and then distal to the insertion of M. extensor iliofibularis, whereas
the peroneal nerve passes proximal and then lateral to this insertion.
The paraperoneal branch passes deep to the lateral heads of Mm. flexor
perforatus digiti IV and flexor perforatus digiti II and superficial to
the tendon of the anterolateral head of M. flexor perforatus digiti IV
and then passes distally along the anterolateral borders of the latter
and the lateral head of M. flexor perforatus digiti III and the
posterolateral border of M. flexor digitorum longus. This branch is thus
separated from the peroneal nerve by M. flexor digitorum longus and by
the fibula; the branch passes along the lateral surface of the tibial
cartilage, continues lateral to the hypotarsus, then turns medially
before extending distally between Mm. abductor digiti IV and flexor
hallucis brevis, sending twigs into each of these muscles and a long
twig into M. lumbricalis before terminating nonmuscularly.
INDIVIDUAL VARIATION.--In T.p. 3L,R (fig. 11B), an extra branch arises
from the tibial nerve as a separate (fourth) division; it enters the
medial head of M. flexor perforatus digiti IV and also gives off a twig
that anastomoses with the posterior division (left leg) or with the
first branch of the posterior division (right leg). In T.p. 3R (fig.
11B), a large extra branch arises from the proximal part of the medial
division and passes medial and then deep to the medial head of M. flexor
perforatus digiti III, perforates the tendinous part of the medial head
of M. flexor perforatus digiti II, and joins the posterior division
(lateral to the medial head of M. flexor perforatus digiti III). A
similar branch is found in T.p. 3L except that it arises from the
proximal part of the posterior (rather than the medial) division. In
T.p. 3R (fig. 11B), the branch to M. gastrocnemius pars externa arises
so far proximally that it appears as a separate (fifth) division of the
tibial nerve. In two legs, the branch of the medial division that
supplies M. gastrocnemius pars media sends a twig into the distal end of
M. femorocruralis (fig. 11A).
_T. cupido_
INDIVIDUAL VARIATION.--In one leg, an extra branch of the medial
division arises immediately distal to the branch to M. gastrocnemius
pars media and enters the proximal end of the medial head of M. flexor
perforatus digiti III. In one instance, the branch to M. gastrocnemius
pars interna passes through a gap in the origin of M. plantaris rather
than distal to the origin of the latter.
_P. p. jamesi_
INDIVIDUAL VARIATION.--The branch to M. gastrocnemius pars interna gives
a minute twig to the deep surface of the free belly of M. plantaris in
one leg.
[Illustration: FIG. 2. Ventral views of the lumbosacral plexus of
_Tympanuchus pallidicinctus_. Sympathetic ganglionated chain removed.
Numbers indicate synsacral spinal nerves. × 2. A. T.p. 1L. B. T.p. 2L.]
[Illustration: FIG. 3. Ventral views of the lumbosacral plexus.
Sympathetic ganglionated chain removed. Numbers indicate synsacral
spinal nerves. × 2. A. _Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus_ 3L. B. _Pedioecetes
phasianellus jamesi_ 4L.]
[Illustration: FIG. 4. Semidiagrammatic ventral views of the femoral
nerve, showing the distribution of the branches. × 3. 1,2, M. extensor
iliotibialis anticus; 3, cutaneous; 4-6, M. extensor iliotibialis
lateralis; 7,8, M. iliacus; 9, M. gluteus profundus; 10-12, fused Mm.
vastus lateralis and vastus medialis; 13,14, M. vastus medialis; 15, M.
ambiens; 16, M. femoritibialis internus; 17, nonmuscular; 18, M. psoas;
19, M. iliotrochantericus medius. A. _Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus_ 3L.
B. _Pedioecetes phasianellus jamesi_ 3L.]
[Illustration: FIG. 5. Semidiagrammatic ventral views of the femoral
nerve, showing the distribution of the branches. × 3. 1,2, M. extensor
iliotibialis anticus; 3, cutaneous; 5,6, M. extensor iliotibialis
lateralis; 7,8, M. iliacus; 9, M. gluteus profundus; 10,11, fused Mm.
vastus lateralis and vastus medialis; 13, M. vastus medialis; 15, M.
ambiens; 16, M. femoritibialis internus; 17, nonmuscular; 18, M. psoas;
19, M. iliotrochantericus medius. A. _Tympanuchus pallidicinctus_ 2L. B.
_Tympanuchus cupido attwateri_ 1R.]
[Illustration: FIG. 6. Semidiagrammatic dorsolateral view of the sciatic
nerve of _Pedioecetes phasianellus jamesi_ 3R, showing the distribution
of the branches. × 2-1/2. 1, M. gluteus profundus; 2, M. piriformis; 3,
M. extensor iliotibialis lateralis; 4-7, M. extensor iliofibularis; 8,
M. flexor cruris medialis; 9, cutaneous; 10, to pudendal plexus; 11, M.
flexor cruris lateralis; 12, M. caudofemoralis pars caudifemoralis;
13-15, M. caudofemoralis pars iliofemoralis; 16,17, M. flexor
ischiofemoralis; 18,19, M. femorocruralis (branch of tibial nerve); 20,
cutaneous; 21, M. gastrocnemius pars media (branch of tibial nerve); 22,
cutaneous.]
[Illustration: FIG. 7. Semidiagrammatic dorsolateral view of the sciatic
nerve of _Tympanuchus pallidicinctus_ 2L, showing the distribution of
the branches. × 2-1/2. 1, M. gluteus profundus; 2, M. piriformis; 3, M.
extensor iliotibialis lateralis; 4, 7, M. extensor iliofibularis; 8, M.
flexor cruris medialis; 9, cutaneous; 10, to pudendal plexus; 11, M.
flexor cruris lateralis; 12, M. caudofemoralis pars caudifemoralis;
13-15, M. caudofemoralis pars iliofemoralis; 17, M. flexor
ischiofemoralis; 18, M. femorocruralis (branch of tibial nerve); 22,
cutaneous; 23, nonmuscular (branch of peroneal nerve).]
[Illustration: FIG. 8. Semidiagrammatic dorsolateral view of the sciatic
nerve of _Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus_ 3L, showing the distribution of
the branches. × 2-1/2. 1, M. gluteus profundus; 2, M. piriformis; 3, M.
extensor iliotibialis lateralis; 4,7, M. extensor iliofibularis; 8, M.
flexor cruris medialis; 9, cutaneous; 11, M. flexor cruris lateralis;
12, M. caudofemoralis pars caudifemoralis; 13, M. caudofemoralis pars
iliofemoralis; 17, M. flexor ischiofemoralis; 18, M. femorocruralis
(branch of tibial nerve); 20, cutaneous; 22, cutaneous.]
[Illustration: FIG. 9. Semidiagrammatic dorsolateral view of the sciatic
nerve of _Pedioecetes phasianellus jamesi_ 3L, showing the distribution
of the branches. × 2-1/2. 1, M. gluteus profundus; 2, M. piriformis; 3,
M. extensor iliotibialis lateralis; 4,5,7, M. extensor iliofibularis; 8,
M. flexor cruris medialis; 9, cutaneous; 11, M. flexor cruris lateralis;
13,14, M. caudofemoralis pars iliofemoralis; 16,17, M. flexor
ischiofemoralis; 18,19, M. femorocruralis (branch of tibial nerve); 20,
cutaneous; 22, cutaneous.]
[Illustration: FIG. 10. A,B. Semidiagrammatic drawings of the peroneal
nerve of _Tympanuchus pallidicinctus_ 1L, showing the distribution of
the branches. × 2. C. Semidiagrammatic drawing of the distal part of the
peroneal nerve of _Tympanuchus cupido attwateri_ 1R, showing the
distribution of the branches. × 2. 1,2, M. tibialis anticus (tibial
head); 3,4, M. tibialis anticus (femoral head); 5, M. extensor digitorum
longus; 6, nonmuscular; 7,8, M. peroneus longus; 9, M. peroneus brevis;
10,11, M. extensor hallucis longus (proximal head); 12, M. extensor
hallucis longus (distal head); 13-15, nonmuscular (to toes); 16, M.
abductor digiti II; 17, M. extensor brevis digiti III; 18, M. extensor
brevis digiti IV.]
[Illustration: FIG. 11. A,B. Semidiagrammatic drawings of the tibial
nerve (excluding the paraperoneal branch) of _Tympanuchus
pallidicinctus_, showing the distribution of the branches. × 2. A. T.p.
1L. B. T.p. 3R. C. Semidiagrammatic drawing of the distal part of the
paraperoneal branch of the tibial nerve of _Pedioecetes phasianellus
jamesi_ 2L, showing the distribution of the branches. × 2. 1, M.
femorocruralis; 2, M. gastrocnemius pars media; 3, M. popliteus; 4, M.
plantaris; 5, M. flexor digitorum longus; 6-8, nonmuscular; 9-11, M.
gastrocnemius pars interna; 12,13, M. flexor hallucis longus; 14-16, M.
flexor perforatus digiti IV (medial head); 17, M. flexor perforatus
digiti III (medial head); 18-20, M. flexor perforatus digiti II; 21, M.
flexor perforatus digiti IV (lateral head); 22-24, M. flexor perforatus
digiti IV (anterolateral head); 25, M. flexor perforatus digiti III
(anterolateral head); 26, M. flexor perforans et perforatus digiti III;
27,28, M. flexor perforans et perforatus digiti II; 29, M. gastrocnemius
pars externa; 30,31, M. abductor digiti IV; 32,33, M. flexor hallucis
brevis; 34,35, nonmuscular (to toes).]
MUSCLES
In the accounts of the muscles the name used by Hudson, _et al._ (1959)
for each muscle is given in parentheses after the name used by me if the
two differ.
In the account of each muscle, the description of the condition found in
most specimens of the Lesser Prairie Chicken (_T. pallidicinctus_) is
given first. This is hereafter referred to as the typical condition for
_T. pallidicinctus_. Then any individual variations found within this
species are given. Under the heading _T. cupido_ any constant
differences between this species and typical _T. pallidicinctus_ are
given first, and any individual variations found within the species _T.
cupido_ (both subspecies considered together) are given second. Under
the heading _P. p. jamesi_ any constant differences between this
subspecies and the typical condition for _T. pallidicinctus_ (thus these
differences are not necessarily constant between the two genera) are
given first, and any individual variations found within the subspecies
_P. p. jamesi_ are given second.
In the bird embryo, according to the studies of Romer (1927) and Wortham
(1948), the muscles within each segment of the leg differentiate from
distinct dorsal or ventral mesenchymal masses. Presumably these
represent the primitive dorsal extensor and ventral flexor muscle
masses. The list below indicates the ontogenetic origin of the avian leg
muscles, according to the studies of Romer and Wortham. The individual
muscles are discussed in the order in which they are listed below.
Dorsal muscles of thigh
M. extensor iliotibialis lateralis M. extensor iliofibularis
M. extensor iliotibialis anticus M. piriformis
M. ambiens M. gluteus profundus
M. vastus lateralis M. iliacus
M. vastus medialis M. iliotrochantericus medius
M. femoritibialis internus M. psoas
Ventral muscles of thigh
M. flexor cruris lateralis M. adductor superficialis
M. flexor cruris medialis M. adductor profundus
M. caudofemoralis M. obturator
M. flexor ischiofemoralis M. femorocruralis
Ventral muscles of shank
M. gastrocnemius M. flexor perforatus digiti III
M. flexor perforans et perforatus M. flexor perforatus digiti II
digiti II M. flexor hallucis longus
M. flexor perforans et perforatus M. plantaris
digiti III M. flexor digitorum longus
M. flexor perforatus digiti IV M. popliteus
Dorsal muscles of shank
M. peroneus longus M. extensor digitorum longus
M. tibialis anticus M. peroneus brevis
Dorsal muscles of foot
M. extensor hallucis longus M. extensor proprius digiti III
M. abductor digiti II M. extensor brevis digiti IV
M. extensor brevis digiti III
Ventral muscles of foot
M. lumbricalis (M. adductor digiti II--not
M. abductor digiti IV present)
M. flexor hallucis brevis (M. adductor digiti IV--not
present)
[Illustration: FIG. 12. _Tympanuchus pallidicinctus_ 2L. Lateral view of
the superficial muscles of the left leg. × 1.]
=_M. Extensor Iliotibialis Lateralis_= (M. iliotibialis), Figs. 12, 13,
20F, G
_T. pallidicinctus_
[Illustration: FIG. 13. _Tympanuchus pallidicinctus_ 2L. Medial view of
the superficial muscles of the left leg. × 1. Articular capsule shown by
concentrically arranged dashes.]
GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND RELATIONS.--Most superficial muscle on lateral
surface of thigh; broad, flat, and triangular; bounded anteriorly by M.
extensor iliotibialis anticus and posteriorly by M. flexor cruris
lateralis; posterior part considerably thicker than anterior part;
anteroproximal and centrodistal parts aponeurotic; extreme
posteroproximal corner also aponeurotic (could be considered tough sheet
of connective tissue intimately fused with M. extensor iliotibialis
lateralis, rather than part of muscle itself; see fig. 20F); latter
aponeurosis, as well as adjacent fleshy fibers, overlapped by M. flexor
cruris lateralis; this aponeurosis fused with posterior end of
underlying M. caudofemoralis pars iliofemoralis; centrodistal
aponeurosis tightly fused to underlying Mm. vastus lateralis and vastus
medialis; fleshy fibers posterior to this aponeurosis also fused with M.
vastus lateralis, although posterior third of muscle free; fleshy part
anterior to this aponeurosis bound by tough connective tissue to
underlying M. vastus medialis, although no fusion of fibers; anterior
edge tightly bound by strong connective tissue to M. extensor
iliotibialis anticus, with some fusion of fibers (proximally);
posteroproximal corner bound by tough connective tissue to adjacent
muscles; anteroproximal aponeurosis fused with aponeurotic
anteroproximal part of underlying M. extensor iliofibularis. Continuous
proximal aponeurosis of M. extensor iliotibialis anticus and of M.
extensor iliotibialis lateralis underlain by tough fascial sheet
overlying M. gluteus profundus; anterior part of this fascia tightly
fused to latter muscle but free from overlying aponeurosis; posterior
part of this fascia tightly fused to overlying aponeurosis but free from
M. gluteus profundus; middle part of fascia fused to both aponeurosis
and M. gluteus profundus.
[Illustration: FIG. 14. _Tympanuchus pallidicinctus_ 2L. Lateral view of
the muscles of the left leg. The following muscles have been removed:
extensor iliotibialis lateralis, extensor iliotibialis anticus,
gastrocnemius pars externa and pars interna, and peroneus longus. × 1.]
[Illustration: FIG. 15. _Tympanuchus pallidicinctus_ 2L. Medial view of
the muscles of the left leg. The following muscles have been removed:
extensor iliotibialis lateralis, extensor iliotibialis anticus, ambiens,
flexor cruris lateralis (in part), flexor cruris medialis (in part),
gastrocnemius pars externa and pars interna, and peroneus longus. × 1.]
ORIGIN.--Approximately the anterior half attaches by an extensive
aponeurosis, which is continuous anteriorly with that of M. extensor
iliotibialis anticus, to the anterior iliac crest, ending posteriorly at
the anterior end of the lateral iliac process; the posterior part
attaches fleshily to the edge of the entire lateral iliac process and
(posterior few mm.) aponeurotically to the entire lateral ischiatic
ridge. The proximal part of the belly is much thicker than the fleshy
origin. Two accessory aponeuroses associate with the anterior part of
the muscle; the proximal one of these comes off the deep surface several
mm. distal to the proximal end of the fleshy belly and passes medially
between Mm. gluteus profundus and iliacus, fusing to both these muscles,
and attaches to the lateral edge of M. iliotrochantericus medius and to
the lateral edge of the ilium anterior to the latter; the aponeurosis
actually splits into two sheets at the edge of M. iliotrochantericus
medius; these sheets fuse to the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the
latter muscle, enclosing it; the part of this aponeurosis between Mm.
iliacus and iliotrochantericus medius is strongly fused with the
underlying body wall. The distal accessory aponeurosis (sometimes weak)
comes off the deep surface several mm. distal to the proximal one and
passes medially along the ventral surface of M. iliacus, fusing with the
latter, then joining the proximal accessory aponeurosis medial to M.
iliacus.
INSERTION.--The muscle inserts by a broad aponeurosis strongly fused to
the underlying Mm. vastus lateralis and vastus medialis; the aponeurosis
contributes superficially to the patellar tendon, attaching to the
lateral half of the rotular crest.
[Illustration: FIG. 16. _Tympanuchus pallidicinctus_ 2L. Lateral view of
the muscles of the left leg. The following muscles, in addition to those
listed for Fig. 14, have been removed: ambiens, vastus lateralis pars
lateralis, vastus medialis (except for part of patellar tendon),
extensor iliofibularis, flexor cruris lateralis (in part), flexor
perforans et perforatus digiti II, and flexor perforans et perforatus
digiti III. × 1.]
INNERVATION.--A variable number of branches (usually two) of the middle
division of the femoral nerve pass ventral to M. iliacus and between Mm.
extensor iliotibialis anticus and vastus medialis and enter the deep
surface of the anteroproximal part of the muscle. The branch of the
middle peroneal division of the sciatic nerve emerges between the
proximal ends of Mm. extensor iliofibularis and vastus lateralis and
sends twigs into the deep surface of M. extensor iliotibialis lateralis.
INDIVIDUAL VARIATION.--In two legs, the nerve supplying M. extensor
iliotibialis anticus gives twigs into M. extensor iliotibialis
lateralis.
_T. cupido_
DIFFERENCES FROM _T. pallidicinctus_.--The fleshy origin from the
lateral iliac process is considerably thicker (reflected in a thicker
lateral iliac process).
INDIVIDUAL VARIATION.--In three legs the nerve supplying M. extensor
iliotibialis anticus gives twigs into M. extensor iliotibialis
lateralis. In another leg one of the branches to the fused Mm. vastus
lateralis and vastus medialis sends a twig into M. extensor iliotibialis
lateralis.
[Illustration: FIG. 17. _Tympanuchus pallidicinctus_ 2L. Lateral view of
the muscles of the left leg. The following muscles, in addition to those
listed for Fig. 16, have been removed: vastus lateralis pars postica,
gluteus profundus, flexor cruris medialis (in part), caudofemoralis,
flexor perforatus digiti IV, and tibialis anticus. × 1.]
_P. p. jamesi_
[Illustration: FIG. 18. _Tympanuchus pallidicinctus_ 2L. Lateral view of
the muscles of the left leg. The following muscles, in addition to those
listed for Fig. 17, have been removed: patellar tendon, iliacus,
iliotrochantericus medius, flexor cruris lateralis, flexor cruris
medialis, flexor ischiofemoralis, adductor superficialis,
femorocruralis, gastrocnemius pars media, flexor perforatus digiti III,
flexor perforatus digiti II, flexor hallucis longus, plantaris, flexor
digitorum longus, popliteus, and extensor digitorum longus. × 1.]
DIFFERENCES FROM TYPICAL _T. pallidicinctus_.--The posteroproximal
aponeurosis is more extensive, resulting in a narrower proximal fleshy
end (fig. 20G); the fleshy fibers adjacent to this aponeurosis are not
overlapped by M. flexor cruris lateralis. There is a fusion of fibers
between the anterodistal fleshy part of M. extensor iliotibialis
lateralis and the underlying M. vastus medialis, but there is no fusion
of fibers between the anterior edge of M. extensor iliotibialis
lateralis and M. extensor iliotibialis anticus. The connective tissue
binding the posteroproximal corner to adjacent muscles is stronger. The
fleshy part of the origin is narrower, partly tendinous, and much
thinner (reflected in a thin lateral iliac process). The proximal border
is much more nearly straight, owing to a less pronounced lateral iliac
process. The distal accessory aponeurosis is absent.
[Illustration: FIG. 19. _Tympanuchus pallidicinctus_ 2L. A. Posterior
view of the muscles of the left shank. The following shank muscles, in
addition to those listed for Fig. 17, have been removed: gastrocnemius
pars media, flexor perforatus digiti III, and flexor perforatus digiti
II. × 1. B. Posterior view of the proximal end of the shank, showing the
most deeply situated muscle. × 1. C. Lateral view of the head of the
left femur and the middle part of the pelvis, showing the deepest part
of M. obturator. × 1. D. Medial view of the posteroventral part of the
left side of the pelvis, showing the intrapelvic part of M. obturator. ×
1. E. Anterior view of the left tarsometatarsus, showing the dorsal
intrinsic muscles of the foot. × 1-1/2. F. Posterior view of the left
tarsometatarsus, showing the ventral intrinsic muscles of the foot. ×
1-1/2.]
INDIVIDUAL VARIATION.--The muscle is usually somewhat fused to the
posteroproximal and anteroproximal fleshy corners of the underlying M.
extensor iliofibularis.
=_M. Extensor Iliotibialis Anticus_= (M. sartorius), Figs. 12, 13
_T. pallidicinctus_
GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND RELATIONS.--Anteriormost muscle of thigh; long
and strap-shaped; proximal part entirely anterior (adjacent) to M.
extensor iliotibialis lateralis; posterior edge of middle part medial to
latter muscle; distal part mostly medial to Mm. extensor iliotibialis
lateralis and vastus medialis; proximal part aponeurotic, continuous
posteriorly with anteroproximal aponeurosis of M. extensor iliotibialis
lateralis; anterior edge of M. extensor iliotibialis lateralis bound by
strong connective tissue to adjacent part of M. extensor iliotibialis
anticus; some fusion of fibers (proximally) between these two muscles;
anteroproximal corner of fleshy part of muscle sometimes fused to
underlying anterior edge of ilium and fascia covering body wall
musculature adjacent (anterior) to ilium.
ORIGIN.--The muscle arises aponeurotically from the anterior part of the
anterior iliac crest and (anteroproximal corner) from the anterior end
of the median dorsal ridge.
INSERTION.--The flat tendon, continuous posteriorly with the superficial
tendon of M. femoritibialis internus, fuses to the tendon of M. vastus
medialis, contributing superficially to the medial part of the patellar
tendon, which attaches to the medial half of the rotular crest; most of
the tendon is overlapped by the edge of M. gastrocnemius pars interna.
INNERVATION.--A branch of the anterior division of the femoral nerve
gives twigs into the lateral surface of the posterior part.
INDIVIDUAL VARIATION.--In two legs, a twig from the anteriormost branch
of the middle division of the femoral nerve anastomoses with the typical
branch to M. extensor iliotibialis anticus.
_T. cupido_
INDIVIDUAL VARIATION.--In several legs, the anterior edge of origin
extends forward onto the neural spine of the last free thoracic
vertebra. A twig from the middle division of the femoral nerve
anastomoses with the typical branch to M. extensor iliotibialis anticus
in three legs.
_P. p. jamesi_
DIFFERENCES FROM TYPICAL _T. pallidicinctus_.--There is no fusion of
fibers between M. extensor iliotibialis anticus and M. extensor
iliotibialis lateralis.
INDIVIDUAL VARIATION.--The anterior edge of origin extends forward onto
the neural spine of the last free thoracic vertebra in some legs.
[Illustration: FIGURE 20. Explanation on opposite page.]
EXPLANATION OF FIGURE 20
A-D. Dorsal views of M. iliotrochantericus medius, showing its
relationship to femoral notch. × 1. In D, note absence of femoral notch
and location of branch of femoral nerve. A. _Tympanuchus pallidicinctus_
2L. B. _T. cupido pinnatus_ 4L. C. _Pedioecetes phasianellus jamesi_ 1L.
D. _T. pallidicinctus_ 3L.
E. Medial view of distal end of M. flexor cruris medialis of _P. p.
jamesi_ 4L. × 1. Part of insertion is covered by medial collateral
ligament.
F,G. Lateral views of posteroproximal corner of M. extensor iliotibialis
lateralis (removed from specimen). × 1. F. _T. pallidicinctus_ 2L. G.
_P. p. jamesi_ 3L.
H,I. Dorsolateral views of M. piriformis. × 1. H. _P. p. jamesi_ 1L. I.
_T. cupido attwateri_ 1L.
J. Lateral view of M. caudofemoralis pars caudifemoralis (removed from
specimen) of _T. c. pinnatus_ 4L. × 1.
K. Lateral view of extrapelvic part of M. obturator of _T.
pallidicinctus_ 3L (bones not shown). × 2.
L,M. Region surrounding obturator foramen of _T. pallidicinctus_ 3L,
showing points of attachment of three parts of M. obturator (muscles
removed). × 3. L. Lateral view. M. Medial view.
N. Anterior view of left tarsometatarsus of _P. p. jamesi_ 4L, showing
dorsal intrinsic muscles of foot. × 1-1/2. Tendon of M. extensor
digitorum longus has been removed.
=_M. Ambiens_=, Figs. 13, 16, 17
_T. pallidicinctus_