the whelk and the periwinkle; only instead of having its shell made all
in one piece, it has eight shelly plates on its back, which overlap one
another just like the slates on the roof of a house. Just touch it with
your finger. There! Do you see? It has rolled itself up into a ball,
just like those pill-millepedes which you may find in the garden. It
always does this if it is frightened. And its shell is so stout and hard
that as long as it is rolled up it is quite safe from nearly all its
enemies.
If you were to hunt about among the rocks quite close to the water's
edge when the tide is at its lowest, you would most likely meet with a
number of chitons, and you would be surprised to find how much they vary
in color. Some are ashy gray all over; but a great many are streaked and
spotted with brown, and pink, and orange, and lilac, and white. But the
strangest thing of all about chitons--there are far larger ones in the
warmer parts of the world--is that some of them have nearly twelve
thousand eyes scattered about all over their shells!
But we are lingering too long by the way, for our real destination
to-day is that fine pool over there. It is a basin among the ledges,
filled with quiet sea-water left by the retreat of the tide,
half-floored with sandy mud, and its edges fringed with feathery
seaweeds, corallines, and hydroids. Here is a capital home for the
little folk of the sea, where there is always fresh clear water, but
where only a part of the time do the surges pound, and then never with
full force; furthermore, a wall of rocks protects the nook, and enemies
can rarely enter to destroy the peaceful society.
In warmer parts of the coast, as in the Gulf of Mexico, or upon the
Pacific coast, or most of all in some of the tropical islands which now
belong to the United States, such a pool would be brilliantly carpeted
with sponges, sea-anemones, coral-polyps and corallines, of which you
may read on pages 431 to 435. The water of the North Atlantic, and the
winters of its American coast, are too cold, however, to allow any but a
very few hardy species of these lowly sea-flowers to grow in our pool;
but there are quite enough to keep us busy during the hour or two left
before the returning tide creeps over the jagged rim of the basin and
drives us away.
Here, for instance, is half an oyster-shell looking as if it had been
bored full of holes with bird-shot. It could hardly have been any boy's
target though; for, see, we can find many such fragments. There is one
under water. Take it out and you will find every one of the hundreds of
little pits filled with a yellow spongy material. It is real sponge,
called the boring-sponge, because it riddles all sorts of old shells
until they fall to pieces. This is a good thing, for then they are
gradually ground to powder and dissolved in the water, and so help to
keep it supplied with the lime needed by living animals for their
shells.
But other sponges help in this work. One is a brilliant crimson, and
spreads a velvety mantle over the shell, from which rise branches as big
as your fingers. We may probably discover among others here the pretty
urn-sponges, like clusters of yellow or gray goblets about half an inch
high. On the reefs of the Gulf coast of Florida, you know, several sorts
of sponges grow to great size and are gathered and prepared for use--a
trade which furnishes employment to hundreds of men.
But this clear pool holds more beautiful things than sponges. If we are
fortunate we may find a sea-anemone. Do not fancy from its name that it
looks anything like the pretty pink and white anemones that delight you
in the woods in the spring. It does, indeed, look something like a
clove-pink, or some sorts of chrysanthemum, when it is fully expanded,
yet it is not a flower at all, but a true animal.
Its body is shaped like a barrel, or sometimes more like a tube, with a
large throat leading into a big stomach which is held in position in the
center of the body by six partitions radiating like the spokes of a
wheel from the stomach to the tough outer skin. Between these are other
shorter partitions extending inward from the skin, but not reaching the
stomach.
This is the type of structure in the polyp family, which the
sea-anemones represent; and the stony coral-polyps are built on the same
plan, only there the outer wall and the radiating inside partitions
become hardened plates of lime as the animal grows, and form, when many
grow into a solid mass, the immense coral reefs described on page 433.
The New England coast has several small sea-anemones, and one handsome
one, sometimes as big as a teacup, a few of which dwell in our pool.
Just come, very quietly, over to this side, and gaze down through the
clear water upon that reddish block of stone. Do you not see that large
brown tuft, quivering and moving like a chrysanthemum each petal of
which was alive? That is the brown sea-anemone; but some specimens show
much brighter tints.
Ah!--did you notice how that minnow turned and fairly flew as he felt a
touch of one of those waving petals? No wonder he was in such a hurry to
escape from its clutches, since he knew quite well that the grasp of
those arms means death. For every one of them is set with scores and
scores of tiny oval cells, made in such a way that they spring open at
the slightest touch. And inside each cell is a slender poisoned dart,
which leaps out as soon as it is opened.
So, if the minnow had waited a few minutes longer hundreds of these
little darts would have buried themselves in the soft parts of his body
and stung him to death, and then the anemone would have swallowed him!
Now just touch the anemone with the tip of your finger. You need not be
afraid to do so, for its little poisoned darts are not nearly strong
enough to pierce your skin. There! do you see how its arms at once come
closing in? It seems to be pushing them right down into the very middle
of its body. Now they have entirely disappeared, and you cannot see them
at all. The animal looks just like a shapeless lump of jelly.
Yes, it always does that when it is frightened, and also if it is left
high and dry when the tide goes out. And when it catches a good-sized
victim and swallows it, it generally remains closed up for at least a
couple of days.
Now let us tell you another curious thing about the anemone. It looks as
if it were growing out of the rock, doesn't it? If you try to push it
loose, you will probably kill it before you succeed. Yet it can release
it's sucker-like grip, and move about if it wishes to. This is only one
of many very interesting things to be learned about these lovely
creatures.
And here is another very beautiful thing which you must not miss. One
would think the dark rock under the water had blossomed out into a small
bed of filmy bluish pinks, only what you see is even more delicate and
feathery. That is a patch of true corals; and it is most fortunate it
was found here, for it is rarely seen, except when brought up in a
dredge from water several fathoms deep.
Now let us see whether we cannot find some of the tube-worms which in
feathery beauty are rivals of even the anemones and coral-polyps. Look
down to the very bottom of the pool. Do you see that bunch of long,
twisted tubes, which seem to be fastened to one of those big stones?
They are made by a very common sea-worm called the serpula, or
shell-worm, for they are quite as often found attached to shells as to
stones. This worm never leaves the tube it forms about it out of the
limy mucus thrown out of its skin, so that it has no use for feet;
consequently these have become simply a row of bristles along its sides,
by which the animal can hitch itself up and down, or forward and
backward, within its case. Sometimes it may want to draw itself
back into its tube very quickly, to save its head being bitten off by
some fish or ravenous worm. So along its back it has a row of between
thirteen and fourteen thousand little hooked teeth, with which it can
take a firm hold of the lining of its tunnel. And if it is suddenly
alarmed it just raises these teeth, and then jerks itself back into its
tunnel with such wonderful speed that you can scarcely see what has
become of it.
Now let us lift the bundle of tubes out of the water, and examine them a
little more closely. Do you see that each one is closed, just a little
way below the entrance, by a kind of scarlet stopper? That shows that
the worm inside is alive. The stopper is shaped just like a tiny cork,
and whenever the serpula retreats into its tube it pulls this odd little
stopper in after it, and so prevents any of its enemies from getting in
and devouring it, just as gastropods close the aperture of their shells
with the operculum.
If you were to put this bunch of tubes back into the water and watch it
carefully for an hour or so, you would most likely see all the stoppers
come out, one after another; and a few moments later you would see a
bright scarlet tuft projecting out of the mouth of each tube. These
tufts are the gills, by means of which the serpulas breathe. But at the
slightest alarm the tufts would all disappear, and in less than a second
every tube would be tightly corked up again, just as before.
On the Gulf coast of Florida, and throughout the West Indies, lives a
larger relative of the serpula called "sea-flower," which secretes its
tube upon the surface of large coral-heads, so that the tube becomes
covered by the coral, leaving the opening still at the surface. "This
opening," says Dr. Mayer, "is protected by a sharp spine, and is closed
by the operculum of the worm when it withdraws its gills. When expanded
these gills resemble a beautiful pink or purple passion-flower, about
three-quarters of an inch wide."
In such pools, and in the mud among the stones near low-tide mark, lie
buried several kinds of worms which poke their heads up into the water
above them when the tide comes in, and expand tufts of pink, or crimson,
or yellow gills and tentacles, the latter used to catch minute
floating food--mainly the microscopic larvæ of various mollusks, worms,
etc.--and also, in some cases, to drag to them the grains of sand out of
which they construct their tubes. One of these is the fringed worm
(_Cirratulus_) whose gills are like long orange-colored threads;
and another the similar "blood-spot" (_Polycirrus_) whose great
cluster of crimson tentacles about the mouth looks like a clot of blood
on the sand. More often turned out by the naturalist's spade, however,
is the tufted worm (_Amphitrite_) which dwells in a house made by
itself, by taking a number of good-sized grains of sand, and sticking
them together by means of a kind of glue which it pours out of its
mouth, and which very soon "sets" and becomes quite hard, even though it
is under water. This glue is so tough and strong that you can take the
tube and give it quite a smart pull without tearing or hurting it in the
least. And when the tube is finished Amphitrite makes that little fringe
round the entrance by taking a number of very tiny grains and fastening
them together in the form of threads.
There is one in this nook of our pool, now; and you may see the three
pairs of blood-red tentacles which, with many pale yellow ones, the worm
has thrust out into the clear water, breathing by means of some (the
gills), and with the others capturing the invisible creatures upon which
it mainly feeds.
The tubes of these worms usually run for several inches down into the
sandy mud at the bottom of the pool, and are often carried down under
the rocks, or big stones. So you will not find it very easy to dig them
up. And if you startle Amphitrite herself, she will always wriggle at
once down to the very bottom of her tubular fortress.
There! our four rambles are over, and although we have met with a great
many interesting creatures, we have not seen nearly all that there is to
be seen, either on the beach, or in the mud, or on the rocks, or in the
pools which lie among them. But all the curiosities of the seashore may
be found by those who have patience and know how to use their eyes.
OUR WICKED WASTE OF LIFE
A Plea to Women for Consistency
One of the most puzzling things in life is why almost all our mothers
and sisters and aunts and "dear teachers" continue to trim their hats
with feathers.
They give their boys and girls books about birds, and teach love of
nature in the schools, and sing and march on Bird Day, and pay money to
missionaries to convert South Sea Islanders from wearing feather
head-dresses, and then go down-town and buy bird-skins to deck their own
heads! This confuses the boys and girls a good deal. How, they ask, can
a mother preach against cruelty and vanity to her children when she
continues to load her hat and theirs with feathers every one of which
represents a crime against the laws of both God and man? The reason why
lawmakers find it so difficult to enforce protective legislation is that
the women demand dead birds, careless whether of useful species or not,
no matter by what gory slaughter and violated laws obtained, as
ministers to their vanity--and the law be hanged!
They will even wear these evidences of cruelty and crime to church, and
listen unabashed to exhortations and prayers which others think ought to
shrivel them with shame. A recent writer in "Hampton's Magazine"
describes his impressions of a scene of this kind in a Chicago church,
whose preacher that morning had chosen Christian gentleness as his
theme. This writer indulgently believes that the bird-bedecked listeners
"did not know at what a cost, not in life alone, but in hard dollars and
cents, they, and other persons equally careless and equally reckless,
were securing the transient satisfaction of their immediate desires."
And he expresses himself as "equally sure that, if they did know, they
would never again appear in public so savagely adorned."
We are sorry to be obliged to disagree with him. If they do not know, it
is because they do not read and listen, and few American women, gentle
or simple, are chargeable with negligence in that respect. The officers
of the Audubon Societies, who have been laboring for years as vigorously
as they know how, tell us there is no lack of information; but that, in
general, women don't care, and can't be made to care what hat-birds cost
either themselves or the country so long as they are "in style."
Apparently the only way to stop the ruin of our bird-life is for the
general government to prohibit absolutely both import and export of any
kind of bird-skins or feathers (except of the ostrich) intended or
liable to be used in millinery; and for the States to stamp out dealing
in feather trimmings by a prohibitive licensing tax. Appeals to the
women are useless. The only way is to attack the trade.
Nevertheless, let us make one more effort. Here are four cardinal facts,
for instance, relating to the aigrettes, or "ospreys" which you covet,
showing what they cost:
(1) Aigrettes are produced only by white herons, and only during the
breeding-season; therefore (2) the parent birds must be shot in order to
obtain the plumes; hence (3) the young birds in the nests must starve,
in consequence of the death of the parents; consequently (4) all
statements that the plumes are manufactured or are gathered after being
molted by the adult birds are false.
Here is a picture of how they are got, and it can be verified by
photographs:
"Notwithstanding the extreme heat and the myriads of mosquitos, I
determined to revisit the locality during my holidays, in order to
obtain one picture only--namely, that of a white crane, or egret,
feeding its young. When near the place, I could see some large patches
of white, either floating in the water or reclining on the fallen trees
in the vicinity of the egrets' rookery. This set me speculating as to
the cause of this unusual sight. As I drew nearer, what a spectacle met
my gaze--a sight that made my blood fairly boil with indignation. There,
strewn on the floating water-weed, and also on adjacent logs, were at
least fifty carcasses of large white and smaller plumed egrets--nearly
one-third of the rookery, perhaps more--the birds having been shot off
their nests containing young. What a holocaust! Plundered for their
plumes. What a monument of human callousness! There were fifty birds
ruthlessly destroyed, besides their young (about two hundred) left to
die of starvation! This last fact was betokened by at least seventy
carcasses of the nestlings, which had become so weak that their legs had
refused to support them, and they had fallen from the nests into the
water below, and had been miserably drowned; while, in the trees above,
the remainder of the parentless young ones could be seen staggering in
the nests, some of them falling with a splash into the water, as their
waning strength left them too exhausted to hold up any longer, while
others simply stretched themselves out on the nest and so expired.
Others, again, were seen trying in vain to attract the attention of
passing egrets, which were flying with food in their bills to feed their
own young, and it was a pitiful sight indeed to see these starvelings
with outstretched necks and gaping bills imploring the passing birds to
feed them. What a sickening sight!"
A like gruesome story is given by William L. Finley, agent of the
National Association of Audubon Societies, after he had explored the
region about Lake Malheur, Oregon, where formerly thousands of white
herons bred, but now none are to be found--all absolutely exterminated
by plume-hunters. In Florida an agent of this Association was lately
murdered while trying to defend a rookery from plume-hunters.
Every aigrette--and almost every other wild-bird's feather you
wear--represents a broken law, and in buying it you become a voluntary
partner in crime.
The manufacturing milliners and dealers realize this, and consequently
resort to all sorts of lies and disguises and subterfuges, which your
buying encourages, for it sustains the bloody business of the illegal
feather-hunters. Some dealers assert that none but imported feathers are
now sold by them. This is not true, but if it were, the wearing of them
is wrong, not only because it encourages the devastation of other
countries, but also because it keeps up the general fashion. The same
may be said in answer to the plea of the milliner that her ornaments
were "made up" of chicken-feathers. You can't be sure of that, and you
are setting a harmful example.
"Here, of course," remarks Reginald W. Kauffman, in the illuminative
"Hampton's" article already quoted, "is involved merely a question of
individual ethics, but if the trifling life of a bird is a matter of
small moment even to the gentler sex--so long as the eyes of that sex
are not outraged by an actual sight of the bloody slaughter--at least a
matter of very great moment is the fact that the rise in the price of
your foodstuffs, the yearly increase in your market-bill, is the direct
result of those feathers in your bonnet, those plumes upon your
daughter's hat....
"Difficult as the figures are to get, such as may be acquired are
appalling. Surely you cannot read them and remain unmoved. England, by
importing the bird of paradise at the rate of six thousand a year, has
practically exterminated that species. In four months one London house
disposed of eight hundred thousand East and West Indian bird-skins; the
United States alone sends to the British Isles four hundred thousand
humming-birds every twelve months, which helps bring the English grand
total up to thirty million birds a year.
"And we keep a comfortable figure for home consumption. In one year a
single Chicago dealer has been known to handle 32,000 humming-birds in
one consignment, 32,000 gulls, and the wings of 300,000 other birds. In
all, the National Audubon Association puts our total at about
150,000,000 birds a year. The European continent repeats this, and so
you have the women of the 'civilized' world, with the omission of our
South American cousins, wearing 300,000,000 birds every year.
"Legislation is here, as always, powerless in the face of fashionable
womankind."
Another point of view is that of good taste. A single large feather or a
shapely wing--in themselves beautiful objects and well adapted to
decorative effect--may be so applied as really to adorn a lady's hat, or
a man's for that matter, very pleasingly; and if it is the trophy of the
skill of some friend, obtained in fair sport, it may embody a delightful
sentiment as well. It was in this simple, wasteful, and unobjectionable
manner that feathers were originally employed as trimmings. But fierce
trade competition among milliners catering to the foolish cry for
"novelties" regardless of becomingness in any sense, has developed
absurdities of head-gear which often make their wearers utterly
ridiculous.
What possible justification in art or common sense is there in setting a
dead animal on a hat? If any can be found, surely the effigy should be
lifelike and not some horrible travesty. If ribbons and flowers are not
enough ornaments to set off pretty faces, why not wind shining
snake-skins about the crown of the hat; or utilize our resplendent moths
and beetles as trimmings? They are elegant in form and color, varied,
preservable, and by no means costly. Moreover, the general destruction
which would follow the entry of such a fashion would reduce the insect
enemies of our crops and garden-plants--but women seem to care nothing
about that aspect of the case.
"The insects kill the crops," remarks Kauffman, "the birds kill the
insects, and we--for the most part in order to trim your hats for
you--kill the birds. A study of the government reports will show that
crop losses from insects are rarely less than 10 per cent. and sometimes
as high as 50."
We may now turn to another phase of our subject--the waste of game,
fur-bearing animals, and other useful or beautiful creatures.
When Europeans first came to this continent the bison and elk roamed
everywhere west of the Blue Ridge. By the middle of the nineteenth
century all had disappeared east of the Great Plains, as completely as
had the salmon which used to throng in our eastern rivers. And here, a
few years later, both were almost utterly destroyed by wretched
pot-hunters.
The moose, elk, antelope, mountain sheep and goats, beaver, sea-otter,
and many other game and fur animals of North America have also suffered
so terribly under relentless persecution that they now are found only in
small numbers in very remote places. The sea-otter, of which at the
beginning of the nineteenth century more than 15,000 were killed every
year, has become so scarce that its coat, in good condition, is now
worth $1,000 to the hunter.
The horrible stories of the butchery of the fur-seals and the
passenger-pigeon need not be recited. The building up of great cities
made a market for game and fish, and coincident therewith the
market-hunter and the market-fisherman came into existence. Under these
conditions the destruction went on merrily, until, in the early
eighties, observant sportsmen and naturalists began to realize that
extermination threatened such game-birds as the prairie-chicken, the
quail, the ruffed grouse, the wood-duck, the canvasback duck, and even
the well-known mallard and teal.
"Coincident with this great hegira to the woods," we are told by G. O.
Shields, in a late number of "Collier's Weekly," "there appeared on the
scene a type of man that has become known and recognized everywhere as
the American game-hog. This depraved creature developed a fondness for
killing every living thing he could find, whether edible or not, or
whether he needed it for food or not. All he cared for was to kill,
kill, kill. He loved to stop a beautiful animal in its flight and put it
to death, or to see a bird double up in the air and fall with
shot-pellets through its body.
"The competition became so strong between these game-hogs that they got
to challenging one another to combats in the field, and contests were
arranged weeks ahead, large stakes being deposited on the result.... The
nineteenth-century 'side-hunt' became a feature of many rural districts.
"Is it any wonder, then, that decent men came to rebel against this
savage slaughter? Good sportsmen, naturalists, and laymen became so
disgusted with it that they went before their legislatures and demanded
that it be stopped. Laws were accordingly enacted in many States ... and
recently legislation for the preservation of the game has become a
science, and a few men are devoting their best thought and their best
energies to it.
"But the game-hog and the fish-hog bid defiance to all game-laws,
written and unwritten. No State employs enough game-wardens to police
all of its territory, so the ravaging of the wild went on."
To the correction of this evil no one has contributed more energetically
than Mr. Shields and some other editors of periodicals devoted to
field-sports and recreation. They have given the game-hog so disgraceful
a notoriety, and have brought down upon his head such scorn from decent
sportsmen, that he has been largely suppressed.
Here, too, mothers, wives, and sisters, are largely at fault; but they
may plead ignorance much more plausibly than in the case of their own
sins of hat-trimming. Why should they applaud useless slaughter,
dictated by vanity and blood-lust, in the men over whom they have
influence? Is it a manly or an admirable thing?
These ignorant and thoughtless women have still time to repent and force
their men-folks to behave like gentlemen. There is still game enough to
bring about a revival of plenty for all reasonable sportsmen of the next
generation as well as this. There are laws enough, too, to protect it,
but between the ignorance of the legislators and their fear of offending
the very game-butchers against whom the laws are directed (who
unfortunately have votes), they will not appropriate the money necessary
to provide game-wardens and other means of enforcing the laws properly.
Here is where the influence of every fair-minded woman and patriotic man
can be tellingly exerted. Show the lawmakers that the good opinion of
the decent half of the community is better worth having than that of the
meaner half; and see that _your_ men-folks are not in the latter
class.
When you have done this, let your boys understand the position they must
take on this subject if they wish to be regarded as "true sportsmen,"
not to say gentlemen. Their training should begin early. Little boys are
fond of bean-shooters--a forked stick, or "crutch," with a rubber band
hurling a bean or a pebble. Insist that they do not use it for knocking
over birds.
All boys, also, pass through a season of "collecting specimens," when
they are enthusiastic toward preparing a cabinet of natural history.
Encourage them to do so, but without taking life, or robbing birds'
nests. Give them an opera-glass instead of a shotgun. Show them how they
can learn more, and get more amusement, by watching the bird family in
its home than by arranging dead shells on a string or in a box. (Watch
the birds yourself a while, and then see how you feel about your hat!)
There is no scientific need or excuse, nowadays, for private collections
of the skins or eggs of birds, and the stopping of all birds'-nesting is
of the utmost importance for the same reasons as the stoppage of
millinery murder; and both are the immediate duty of all parents.
Nor must there be forgotten, in considering this matter, the disastrous
effect of recklessness as to waste and suffering on the mind of the
game-hog, the birds'-nester, and the aigrette-wearer. Cruelty cannot be
practiced without crushing and blighting the best insects. As Burns
says:
"It hardens a' within
And petrifies the feeling"
A child that is cruel to animals, disdainful of their sufferings when in
pursuit of his pleasure, cannot be trusted to be kind to a younger
sister, a weaker companion, or a valued pet. Cruelty is a vice of the
basest and most cowardly--a mark of the savage and criminal. Let the
mother remember this, not only in her precepts, but in the example she
gives her children. "Even the birds of the air," wrote the German critic
Harnisch, "bear an accusation to their Creator against those who with
wanton cruelty, destroy helpless innocence."
LIST OF BEST BOOKS FOR YOUNG NATURALISTS
* In many cases the authors mentioned have written
other books equally interesting and procurable.
ABBOTT, C. C.* _Days out of Doors_
BAKER, SIR S.* _Wild Beasts and their Ways_
BASKETT, J. N. _The Story of the Fishes_
BASKETT, J. N. _The Story of the Reptiles and Batrachians_
BATES, W. H. _The Naturalist on the River Amazon_
BEEBE, W. C.* _The Bird_
BIGNELL, EFFIE _A Quintette of Gray Coats (Squirrels)_
BLATCHLEY, W. S.* _A Nature Wooing_
BULLEN, F. T.* _Denizens of the Great Deep_
BURROUGHS, JOHN* _Squirrels and other Fur-bearers_
BURROUGHS, JOHN _Wake Robin_
CHAPMAN AND REED _Color Key to N. A. Birds_
COMSTOCK, J. H.* _Insect Life_
CRAM, W. E. _Little Beasts of Wood and Field_
DAMON, N. E. _Ocean Wonders_
DARWIN, CHARLES* _A Naturalist's Voyage_
ECKSTROM, MRS. F. H.* _The Bird Book_
EGGELING AND EHRENBERG _The Fresh-Water Aquarium_
EMERTON, E. S. _Spiders_
GIBSON, W. H.* _Blossom Hosts and Insect Guests_
GIBSON, W. H. _Sharp Eyes_
HOLDER, F. C.* _Along the Florida Reefs_
HOLLAND, W. J. _The Butterfly Book_
HOLLAND, W. J. _The Moth Book_
HORNADAY, W. T.* _American Natural History_
HOWARD, L. O.* _The Insect Book_
HUDSON, W. H. _British Birds_
HUDSON, W. H. _Idle Days in Patagonia_
HUDSON, W. H. _The Naturalist in La Plata_
INGERSOLL, ERNEST* _Life of Mammals_
INGERSOLL, ERNEST _The Wit of the Wild_
INGERSOLL, ERNEST _Wild Life of Orchard and Field_
KELLOGG, VERNON _American Insects_
KEYSER, L. S. _Birds of the Rockies_
LOTTRIDGE, S. A. _Animal Snap Shots and How Made_
LUCAS, F. A. _Animals of the Past_
MATTHEWS, S.* _Familiar Life of the Roadside_
MERRIAM, FLORENCE* _A-birding on a Bronco_
MILLER, MRS. O. T.* _Little Brothers of the Air_
MORLEY, MARY W. _The Bee People_
MORLEY, MARY W. _Wasps and their Ways_
OSWALD, FELIX _Zoölogical Sketches_
PACKARD, A. S. _Half-hours with Insects_
PORTER, J. H. _Wild Beasts_
REED, C. A. _North American Birds' Eggs_
ROBINSON, R.* _New England Fields and Woods_
ROOSEVELT, THEODORE* _The Wilderness Hunter_
SAMUELS, E. _Birds of New England_
SCUDDER, S. H. _Everyday Butterflies_
SHARPE, D. L.* _Wild Life near Home_
STANDARD LIBRARY OF NATURAL HISTORY (5 vols.)
STANDARD (OR RIVERSIDE) NATURAL HISTORY (6 vols.)
STONE AND CRAM _American Animals_
TODD, ADA J. _The Vacation Club_
TORREY, B.* _Everyday Birds_
WATERTON, C.* _Wanderings in South America_
WHITE, GILBERT _Natural History of Selborne_
WILSON, ALEX _American Ornithology_ (_Brewer's Edition_)
WOOD, J. G.* _Homes without Hands_
WRIGHT, MRS. M. O.* _Bird-craft_
WRIGHT, MRS. M. O. _Four-footed Americans_
INDEX
A
Aard-vark, 216
Aard-wolf, 74
Acorn-barnacles, 407
Adder, puff, 319
African elephant, 202
" rhinoceros, 204
Agouti, 152
Albatross, 296
Alderman lizard, 307
Alligators, 302
American crows, 254
" eagle, 236
" foxes, 88
" lizards, 307
" monkeys, 16
" tapirs, 206
Amphineurans, 421
Amphioxus, 353
Anaconda, 316
Anemones, sea-, 431
Angler, 346
Ant-bears, 213
Ant-eaters, 213
" banded, 227
" great, 213
" scaly, 215
" spiny, 230
Antelopes, 174
Ant-lion, 367
Ants, 373
" driver, 374
" parasol, 374
Aoudad, 165
Apes, 1
" Barbary, 15
Aphides, 381
Arabian baboon, 11
" camel, 190
Arctic fox, 86
Argali, 162
Armadillos, 214
" giant, 215
" pichiciago, 215
" six-banded, 214
Arui, 165
Asses, wild, 193
Aswail, 108
Aurochs, 159
Australian bear, 223
Axolotl, 324
Aye-aye, 24
B
Babirusa, 209
Baboons, 7
" Arabian, 7
" chacma, 7
" drill, 9
" gelada, 10
" mandrill, 9
Bactrian camel, 191
Badger, 97
Bald chimpanzee, 3
Banded ant-eater, 227
Bandicoots, 224
Barbary ape, 15
Barbel, 329
Barnacles, 407
" acorn, 407
Barn-owl, 241
Bats, 26
" flying foxes, 31
" horseshoe, 29
" kalong, 32
" pipistrelle, 29
" vampire, 30
Beaked chætodon, 34
Bear-cat, 110
Bears, 102
" ant, 213
" aswail, 108
" Australian, 223
" black, 107
" brown, 103
" grizzly, 106
" polar, 102
" sea, 118
" sloth, 108
" sun, 108
" white, 102
Beavers, 142
Bees, 369
" bumble-, 371
" carder, 371
" hive, 369
" leaf-cutter, 371
" social, 369
" solitary, 371
Beetles, 355
" burying, 356
" coach-horse, 356
" dor, 357
" ground, 355
" musk, 359
" oil, 358
" soldier, 449
" stag, 356
" tiger, 355
" water, 355
Beluga, 129
Bettong, brush-tailed, 221
Bighorn sheep, 163
Binturong, 71
Bird, butcher, 266
" humming, 246
" love, 276
Birds, bower, 258
Bird's-foot starfish, 411
Birds of paradise, 258
Bird-spiders, 390
Bishop's-miters, 382
Bison, 158
Bivalves, 422
Black-backed jackal, 85
Black bear, 107
Blackbird, 267
Blackcap, 267
Blackfish, 131
Black goby, 349
Black mussels, 423
Black rat, 148
Black saki, 19
Black slug, 417
Black-tailed deer, 187
Blindworm, 304
Bluebottle fly, 385
Blue shark, 338
Blue tit, 265
Boa-constrictor, 316
Boar, wild, 208
Boatman, water, 382
Bobcat, 62
Borers, 419
Bosch-katte, 60
Bottle-nosed dolphin, 133
Bottle-nosed whales, 125
Bottle-tit, 265
Bower-birds, 258
Brindled gnu, 178
Brittle-stars, 411
Brockets, 188
Brown bear, 103
Brown hyena, 77
Brown owl, 240
Brown rat, 148
Brown thrasher, 269
Brush-kangaroo, 220
Brush-tailed bettong, 221
Buansuah, 78
Buffalo, American, 158
" Cape, 159
" Indian, 159
Bullbat, 245
Bullfinch, 261
Bumblebees, 371
Bunting, 260
Burchell's zebra, 192
Burrowing owl, 241
Burying-beetle, 356
Bush-cat, 60
Bustards, 284
Butcher-bird, 266
Butterflies, 377, 440, 446
Buzzards, 238
C
Cachalot, 124
Caddis-flies, 367, 441
Caffre cat, 62
California sea-lion, 117
Calling-crabs, 401
Camels, 189
" Arabian, 190
" Bactrian, 191
" dromedary, 190
Canada lynx, 65
Canaries, 261
Cape buffalo, 159
Capybara, 152
Caracal, 63
Carder-bee, 371
Caribou, 182
Carp, 329
Carrion-crow, 255
Cassowaries, 283
Cat, Caffre, 62
" Egyptian, 61
" jungle, 63
" marbled, 59
" tiger, 61
" wild-, 62
Catbird, 269, 437
Cats, larger, 47
" smaller, 60
Caymans, 303
Centipedes, 395
Chacma, 7
Chætodon, beaked, 34
Chambered nautilus, 416
Chameleon, 308
Chamois, 174
Chaus, 63
Chetah, 65
Chimpanzees, 1
" bald, 3
" common, 2
Chinchilla, 151
Chipmunk, 140
Chipping-bird, 260
Chitons, 421
" prickly, 421
Cicada, 362
Civets, 68
" Indian, 70
" palm, 70
Climbing perch, 328
Clouded leopard, 58
" tiger, 58
Coach-horse beetle, 356
Coati, 111
Cobras, 318
Cockatoos, 274
Cockchafer, 356
Cockle, 424
Cockroach, 361
Cod, 342
Cole-tit, 265
Colubers, 313
Colugo, 33
Condor, 234
Congers, 352
Cony, 154
Coquimbo, 241
Coral banks, 433
Corals, 432
Cormorants, 293
Cougar, 57
Couxia, 19
Cowbird, 438
Cowry, 420
Coyotes, 83
Crab-eating dog, 80
" macaque, 15
" opossum, 230
Crabs, 397, 400
" blue, 400
" calling, 401
" common shore, 400
" edible, 400
" fiddler, 400
" hermit, 401
" robber, 402
Crane-fly, 384
Cranes, 285
" brown, 286
" crowned, 286
Crayfish, 404
Creeper, 263
Crested seal, 119
Crickets, 361, 448
" house-, 361
" mole, 362
Crocodiles, 302
Crossbills, 260
Crows, American, 254
" carrion, 255
Crowned crane, 286
Cuckoos, 243
Cucumbers, sea, 413
Curlew, 286
Currant saw-fly, 375
Cuttles, 414
D
Dab, 343
Dasyures, 225
Death's-head sphinx-moth, 378
Deathwatches, 358
Deer, 181
" American, 185
" black-tailed, 187
" brocket, 188
" caribou, 182
" elk, 183
" fallow, 184
" marsh, 187
" moose, 183
" mule, 186
" pampas, 187
" pudu, 188
" red, 184
" rein-, 181
" roebuck, 185
" wapiti, 187
Desman, 40
" Pyrenean, 40
" Russian, 40
Devil, Tasmanian, 226
Devil-fish, 341
Dhole, 78
Diana monkey, 14
Dingo, 79
Dipper, 270
Dog, crab-eating, 80
" hunting, 90
" hyena, 90
" prairie, 141
Dog-faced monkeys, 7
Dogfish, 337
Dogs, 78
Dolphins, 128
" bottle-nosed, 133
" common, 133
" fresh-water, 132
" Gangetic, 132
" sea, 133
Dor-beetle, 357
Dormouse, 144
Douroucoulis, 20
Dove, mourning, 277
" turtle, 277
Dragon-flies, 364
Drill, 9
Driver ant, 374
Dromedary, 190
Drone-fly, 385
Duck, wild, 293
Duckbill, 231
Duck-billed platypus, 231
Dugong, 133
E
Eagles, 235
" American, 236
" bald, 236
" golden, 236
" white-tailed, 236
Earth-pig, 216
Earthworm, 427
Earwigs, 360
Echidna, 230
" common, 231
" three-toed, 231
Edible crab, 400
" snail, 418
Eel, 334
" conger, 352
" electric, 335
Egg-eating snake, 314
Egyptian cat, 61
" mongoose, 73
Eland, 174
Electric eel, 335
Elephant, sea, 119
Elephants, 201
" African, 202
" Indian, 203
Elephant-shrew, 39
Elk, 183, 187
Emperor-moth, 379
Emu, 282
Ermine, 93
F
Falcons, 238
Fallow deer, 184
Fennec, 89
Ferret, 94
" polecat, 94
Fiddler-crab, 400
Field-mouse, 149
Field-vole, 147
Finches, 260
" purple, 261
Fin-whales, 127
" sharp-nosed, 128
Fish, black, 131
" devil, 341
" dog-, 337
" flat-, 343
" flying, 348
" jelly-, 430
" mud, 326
" pipe, 350
" saw, 339
" sucking, 345
" sword-, 344
Fish-hawk, 237
Fivefingers, 410
Flamingo, 291
Flatfish, 343
Fleas, 383
" turnip, 359
Flesh-fly, 386
Flicker, 249
Flounder, 343
Fly, bluebottle, 385
" caddis, 367, 441
" currant saw, 375
" dragon-, 364
" drone-, 385
" flesh, 386
" gall, 375, 445
" green-, 360, 381
" hawk, 385
" horn-tailed saw, 375, 445
" house, 385
" ichneumon, 376
" June, 365
" lacewing, 368, 451
" May, 365
" saw, 374
" turnip saw, 375
Flycatcher, 444
Flying colugo, 33
" fish, 348
" foxes, 31
" squirrel, 139
Fossa, 68
Foumart, 94
Foxes, 85
" American, 88
" arctic, 86
" flying, 31
Fox-sparrow, 261
Fresh-water dolphins, 132
" fishes, 326
" shrimp, 406
Frilled lizard, 308
Fritillaries, 377, 446
Frog, 321
Froghoppers, 380
Fur-seal, 118
G
Gall-fly, 375, 445
Galls, 444
Gangetic dolphin, 132
Garden-spiders, 388
Gastropods, 416
Gaur, 157
Geckos, 305
Geese, 292
Gelada, 10
Gemsbok, 176
Genets, 70
Giant armadillo, 215
" pangolin, 216
" salamander, 324
Gibbons, 5
" hoolock, 6
" lar, 6
" siamang, 6
Gila monster, 307
Giraffes, 179
Glowworm, 358
Glutton, 96
Gnats, 384, 440
Gnus, 177
" brindled, 178
" white-tailed, 178
Goat-moth, 378
Goats, 166
" Persian wild, 169
" Rocky mountain, 172
Goby, black, 349
" spotted, 349
Golden eagle, 236
Goldenrod, 449
Goldfinch, 261, 448
Goose, graylag, 292
Gorilla, 3
Gossamers, 394
Grampus, 131
Grasshoppers, 362, 448
Graylag goose, 292
Gray parrot, 273
Great ant-eater, 213
" bustard, 284
" gray slug, 417
" horseshoe bat, 30
" tit, 265
Greek tortoise, 300
Greenfly, 360, 381
Greenland whale, 127
Green monkey, 13
" turtle, 301
Grévy's zebra, 192
Grizzly bear, 106
Grosbeak, 260
Ground-beetles, 355
Groundhog, 142
Grouse, red, 279
Guanaco, 191
Guemals, 188
Guenons, 13
Guillemots, 296
Guljar, 163
Gull, sea, 295
Gurnards, 347
H
Hair-seals, 116
Hammerhead shark, 338
Hamster, 145
Hanuman, 12
Hares, 154
Harvest-mouse, 149
Hawk, fish, 237
Hawk-flies, 385
Hawks, 237
" chicken, 238
" night, 245
" pigeon, 239
" sparrow, 239
Hawksbill turtle, 301
Hazel-mouse, 144
Hedgehog, 34
Hermit crab, 401
Heron, 288
Herring, 348
Hippopotamus, 207
" pygmy, 208
Hive-bee, 369
Hog, sea, 130
" wart, 209
Honey-ratel, 97
Honey-weasel, 97
Hooded seal, 119
Hoolock, 6
Hoopoe, 252
Hornbill, 251
" rhinoceros, 251
Horned toad, 307
Hornet, 373
Horn-tailed saw-fly, 375
Horse, 195
" river, 207
" sea, 120, 351
Horseshoe bat, great, 30
House-cricket, 361
House-fly, 385
Howlers, 17
Humblebees, 371
Humming-bird, 246
" " hawk-moth, 378
Hunting-dog, 90
Hunting-leopard, 65
Hunting-spider, 390
Hyena-dog, 90
Hyenas, 75
" brown, 77
" laughing, 77
" spotted, 77
" striped, 76
Hyrax, 205
I
Ibex, 169
" Nilgiri, 171
Ibis, 290
" sacred, 290
" scarlet, 290
Ichneumon-flies, 376
Iguanas, 306
Indian buffalo, 159
" civet, 70
" elephant, 203
" mongoose, 72
" pangolin, 216
" rhinoceros, 203
Indigo-bird, 261
Insect-eaters, 33
Insects, 354
Ivory-bill woodpecker, 247
Ivy, poison, 442
J
Jacares, 303
Jackals, black-backed, 85
" common, 84
" side-striped, 86
Jackass, laughing, 253
Jackdaw, 256
Jack rabbits, 156
Jaguar, 56
Jay, 256
Jelly fishes, 430
Jerboa-kangaroo, 222
Jerboas, 145
Joepye-weed, 449
Johnny Darter, 445
Julus millepede, 396
Jumping shrew, 39
June-fly, 365
Jungle-cat, 63
K
Kalan, 101
Kalong, 32
Kangaroo-rats, 221
Kangaroos, 218
" brush, 220
" jerboa, 222
" tree, 221
Katydid, 362
Kestrels, 238
Kholsun, 78
Killer-whale, 131
King bird of paradise, 258
Kingfishers, 253, 439
Kinkajou, 112
Kiwis, 284
Koala, 223
Kudu, 175
L
Lacewing fly, 368, 451
Ladybirds, 360
Lammergeier, 234
Lampreys, 335
Lancelet, 353
Land-tortoises, 300
Langurs, 13
Lapwings, 286
Lar gibbon, 6
Laughing hyena, 77
Laughing jackass, 253
Leaf-cutter bee, 371
Leather-jackets, 385
Leeches, 430
Lemmings, 147
Lemuroids, 23
Lemurs, 21
" ruffed, 22
" slender loris, 23
" tarsier, 23
Leopard, 54
" clouded, 58
" hunting, 65
" snow, 55
Limpets, 421
Linnet, 261
Lion, 49
" ant, 367
" California sea, 117
" Patagonian sea, 116
" sea, 116
Lizards, 303
" alderman, 307
" American, 307
" frilled, 308
Llamas, 191
Lobsters, 403
Locust, 362
Logcock, 247
Long-eared owl, 240
Long-tailed tit, 265
Long-tongued vampire, 30
Loris, slender, 23
Love-birds, 276
Lugworm, 428
Lynx, 64
" Canada, 65
" pardine, 65
M
Macaques, 14
" crab-eating, 15
Macaws, 275
Mackerel, 345
Magot, 15
Magpie, 257
Malayan tapir, 206
Manatees, 133
Mandrill, 9
Mangabeys, 14
Mantis, praying, 363
Marbled cat, 59
Marco Polo's sheep, 163
Margay, 61
Markhor, 170
Marmignatto spider, 389
Marmosets, 21
Marmots, common, 142
" prairie, 142
Marsupials, 218
Martens, 95
Martins, 271
Mavis, 267
May-fly, 365
Meerkats, 73
Megalopa, 408
Merian's opossum, 230
Mice, pouched, 227
Milkweed, 449
Milky slug, 417
Millepede, 395
" Julus, 396
Mole, common, 40
" pouched, 228
Mole, star-nosed, 45
Mole-cricket, 362
Mollusks, 414
Mongoose, Egyptian, 73
" Indian, 72
Monkeys, American, 16
" aye-aye, 24
" Barbary ape, 15
" black saki, 19
" couxia, 19
" diana, 14
" dog-faced, 7
" douroucouli, 20
" green, 13
" guenons, 13
" hanuman, 12
" howlers, 17
" howlers, red, 18
" langurs, 13
" macaques, 14
" magot, 15
" mangabeys, 14
" marmosets, 21
" night, 20
" ouakari, 18
" proboscis, 11
" spider, 16
Moose, 183
Morse, 120
Mosquito, 384
Moth, 377
" bee-hawk, 378
" burnet, 379
" cinnabar, 379
" death's-head sphinx, 378
" emerald, 380
" emperor, 379
" goat, 378
" humming-bird hawk, 378
" kitten, 380
" luna, 454
" magpie, 380
" Polyphemus, 454
" Promethea, 454
" puss, 380
" sulphur, 380
" swallowtail, 380
" swift, 378
" tiger, 378
" vaporer, 379
Mouflon, European, 161
Mountain zebra, 192
Mourning dove, 277
Mouse, 149, 447
" field, 149
" harvest, 149
" hazel, 144
" pouched, 227
" sea, 429
Mud-fish, 326
Mud-skippers, 350
Mule-deer, 186
Musk-beetle, 359
Musk-ox, 160
Muskrat, 147
Musquaw, 108
Mussels, black, 423
Myrmecobius, 227
N
Narwhal, 128
Nauplius, 408
Nautilus, chambered, 416
Newts, 322
Night-fliers, 380
Night-hawk, 245
Nightingale, 267
Nightjars, 244
Night-monkeys, 20
Noctuæ, 380
Nuthatch, 264
Nut-weevil, 359
O
Ocelot, 60
Oil-beetles, 358
Okapi, 180
Oliveback, 269
Olm, 325
Opossums, 228
" common, 230
" crab-eating, 230
" Merian's, 230
" yapock, 230
Orang-utan, 4
Osprey, 237
Ostriches, 281
Otters, 100
" sea, 101
Ouakari, 18
Ouistiti, 21
Ounce, 55
Owls, barn, 241
" brown, 240
" burrowing, 241
" long-eared, 240
" short-eared, 240
Ox, musk, 160
Oxen, wild, 157
Oysters, 423
" pearl, 422
P
Painter, 58
Palm-civets, 70
Panda, 110
Pangolins, 215
" giant, 216
" Indian, 216
Panther, American, 58
" or leopard, 54
Paradise, birds of, 258
" king bird of, 258
Parasol-ant, 374
Pardine lynx, 65
Parrakeets, 274
" ring-necked, 274
Parrots, 273
Partridges, 280
Passenger-pigeon, 277
Patagonian sea-lion, 116
Peacocks, 277
Pearl-oyster, 422
Peccaries, 210
Pelicans, 294
Penguin, 297
Pen-tailed tree-shrew, 39
Perch, 328
" climbing, 328
Periwinkles, 420
Persian wild goat, 169
Petaurist, squirrel, 222
Pheasants, 279
Phoebe, 444
Pichiciago, 215
Piddock, 424
Pig, earth, 216
Pigeons, 276
" passenger, 277
" wood, 276
Pike, 330
Pine-marten, 95
Pipe-fishes, 350
Pipistrelle, 29
Pit-vipers, 319
Plaice, 343
Platypus, duck-billed, 231
Poison-ivy, 442
Polar bear, 102
Polecat, 94
" ferret, 94
Polyps, 432
Porcupines, 150
Porpoise, 130
Potoroos, 221
Pouched mice, 227
Pouched mole, 228
Prairie-dogs, 141
Prawns, 405
Praying-mantis, 363
Prickly chiton, 421
Proboscis-monkey, 11
Pudus, 188
Puff-adder, 319
Puffin, 297
Puma, 57
Purpura, 419
Puss-moth, 380
Pygmy hippopotamus, 208
Pyrenean desman, 40
Pythons, 315
Q
Quagga, 193
R
Rabbits, 154, 455
" jack, 156
Racoons, 110
Raft-spider, 392
Rat, black, 148
" brown, 148
" kangaroo, 221
" water, 146
Ratel, 97
" honey, 97
Rattlesnakes, 320
Ravens, 254
Rays, 340
Razor-shells, 424
Red and blue macaw, 275
Red deer, 184
Red-faced ouakari, 18
Red grouse, 279
Red gurnards, 347
Red howler, 18
Reindeer, 181
Rheas, 283
Rhinoceros, African, 204
" common, 204
" Indian, 203
Rhinoceros-hornbill, 251
Rice-weevil, 359
Ring-necked parrakeet, 274
Ring-tailed lemur, 22
River-horse, 207
Roach, 330
Robber-crab, 402
Robin, 267
Rock-snakes, 316
Rocky Mountain goat, 172
Rodents, 136
Roebuck, 185
Rondeleti's shark, 338
Rooks, 255
Rorqual, common, 127
" lesser, 128
Rosy feather-starfish, 412
Ruffed lemur, 22
Ruffs, 287
Russian desman, 40
S
Sable, 95
Sacred ibis, 290
Saki, black, 19
Salamanders, 323
" giant, 324
" spotted, 323
Salmon, 332
" North Pacific, 333
Salt-water fishes, 337
Sandhoppers, 405
Saw-fishes, 339
Saw-flies, 374
Scaly ant-eater, 215
Scarabæus, 357
Scarlet ibis, 290
Scarlet tanager, 444
Scavengers, 356
Scorpion, water, 383
Scorpions, 395
Sea-anemones, 431
Sea-bears, 118
Sea-cucumbers, 413
Sea-dolphins, 133
Sea-elephant, 119
Sea-gulls, 295
Sea-hog, 130
Sea-horse, 120, 351
Sea-lions, 116
Sea-mouse, 429
Sea-otter, 101
Sea-unicorn, 128
Sea-urchins, 409
Seals, 113
" common, 115
" fur, 118
" hair, 116
" hooded, or crested, 119
Secretary-vulture, or secretary-bird, 235
Serval, 60
Shark, blue, 338
" hammerhead, 338
" Rondeleti's, 338
" thresher, 339
" white, 338
Sharp-nosed finner, 128
Sheep, 161
" bighorn, 163
" Marco Polo's, 163
Shells, razor, 424
Shiner, 445
Ship-worm, 426
Shore-crab, 400
Short-eared owl, 240
Shrews, 36
" elephant, 39
" jumping, 39
" pen-tailed tree, 39
" tree, 39
" tupaia, 39
" water, 37
Shrike, 266
Shrimps, 405
" fresh-water, 406
Siamang, 6
Side-striped jackal, 86
Sirenians, 133
Six-banded armadillo, 214
Skinks, 305
Skipjacks, 357
Skippers, mud, 350
Skunk, 99, 454
Skylark, 262
Slender loris, 23
Sloth-bear, 108
Sloths, 212
Slugs, 416
Snails, 417
" edible, 418
" water, 418
Snakes, 311, 440
" black-, 314
" egg-eating, 314
" garter, 314
" green-, 314
" harmless, 313
" king, 313
" milk, 314
" poisonous, 317
" rattle-, 320
" rock, 316
" water, 314
Snipe, 288
Snow-leopard, 55
Soldier-beetle, 449
Sole, 343
Solitary bee, 371
Sparrow-hawk, 239
Sparrows, 261, 437
Sperm or Spermaceti whale, 124
Spider-monkeys, 16
Spiders, 387, 450
" bird, 390
" garden, 388
" gossamer, 394
" hunting, 390
" marmignatto, 389
" raft, 392
" trap-door, 391
" water, 393
Spiny ant-eater, 230
Spotted goby, 349
" hyena, 77
" salamander, 323
Springbok, 176
Squids, 414
Squirrels, 137, 447
" chipmunk, 140
" flying, 139
" gray, 139
" sugar, 222
Stag-beetle, 356
Starfish, 410
" basket, 412
" bird's-foot, 411
" rosy feather, 412
" sun, 411
Starling, 259
Star-nosed mole, 45
Sticklebacks, 327
Stoat, 93
Storks, 289
Striped hyena, 76
Sturgeon, 341
Sucking-fishes, 345
Sugar-squirrel, 222
Sulphur moth, 380
Sun-bear, 108
Sunfish, 445
Sun-star, 411
Suricate, 73
Susu, 132
Swallows, 271, 443
Swallowtail moth, 380
Swans, 292
Swifts, 245
" chimney, 245
Swine, 208
Swordfish, 344
T
Tadpole, 321, 440
Taguan, 140
Tahr, 171
Tamandua, 214
Tanager, scarlet, 444
Tapirs, American, 206
Tapirs, Malayan, 206
Tarsier, 23
Tasmanian devil, 226
" wolf, 225
Tawny thrush, Wilson's, 269
Terebella, 429
Teredo, 426
Termites, 365
Testacella, 417
Thousand-legs, 214
Three-banded douroucouli, 20
Three-toed echidna, 231
Thresher-shark, 339
Thrushes, 267
" hermit, 269
" North American, 268
" oliveback, 269
" Wilson's tawny, 269
" wood, 268
Thylacine, 225
Tiger-beetle, 355
Tiger-cat, 61
Tiger-moth, 378
Tigers, 51
" man-eating, 52
" tree, 59
Tiger-wolf, 77
Tit, blue, 265
" bottle, 265
" cole, 265
" great, 265
" long-tailed, 265
Titmice, 265
Toads, 322
" horned, 307
Tomtits, 452
Torpedo, 340
Tortoises, 299
" Greek, 300
" land, 300
Toucans, 250
Trap-door spider, 391
Tree-kangaroo, 221
Tree-shrew, 39
Trout, 331
Tupaia, 39
Turkeys, 278
Turnip-fleas, 359
Turnip saw-flies, 375
Turs, 168
Turtle-dove, 277
Turtles, 300, 440
" green, 301
" hawksbill, 301
U
Unicorn, sea, 128
Urchins, sea, 409
Urial, 165
V
Vampires, 30
Vaporer-moth, 379
Veery, 269
Vipers, 317
" pit, 319
Vireo, 437
Viscacha, 151
Vlack-vark, 209
Vole, field, 147
" water, 146
Vultures, 233
" secretary, 235
W
Wagtails, 263
Wah, 110
Walking-stick, 363
Wallabies, 220
Walrus, 120
Wapiti, 187
Warblers, 263
Wart-hog, 209
Wasps, 372
Water-beetle, 355
Water-boatman, 382
Water-rat, 146
Water-scorpion, 383
Water-shrew, 37
Water-snail, 314
Water-spider, 393
Water-striders, 382
Water-thrush, 263
Water-vole, 146
Waxbill, 261
Weasels, 91, 455
" honey, 97
" least, 93
" New York, 93
Weevers, 346
Weevils, nut, 359
" rice, 359
" wheat, 359
Whales, 121
" bottle-nosed, 125
" fin, 127
" Greenland, 127
" killer, 131
" rorqual, 127
" sperm, 124
" whalebone, 126
" white, 129
Whelk, 418
Whippoorwill, 244
White bear, 102
White shark, 338
White-tailed gnu, 178
Whitethroat, 261
Wild asses, 193
" boar, 208
" duck, 293
" oxen, 157
Wildcat, 62
Wildebeests, 177
Wilson's tawny thrush, 269
Wireworms, 357
Wishtonwish, 141
Wolf, aard, 74
" common, 81
" coyote, 83
" Tasmanian, 225
" tiger, 77
Wolverene, 96
Wombat, 223
Woodchuck, 142
Woodcock, 287
Woodpecker, 247
" flicker, 249
" ivory-bill, 247
" logcock, 247
" redhead, 249
Woodlice, 407
Wood-pigeon, 276
Worm, earth-, 427
" lug-, 428
" ship, 426
Wrens, 269
Y
Yak, 158
Yapock opossum, 230
Z
Zebra, 192
" Burchell's, 192
" Grévy's, 192
" mountain, 192
Zoëa, 408
* * * * *
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:
1. Passages in italics are surrounded by _underscores_.
2. Passages in bold are indicated by =bold=.
3. In this etext an 'a' with macron is represented as [=a].
4. Certain words use oe ligature in the original.
5. Images have been moved from the middle of a paragraph to the closest
paragraph break.
6. The following misprints have been corrected:
"CHIPMANZEES" corrected to "CHIMPANZEES" (page 1)
Added missing period after "siamang" (page 6)
"mountian" corrected to "mountain" (page 8)
Added missing quotation mark after "water." (page 41)
"mischevious" corrected to "mischievous" (page 44)
Added missing period after "Canada Lynx" (facing page 48)
"mountians" corrected to "mountains" (page 56)
Added missing quotation mark after 'Jock,' (page 80)
"yeilded" corrected to "yielded" (page 132)
Removed partial paragraph indenting from sentence starting
"Sometimes a rhinoceros...." (page 204)
"pecarry" corrected to "peccary" (page 210, last paragraph)
"miliped" corrected to "millepede" (page 214)
"They will" corrected to "they will" (page 226)
"noisest" corrected to "noisiest" (page 250)
Added missing period after "Bluebird" (facing page 264)
Removed comma from "the mewing, of cats" (page 275)
Changed "burrow, 6" to "burrow; 6" (facing page 360)
Added missing period after "chrysalis state" (page 372)
Changed "September, Then" to "September. Then" (page 377)
"wine-glasess" corrected to "wine-glasses" (page 410)
"mullusks" corrected to "mollusks" (page 420)
Added missing period after "Eastern coast" (page 457)
"bivavle" corrected to "bivalve" (page 479)
"It's body" corrected to "Its body" (page 483)
"trimimngs" corrected to "trimmings" (page 491)
Added missing quotation mark before "Even the birds" (page 494)
"Coaiti" corrected to "Coati" (page 499)
"Ivorybill" corrected to "Ivory-bill" (page 502)
"ivorybill" corrected to "ivory-bill" (page 508)
Replaced named index entries on the beginning of page (continuing
from previous page) with quotation mark (pages 498, 501, 503,
504, 508)
7. Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies in
spelling, punctuation, and hyphenation have been retained.