, but that its capture
is attended with considerable difficulty, as well from the manner of its
flight, as the time when it appears on the wing; it is seen only in
mid-day, when every exertion under the direct influence of a vertical sun
must be painful to an European. Its flight is also remarkable for its
velocity, and to increase the difficulty of taking it, the insect frequents
only the upper branches of the trees, from whence it darts and glances from
one branch to another, and never descends nearer to the ground than the
height of eight feet. Mr. Smeathman observes also, that it turns its head
about instantly to the glade or path, and will not suffer any person to
approach within 'striking distance' of it, but will dart away on the least
motion of the body; if the naturalist however exerts his patience, it will
at last become more familiar and careless, and is then to be caught upon
some particular branch, to which it will appear more attached than to
another."
Mr. Donovan however suggests, that the insect must be not only exceedingly
local, but also of great rarity.
PLATE II.
[Illustration]
HEPIALUS CRASSUS.
Plate II. fig. 1.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Hepialidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. HEPIALUS, _Fabr._ Hepiolus, _Illiger_. Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury_.
HEPIALUS CRASSUS. Alis anticis albis, fusco, cinereo, badioque variis,
apice irregulariter albo, lunulâ magnâ fuscâ; posticis
griseo-fuscantibus. (Expans. Alar. 7 unc.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) crassa, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ filiform, whiteish at the base, black at the tips.
Head whiteish, small. Thorax whiteish, having two black tufts of hair on
the shoulders, and two next the abdomen; upper part yellowish brown.
Abdomen dark brown, almost black, being ringed and edged with dark grey.
Anterior wings whiteish, intermixed with many patches and irregular spots
of grey and dark brown. Posterior wings darkish grey brown, but lighter
along the posterior edges.
_Under Side._ All the parts on this side are of a dark yellow brown, of
the same colour with the upper side of the inferior wings. Abdomen rather
lighter, with a dark brown line running along its middle from the thorax
to the anus.
{3}SPHINX IDRIEUS.
Plate II. fig. 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. SPHINX, _Linn._
SPHINX IDRIEUS. Corpore alisque anticis viridibus, posticis fulvis
margine nigro. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)
SYN. Sphinx Idrieus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. (1783.)
Sphinx Medea, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 363. _No._ 23. (1793.)
HABITAT: Africa (_Drury_). "Africa æquinoctiali" (_Fabr._).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ yellow brown. Head olive green, with a
cream-coloured stripe running on each side to the wings. Thorax and
abdomen olive green; the latter having six small cream-coloured spots on
each side near the anus. Anterior wings entirely olive green. Posterior
orange-coloured, edged with black.
_Under Side._ Tongue spiral. Sides, breast, and abdomen paler green than
on the upper side. Wings next the shoulders dark orange, but green at the
extremities. Posterior wings greenish and mottled, the fringes being
yellow.
ÆGERIA? PLUMIPES.
Plate II. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia? FAMILY: Ægeriidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. ÆGERIA, _Fabr._? Sesia, _Latr._ Sphinx, _Drury_.
ÆGERIA? PLUMIPES. Alis cyaneis, abdomine fulvo-cingulato, apice barbato;
pedibus fulvis, femorum posticorum apice plumoso. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9
lin.)
SYN. Sphinx plumipes, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.
HABITAT: Africa.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black, smallest at the tips. Eyes grey and shining.
Palpi black. Head and thorax black. Abdomen black, with orange-coloured
rings; the extremity being very small and long, and furnished with a tuft
of hairs expanding like a star.
_Under Side._ Tongue spiral. Head and palpi orange. Breast black. Legs
orange, furnished with long tibial spurs; the two hinder thighs having
tufts of black hairs issuing from the tips above. Abdomen orange, sides
black.
PLATE III.
[Illustration]
COSSUS LAOCOON.
Plate III. fig. 1.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Hepialidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. COSSUS, _Fabr._ Phalæna (Bombyx), _Linn._
COSSUS LAOCOON. Alis rufo-badiis, apice obscurioribus maculâ mediâ
albidâ, nigro punctatâ, lunulisque submarginalibus pallidis. (Expans.
Alar. 6 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Attacus) Laocoon, _Drury_. _Cramer_, _pl._ 117. B.?
HABITAT: Rio Janeiro, Brazil.
{4}_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown, and filiform. Head brown, with two white
spots beneath the antennæ. Thorax cream-coloured, with a red-brown spot
arising at the head. Abdomen red-brown, with cream-coloured rings. Wings
red-brown; the anterior ending along the external edges in a greyish
brown, where there is a row of faint cream-coloured crescents; at the
shoulders there is also a round cream-coloured spot, and in the middle,
near the anterior edges, is another large patch of that colour, with
darker marks thereon; several other spots are likewise dispersed on these
wings. Posterior wings, along the external edges, grey brown; but next
the body cream-coloured, with a row of faint cream-coloured crescents
along the bottom, and two small spots on the abdominal edges.
_Under Side._ Breast and legs red-brown; the two fore legs having two
cream-coloured spots on the fore joints. Abdomen red-brown, and cream
intermixed. Wings, next the body, cream-coloured, but towards their
extremities red-brown, more strongly marked than on the upper side.
Margins of the wings entire.
ARCTIA? MENEA.
Plate III. fig. 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Stephens_.
GENUS. ARCTIA? _Schrank_. Callimorpha, _Latr._? Phalæna (Noctua),
_Drury_.
ARCTIA? MENEA. Flava, alis anticis basi, fasciâ latâ mediâ apiceque
margineque postico posticarum nigris. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Menea, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.
HABITAT: Brazil.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ filiform and black. Head, thorax, and abdomen
yellow. Wings yellow and black. Anterior having two round black spots at
the shoulders, and two long ones at the tips. Posterior having a broad
black border, beginning at the abdominal corners and running round the
wings, crossing the fore wings and ending at the anterior edges.
_Under Side._ Palpi and tongue black. Legs black. Breast and abdomen
yellow. Wings coloured as on the upper side. Margins of the wings entire.
CALLIMORPHA? MOPSA.
Plate III. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. CALLIMORPHA? _Latr._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury_.
CALLIMORPHA? MOPSA. Alis anticis fuscis fasciâ rectâ subapicali; posticis
sanguineis, basi, fasciâ mediâ undatâ margineque nigris. (Expans. Alar. 1
unc. 9 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Mopsa, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Madras.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ filiform and black. Thorax and abdomen chocolate,
the latter edged with red. Anterior wings entirely of a dun chocolate
colour, having a lemon-coloured streak crossing them from the lower
corners to near the middle of the anterior edges. Posterior wings next
the body almost {5}black; the remainder carmine, with a waved black line
crossing them from the upper to the abdominal corners.
_Under Side._ Palpi grey. Breast red, with two black spots on each side.
Legs grey. Wings coloured as on the upper side; the red colour on the
inferior ones reaching to the body. Margins of the wings entire.
PLATE IV.
[Illustration]
VANESSA ANACARDII.
Plate IV. fig. 1, 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains_.
GENUS. VANESSA, _Fabricius_, _Latr. God._ Hamadryades, _Hübn._ Papilio
(Nymph. Gemmat.) _Drury_. (Dan. Cand.) _Linn._
VANESSA ANACARDII. Alis subdentatis; suprà margaritaceis extimumque
versùs nigro punctatis, anticis falcatis, posticis extùs caudatis
ocelloque ad angulum ani notatis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 9 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Anacardii, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 11. 758. _No._
74.? _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ 1. _p._ 183. 567.?
Papilio (Nymph. Gemm.) Parrhasius, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.
Papilio Æthiops, _Pal. Beauv. Lep._ _pl._ 3. _fig._ 1. 2.
Papillon Opale, _Pal. Beauv. texte._ _p._ 22.
Vanessa Aglatonice, _Latr. God. Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 299. 8.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone (_Drury_). "In Anacardio Americes," (_Linn._) an
recte?
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen dark green, the sides
being white. Wings of a beautiful changeable colour, exhibiting,
according to the direction in which the light falls upon them, a purple,
red, blue, green, and white, the two latter being the predominant
colours. Anterior wings, along the external edges, black, with two pale
blueish spots thereon near the tips, and two round black spots on the
light part of the wings near the lower corners. Posterior wings with two
tails, and edged with a border of a brownish blue running from the upper
to the abdominal corners, having thereon a row of small black angular
marks placed between the tendons; three round black spots are also placed
near the upper corners, the lowest being the smallest; and at the
abdominal corners is a small eye, whose pupil is red, and iris black.
_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, legs, and abdomen white. The beautiful
changeable colour is not seen on this side, all the wings being of a pale
green. The anterior having two small eyes, the pupil being red, the iris
white; the smallest of which is placed near the tips, the other lower,
and towards the middle of the wing. A round black spot is also placed on
these wings near the body, which in the figure is hid. A shade of a
darker green, resembling a line, rises on these wings near the middle,
and, crossing the inferior ones, meets below the abdomen. Posterior wings
with two little eyes, placed near the upper and abdominal corners, having
a faint resemblance of a border of a brighter green placed along the
external edges. Wings angulated.
Linnæus appears to have confounded this African insect with an American
butterfly, figured by Mad. Merian, giving the name to the African species,
with the additional habits of the American one. The copy of Drury's work,
which belonged to Linnæus, late in the library of Sir J. E. Smith (by whom
the collections of the great Swede were purchased), and now in that of the
Linnæan Society, contains a pencil note, by its late possessor, of
reference of this figure to the Anacardii of Linnæus.
{6}PLATE V.
[Illustration]
CALLIMORPHA? CAFRA.
Plate V. fig. 1.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. CALLIMORPHA? _Latr._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury_.
CALLIMORPHA? CAFRA. Alis albis, anticis strigis duabus transversis, unâ
humerali alterâ mediâ, apiceque marginali nigricantibus, posticis lunulis
punctisque submarginalibus atris. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc.)
SYN. Phalæna (Bombyx) Cafra, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ deeply pectinated and brown. Head white. Thorax and
abdomen yellowish grey. Anterior wings white, edged with a dull blackish
colour, and a large patch of the same at the tips, with two streaks also
running from the anterior edges almost across the wings; one near the
shoulders, the other in the middle, both narrowing as they go, and ending
in points. A little group of spots is also placed at the lower corners.
Posterior wings white, but next the body yellow, with a very irregular
dark border running along the external edges, on which are several white
spots unevenly dispersed, and of various forms.
_Under Side._ Palpi white, tipped with black. Fore legs red underneath,
and black above, the ends being black: the other legs grey, the tips
black. Breast and abdomen yellow grey. Wings coloured as on the upper
side, but fainter. Margins of the wings entire.
CALLIMORPHA? NERINA.
Plate V. fig. 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. CALLIMORPHA? _Latr._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury_.
CALLIMORPHA? NERINA. Alis anticis nigris, nervis basalibus luteis,
fasciis duabus punctisque submarginalibus albidis, posticis
fulvo-brunneis apice nigro, punctis submarginalibus albis. (Expans. Alar.
3 unc. 6 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Bombyx) Nerina, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ strongly pectinated and brown. Head brown, the
front being white. Thorax brown, with two white streaks along it. Abdomen
brown. Wings black, streaked with light brown from the shoulders along
the tendons, and two light yellowish patches, almost crossing the wings
from the anterior edges, with a row of white coloured spots placed along
the external edges. Posterior wings dark yellow, with a deep black border
running along the external edges from the upper to the abdominal corners.
_Under Side._ Palpi black. Mouth white. Neck and breast yellow. Legs
brown, and yellow at top, and white beneath. Abdomen white, streaked
longitudinally with brown. Anus yellow. Wings coloured as on the upper
side, but brighter. Margins of all the wings entire.
{7}PLATE VI.
[Illustration]
NYMPHALIS DECIUS.
Plate VI. fig. 1, 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._
GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr._ Papilio (Nymph. Gemmat.), _Drury_.
NYMPHALIS DECIUS. Alis supra fuscis, fasciâ communi albâ; posticis
caudatis, ad angulum ani rufis ocellis duobus. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 3
lin.)
SYN. Papilio Decius, _Cram._ _pl._ 114. A. B. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1.
_p._ 67. _No._ 210. _Herbst._ _tab._ 56. _f._ 112. Nymphalis D., _Enc.
Méth._ ix. _p._ 363. _Donovan Nat. Repos._ 4. 109.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone (_Drury_). Interior, near the Gold Coast
(_Donovan_).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Eyes, head, thorax, and abdomen brown.
One-third of the superior wings next the body brown; apical half brownish
black. These two colours divided by a white band or bar, which, beginning
at the anterior edges, crosses these wings, and runs half way down the
posterior ones, being edged with blue. Posterior wings furnished with two
tails, the lower part of them being of a dark orange; next the body
brown, and next the upper corners almost black. There are also two small
eyes on these wings; one near the abdominal corners, the other at the
middle of the external edges.
_Under Side._ Palpi and tongue yellow brown. Breast and abdomen brown.
Legs next the body brown, the extreme joints almost white. Wings next the
body brown for about half an inch, when they suddenly become white, and
gradually alter in colour to a blueish, and then to a dark brown all
along their external edges, where the inferior wings have several small
spots and eyes. Wings dappled with an innumerable quantity of small
streaks. Wings angulated.
Mr. Smeathman states that this species was taken at a considerable distance
from the coast, and that it is exceedingly scarce.
NYMPHALIS EUPALE.
Plate VI. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._
GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr._ Papilio (Nymph. Gemmat.), _Drury_.
NYMPHALIS EUPALE. Alis supra argenteo-virescentibus, apice saturatiore,
subtùs gramineis, punctis marginalibus nigris ocellatis. (Expans. Alar. 2
unc. 6 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Pleb. Urbic.) Eupale, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. (1783.)
Papilio (Nymph.) Amasia, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 136. _No._ 419.
(1793). _Encyclop. Méth._ ix. _p._ 389. (Nymphalis A.)
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Head and thorax dark greenish brown. Abdomen
light green. Half the anterior wings next the body pea-green, the other
half much darker green. The posterior wings also pea-green, but next the
body paler, with a row of small different shaped brown spots placed along
the external edges.
_Under Side._ Palpi white. Tips black. Tongue green. Legs, breast, and
abdomen white. Wings beautiful pea-green, with some different shaped
silver spots, very small and dispersed over {8}different parts,
particularly two near the tips. Abdominal groove white. These wings are
slightly dentated. The anterior ones are entire.
Mr. Smeathman states, that this species was obtained at a considerable
distance from the coast, and that it is frequently seen in company with the
groups of Nymph. Erithonius described in vol. ii. pl. 15. fig. 1.
NYMPHALIS CAMILLUS.
Plate VI. fig. 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._
GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr._ Papilio (Nymph. Gemmat.), _Drury_.
NYMPHALIS CAMILLUS. Alis albis, fasciis fulvis nigro-marginatis, posticis
bicaudatis angulo ani fulvo, punctis nigris albo marginatis. (Expans.
Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)
SYN. Papilio N. Camillus, _Fabr. Spec. Ins._ _tom._ 2. _p._ 11. _No._ 42.
(1781). _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 361. _No._ 39. (Nymphalis C.)
Papilio (Eq. Ach.) Pantheus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. (1783.)
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen brown, streaked with
white. Wings white, edged with black. Anterior ones having a yellow
streak next the shoulders, edged with black. Two others a little broader
also rise at the anterior edges, and crossing these wings, are continued
down the posterior ones almost to the abdominal corners, where they end
in points; tips of these wings brown, edged with black, forming six
square white spots. Posterior wings having two tails, abdominal corners
yellow, with two round extensions of the wings like tails, with a
singular group of small, black, white, and blue spots prettily
contrasted.
_Under Side._ Palpi yellow above, and white beneath, tipped with black.
Breast, abdomen, and legs white. Wings nearly coloured as on the upper
side; posterior having two remarkable oval black velvety spots at the
abdominal corners. Wings dentated.
PLATE VII.
[Illustration]
NYMPHALIS ISIS.
Plate VII. fig. 1, 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._
GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr._ Papilio (Nymph. Gemmat.), _Drury_.
NYMPHALIS ISIS. Alis fusco-nigris, anticis integris utrinque maculâ disci
chermesinâ; posticis dentatis, suprà strigâ marginali albidâ. (Expans.
Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Dan. Fest.) Isis, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. (1783.)
Papilio N. Isis, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 124. _No._ 377. (1793.)
_Donovan Ins. India_, _pl._ 7. _fig._ 1. 2.
HABITAT: Rio Janeiro.
_Under Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen brownish black. Wings
very dark brown; the anterior having a large triangular patch of carmine
red situated near the posterior and external edges. The posterior have
also a narrow white streak at the abdominal corners.
{9}_Upper Side._ Palpi black above, white beneath. Breast, abdomen, and
legs ash-coloured. Wings lighter brown than on the upper side; a pale
flesh-coloured bar crossing the wings from the anterior to the external
edges, being about half an inch broad, between which and the body are
several small bloody spots and streaks. Anterior wings entire, the
posterior dentated.
It is by mistake that Donovan has introduced this Brazilian species into
his work upon the Insects of India.
NYMPHALIS ANTIOCHUS.
Plate VII. fig. 3, 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._
GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr._ Papilio (Nymph. Gemmat.), _Drury_.
NYMPHALIS ANTIOCHUS. Alis supra holosericeo-nigris, fasciâ communi nitidè
aurantiâ; anticarum abbreviatâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Dan. Fest.) Antiochus, _Linn. Mant._ 1. 537. _Drury_, _App.
vol._ 3. _Fabricius Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 44. _No._ 134. _Don. Ins.
China_, _pl._
Papilio Eupalemon, _Cramer_, _tab._ 143. _fig._ B. C. _Le Velonté
Daubenton pl. Eulum_. 68. _f._ 3. 4.
HABITAT: Brazil.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ, head, thorax, and abdomen black. Wings fine
velvety black. An orange-coloured bar, about one-fourth of an inch broad,
rises in the middle of the superior wings, running circularly and
crossing the inferior ones, meeting about the middle of the abdominal
edges.
_Under Side._ Palpi white. Tongue brown. Breast and legs white. Abdomen
yellow-brown. Wings shining brown, exhibiting various shades of
changeable colours; the tips terminating in an ash colour. Wings scarcely
dentated.
Donovan has, in like manner, introduced this species into his work on the
insects of China.
HIPPARCHIA CLUENA.
Plate VII. fig. 5, 6.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._
GENUS. HIPPARCHIA, _Fabr._ Satyrus, _Latr._ Papilio (Nymph. Phal.),
_Drury_.
HIPPARCHIA CLUENA. Alis teneris, cinerascenti-violaceis, posticis
dentatis utrinque ocellis quinque atris, subtùs lineis tribus fasciâque
brunneis a costâ anticarum deductis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Cluena, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.
Papilio (Satyrus) Clueria, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 229. _No._
716. _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 492.
HABITAT: Brazil. "Rio Janeiro, Mr. Bonifas, 1775" (_Drury's_ MSS.).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Thorax and abdomen grey-brown. Wings blueish
grey-brown, with two narrow dark lines crossing the anterior ones from
the anterior to the posterior edges; one in the middle of the wings, the
other near the thorax; the posterior ones having five oval eyes placed
near the external edges, the pupil being white, the iris dark, almost
black.
_Under Side._ Palpi, legs, breast, and abdomen grey. Wings blueish
flesh-colour, with a line crossing them, rising at a small distance from
the tips, ending a little above the abdominal corners, {10}the external
part of it being brown. A small eye is placed near the tips of the
superior ones, having a black and yellow iris and white pupil. Five eyes
of the same kind are also placed on the inferior ones along the external
edges. Margins of the wings slightly dentated.
PLATE VIII.
[Illustration]
NYMPHALIS ARETHUSA.
Plate VIII. fig. 1, 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._
GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr._ Papilio (Nymph. Gemmat.), _Drury_.
NYMPHALIS ARETHUSA. Alis integris suprà nitidè atris, virescenti-coeruleo
multimaculatis; posticis subtùs punctis baseos angulique ani rubris
[male]. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Papilio Arethusa, _Cramer_, _pl._ 77. E. F. ([male].) _pl._ 130.
_fig._ A. ([female] Pap. Laodamia.) _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 43.
_No._ 130.
Nymphalis Arethusus. _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 427. _Donovan Nat. Repos._ 2.
_pl._ 48. _fig. super._
HABITAT: Brazil.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen black, spotted with light
blue. Wings black, having a great number of small light blue spots
sprinkled over every part, and variously shaped.
_Under Side._ Palpi black, with a white streak on each. Tongue, legs, and
breast black, the latter with bloody streaks on the side. Abdomen dark
brown. Wings reddish dark brown; the anterior ones having two faint blue
spots near the lower corners; and the posterior having a little group of
bloody spots at the shoulders, with a row of the same coloured spots
(five in all) placed along the external edges near the abdominal corners.
Margins of the wings entire.
ERYCINA JARBAS.
Plate VIII. fig. 2.
ORDER. Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Lycænidæ? _Steph._
GENUS. ERYCINA, _Fabr. Latr. God._ Papilio (Dan. Fest.), _Drury_.
ERYCINA JARBAS. Alis integerrimis atris, coeruleo micantibus singulis
utrinque fasciâ fulvâ, transversali, mediâ. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Dan. Fest.) Jarbas, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. (1783.)
Hesperia (rur.) Perditus, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 323. _No._ 222.
Erycina Perditus, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 590. _No._ 127.
HABITAT: Brazil. "Rio Janeiro, Mr. Bonifas, 1775" (_Drury's_ MSS.).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen nearly black. Wings
brownish black. An orange-coloured bar, about a quarter of an inch broad,
crosses the anterior wings from the middle of the anterior edges to the
lower corners, from whence another of half that breadth crosses the
posterior wings, meeting just below the anus.
_Under Side._ Tongue, legs, breast, and abdomen dark brown, the latter
having a small orange streak on each side. Wings coloured as on the upper
side. Margins of the wings entire.
{11}ERYCINA MENETAS.
Plate VIII. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Lycænidæ? _Steph._
GENUS. ERYCINA, _Fabr. Latr. God._ Papilio (Dan. Fest.), _Drury_.
ERYCINA MENETAS. Alis chermesinis, limbo tenuissimo nigro, margine antico
et externo anticarum latiori, flavoque maculato, posticis triangularibus.
(Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Pleb. urb.) Menetas, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. (1783.)
Hesperia R. Tacitus, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 308. 168. (1793.)
Erycina Tacitus, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 588. _Donovan Nat. Reposit._ 4.
134.
HABITAT: "Brazil, Mr. Bonifas, 1776" (_Drury's_ MSS.). Surinam
(_Fabricius_).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Front of the head yellow. Thorax black, with
two yellow streaks at the base of the wings. Abdomen dark brown. Half of
the superior wings black, beginning at the shoulders, and running to the
external edges, on which are seven cream-coloured spots variously shaped.
The other half of these wings is scarlet, without any marks. Posterior
wings entirely scarlet, edged with black.
_Under Side._ Palpi cream-coloured. Breast and abdomen light yellow. Legs
black, but underneath pale yellow. Wings coloured as on the upper side.
Margins of the wings entire.
Mr. Donovan has lately published figures of the upper and under side of
this butterfly (which closely resemble each other) in his Naturalist's
Repository. These figures do not however represent the peculiar character
of the posterior pair of wings, neither is the author correct in his
chronological account of this species, as Drury's account and figure were
published ten years previous to the Entomologia Systematica, in which work
alone of Fabricius is the species mentioned. I have consequently retained
the specific designation imposed by Drury, and adopted by the authors of
the Encyclopédie Méthodique.
PLATE IX.
[Illustration]
PAPILIO ASCANIUS.
Plate IX. fig. 1.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. PAPILIO, _Auct._ Papilio (Equit. Troj.), _Linn._
PAPILIO ASCANIUS. Alis nigris, fasciâ communi albâ, posticarum rubro
inquinatâ; his caudatis, maculis marginalibus chermesinis. (Expans. Alar.
4 unc.)
SYN. Papilio Ascanius, _Cramer_, _pl._ 14. _fig._ A. _Fabricius Spec.
Ins._ _tom._ 2. _p._ 2. _No._ 6. _Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 3. _No._ 8.
_Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 73. _Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid._ 1. 306. 141.
HABITAT: Brazil. "Rio Janeiro, Mr. Bonifas, 1775" (_Drury's_ MSS.).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Head, thorax, and abdomen black, the latter
tinged with orange. Anterior wings sootty black, having a broad white bar
rising near the middle of the anterior edges, which crossing them and the
anterior ones, meets just below the abdomen. These wings are furnished
with two tails, and scolloped, the scollops being white. All the lower
part of these wings is of a fine deep black, whereon are placed five red
streaks between the tendons, running along the external edges. This black
margin is separated from the white bar before mentioned by a carmine red
one, and the space between the white bar and the shoulders is of a soot
black.
{12}_Under Side._ Palpi reddish. Tongue and legs black. Breast black,
with red spots on the sides. Abdomen black, with the sides and anus red.
Wings on this side coloured as on the upper side, but rather more
brilliant.
ERYCINA AMPYX.
Plate IX. fig. 2, 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Lycænidæ? _Steph._
GENUS. ERYCINA, _Fabr. Latr. God._ Papilio (Dan. Fest.), _Drury_.
ERYCINA AMPYX. Alis subintegris supra fuscis, anticarum maculis duabus
flavis; subtus omnibus flavis, maculis ferrugineis auro-pupillatis.
(Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Pl. urb.) Ampyx, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.
Erycina Ampyx, _Latr. & God. Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 586. _No._ 105.
HABITAT: Brazil. "Rio Janeiro, Mr. Bonifas, 1776" (_Drury's_ MSS.).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ white, brown at their extremities. Thorax, abdomen,
and wings brown; the anterior wings having two oval straw-coloured spots
placed near the middle, and the anterior edges of the posterior ones
streaked with the same colour.
_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, legs, and abdomen straw-coloured. Wings
straw-coloured, being spotted and streaked with red brown, each of these
markings appearing to have a gold spot or streak in its centre, forming a
very beautiful and singular appearance. Margins of the anterior wings
entire, but of the posterior ones a little dentated.
PAPILIO AGAVUS.
Plate IX. fig. 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. PAPILIO, _Auct._ Papilio (Equit. Troj.), _Linn._
PAPILIO AGAVUS. Alis atris concoloribus; anticis fasciâ, posticis disco,
albidis; his caudatis lunulis marginalibus anguloque anali chermesinis.
(Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 6 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Eq. Achiv.) Agavus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. _Stoll. Suppl.
Cram._ _pl._ 32. 1. 1. A. _Latr. & God. Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 73. _Boisd.
Hist. Nat. Lep._ 1. _p._ 306. 142.
Papilio Lysander? _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 9.
HABITAT: Brazil.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Neck red. Thorax, abdomen, and wings black.
A narrow straw-coloured bar runs from the anterior edges of the superior
ones near the tips, and, crossing the posterior edges, terminates in a
large spot of the same colour on the posterior wings, situated near the
shoulders. Posterior wings furnished with two short and two longer tails,
and having two large carmine-coloured spots placed near the abdominal
corners, and three others, that are smaller, along the external edges.
_Under Side._ Palpi and tongue black. Breast the same, the sides having
streaks of red on them. Abdomen black, and the sides streaked with red.
Wings nearly the same colour as on the upper side; the red spots on the
posterior ones being more numerous, and those at the abdominal corners
not so large.
{13}PLATE X.
[Illustration]
NYMPHALIS (CHARAXES) ETESIPE.
Plate X.
ORDER: Lepidoptera, _Linn._ SECTION: Diurna, _Latr._ FAMILY: Nymphalidæ,
_Swainson_.
GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr._ Papilio (Eq. achiv.) _Linn. Drury._ Papilio
Nymphalis, _Fabr._ (SUBGENUS: Charaxes, _Boisduval_.)
NYMPHALIS (CHARAXES) ETESIPE. Alis supra atro-coeruleis, subtus albo
griseo nigro ferrugineoque marmoratis; utrinque fasciâ albâ, mediâ,
anticarum interruptâ. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 6 lin.)
SYN. Nymphalis Etesipe, _Latr. & God. Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 355. _No._ 19.
Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Etheocles, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. (nec
_Fabricius_.)
HABITAT: "Sierra Leone, Mr. Smeathman, 1775" (_Drury's_ MSS.).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen nearly black. The
external part of the wings black, but next the body of a blueish cast. A
blueish white bar, about a third of an inch in breadth, rises in the
superior wings, and, crossing the inferior, meets just below the abdomen.
At the tips of the former are five small oblong whiteish spots, and two
larger, placed close to the forementioned bar, but separated from it by
the tendons of the wing. Posterior wings furnished with four short tails
of equal length, having four small white spots at the abdominal corners,
and a small yellow crescent about the middle of the external edge.
_Under Side._ Palpi, legs, and breast white. Abdomen brown. Anterior
wings next the body of a blueish ash-colour, which becomes darker as it
approaches the external edges. Half these wings next the body, is adorned
with many differently shaped spots of a dirty red, verged with black. A
range of not less than seven oblong black spots is situated along the
external edges, and the whiteish bar, visible on the upper side, is here
to be seen, but not so regular. The ground of the posterior wings is the
same colour as the anterior, with several reddish spots differently
shaped, and verged with black. Anterior edges white, and along the
external edges are a number of small black spots and streaks not to be
distinctly described.