THE BLOSSOM
YES, they had listened very attentively the day before when Uncle Paul
told them all about poisonous plants. Who would not listen to a talk on
flowers? Jules and Claire, however, would have been glad to hear more.
How are the flowers made that their uncle showed them yesterday? What is
to be seen inside them? Of what use are they to the plant? Under the big
elder-tree in the garden their uncle talked to them as follows:
“Let us begin with the blossoms of the digitalis, which I spoke of
yesterday. Here is one. It has, as you see, almost the form of a
glove-finger, or better, of a long pointed cap. Emile could put one on
to his little finger; there would be plenty of room. It is purplish-red
in color. Inside, it has spots of dark red encircled with white. The red
glove-finger rises from the center of a circle of five little leaves.
These little leaves are also part of the flower. Together they form what
is called the calyx. The rest, the red part, is called the corolla.
Remember these words, which are new to you.”
“The corolla is the colored part of the flower; the calyx is the circle
of little leaves at the base of the corolla,” repeated Jules.
“Most flowers have two envelopes like these, one within the other. The
exterior, or calyx, is nearly always green; the interior, or corolla, is
embellished with those magnificent tints that please us in so many
flowers.
[Illustration: Mallow]
“In the mallow, which you see here, the calyx consists of five little
green leaves, and the corolla of five large pieces of lilac rose-color.
Each of these pieces is called a petal. The petals, all together, make
the corolla.”
“The corolla of the digitalis has only one piece or petal; that of the
mallow has five,” remarked Claire.
“It looks that way at first, but on examining closely you will find that
they both have five. I must tell you that in a great many flowers the
petals unite as soon as they begin to form in the bud, and by their
union constitute a corolla which looks like only one piece. But very
often the united petals separate a little at the edge of the flower, and
by indentations more or less deep show how many are joined together.
“Look at this tobacco blossom. The corolla forms a tun-bellied funnel,
apparently composed of only one piece. But the edge of the flower is cut
out in five similar parts, which are the extremities of so many petals.
The tobacco blossom, then, has five petals, the same as the mallow;
only, these five petals, instead of being separate all their length, are
welded together in a sort of funnel.
[Illustration: Tobacco]
“Corollas with separate petals are called polypetalous corollas.”
“Like that of the mallow,” suggested Claire.
“And that of the pear, almond, and strawberry,” added Jules.
“Jules forgets some very pretty ones: the pansy and violet,” said Emile.
“Corollas with petals all joined together are called monopetalous
corollas,” continued Uncle Paul.
“For example, digitalis and tobacco,” said Jules.
“And the bell-flowers, don’t forget them, the beautiful white
bell-flowers that climb the hedges,” Emile added.
“The five petals joined together are just as easily distinguishable in
this flower we have here, called snap-dragon.”
“Why is it called snap-dragon?” asked Emile.
“Because when it is pressed on both sides it opens its mouth like an
animal.”
Uncle Paul made the flower yawn; under pressure of his fingers it opened
and shut its mouth as if biting. Emile looked on in amazement.
“In this mouth there are two lips, upper and lower. Well, the upper lip
is split in two by a deep indentation, the sign of two petals, and the
lower lip is split in three, indicating three petals. The corolla of the
snap-dragon, although apparently all in one piece, is therefore in
reality composed of five petals welded together.”
[Illustration: Snap-dragon]
“There are, then,” said Claire, “five petals in the mallow, pear,
almond, digitalis, tobacco, and snap-dragon, with this difference, that
the five petals are separate in the mallow, pear, and almond, and welded
together in the digitalis, snap-dragon, and tobacco.”
“Five petals, either separate or united,” Uncle Paul went on, “are found
in a great many other flowers.
“Let us come back to the calyx. The little green leaves of which it is
composed are called sepals. There are five in the different flowers we
have just examined, five in the mallow, five in tobacco, five in
digitalis, five in the snap-dragon. Like the petals, the parts of the
calyx, or sepals, sometimes remain separate, sometimes join together,
but generally leave some indentations showing their number.
“The calyx having its parts distinct from one another is called a
polysepalous calyx. That of the digitalis and of the snap-dragon is of
this class.
“The calyx with sepals united is known as a monosepalous calyx. Such is
that of the tobacco blossom. By the five indentations at its edge one
can easily see that it is formed of five pieces joined together.”
“The number five occurs again and again,” observed Claire.
“A flower, my child, is beyond doubt a wonderful thing of beauty, but
especially is it a masterpiece of wise construction. Everything about it
is calculated according to fixed rules, everything arranged by number
and measure. One of the most frequent arrangements is in sets of five.
That is why we have just found five petals and five sepals in all the
flowers examined this morning.
“Another grouping that often occurs is that in threes. It is found in
bulb flowers,—the tulip, lily, lily of the valley, etc. These flowers
have no green covering or calyx; they have only a corolla composed of
six petals, three in an inner circle, three in an outer.
“The calyx and the corolla are the flower’s clothing, a double clothing
having both the substantial material that guards from inclemency, and
the fine texture that charms the eye. The calyx, the outer garment, is
of simple form, modest coloring, firm structure, suitable for
withstanding bad weather. It has to protect the flower not yet opened,
to shield it from the sun, from cold, and wet. Examine the bud of a rose
or mallow; see with what minute precision the five sepals of the calyx
are united to cover the rest. Not the slightest drop of water could
penetrate the interior, so carefully are their edges joined together.
There are flowers that close the calyx every evening as a safeguard
against the cold.
“The corolla or inner garment unites elegance of form and richness of
tint with fineness of texture. It is to the flower what wedding garments
are to us. That is what especially captivates our eye, so that we
commonly consider it the most essential part of the flower, while it is
really only a simple ornamental accessory.
“Of the two garments, the calyx is the more necessary. Many flowers, of
severe taste, know how to dispense with the pleasing part, the corolla;
but they are very careful not to renounce the useful, the calyx, which,
in its simplest form, is reduced to a tiny little leaf like a scale.
Flowers without corolla remain unseen, and the plants that bear them
seem to us to have no blossoms. It is a mistake: all trees and plants
bloom.”
“Even the willow, oak, poplar, pine, beech, wheat, and so many others
whose blossoms I have never seen?” asked Jules.
“Even the willow, oak, and all the others. Their blossoms are extremely
numerous, but, as they are very small and have no corolla, they escape
the inattentive eye. There is no exception: every plant has its
blossom.”
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