Ignorance: Genteel (Essay XVIII.), 253-263;

among French royalists, 254, 255;

in religion, 256, 257;

in regard to pecuniary conditions, 258, 259;

of likeness and unlikeness, 260, 261;

disadvantages, 262;

drives people from society, 263;

Patriotic (Essay XIX.), 264-279;

a narrow satisfaction, 264;

French ignorance of English art, 265, 267;

of English game, 268;

of English fruit, 269;

English errors as to mountains, 270, 271;

fuel, manly vigor, 272, 273;

word _universal_, 274;

universities, 275, 276;

literature, 277;

leads to war, 277, 278;

not the best patriotism, 279;

unavoidable, 301;

contented, 302;

of gentlewomen, 381, 382.

(See _Nationality_, etc.)

Imagination, a luxury, 300.

Immorality: too easily forgiven in princes, 168;

considered essential to Bohemianism, 295.

(See _Vice_.)

Immortality: connection with music, 191;

menaces and rewards, 193.

(See _Priests_, etc.)

Impartiality, not shown by clergy, 194.

Impediments, to national intercourse (Essay XI.), 148-160.

Impertinence, ease of manner mistaken for, 250.

Incompatibility: inexplicable, 10;

one of two great powers deciding intercourse, 11.

(See _Friendship_, etc.)

Independence: (Essay II.), 12-32;

illusory and real, influence of language, 12;

illustrations, 13;

railway travel destructive to, 14;

conventionality and French ideas of _good form_, 15;

social repressions and London life, 16;

local despotism, 17;

the French rural aristocracy, 18;

illustrations and social exclusion, 19;

humor and domestic anxiety, society not essential, 20;

palliations to solitude, outside of society, absolute solitude, 21;

rural illustrations, 22;

incident in a French town, 23;

one in Scotland, 24;

on a steamer, 25;

English reticence, 26;

an evil of solitude, pursuits in common, 27;

illustration from Mill, deterioration of an artist, 28;

patient endurance, the refreshment of books, 29;

companionship of nature, 30;

consolation of labor, 31;

an objection to this relief, 32;

a fault, 69;

of Philistines and Bohemians (Essay XXI.), 295-314 _passim_.

(See _Society_, etc.)

Independents, the, in England, 170.

India: a brother's cold farewell, 67;

relations of England, 279.

Indians, their Bohemian life, 298, 306.

Individualism, affected by railways, 13-15.

Individuality, reliance upon our own, iv.

Indolence: destroying friendship, 116;

stupid, 197;

causes wrong judgment, 293;

part of Bohemianism, 295;

in business, 356;

in reading letters, 366-369.

Indulgences, affecting friendship, 115.

Industry: to be respected, 132;

professional work, 196;

Buffon's and Littré's, 209, 210;

ignorance about English, 265, 266;

of a Philistine, 300;

in letter-writing, 356.

Inertia, in middle-life, 302.

Infidelity: affecting political rights, 162, 163;

withstood by Dissent, 257.

Ink: dilution to save expense, 333;

red, 369.

Inquisition, the, in Spain, 180.

Inspiration, in Jacquemont's letters, 348.

Intellectuality: a restraint upon passion, 38;

affecting family ties, 73, 74;

its pursuits, 127;

denied to England, 265, 266, 267;

ambition for, 283;

the accompaniment of wealth, 297;

outside of, 301;

enjoyed, 306.

Intelligence: the supreme, 176, 177;

connection with leisure, 197.

Intercession, feminine fondness for, 175, 176.

Intercourse. (This subject is so interwoven with the whole work that

special references are impossible.)

Interdependence, illustrated by literary work, 12.

Interviews, compared with letters, 354-357.

Intimacy: mysteriously hindered, 10;

with nature, 302.

Intolerance, of amusements, 389.

Intrusion, dreaded by the English, 243, 247.

Inventions, why sometimes misjudged, 292, 293.

Irascibility, in parents, 75, 76.

Iron, in France, 272.

Irving, Washington, on Goldsmith, 310.

Isolation: affecting study, 28, 29;

alleviations, 29-31.

(See _Independence_.)

Italian Language: Latin naturalized, 155;

merriment in using, 158.

Italy: Byron's sojourn, 50;

Goethe's, 51,

titles and poverty, 136;

overstatement a habit, 234;

papal government, 255, 256;

travelling-vans, 261,

allusion, 271;

why live there, 285, 286;

tourists, 291;

Goldsmith's travels, 309;

forms in letter-writing, 325.

Jacquemont, Victor, his letters, 348-350.

James, an imaginary friend, 343, 344.

Jardin des Plantes, Buffon's work, 209.

Jealousy: national, 7;

domestic, 65,

youthful, effect of primogeniture, 66;

between England and France, 150;

Greece need not awaken, 159,

excited by the confessional, 202, 203;

in anonymous letters, 371.

Jerusalem, the Ark lost, 229.

Jewelry: worn by priests, 202;

enjoyment of, 297.

Jews: not the only subjects of useful study, 207, 208, 211;

God of Battles, 224;

advance of knowledge, 230.

(See _Bible_.)

John, an imaginary friend, 344, 345.

Jones, an imaginary gentleman, 130.

Justice: feminine disregard, 180;

connection with priesthood, 194.

Keble, John, Christian Year, 198.

Kempis, Thomas à, his great work, 95.

Kenilworth, anecdote, 277.

Kindness, how to be received, 117.

Kindred: affected by incompatibility, 10;

Family Ties (Essay V.), 63, 77;

given by Fate, 75.

(See _Sons_, etc.)

Kings: divine right, 255;

on cards, 289;

courtesy in correspondence, 317;

a poetic figure, 386, 387.

(See _Rank_, etc.)

Knarsbrugh, Eng., 320.

Knyghton, Henry, quotation, 251.

Lakes, English, 270.

Lancashire, Eng.: all residents not in cotton-trade, 288;

residence, 318,

drinking-habits, 378.

Land-ownership, 131.

Landscape: companionship, 31;

ignorance about the English, 270.

Languages: as affecting friendship, 7;

similarity, 10;

influences interdependence, 12;

study of foreign, 29, 84, 85;

ignorance of, an Obstacle (Essay XI.), 148-160;

impediment to national intercourse, 148;

mutual ignorance of the French and English, 149;

commercial advantages, American kinship, 150;

an imperfect knowledge induces reticence, 151;

rarity of full knowledge, 152;

illustrations, first stage of learning a tongue, 153;

second, 154;

third, fourth, 155;

fifth, learning by ear, 156;

absurdities, idioms, forms of politeness, 157;

a universal speech, 158;

Greek commended, 159;

advantages, 160;

one enough, 301, 305;

acquaintance with six, 304;

foreign letters, 364, 365.

Latin: teaching, 84;

construction unnatural, 155;

in the Renaissance, 212;

church, 258;

proverb, 287;

poetry, 289;

in telegrams, 324;

Horace, 361;

_corrogata_, 390.

Laws: difficult to ascertain, viii;

human resignation to, xi;

of Human Intercourse (Essay I.), 3-11;

fixed knowledge difficult, 3,

common belief, 4;

similarity of interest, 5;

may breed antagonism, 6;

national prejudices, 7;

likeness begets friendship, 8;

idiosyncrasy and adaptability, 9;

intimacy slow, 10;

law of the pleasure of human intercourse still hidden, 11;

fixed, 179;

feminine disregard, 184;

quiet tone, 193;

regularity and interference (Essay XV.), 215-231 _passim_;

legal distinctions, 280, 281.

Laymen, contrasted with clergy, 181, 182.

Lectures, one-sided, 29.

Legouvé, M.: on filial relations, 78;

religious question, 93;

anecdote of chirography, 332.

Leisure: its connection with refinement, 125, 126;

varying in different professions, 196, 197.

Leloir, Louis, fondness for etching, 401.

Lent, allusion, 198.

Letters. (See _Correspondence_.)

Lever, Charles: quotation from That Boy of Norcott's, 249, 250;

finances misunderstood, 259, 260;

boating, 259, 394.

Lewes, George Henry: relation to Marian Evans, 45;

quotation from Life of Goethe, 244.

Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, immortal saying, 385.

L'Honneur et l'Argent, quotation, 304, 335.

Liberality: French lack of, 18, 19;

induced by hospitality, 99, 100;

apparent, 173.

Liberty: in religion (Essay XII.), 161-174;

private and public, 281, 282;

_liberté_, 282, 283;

with friends in letters, 353.

Libraries: value, 286, 287;

narrow specimens, 302.

Lies, at a premium, 162, 163.

Life: companionship for, 44-62;

enjoyed in different ways, 306.

Likeness, the secret of companionship, 8.

Limpet, an illustration of incivility, 108.

Literature: conventional, 15;

influence of the humbler classes, 22, 23;

softens isolation, 29, 31;

deaths from love, 39;

affecting fraternity, 64;

youthful nonsense not tolerated in books, 89;

superiority to mercenary motives, 132;

advantages of mutual national knowledge, 149-153;

rivals in its own domain, 154;

not necessarily religious, 198;

English periodical, 237;

ignorance about English, 267;

and Philistinism, 286, 287;

singleness of aim, 289;

English, 305;

not an amusement, 400.

Littré, Maximilien Paul Émile, his noble life, 209-211.

Livelihood, anxiety about, 20.

London: mental independence, 16-18;

solitude needless, 20;

Mill's rank, 56;

old but new, 136;

Flower Sunday, 189;

pestilence improbable, 222;

The Times, 244;

centre of English literature, 267;

business time contrasted with that of Paris, 273;

buildings, 291;

Palmer leaving, 310;

cabman, 335;

a famous Londoner, 399.

Lottery, illustrative of kinship, 75.

Louis II., amusements, 386-388.

Louis XVIII., impiety, 167.

Louvre: English art excluded, 267;

confounded with other buildings, 291.

Love: of nature, 30;

Passionate (Essay III.), 33-43;

nature, blindness, 33;

not the monopoly of youth, debauchery, 34;

permanence not assured, 35;

"in a cottage," perilous to happiness, socially limited, 36;

restraints, higher and lower, 37;

varieties, selfishness, in intellectual people, 38;

poetic subject, dying for, 39;

old maids, unlawful in married people, 40;

French fiction, early marriage repressed by civilization, 41;

passion out of place, the endless song, 42;

natural correspondences and Shelley, 43;

in marriage, 44-62;

some family illustrations, 63-77;

wife's relations, 73;

paternal and filial (Essay VI.), 78-98 _passim_;

between friends (Essay VIII.), 110-118;

divine, 178, 179;

family, 205.

(See _Brothers_, _Family_, etc.)

Lowell, James Russell, serious humor, 20.

Lower Classes, the: English rural, 22;

rudeness, 75;

religious privileges, 170, 171.

Luxury, material, 298.

(See _Philistinism_.)

Lyons, France, the Academy, 275.

Macaulay, T. B., quotations, 181, 200, 224, 344, 345.

Macleod, Dr. Norman, his sympathy, 186, 187.

Magistracy, French, 283.

Mahometanism, as affecting intercourse, 5.

Malice: harmless, 269;

in letters, 371-377.

Manchester, Eng., life there, 31.

Manners: affected by wealth, 125-129;

by leisure, 197;

by aristocracy, 246.

(See _Courtesy_, etc.)

Manufactures: under fixed law, 228;

ignorance about English, 265, 266, 268.

Marriage: responsibility increased, 25, 26;

or celibacy? 34;

Shelley's, does not assure love, 35;

following love, 36;

irregular, 37;

restraints of superior intellects, 38;

love outside of, 40;

early marriage restrained by civilization, 41;

philosophy of this, 42;

Companionship in (Essay IV.), 44-62;

life-journey, 44;

alienations for the sake of intellectual companionship, 45;

illustrations, 46, 47;

mistakes not surprising, 48;

Byron, 49, 50;

Goethe, 51, 52;

Mill, 53, 54;

difficulty in finding true mates, 55;

exceptional cases not discouraging, 56;

easier for ordinary people, 57;

inequality, 58;

hopeless tranquillity, 59;

youthful dreams dispelled, 60;

Nature's promises, how fulfilled, 61;

"I thee worship," 62;

wife's relations, 73;

filial obedience, 94-97;

destroying friendship, 115;

affecting personal wealth, 119;

social treatment, 120;

of children, 123;

effect of royal religion, 166;

and of lower-class, 171;

civil and religious, 184, 185;

clerical, 196, 198-201;

of absent friends, 338;

French customs, 339;

Montaigne's sentiments, 351, 352;

slanderous attempts to prevent, 371-375;

household cares, 381;

breakfasts, 385, 386.

(See _Women_, etc.)

Mask, a simile, 370.

Mediocrity, dead level of, 236.

Mediterranean Sea, allusion, 399.

Meissonier, Jean Ernest Louis, his talent, 284.

Melbourne, Bishop of, 221.

Men, choose for themselves, 197.

(See _Marriage_, _Sons_, _Women_, etc.)

Mephistopheles, allusion, 235.

Merchants, connection with national peace, 149, 150.

Mérimée, Prosper, Correspondence, 321.

Metallurgy, under fixed law, 228.

Methodists, the: in England, 170;

hymns, 257.

Michelet, Jules: on the Church, 189, 190;

on the confessional, 202, 203.

Middle Classes: Dickens's descriptions, 20;

rank of some authors, 56;

domestic rudeness, 75;

table customs, 103;

religious freedom, 170;

clerical inferences, 183.

(See _Classes_, _Lower Class_, etc.)

Mignet, François Auguste Marie: friendship with Thiers, 120;

condition, 121.

Military Life: illustration, 21;

filial obedience, 80;

religion, 123;

religious conformity, 169;

antagonistic to toleration, 173, 174;

French, 272;

allusion, 300, 307.

Mill, John Stuart: social affinities, 20;

aversion to unintellectual society, 27, 28;

relations to women, 53-55;

social rank, 56;

education by his father, 81-84;

on friendship, 112, 113;

on sneering depreciation, 237;

on English conduct towards strangers, 245;

on social stupidity, 263.

Milnes, Richard Monckton. (See _Lord Houghton_.)

Milton, John, Palmer's constant interest, 313.

Mind, weakened by concession, 147.

Misanthropy, appearance of, 27.

Montaigne, Michel: marriage, 59;

letter to wife, 351, 352.

Montesquieu, Baron, allusion, 147.

Months, trade terms for, 365.

Morris, Lewis, A Cynic's Day-dream, 393.

Mothers, "loud-tongued," 75.

(See _Children_, _Women_, etc.)

Mountains: climbing affected by railways, 14;

quotation from Byron, 30;

in pictures, 43;

glory in England and France, 270, 271;

Mont Blanc, where situated, 271.

Mozart, Johann Chrysostom Wolfgang Amadeus, allusion, 289.

Muloch, Dinah Maria, confounded with George Eliot, 290.

Music: detached from religion, xii, xiii;

voice of love, 42;

affecting fraternity, 64;

connection with religion, 191;

illustration of harmony, 389.

Nagging, by parents, 76.

Napoleon I.: and the Universe, 273, 274;

privations, 308;

_mot_ of the Pope, 341;

Rémusat letters, 350.

Napoleon III.: death, son, 225;

ignorance of German power, 278;

losing Sedan, 308.

Nationality: prejudices, 7;

to be respected at table, 106, 107;

different languages an obstacle to intercourse (Essay XI.), 148-160;

mutual ignorance (Essay XIX.), 264-279 _passim_.

National Gallery, London, 291.

Nature: compensations, iv;

causes, xii;

laws not deducible from single cases, 4;

inestimable gifts, 26;

beauty an alleviation of solitude, loyalty, 30, 31;

opposed to civilization in love-matters, 41;

universality of love, 42, 43;

promises fulfilled, 60-62;

revival of study, 212;

laws fixed (Essay XV.), 215-231 _passim_;

De Saussure's study, 230, 231;

expressed in painting, 232, 233;

nearness, 303-314 _passim_;

her destroyers, 393.

Navarre, King Henry of, 224.

Navy, a young officer's acquaintance, 25, 26.

Neglect, destroys friendship, 116.

Nelson, Lord: the navy in his time, 279;

letter in battle, 327, 328.

Nerves, affected by rudeness, 128, 129.

New England, a blond native, 240.

Newspapers: on nature and the supernatural, xii;

adultery reports in English, 41;

personal interest, 124;

regard for titles, 137;

quarrels between English and American, 150;

reading, 156;

on royalty, 166, 167;

deaths in, 225;

English and French subservience to rank, 248;

a bourgeois complaint, 286;

crossing the seas, 337, 338.

New Year's, French customs, 339.

Niagara Rapids, 290.

Night, Palmer's watches, 312.

Nikias, a military leader, his superstition, 215-217, 229.

Nineteenth Century, earlier half, 205, 206.

Nobility: the English have two churches to choose from, 169-171, 173;

opposition to Dissent, 256, 257.

Nonconformity, English, 256, 257.

(See _Dissent_, etc.)

Normans, influence of the Conquest, 251, 252.

Oaths, no obstacle to hypocrisy, 162.

Obedience, filial (Essay VI.), 78-98.

Observation, cultivated, 290, 291.

Obstacles: of Language, between nations (Essay XI.), 148-160;

of Religion (Essay XII.), 161-174.

Occupations, easily confused, 288, 289.

Oil, mineral, 288.

Old Maids, defence, 379-382.

Olympus, unbelief in its gods, 162.

Oman, sea of, 226.

Opinions: not the result of volition, xiii;

of guests to be respected, 105, 106;

changes affecting friendship, 112, 113.

Orange, William of, correspondence, 344, 345.

Oratory, connection with religion, xii, 191-195.

Order of the Universe, to be trusted, iii.

Originality: seen in authorship, 12;

how hindered and helped, 13, 14;

French estimate, 15.

Orthodoxy, placed on a level with hypocrisy, 162, 163.

Ostentation, to be shunned in amusements, 401.

Oxford: opinion of a learned doctor about Christ's divinity, 6;

Shelley's expulsion, 96;

its antiquity, 275, 276.

Paganism: hypocrisy, and preferment, 162;

gods and wars, 224.

Paget, Lady Florence, curt letter, 321.

Pain, feminine indifference to, 180.

Painters: taste in travel, 14;

deterioration of a, 28;

discovering new beauties, 60;

Corot, 310, 311;

Palmer, 312;

one in adversity, 314;

gayety not in pictures, 341;

sketches in letters, 345;

of boats, 359;

lack of business in French painter, 367, 368;

idle sketches, 400;

Leloir, 401.

Painter's Camp in the Highlands, 379.

Painting: fondness for it a cause of discord, 6;

French excellence, 8;

interdependence, 13;

high aims, 28;

palpitating with love, 43;

affecting fraternity, 64;

none in heaven, 191;

not necessarily religious, 198;

copies, 203;

two methods, 232, 233;

convenient building, 261;

ignorance about English, 265-267;

not merely an amusement, 400.

(See _Art_, etc.)

Paleontology, allusion, 206.

Palgrave, Gifford, saved from shipwreck, 226-228.

Palmer, George, a speech, 223.

Palmer, Samuel, his Bohemianism, 312, 313.

Palmer, William, in Russia, 257, 258.

Paper, used in correspondence, 328.

Paradise: the arts in, 191;

affecting pulpit oratory, 193.

(See _Priests_.)

Paris: an artistic centre, 8;

incivility at a dinner, 107;

effect of wealth, 121;

elegant house, 142;

English residents, 150;

a lady's reply about English knowledge of French language, 152;

Notre Dame, 190;

Jardin des Plantes, 209;

hotel incident, 240-242;

not a desert, 242;

light of the world, 266, 267, 274;

resting after _déjeûner_, 273;

confusion about buildings, 291;

an illiterate tradesman, 360, 361;

the _Salon_, 367.

Parliament: illustration of heredity, 93;

indebtedness of members to trade, 135;

infidelity in, 162;

superiority of pulpit, 191;

George Palmer, 223;

questions in, 241;

Houses, 291.

Parsimony: affecting family ties, 70;

in hospitality, 104, 105.

Patriotism: obligations, 12;

Littré's, 210;

Patriotic Ignorance (Essay XIX.), 264-279;

places people in a dilemma, 264;

anecdotes of French and English errors, about art, literature,

mountains, landscapes, fuel, ore, schools, language, 265-277;

ignorance leading to war, 277-279;

suspected of lacking, 287-288.

Peace, affected by knowledge of, languages, 148-150, 160.

Peculiarity, of English people towards each other (Essay XVII.), 239-252.

Pedagogues, their narrowness, 154.

Pedestrianism: as affected by railways, 14;

in France, 272, 273;

not enjoyed, 302.

Peel, Arthur, his indebtedness to trade, 135.

Pencil, use, when permissible, 333.

Periodicals, akin to correspondence, 30.

Persecution, feminine sympathy with, 80, 181.

Perseverance, Buffon's and Littré's, 209, 210.

Personality: its "abysmal deeps," 11;

repressed by conventionality, 15;

accompanies independence, 17;

affecting family ties, 63-77 _passim_;

paternal and filial differences, 78-98 _passim_;

its frank recognition, 98;

confused, anecdotes, 289, 290.

Persuasion, feminine trust in, 175.

Pestilence, God's anger in, 222.

Peter the Great, sad relations to his son, 95, 96.

Philistinism: illustrative stories, 285, 286;

defined, 297;

passion for comfort, 298;

asceticism and indulgence, 299, 300;

a life-portrait, 300-303;

estimate of life, 303;

an English lady's parlor, 304, 305;

contrast, 306;

avoidance of needless exposure, 313.

Philology: a rival of literature, 154;

favorable to progress in language, 155.

Philosophy: detached from religion, xii;

rational tone, 193.

Photography: a French experience, 24;

under fixed law, 228.

Physicians: compared with priests, 186;

rational, 193;

Littré's service, 210.

Picturesque, regard for the, 7.

Piety: and law (Essay XV.), 215-231 _passim_;

shipwreck, 226, 227.

Pitt, William, foreign disturbances in his day, 150.

Pius VII., on Napoleon, 341.

Play, boyish friendship in, 111.

Pleasures, three in amusements, 399, 400.

Plebeians, in England, 251, 252.

Plumpton Correspondence, 318-323, 331.

Poetry: detached from religion, xii;

of love, 42;

dulness to, 47;

Shelley's, 47;

Byron's, 50, 345-349;

Goethe's, 51;

and science, 57;

Tennyson on Brotherhood, 67;

lament, 73;

art, 154;

music in heaven, 191;

Keble, 198;

Battle of Ivry, 224;

French, 268, 269;

Latin, loyalty of Tennyson, 289;

French couplet, 304;

in a library, 305;

"If I be dear," 325;

Horace, 361;

Palace of Art, 386;

quotation from Morris, 393;

line about anticipation, 399.

Poets: ideas about the harmlessness of love, 36;

avoidance of practical difficulties, 39;

love in natural scenery, 43.

Politics: conventional, 15;

French narrowness, 18, 19;

coffee-house, 28;

inherited opinions, 93;

opinions of guests to be respected, 105, 106;

affecting friendship, 113-115;

affected by ignorance of language, 148, 150, 160;

adaptation of Greek language, 158;

disabilities arising from religion, 161-174;

divine government, 229;

genteel ignorance, 254-256;

votes sought, 257;

affected by national ignorance, 277-279;

distinctions confounded, 280-284;

verses on letter-writing, 335.

Ponsard, François, quotations, 304, 335.

Popes: their infidelity, 162;

temporal power, 255, 256.

(See _Roman Catholicism_, etc.)

Popular Notions, often wrong, 292.

Postage, cheap, 336.

Postal Union, a forerunner, 159.

Post-cards, affecting correspondence, 329, 330, 335.

Poverty: allied with shrewdness, 22;

affecting friendship (Essay IX.), 116, 119-129;

priestly visits, 183;

Littré's service, 210;

ignorance about, 258-260;

French rhyme, 304;

not always the concomitant of Bohemianism, 309;

not despised, 314;

in epistolary forms, 317.

Prayers: reading in French, 158;

averting calamities, 220-231 _passim_.

Prejudices: about great men, 4;

national, 7;

of English gentlewomen, 382.

Pride: of a wife, 59;

in family wealth, 66;

refusal of gifts, 68;

in shooting, 390.

Priesthood: Priests and Women (Essay XIII.), 175-204;

meeting feminine dependence, 178;

affectionate interest, 179;

representing God, 182;

sympathy, 183;

marriages and burials, 184;

baptism and confirmation, 185;

death, 186;

Queen Victoria's reflections, 186, 187;

æsthetic interest, 188;

vestments, 189;

architecture, 190;

music, 191;

oratory and dignity, 192;

heaven and hell, 193;

partisanship, 194;

association in benevolence, 195;

influence of leisure, 196;

custom and ceremony, 197;

holy seasons, 198;

celibacy, 199;

marriage in former times, 200;

sceptical sons, 201;

confessional, 202;

assumption of superiority, 203;

perfunctory goodness, 204.

Primogeniture, affecting family ties, 66.

Privacy: of a host, to be respected, 109;

in letters, 350, 357.

Procrastination: in correspondence, 318, 319, 356;

anecdotes, 366-369.

Profanity, definition, 208.

Professions, contrasted with trades, 132, 133.

Progress, five stages in the study of language, 153-157.

Promptness: in correspondence, 316, 317, 329;

in business, 368.

Propriety, cloak for vice, 297.

Prose: an art, 154;

eschewed by Tennyson, 289.

Prosody, rival of literature, 154.

Protestantism: in France, 19, 165, 256;

Prussian tyranny, 173;

exclusion of music, 191;

clerical marriages, 200, 201;

auricular confession, 201-203;

liberty infringed, 281.

Providence and Law (Essay XV.), 215-231 _passim_.

Prussia: Protestant tyranny, 173;

a soldier's cloak, 189;

military strength, 278.

Public Men, wrong judgment about, 4.

Punch's Almanack, quoted, 133.

Pursuits, similarity in, 10.

Puseyism, despised, 284, 285.

Puzzle, language regarded as a, 153, 154.

Rabelais, quotation, 165.

Racehorses, illustration, 65.

Radicalism, definition, 282, 283.

Railways: affecting independence, 13-15;

meditations in a French, 17;

story in illustration of rudeness, 108, 109;

distance from, 116;

French accident, 218-220;

moving huts, 261, 262;

Stephenson's locomotive, 293;

allusion, 309;

journeys saved, 360;

compared to sailing, 395.

Rain: cause of accident, 219;

prayers for, 221.

Rank: a power for good, 5;

conversation of French people of, 16;

pursuit of, 27;

discrimination in hospitality, 104;

affecting friendship, 116;

Differences (Essay X.), 130-147;

social precedence, 130;

land and money, 131;

trades and professions, 132-135;

unreal distinctions, 135;

to be ignored, 136;

English and Continental views, 136, 137;

family without title, 138;

affecting hospitality, 139-145;

price, deference, 145-147;

English admiration, 241, 242, 248, 249-252;

connection with amusement, 383-401 _passim_.

Rapidity, in letter-writing, 324, 325.

Reading, in a foreign language, 154-158.

Reading, Eng., speech, 223, 224.

Reasoning, in letters, 384, 385.

Rebels, contrasted with reformers, 280.

Recreation, the purpose of amusement, 389.

Reeve, Henry, knowledge of French, 152.

Reformers, and rebels, 280, 281.

Refinement: affecting family harmony, 64;

companionship, 71;

enhanced by wealth, 125, 126.

Religion: affecting human intercourse, xi-xiii;

detached from the arts, xii;

affecting friendship, 5, 6;

conventional, 15;

Cheltenham prejudice, 19;

formal in England, 63;

affecting fraternity, 64;

affecting family regard, 74;

clergyman's son, 90, 91;

family differences, 93, 94;

to be respected in guests, 105, 106;

destroying friendship, 113;

Evangelical, 123;

personal deterioration, 124;

mercenary motives, 132, 133;

title-worship, 137;

an Obstacle (Essay XII.), 161-174;

the dominant, 161;

a hindrance to honest people, 162;

dissimulation, 163;

apparent liberty, 164;

social penalties, 165;

no liberty for princes, 166;

French illustration, 167;

royal liberty in morals, 168;

official conformity, 169;

greater freedom in the lower ranks, 170;

less in small communities, 171;

liberty of rejection and dissent, 172;

false position, 173;

enforced conformity, 174;

Priests and Women (Essay XIII.), 175-204;

of love, 178, 179;

Why we are Apparently becoming Less Religious (Essay XIV.), 205-214;

meditations of ladies of former generation, 205;

trust in Bible, 206;

idealization, 207;

Nineteenth Century inquiries, 208;

Buffon as an illustration, 209;

Littré, 210;

compared with Bible characters, 211;

the Renaissance, 212;

boundaries outgrown, 213;

less theology, 214;

How we are Really becoming Less Religious (Essay XV.), 215-231;

superstition, 215;

supernatural interference, 216, 217;

idea of law diminishes emotion, 218;

railway accident, 219;

prayers and accidents, 220;

future definition, 221;

penitence and punishment, 222;

war and God, 223;

natural order, 224;

Providence, 225;

salvation from shipwreck, 226;

_un hazard providentiel_, 227;

_irreligion_, 228;

less piety, 229;

devotion and science, 230;

wise expenditure of time, 231;

feuds, 240;

genteel ignorance of established churches, 255-258;

French ignorance of English Church, 275;

distinctions confounded, 281, 282;

intolerance mixed with social contempt, 284, 285;

activity limited to religion and riches, 301;

in old letters, 320, 321, 323;

female interest in the author's welfare, 377, 378;

in theology, 379, 380.

(See _Church of England_, _Methodism_, _Protestantism_, etc.)

Rémusat, Mme. de, letters, 350.

Renaissance, expansion of study in the, 212.

Renan, Ernest, one objection to trade, 132.

Republic, French, 254, 283, 284.

Residence, affecting friendship, 116.

Respect: the road to filial love, 98;

why liked, 122;

in correspondence, 316.

Restraints, of marriage and love, 36, 37.

Retrospection, pleasures of, 400.

Revolution, French, 209, 246, 283.

(See _France_.)

Riding, Lever's difficulties, 260.

Rifles: in hunting, 391-393;

names, 392.

Rights. (See different heads, such as _Hospitality_, _Sons_, etc.)

Robinson Crusoe, illustration, 21.

Rock, simile, 251.

Roland, his sword Durindal, 391.

Roman Camp, site, 14.

Roman Catholicism: its effect on companionship, 6;

seen in rural France, 19;

illustration of the Pope, 87;

infidel sons, 93;

wisdom of celibacy, 120;

infidel dignitaries, 162;

liberty in Spain, 164;

royalty hearing Mass, 167;

military salute to the Host, 169;

recognition in England, 169, 170, 173;

Continental intolerance, 172, 173;

a conscientious traveller, 173;

oppression in Prussia, 173;

tradesmen compelled to hear Mass, 174;

Madonna's influence, 176;

priestly consolation, 183;

use of art, 188-190;

Dominican dress, 189;

cathedrals, the Host, 190;

astuteness, celibacy, 199;

female allies, 200;

confessional, 201, 202;

feudal tenacity, 255;

Protestantism ignored, 256;

Romanism ignored by the Greek Church, 258;

compulsory attendance, 282.

(See _Priesthood_, _Religion_, etc.)

Romance: like or dislike for, 7;

glamour of love, 42.

Rome: people not subjected to the papacy, 255, 256;

Byron's letter, 347.

Rossetti, on Mrs. Harriett Shelley, 46.

Rouen Cathedral, 190.

Royal Academy, London, 266, 276.

Royal Society, London, 274.

Royalty, its religious bondage, 166-169, 171.

Rugby, residence of a father, 84.

Ruolz, the inventor, his bituminous paper, 358, 359.

Russell, Lord Arthur, his knowledge of French, 152.

Russia: religious position of the Czar, 168;

orthodoxy, 257, 258;

war with Turkey, 278.

(See _Greek Church_.)

Sabbath, its observance, 123.

Sacredness, definition of, 208.

Sacrifices: demanded by courtesy, 315, 316;

in letter-writing, 329-331;

to indolence, 368.

Sahara, love-simile, 60.

Saint Bernard, qualities, 230, 231.

Saint Hubert's Day, carousal, 345.

Saints, in every occupation, 209.

Salon, French, 266, 276, 367.

Sarcasm: lasting effects, 66;

brutal and paternal, 97.

Satire. (See _Sarcasm_.)

Savagery, return to, 298.

(See _Barbarism_, _Civilization_.)

Saxons, influence in England, 251, 252.

Scepticism: and religious rites, 184, 185;

in clergymen's sons, 201.

(See _Heresy_.)

Schools, prejudice against French, 106.

Schuyler's Life of Peter the Great, 96.

Science: study affected by isolation, 29;

and poetry, 57;

superiority to mercenary motives, 132;

in language, 154;

adaptation of Greek language to, 158;

illustration, 166;

cold, 176, 178, 190;

disconnected with religion, 198;

affecting Bible study, 206;

connection with religion (Essay XV.), 215-231 _passim_.

Scolding, 75, 76.

Scotland: a chance acquaintance, 25, 26;

gentleman's sacrifice for his son, 84;

incident in a country-house, 131;

religious incident in travel, 173;

a painter's hint, 232;

the Highlands, 271;

scenery, 379;

cricket impossible, 398.

Scott, Sir Walter: indebtedness to the poor, 22;

Lucy of Lammermoor, 39, 143, 144;

Jeanie Deans, 175;

supposed American ignorance of, 277;

quotation from Waverley, 327;

Provost's letter, 365.

Sculpture: warmed by love, 42, 43;

none in heaven, 191;

ignorance about English, 265.

(See _Art_, etc.)

Seals on letters, 326-328.

Secularists: in England, 171;

tame oratory, 193.

Sedan, cause of lost battle, 308.

Seduction, how restrained, 38.

Self-control, grim, 397.

Self-esteem, effect of benevolence in developing, 196.

Self-examination, induced by letters, 380.

Self-indulgence, of opposite kinds, 299, 300.

Self-interest: affecting friendship, 116;

at the confessional, 202.

Selfishness: affected by marriage, 26;

desire for comfort, 27;

affecting passion, 38;

in hosts, 101, 102;

in a letter, 334;

in amusements, 397.

Sensuality, connection with Bohemianism, 296.

Sentences, reading, 156.

Sentiment, none in business, 353, 364.

Separations: between friends, 111-118;

letter-writing during, 338;

Tasso family, 350, 351.

Sepulchre, whited, 297.

Sermons: one-sided, 29;

in library, 302.

Servants: marriage to priests, 200;

often needful, 259;

concomitants of wealth, 297, 298;

none, 307;

in letters, 324;

anonymous letter, 376;

hired to wait, 397.

Severn River, 270.

Sexes: pleasure in association, 3;

passionate love, 34;

relations socially limited, 36, 37;

antagonism of nature and civilization, 41;

in natural scenery, 43;

inharmony in marriages, 44-62 _passim_;

sisters and brothers, 65;

connection with confession, 201-204;

lack of analysis, 280;

Bohemian relations, 296, 297.

Shakspeare: indebtedness to the poor, 22;

Juliet, 39;

portraiture of youthful nonsense, 88;

allusion by Grant White, 277;

Macbeth and Hamlet confused, 290;

Polonius's advice applied to Goldsmith, 310.

Shelley, Percy Bysshe: his study of past literature, 13;

passionate love, 34;

marriages, 35, 46-48, 55, 56;

quotation, 43;

disagreement with his father, 96, 97.

Ships: passing the Suez canal, xii;

interest of Peter the Great, and dislike of his son, 85;

at siege of Syracuse, 215;

of war, 277, 278;

as affecting correspondence, 337;

drifting, 378;

fondness for details, 394.

Shoeblack, illustration, 335.

Shyness, English, 245.

Siamese Twins, allusion, 290.

Silence, golden, 85.

Sin, affecting pulpit oratory, 193.

Sir, the title, 137.

Sisters: affection, 63-77 _passim_;

jealousy of admiration, 65;

pecuniary obligations, how regarded, 69.

Slander: by rich people, 146, 147;

in anonymous letters, 370-377.

Slang, commercial, 365.

Slovenliness, part of Bohemianism, 296.

Smith, an imaginary gentleman, 130.

Smith, Jane, an imaginary character, 178.

Smoking: affecting friendship, 115;

Bohemian practice, 305.

Snobbery, among English travellers, 240-242.

Sociability: affecting the appetite, 102;

English want of (Essay XVII.), 239-252;

in amusements, 383, 384.

Society: good, in France, 15, 16;

eccentricity no barrier in London, 16-18;

exclusion, 21, 22;

unexpectedly found, 23-26;

alienation from common pursuits, 27, 28;

aid to study, 29-31;

restraints upon love, 36, 37;

laws set aside by George Eliot, 45, 46, 55;

Goethe's defiance, 52, 56, 57;

rights of hospitality, illustrated (Essay VII.), 99-109;

aristocratic, 124;

affected by rank and wealth (Essay X.), 130-147 _passim_;

and by religion (Essay XII.), 161-174 _passim_;

ruled by women, 176;

tyranny, 181;

clerical leisure, 196, 197;

inimical to Littré, 210;

absent air in, 237;

affected by Gentility (Essay XVIII.), 253-263;

secession of thinkers, 262, 263;

intellectual, 303;

usages, 304;

outside of, 307.

Socrates, allusion, 204.

Solicitors, their industry, 196.

Solitude: social, 19;

dread, 21;

pleasant reliefs, 22-26;

serious evil, 27;

sometimes demoralizing, 28;

affecting study, 29;

mitigations, 29-31;

preferred, 31;

forgotten in labor, 31, 32;

picture of, 43;

Shelley's fondness, 47;

free space necessary, 77;

dislike prompting to hospitality (_q. v._), 143.

Sons: separated from fathers by incompatibility, 10;

escape from paternal brutality, 76;

Fathers and (Essay VI.), 78-98;

change of circumstances, 78;

former obedience, 79;

orders out of fashion, 80;

outside education, 81;

education by the father, 82-85;

rapidity of youth, 86, 87;

lack of paternal resemblance, 88;

differing tastes, 89;

fathers outgrown, 90;

changes in culture, 91;

reservations, 92;

differing opinions, 93;

oldtime divisions, 94;

an imperial son, 95;

other painful instances, 96;

wounded by satire, 97;

right basis of sonship, 98.

(See _Family_, _Fathers_, etc.)

Sorbonne, the, professorship of English, 152.

Southey, Robert, Life of Nelson, 327.

Spain: religious freedom, 164;

heretics burned, 180.

Speculation, compared with experience, 30.

Speech, silvern, 85.

Spelling, inaccurate, 360.

(See _Languages_, etc.)

Spencer, Herbert: made the cover for an assault upon a guest's opinions,

106;

on display of wealth, 145;

confidence in nature's laws, 227.

Spenser, Edmund, his poetic stanza, 384.

Sports: often comparatively unrestrained, 36;

affecting fraternity, 64;

youth fitted for, 86;

roughening influence, 100;

affecting friendship, 115;

aristocratic, 124;

among the rich, 143;

ignorance about English, 267, 268;

concomitant of wealth, 297;

not enjoyed, 302;

William of Orange's, 345;

connection with amusement, 385-401 _passim_.

Springtime of love, 34.

Stanford's London Atlas, 274.

Stars, illustration of crowds, 77.

Steam, no help to friendship, 337.

Stein, Baroness von, relations to Goethe, 51-53.

Stephenson, George, his locomotive not a failure, 293.

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, her works confounded with George Eliot's, 290.

Strangers, treatment of by the English and others (Essay XVII.), 239-252

_passim_.

Stream, illustration from the impossibility of upward flow, 98.

Strength, accompanied with exercise, 302.

Studies: affecting friendship, 111;

literary and artistic, 400, 401.

Subjugation, the motive of display of wealth, 145.

Suez Canal, and superstition, xii.

Sunbeam, yacht, 138, 139.

Sunday: French incident, 128, 129;

allusion, 198;

supposed law, 281.

(See _Sabbath_.)

Sunset, allusion, 31.

Supernaturalism (Essay XV.), 215-231 _passim_;

doubts about, 377, 378.

Superstition and religion (Essay XV.), 215-231 _passim_.

Surgeon, an artistic, 289.

Sweden, king of, 308.

Swedenborgianism, commended to the author, 378.

Swift, Jonathan, Gulliver's box, 261.

Swimming: affected by railways, 14;

in France, 272.

Switzerland: epithets applied to, 235;

tourists, 240;

Alps, 271;

Goldsmith's travels, 309;

Doré's travels, 345.

Sympathy: with an author, 9;

one of two great powers deciding human intercourse, 11;

of a married man with a single, 25, 26;

between parents and children (Essay VI.), 78-98 _passim_;

between Priests and Women (Essay XIII. part I.), 175-186 _passim_.

Symposium, antique, allusion, 29.

Syracuse, siege, 215-217, 229.

Table: its pleasures comparatively unrestrained, 36;

former tyranny of hospitality, 101, 102;

modern customs, appetite affected by sociability, 102;

excess not required by hospitality, 103;

French fashion, 105;

instances of bad manners, 106, 107, 126-128;

rules of precedence, 130, 131;

matrons occupied with cares, 140, 141;

among the rich, 143;

tyranny, 172;

English manners towards strangers contrasted with those of other

nations (Essay XVII.), 239-252;

_déjeûner_, 273;

among the rich, 297;

talk about hunting, 398, 399.

Talking, contrasted with writing, 354-357.

Tasso, Bernardo, father of the poet, his letters, 350, 351.

Taylor, Mrs., relations to Mill, 53-55.

Telegraphy: under fixed law, 228;

affecting letters, 324, 325, 331, 361;

anecdote, 326.

Telephone, illustration, 336.

Temper, destroys friendship, 112, 118.

Temperance, sometimes at war with hospitality, 102-104.

Tenderness, in letters, 320, 322.

Tennyson: study of past literature, 13;

line about brotherhood, 67;

religious sentiment of In Memoriam, 198;

loyalty to verse, 289;

Palace of Art, 386, 400.

Thackeray, William Makepeace: Rev. Honeyman in The Newcomes, 203;

Book of Snobs, 242.

Thames River, 270, 335.

Theatre: avoidance, 123;

English travellers like actors, 242;

gifts of a painter, 341.

Thélème, Abbaye de, its motto, 165.

Thierry, Augustin, History of Norman Conquest, 251, 252.

Thiers, Louis Adolphe, friendship with Mignet, 120, 121.

Time, forgotten in labor, 31, 32.

Timidity, taking refuge in correspondence, 356, 357.

Titles: table precedence, 130;

estimate in England and on the Continent, 136, 137;

British regard, 241, 242, 248-252 _passim_;

French disregard, 248.

Tolerance: induced by hospitality, 99;

of amusements, 389.

Towneley Hall, library, 318.

Trade: English and social exclusion, 19;

foolish distinctions, 132-135;

connection with national peace, 150;

adaptation of Greek language, 158;

interference of religion, 171, 174;

ignorance about English, 265, 266, 268;

Lancashire, 288;

careless tradesmen, 360, 361;

slang, 365.

Translations: disliked, 154;

of Hamerton into French, 267.

Transubstantiation: private opinion and outward form, 169;

poetic, 190.

(See _Roman Catholicism_, etc.)

Trappist, freedom of an earnest, 164, 165.

Travel: railway illustration, 13-15;

marriage simile, 44;

affecting fraternity, 64;

affecting friendship, 111;

facilitated, 160;

in Arabia, 226;

unsociability (Essay XVII.), 239-252;

in vans, 261, 262;

confusion of places, 291;

dispensing with luxury, 300;

an untravelled man, 301;

not cared for, 302;

cheap conveyances, 304;

books of, 305;

Goldsmith's, 309.

Trees, and Radicals, 282, 283.

Trinity, denial of, 257.

Truth, violations (Essay XVI.), 232-238.

Tudor Family: Mary's reign, 164;

criminality, 168;

Mary's persecution, 180.

Turkey, war with Russia, 278.

Turner, Joseph Mallord William, aided by Claude, 13.

Type-writers, effect on correspondence, 333.

Tyranny: of religion (Essay XII.), 161-174;

meanest form, 172, 174;

of majorities, 398.

Ulysses: literary simile, 29;

Bow of, 392.

Understatement. (See _Untruth_.)

Union of languages and peoples, 148-150.

Unitarianism: no European sovereign dare profess, 167, 168;

difficulty with creeds, 172;

ignorance about, 257.

United States, advantage of having the same language as England, 150.

Universe, _univers_, 273-275.

Universities: degrees, 91;

French and English, 275, 276;

Radical members, 284.

Untruth: an Unrecognized Form of (Essay XVI.), 232-238;

two methods in painting, 232;

exaggeration and diminution, 233;

self-misrepresentation, 234;

overstatement and understatement illustrated in travelling epithets,

235;

dead mediocrity in conversation, 236;

inadequacy, 237;

illustration, 238.

Vanity: national (Essay XIX.), 264-279 _passim_;

taking offence, 279;

absence, 301.

Vice: of classes, 124, 125;

devilish, 195;

part of Bohemianism, 295, 296;

of best society, 297.

Victoria, Queen: quotation from her diary, 186, 187;

her oldest son, 385.

Violin, illustration, 389.

Viollet-le-Duc, anecdote, 364.

Virgil, Palmer's constant companion, 313.

(See _Latin_.)

Virgin Mary, her influence, 176.

(See _Eugénie_, etc.)

Virtue: of classes, 124, 125;

priestly adherence, 195;

definition, 208;

Buffon's and Littré's, 211.

Visiting, with rich and poor, 139-144.

Vitriol, in letters, 371.

Vituperation, priestly, 194.

Vivisection, feminine dislike, 180.

Voltaire: quotation about Columbus, 274;

Goldsmith's interview, 309.

Vulpius, Christiane, relations to Goethe, 52, 53.

Wagner, Richard, his Tannhaüser, 388.

Wales, Prince of, laborious amusements, 385-387.

Warcopp, Robert, in Plumpton letters, 323, 331.

Wars: affected by study of languages, 148-150, 151, 160;

Eugénie's influence, 176;

divine connection, 215-224;

caused by national ignorance, 277, 278.

Waterloo, battle, 153.

Wave, simile, 251.

Wealth: affecting fraternity, 66;

affecting domestic harmony, 77;

destroying friendship, 114, 116;

Flux of (Essay IX.), 119-129;

property variable, influence of changes, 119;

access of bachelors and the married to society, 120;

instances of friendship affected by poverty, 121;

false friends, 122;

imprudent marriages, 123;

middle-class instances of contentment, 124;

aid to refinement, 125;

dress, 126;

cards, and other forms of courtesy, superfluities, 127;

discipline of courtesy, 128;

rural manners in France, 129;

Differences (Essay X.), 130-147;

social precedence, 130;

land-ownership, 131;

trade, 132-134;

_nouveau riche_ and ancestry, 135;

titles, 136, 137;

varied enjoyments, 138, 139;

hospitality, 140-144;

English appreciation, 144-146;

undue deference, 146, 147;

overstatement and understatement, 234;

assumption, 242;

plutocracy, 246, 247;

American inequalities, 248;

genteel ignorance, 258-260;

two great advantages, 297, 298;

small measure, 298;

connection with Philistinism and Bohemianism, 299-314;

employs better agents, 359, 360;

connection with amusements, 383-401.

(See _Poverty_, etc.)

Webb, Captain, lost at Niagara, 290.

Weeds, illustration of Radicalism, 282.

Weimar: Goethe's home, 52, 57;

Duke of, 57.

Wenderholme, Hamerton's story, 378.

Wesley, John, choice in religion, 173.

(See _Methodism_.)

Westbrook, Harriett, relation to Shelley, 46, 47, 97.

Westminster Abbey, mistaken for another building, 291.

White, Richard Grant, story, 277.

Whist, selfishness in, 397.

William, emperor of Germany, table customs, 103.

Wine: connection with hospitality, 101-103, 121;

traders in considered superior, 133;

ignorance about English use, 268, 269, 270;

port, 273;

concomitant of wealth, 297, 298;

simile, 367.

(See _Table_, etc.)

Wives: a pitiful confession, 41;

George Eliot's position, 45, 46;

relations to noted husbands, 47-62;

dread of a wife's kindred, 73;

unions made by parents, 94-98;

destroying friendship, 115, 116;

tired, 144;

regard of Napoleon III., 225;

old letters, 322;

gain from post-cards, 329, 330;

privacy of letters, 350;

Montaigne's letter, 251, 252.

(See _Marriage_, _Women_, etc.)

Wolf, priestly, 203.

Wolseley, Sir Garnet, victory, 222, 223, 229.

Wood, French use of, 272.

Women: friendship between two, viii, ix;

absorption in one, 33;

beauty's attraction, 33, 38, 39;

passion long preserved, 40;

relations to certain noted men, 44-62 _passim_;

sisterly jealousy, 65;

governed by sentiment, 69;

adding to home discomfort, 75, 76;

English incivility, 106;

French incivility to English, and defence, 106;

social acuteness, 130;

Priests and Women (Essay XIII.), 175-204;

dislike of fixed rules, 175;

persuasive powers, ruling society, 176;

dependence, advisers, 177;

_love_, 178;

gentleness, 179;

sympathy with persecution, 180;

harm of both frivolity and seriousness, 181;

injustice of female sex, anxiety for sympathy, 182;

sensitiveness, 183;

services desired at special times, 184;

motherhood, 185;

consolation, 186;

æsthetic nature, 187;

fondness for show, 188;

dress, 189;

churches, 190;

worship in music, 191;

eloquence, 192;

eager for the right, 194;

obstinacy, 195;

association in benevolence, 196;

love of ceremony, 197;

festivals, 198;

confidence in a clergyman, 199;

marriage formerly disapproved, _clergywomen_, 200;

relief in confession, 201, 202;

gentlewomen's letters, 205, 206;

French, among strangers, 242, 243;

want of analysis, 280;

strong theological interest, 377-380;

old maids, 379-382;

gentlewomen, 381, 382;

not interested in sporting talk, 399.

(See _Marriage_, _Wives_, etc.)

Word, power of a, 118.

Wordsworth: indebtedness to the poor, 22;

on Nature's loyalty, 30;

instance of his uncleanness, 311.

Work, softens solitude, 31, 32.

Working-men. (See _Lower Classes_.)

World, possible enjoyment of, 303.

Worship: word in wedding-service, 62;

limited by locality, 171-174;

musical, 191;

expressions in letters, 321.

Writing, a new discovery supposed, 336.

Wryghame, message by, 320.

Wycherley, William, his ribaldry, 181.

Yachting, 258, 259, 292, 358.

(See _Boating_.)

York: Minster, 190;

archbishop, 222;

diocese, 275.

Yorkshire, letter to, 320.

Youth: contrasted with age, 87-89;

nonsense reproduced by Shakspeare, 89;

insult, 107;

in friendship, 111, 112;

acceptance of kindness, 117;

semblance caused by ignorance of a language, 151.

Zeus, a hunter compared to, 391.

THE END.

University Press: John Wilson & Son, Cambridge.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] An expression used to me by a learned Doctor of Oxford.

[2] The causes of this curious repulsion are inquired into elsewhere in

this volume.

[3] The exact degree of blame due to Shelley is very difficult to

determine. He had nothing to do with the suicide, though the separation

was the first in a train of circumstances that led to it. It seems clear

that Harriett did not desire the separation, and clear also that she did

nothing to assert her rights. Shelley ought not to have left her, but he

had not the patience to accept as permanent the consequences of a mistaken

marriage.

[4] Lewes's "Life of Goethe."

[5] Only a poet can write of his private sorrows. In prose one cannot

sing,--

"A dirge for her, the doubly dead, in that she died so young."

[6] Schuyler's "Peter the Great."

[7] That valiant enemy of false pretensions, Mr. Punch, has often done

good service in throwing ridicule on unreal distinctions. In "Punch's

Almanack" for 1882 I find the following exquisite conversation beneath one

of George Du Maurier's inimitable drawings:

_Grigsby._ Do you know the Joneses?

_Mrs. Brown._ No, we--er--don't care to know _Business_ people, as a

rule, although my husband's in business; but then he's in the _Coffee_

business,--and they're all GENTLEMEN in the _Coffee_ business, you

know!

_Grigsby_ (who always suits himself to his company). _Really_, now!

Why, that's more than can be said of the Army, the Navy, the Church,

the Bar, or even the _House of Lords_! I don't _wonder_ at your being

rather _exclusive_!

[8] I am often amused by the indignant feelings of English journalists on

this matter. Some French newspaper calls an Englishman a lord when he is

not a lord, and our journalists are amazed at the incorrigible ignorance

of the French. If Englishmen cared as little about titles they would be

equally ignorant, and two or three other things are to be said in defence

of the French journalist that English critics _never_ take into account.

They suppose that because Gladstone is commonly called Mr. a Frenchman

ought to know that he cannot be a lord. That does not follow. In France a

man may be called Monsieur and be a baron at the same time. A Frenchman

may answer, "If Gladstone is not a lord, why do you call him one? English

almanacs not only say that Gladstone is a lord, but that he is the very

First Lord of the Treasury. Again, why am I not to speak of Sir

Chamberlain? I have seen a printed letter to him beginning with 'Sir,'

which is plain evidence that your 'Sir' is the equivalent of our

_Monsieur_." A Frenchman is surely not to be severely blamed if he is not

aware that the First Lord of the Treasury is not a lord at all, and that a

man who is called a "Sir" inside every letter addressed to him has no

right to that title on the envelope.

[9] That of M. Léopold Double.

[10] I need hardly say that this is not intended as a description of poor

men's hospitality generally, but only of the effects of poverty on

hospitality in certain cases. The point of the contrast lies in the

difference between this uncomfortable hospitality, which a lover of

pleasant human intercourse avoids, with the easy and agreeable hospitality

that the very same people would probably have offered if they had

possessed the conveniences of wealth.

[11] Italian, to me, seems Latin made natural.

[12] So far as the State and society generally are concerned; but there

are private situations in which even a member of the State Church does not

enjoy perfect religious liberty. Suppose the case (I am describing a real

case) of a lady left a widow and in poverty. Her relations are wealthy

Dissenters. They offer to provide for her handsomely if she will renounce

the Church of England and join their own sect. Does she enjoy religious

liberty? The answer depends upon the question whether she is able to earn

her own living or not. If she is, she can secure religious freedom by

incessant labor; if she is unable to earn her living she will have no

religious freedom, although she belongs, in conscience, to the most

powerful religion in the State. In the case I am thinking of, the lady had

the honorable courage to open a little shop, and so remained a member of

the Church of England; but her freedom was bought by labor and was

therefore not the same thing as the best freedom, which is unembittered by

sacrifice.

[13] The phrase adopted by Court journalists in speaking of such a

conversion is, "The Princess has received instruction in the religion

which she will adopt on her marriage," or words to that effect, just as if

different and mutually hostile religions were not more contradictory of

each other than sciences, and as if a person could pass from one religion

to another with no more twisting and wrenching of previous beliefs than he

would incur in passing from botany to geology.

[14] The word "generally" is inserted here because women do apparently

sometimes enjoy the infliction of undeserved pain on other creatures. They

grace bull-fights with their presence, and will see horses disembowelled

with apparent satisfaction. It may be doubted, too, whether the Empress of

Austria has any compassion for the sufferings of a fox.

[15] I have purposely omitted from the text another cause for feminine

indifference to the work of persecutors, but it may be mentioned

incidentally. At certain times those women whose influence on persons in

authority might have been effectively employed in favor of the oppressed

were too frivolous or even too licentious for their thoughts to turn

themselves to any such serious matter. This was the case in England under

Charles II. The contrast between the occupations of such women as these

and the sufferings of an earnest man has been aptly presented by

Macaulay:--

"The ribaldry of Etherege and Wycherley was, in the presence and under

the special sanction of the head of the Church, publicly recited by

female lips in female ears, while the author of the 'Pilgrim's

Progress' languished in a dungeon, for the crime of proclaiming the

gospel to the poor."

This is deplorable enough; but on the whole I do not think that the

frivolity of light-minded women has been so harmful to noble causes as the

readiness with which serious women place their immense influence at the

service of constituted authorities, however wrongfully those authorities

may act. Ecclesiastical authorities especially may quietly count upon this

kind of support, and they always do so.

[16] Since this Essay was written I have met with the following passage in

Her Majesty's diary, which so accurately describes the consolatory

influence of clergymen, and the natural desire of women for the

consolation given by them, that I cannot refrain from quoting it. The

Queen is speaking of her last interview with Dr. Norman Macleod:--

"He dwelt then, as always, on the love and goodness of God, and on his

conviction that God would give us, in another life, the means to

perfect ourselves and to improve gradually. No one ever felt so

convinced, and so anxious as he to convince others, that God was a

loving Father who wished all to come to Him, and to preach of a living

personal Saviour, One who loved us as a brother and a friend, to whom

all could and should come with trust and confidence. No one ever

raised and strengthened one's faith more than Dr. Macleod. His own

faith was so strong, his heart so large, that all--high and low, weak

and strong, the erring and the good--_could alike find sympathy, help,

and consolation from him_."

"_How I loved to talk to him, to ask his advice, to speak to him of my

sorrows and anxieties._"

A little farther on in the same diary Her Majesty speaks of Dr. Macleod's

beneficial influence upon another lady:--

"He had likewise a marvellous power of winning people of all kinds,

and of sympathizing with the highest and with the humblest, and of

soothing and comforting the sick, the dying, the afflicted, the

erring, and the doubting. _A friend of mine told me that if she were

in great trouble, or sorrow, or anxiety, Dr. Norman Macleod was the

person she would wish to go to._"

The two points to be noted in these extracts are: first, the faith in a

loving God who cares for each of His creatures individually (not acting

only by general laws); and, secondly, the way in which the woman goes to

the clergyman (whether in formal confession or confidential conversation)

to hear consolatory doctrine from his lips in application to her own

personal needs. The faith and the tendency are both so natural in women

that they could only cease in consequence of the general and most

improbable acceptance by women of the scientific doctrine that the Eternal

Energy is invariably regular in its operations and inexorable, and that

the priest has no clearer knowledge of its inscrutable nature than the

layman.

[17] These quotations (I need hardly say) are from Macaulay's History,

Chapter III.

[18] The difference of interest as regards people of rank may be seen by a

comparison of French and English newspapers. In an English paper, even on

the Liberal side, you constantly meet with little paragraphs informing you

that one titled person has gone to stay with another titled person; that

some old titled lady is in poor health, or some young one going to be

married; or that some gentleman of title has gone out in his yacht, or

entertained friends to shoot grouse,--the reason being that English people

like to hear about persons of title, however insignificant the news may be

in itself. If paragraphs of the same kind were inserted in any serious

French newspaper the subscribers would wonder how they got there, and what

possible interest for the public there could be in the movements of

mediocrities, who had nothing but titles to distinguish them.

[19] Since this Essay was written I have come upon a passage quoted from

Henry Knyghton by Augustin Thierry in his "History of the Norman

Conquest:"--

"It is not to be wondered at if the difference of nationality (between

the Norman and Saxon races) produces a difference of conditions, or

that there should result from it an excessive distrust of natural

love; and that the separateness of blood should produce a broken

confidence in mutual trust and affection."

Now, the question suggests itself, whether the reason why Englishman shuns

Englishman to-day may not be traceable, ultimately, to the state of

feeling described by Knyghton as a result of the Norman Conquest. We must

remember that the avoidance of English by English is quite peculiar to us;

no other race exhibits the same peculiarity. It is therefore probably due

to some very exceptional fact in English history. The Norman Conquest was

exactly the exceptional fact we are in search of. The results of it may be

traceable as follows:--

1. Norman and Saxon shun each other.

2. Norman has become aristocrat.

3. Would-be aristocrat (present representative of Norman) shuns possible

plebeian (present representative of Saxon).

[20] It so happens that I am writing this Essay in a rough wooden hut of

my own, which is in reality a most comfortable little building, though

"stuffy luxury" is rigorously excluded.

[21] At present it is most inadequately represented by a few unimportant

gifts. The donors have desired to break the rule of exclusion, and have

succeeded so far, but that is all.

[22] These, of course, are only examples of vulgar patriotic ignorance. A

few Frenchmen who have really _seen_ what is best in English landscape are

delighted with it; but the common impression about England is that it is

an ugly country covered with _usines_, and on which the sun never shines.

[23] The French word _univers_ has three or four distinct senses. It may

mean all that exists, or it may mean the solar system, or it may mean the

earth's surface, in whole or in part. Voltaire said that Columbus, by

simply looking at a map of our _univers_, had guessed that there must be

another, that is, the western hemisphere. "Paris est la plus belle ville

de l'univers" means simply that Paris is the most beautiful city in the

world.

[24] A French critic recently observed that his countrymen knew little of

the tragedy of "Macbeth" except the familiar line "To be or not to be,

that is the question!"

[25] I never make a statement of this kind without remembering instances,

even when it does not seem worth while to mention them particularly. It is

not of much use to quote what one has heard in conversation, but here are

two instances in print. Reclus, the French geographer, in "La Terre à Vol

d'Oiseau," gives a woodcut of the Houses of Parliament and calls it

"L'Abbaye de Westminster." The same error has even occurred in a French

art periodical.

[26] Rodolphe, in "L'Honneur et l'Argent."

[27] In the library at Towneley Hall in Lancashire.

[28] In Prosper Mérimée's "Correspondence" he gives the following as the

authentic text of the letter in which Lady Florence Paget announced her

elopement with the last Marquis of Hastings to her father:--

"Dear Pa, as I knew you would never consent to my marriage with Lord

Hastings, I was wedded to him to-day. I remain yours, etc."

[29] For those who take an interest in such matters I may say that the

last representative of the Plumptons died in France unmarried in 1749, and

Plumpton Hall was barbarously pulled down by its purchaser, an ancestor of

the present Earls of Harewood. The history of the family is very

interesting, and the more so to me that it twice intermarried with my own.

Dorothy Plumpton was a niece of the first Sir Stephen Hamerton.

[30] Sir Walter Scott had sympathy enough with the courtesy of old time to

note its minutiæ very closely:--

"After inspecting the cavalry, Sir Everard again conducted his nephew

to the library, where he produced a letter, _carefully folded,

surrounded by a little stripe of flox-silk, according to ancient

form_, and sealed with _an accurate impression_ of the Waverley

coat-of-arms. It was addressed, _with great formality_, 'To Cosmo

Comyne Bradwardine, Esq., of Bradwardine, at his principal mansion of

Tully-Veolan, in Perthshire, North Britain. These--by the hands of

Captain Edward Waverley, nephew of Sir Everard Waverley, of

Waverley-Honour, Bart.'"--_Waverley_, chap. vi.

I had not this passage in mind when writing the text of this Essay, but

the reader will notice how closely it confirms what I have said about

deliberation and care to secure a fair impression of the seal.

[31] A very odd but very real objection to the employment of these

missives is that the receiver does not always know how to open them, and

may burn them unread. I remember sending a short letter in this shape from

France to an English lady. She destroyed my letter without opening it; and

I got for answer that "if it was a French custom to send blank post-cards

she did not know what could be the signification of it." Such was the

result of a well-meant attempt to avoid the non-courteous post-card!

[32] Besides which, in the case of a French friend, you are sure to have

notice of such events by printed _lettres de faire part_.

[33] I need hardly say that there has been immense improvement in this

respect, and that such descriptions have no application to the Lancashire

of to-day; indeed, they were never true, in that extreme degree, of

Lancashire generally, but only of certain small localities which were at

one time like spots of local disease on a generally vigorous body.

[34] Littré derives _corvée_ from the Low-Latin _corrogata_, from the

Latin _cum_ and _rogare_.

End of Project Gutenberg's Human Intercourse, by Philip Gilbert Hamerton