EDITOR’S NOTE-BOOK.

The steady growth of this country is shown by the fact that in the

last fiscal year there was a net increase of 2,154 in the number of

post-offices. The total number is now 50,071. About this time it is

interesting to learn that there are only 2,323 President’s post-offices

with salaries of $1,000 and higher; and there are only 159 free delivery

offices. The expenses of the last year exceeded the receipts by more than

three millions of dollars.

* * * * *

Hostile Apaches continue to be troublesome on the Mexican border. They

escape across the line and are safe from pursuit. These troubles will

end when the two governments make permanent arrangements for the pursuit

of marauders across the boundary. A temporary provision of that kind has

existed, but it should be permanent—unless, indeed, our citizens fear

Mexican soldiers more than they fear Indians.

* * * * *

A United States Court has decided in due form that an “Indian not taxed

is not a citizen of the United States.” It is time he was made a citizen.

The fiction of regarding the Indians as independent powers, and dealing

with them as tribes, ought to be made an end of. The Indians themselves

need the discipline of citizenship, and we need to free ourselves from

a useless and harmful fiction. By all means keep faith to the last

farthing, but make a man of this red brother as soon as possible.

* * * * *

A Connecticut paper soberly declares that a citizen of that state did not

know the name of either candidate for the presidency until the Saturday

before the election. And yet people unreasonably complain that there was

too much noise in the late campaign.

* * * * *

It is remarked that Presidential electors were scratched to a

considerable extent this year. It is as unreasonable a performance as

kicking the stone you have stumbled over, more so indeed for the stone

has done you some harm, while a Presidential elector is incapable of

doing any harm. He is, by our political customs, merely a machine for

transmitting a vote to the candidate of the party. But there has been so

much of this scratching this year that politicians will probably estimate

its influence hereafter. In a close election this species of scratcher

might defeat his own wishes and his party by blind stupidity.

* * * * *

A new life of the witty Sydney Smith has brought to light a new piece of

his inimitable jesting. A friend complained to Smith that in an important

interview Lord Brougham had treated him _as if he were a fool_. “Never

mind, never mind,” said the incorrigible wit, in his most sympathetic

tones, “never mind, never mind, _he thought you knew it_.”

* * * * *

“Swift as the wind” is not very swift after all. The record of its

travels in New York City, for a whole week in November, showed only 1,076

miles. Ocean steamers go nearly three times as fast, and through trains

from New York to Chicago travel five times as fast. A good pedestrian

would beat an average wind if he did not have to rest.

* * * * *

Since the November election there has been a marked increase in business

failures. The wages of workmen have been reduced in many places, and many

mills have suspended. Politicians are not agreed about the cause, but

it is probable that this will be a hard winter for the poor. Heavenly

charity will, we trust, be everywhere equal to the tasks laid upon her.

Remember the poor.

* * * * *

It is positively affirmed that physicians regard canned foods as

dangerous. Many cases of poisoning occur from eating such foods, but

chemical testimony is divided. Some chemists trace the poisoning to

special conditions of the food used; in other words, the food was in an

advanced state of decomposition when it was put into the can. This is the

opinion recently expressed by an eminent English chemist. In this view,

proper caution in examining the food will avert all danger.

* * * * *

What impressions would our chief cities make on those of us who do not

live in them, if we received all our knowledge of them through the

newsy papers? San Francisco, for example, is known in that way as the

home of Sand Lot orators, astonishing divorce suits, fighting editors,

and swearing preachers. The latest of these picturesque incidents is

the shooting of an editor, Mr. De Young, who is the second man in his

family to be shot by outraged and bloody-minded readers. Such incidents

doubtless misrepresent the City of the Golden Gate; but many thousands of

newspaper readers know only these miserable doings in San Francisco.

* * * * *

The sacred hen of Brahma has long been at home in American barn-yards;

and now we learn that for several years the sacred cow of India has been

establishing herself in the South. The Brahma cattle, judiciously crossed

with English breeds, are becoming fashionable in New Mexico.

* * * * *

Perhaps the most unfortunate man in the late campaign was a distinguished

one who ostensibly had nothing to do with politics. Ex-Senator Conkling

is credited with depriving, by secret influence, Mr. Blaine of many

votes. The misfortune is in the fact that good and bad politicians agree

in despising a sneak.

* * * * *

The “roller-skating rink” is condemned in vigorous terms by one of the

Methodist conferences. It is doubtless becoming a nuisance. The base-ball

business is past praying for, so degraded and disreputable has it become.

There seems to be no possibility of maintaining any form of athletics in

a wholesome, moral condition. They are becoming a worse nuisance each

year.

* * * * *

The outbreak of cholera in Paris has created almost a panic, in New

York, in the middle of November. Cholera has always been a warm weather

disease, and the apprehensions of New York were altogether unreasonable.

The disease made very little headway in Paris. Perhaps we should provide

for its reception in this country next summer; though it could be kept

out by proper and sufficient quarantine measures.

* * * * *

We advise our readers not to give up Shakspere on account of the

so-called cipher of the Hon. Ignatius Donnelly. Authority is of some

importance in this case, and whatever authority Mr. Donnelly has is in

Minnesota politics. All that has been reported about Mr. D.’s discovery

might be true and still not disturb Shakspere’s claim to the writings

which bear his name.

* * * * *

The last of the patents for sewing machines expired in 1876; but the

women of the country are so attached to the old machines that they would

not buy the new, and probably better machines. The result is that the

new companies go into bankruptcy and the old companies monopolize the

business. Here is a plain account of one of the “grasping monopolies” of

the country. A few others are explained by the insane attachment of the

men of the country to tools of a particular brand or make.

* * * * *

We notice in the papers an unusual number of reports of contests over

wills containing charitable bequests. Let us say frankly that we think

this post mortem method of being charitable rather a sneaking way of

discharging the duty of benevolence. Give like a man what you might keep

yourself. It is a coward’s way to assess your children to pay your debts

to philanthropy. A man who really wants to be benevolent is usually able

to execute his own will. Be your own executor.

* * * * *

The largest farm in America has been sold to foreign nabobs. It is a

cattle ranch of 800,000 acres in Texas. Mr. King, who has just sold it

for $6,500,000, built up this property, beginning with nothing. He is

now eighty years old and thinks it time to retire from business. The

new owners will operate the farm as a joint stock concern, and it will

probably be bankrupt in twenty years. One King is better than a score of

nabobs for such business.

* * * * *

Dr. Talmage is still picturesquely anti-evolution. In a recent speech

he said: “There ought to be some place where God could go, where the

evolutionists could not reach him. They keep ordering him off the

premises.… According to evolutionists we are only a sort of Alderney

cow among other cattle. I believe in an evolution of mortality into

immortality—a heavenly evolution.”

* * * * *

The English House of Lords has obtained a great victory. After a summer

of agitation in the form of great meetings, monster processions and

burning eloquence, the Ministry has compromised with the Lords on the

Franchise bill, on terms dictated by the Lords. The Radicals are very

angry; but Mr. Gladstone has secured the extension of the ballot to

some millions of Englishmen, and is believed to regard this success as

a fitting crown of his public career. He will leave the “reform of the

Lords” to his successors.

* * * * *

The immigration of ten months of this year brought us 414,000 new

citizens; in the same period last year 501,000 came to us. The reduction

is less than was expected; but the depression in trade is now acting as a

check on immigration, though matters are even worse in Europe. This is,

however, a stream which will not dry up in this century, perhaps not in

the next.

* * * * *

A French chemist has thought of a useful device to prevent accidents

in the handling of poisons. A large number of persons are killed every

year by mistakes of apothecaries, of their friends, or of themselves.

The French chemist suggests that white cylindrical bottles be used

for medicines to be taken internally, and colored square bottles for

medicines to be used externally. The suggestion can be improved by

additional devices to prevent mistakes, but half the errors would be cut

off by the proposed plan.

* * * * *

A great many Republicans are unhappy because their party has not settled

the Mormon question. Probably the Senate will resist the admission of

Utah as a state; but the evil is only postponed. Some vigorous measures

must be taken, or plural marriage will become one of the established

modes of regulating the American family. If polygamy becomes a state

institution, it will be as strongly entrenched as slavery was; and it may

be held that a plural marriage in one state is good in all the states;

this is the rule for monogamous marriage.

* * * * *

In New York City, in 1884, eleven thousand and fifty girls under fourteen

years of age were arrested by the police; the number of boys of like age

was only two thousand two hundred and forty-eight. The disproportion has

its melancholy lesson.

* * * * *

A story went over the country that the temperance people of an Ohio town

mobbed and killed a liquor man. The story should have been that some

rejoicing Democrats refused to leave a saloon, where they were drinking,

and fatally wounded the proprietor while he was attempting to put them

out. Our authority for the revised version is the New York _Sun_.

* * * * *

A decision, under the anti-Chinese laws, seems to nullify them. Judge

Brown has decided that a Chinaman has a right to land and visit with us.

This looks reasonable, but we have no police to look him up and send him

packing when he has visited enough.

* * * * *

The Indian question moves to a final settlement. Commissioner Price

reports a considerable increase in the number of Indian farmers and

students; and General Crook’s annual report on the murderous Apaches of

New Mexico and Arizona is full of promise. The General has had no serious

trouble with American Apaches for a whole year. Mexican Apaches still

trouble us.

* * * * *

A story is circulating that the watch of Arctic-explorer De Long and the

watch of his wife stopped at the same instant—he with his watch being in

the Arctic Ocean, and she with hers in this country. It is added that

the clock at home and the chronometer on the far-off ship united with

the watches in the conspiracy. It is not worth while to believe this

story, at least not until proper corrections for longitude are made. When

meridian time shall be used everywhere, such stories will come within the

range of intelligent consideration.

* * * * *

A ghastly corpse of a woman is found among ashes in a cellar in New

York City. The police do not know whether it is a case of murder or of

suicide. But the pathetic and blood-chilling fact is that many persons

who had mysteriously lost female relatives came to see if the body might

be that of their sister, wife or friend. Many people go down out of sight

suddenly in the waves of city life.

* * * * *

A commercial treaty with Spain is pending in the United States Senate.

Its object is to facilitate trade between our country and Cuba. We need

foreign markets for our manufactures—and those markets lie in the West

Indies, Mexico, and South America.

* * * * *

The Centennial Methodist Conference held in Baltimore, December 10th to

16th, commemorated the organization in that city, Christmas week, 1784,

of the Methodist Episcopal Church. It should not be forgotten, however,

that Methodism had existed in this country for about twenty years. The

recent celebration represented some 3,000,000 of Methodists.

* * * * *

Two pieces of new wit deserve a place in this record. The first is the

“288 joke,” and it is explained as “too gross.” Spell _too_ with a _w_.

Pepper and salt to your taste. The other describes a sermon as like

champagne. The preacher is elated by the criticism until it is added that

“extra-dry” champagne is meant.

* * * * *

The most unreasonable man we have heard of during the last month went to

a physician to be treated for several diseases. The doctor looked him

over carefully, minutely examined all the implicated organs, and informed

the patient that there was nothing the matter with him, whereupon the

hero of several diseases assaulted the physician, and became the hero of

a police court.

* * * * *

Quacks receive a blow by a legal decision in Massachusetts that men

who administer drugs, whose effects they do not know, are criminally

responsible for the mischief they do. It is common sense and deserves a

wide circulation.

* * * * *

Silver dollars continue to accumulate in the Treasury. The Secretary

advises Congress to abolish one, two and five dollar bills, so that all

payments under ten dollars may be made in silver. This is the French

method, and a good one. It is the best compromise offered, and the silver

men ought to accept it.

* * * * *

The French are considering a plan to restore the practice of transporting

ex-convicts to some far-off French colony. Experience shows that

transportation is the best practical measure for securing the permanent

reformation of the criminals; but the colonists always object to this

class of new citizens.

* * * * *

We produce apples for Europe. It is expected that 2,000,000 barrels will

be exported this year. Good eating apples are but little cultivated in

Europe; ours are the best in the world. This is an apple year. Who says

that times are hard?

* * * * *

The Rev. Dr. A. G. Haygood has resigned the presidency of Macon College,

Georgia, to give his time to the management of the Slater Educational

Fund. We regret that Dr. Haygood has taken this step. He is a man of

broad views and generous impulses, and useful in a high institution of

learning. It is not too much to say that he is better known at the North

than any educator in the South. His sermons and lectures in Northern

States have awakened new sympathies in the hearts of many people for the

cause of higher education in the South, and indeed, Dr. Haygood has been

one of the best representatives of the South. Always standing firmly by

his college and people, he has done much to strengthen the bonds of union

between the two sections. Perhaps his new office will give him a new

range on more people, and increase his opportunities for usefulness. It

is not the privilege of many men to decline the offices of bishop and the

presidency of a college such as that at Macon inside three years, but Dr.

Haygood has done both of these things. We predict for him large success

in his new educational work.

* * * * *

It is refreshing to find that the Christmas idea of making others

happy has at last reached our Sunday-schools. For years teachers and

parents have made annually an exhaustive effort to feast their schools

on Christmas day. However great their efforts the results could never

be entirely satisfactory. Somebody was unavoidably overlooked, and the

managers were always too nearly worn out to enjoy the holiday. A new

plan, we hope, is to be instituted. Last season many schools tried it,

more are making the experiment this year. It is to substitute giving by

the school. On Christmas eve the classes bring in offerings for the poor.

Whatever they wish and their purses allow is offered. The plan meets

with the heartiest reception wherever proposed, the smallest children

often being the most eager to give. A general adoption of this method of

celebrating Christmas would do much to counteract the selfish feeling so

often found in Sunday-schools that gifts, entertainments and prizes must

be continually given in order to keep the school together.

* * * * *

Edward Everett Hale has consented that his name be added to the list of

the counselors of the C. L. S. C. This announcement will be received with

genuine satisfaction by every one interested in our work. It is an honor

to us to number such a man in our faculty. Mr. Hale’s position in the

religious and literary world is well established. Last spring when _The

Critic and Good Literature_ asked the public to cast a vote for the forty

native American authors whom it deemed most worthy to form the “forty

immortals” of a proposed American Academy, his name was the eleventh on

the list, which ran: Holmes, Lowell, Whittier, Bancroft, Howells, Curtis,

Aldrich, Harte, Stedman, White and Hale. His books are known most widely;

his sympathies are broad and wise; he is a man of the truest culture of

both mind and heart. He will be welcomed most warmly by Chautauquans as

one of their honored counselors.

* * * * *

Mr. Richard Grant White, whose articles on English form so important and

interesting a part of this year’s course of reading, has been for several

weeks seriously ill; so ill, indeed, that he has been quite unable to

prepare his article for the present issue of THE CHAUTAUQUAN. By another

month, however, Mr. White writes us that he believes his health will be

so improved that he can continue his work.

* * * * *

The announcement of the Chautauqua School of Church Work, found in

this issue, associates with the Chautauqua work a name well known and

deeply honored by many of our readers. Dr. Geo. P. Hays, the director of

this new department at the great summer school, was for several years

president of Washington and Jefferson College, and since his connection

with that institution ceased he has been the pastor of a Presbyterian

church in Denver, Col. His name has several times appeared on the

Chautauqua programs, and his appearance on that platform has always been

very welcome. Dr. Hays will represent the C. L. S. C. in the West, and we

look for large results from his efforts. This new department of church

work will be a great addition to the Chautauqua attractions for 1885.

C. L. S. C. NOTES ON REQUIRED READINGS FOR JANUARY.

COLLEGE GREEK COURSE IN ENGLISH.

P. 16.—“Herodotus.” Critical essays containing the results of the

researches concerning Herodotus will be found in the works of the

eminent Germans, Creuzer, Dahlman, Heyse, Blum, A. Bauer, K. O. Müller,

Stein, Kirchhoff and Blakesley. De Quincey has an essay in Vol. i. of

“Historical and Critical Essays.” See also Vol. ii. of “A History of

Classical Greek Literature,” by J. P. Mahaffy.

The following abridged opinions on Herodotus are interesting. Macaulay

says of him: Of the romantic historians, Herodotus is the earliest and

the best. His animation, his simple-hearted tenderness, his wonderful

talent for description and dialogue, and the pure, sweet flow of

his language place him at the head of narrators. He reminds us of a

delightful child.… But he has not written a good history.… The faults

of Herodotus are the faults of a simple and imaginative mind. He wrote

as it was natural he should write. He wrote for a nation susceptible,

curious, lively, insatiably desirous of novelty and excitement; for a

nation in which the fine arts had attained their highest excellence, but

in which philosophy was still in its infancy. Mahaffy quotes the German

Blakesley’s opinion that Herodotus wrote not to instruct but to _please_,

that he selected such events and attributed such motives as he thought

would be striking and popular, without any misgivings as to the accuracy

of statement; that at his time there was no historic sense, but that

the idea of exact and critical historical writing is a late and gradual

acquisition which Thucydides acquired only by his extraordinary genius

and circumstances in those early days.

P. 21.—“Rawlinson,” The Rev. George. (1815-⸺.) An Oxford man, in 1874

made Canon of Canterbury. Besides his “Herodotus” he has published a

celebrated work called “The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern

World, or the History, Geography and Antiquities of Chaldea, Assyria,

Babylonia, Media and Persia.” To this he added, in 1873, the “Sixth

Great Oriental Monarchy,” meaning Parthia, and in 1876 the “Seventh

Great Oriental Monarchy; or the Geography, History and Antiquity of the

Sassanian or New Persian Empire.”

“Rawlinson,” Sir Henry. (1810-⸺.) A brother of the former. When but

sixteen years of age he was sent to the East in the service of the East

India Company; being transferred to the Persian army, he began to study

the Persian cuneiform inscriptions and forwarded valuable copies to

England. He also explored the countries of Central Asia. His studies have

given him high rank among modern archæologists. His publications include

several valuable works on the history and inscriptions of Assyria,

Babylon and Chaldea, and he has contributed many learned papers to the

journals of the Asiatic Society.

“Wilkinson.” (1797-1875.) An Englishman who during a residence of twelve

years in Egypt studied the history, ruins, manners and customs of the

country. His studies were embodied in voluminous works on a great variety

of phases of Egyptian life and history, including the “Topography of

Thebes and General View of Egypt,” “Manners and Customs of the Ancient

Egyptians,” “Architecture of Ancient Egypt,” “Modern Egypt and Thebes,”

and others. In striking contrast was a subject on which he published

a work in 1858—“Color, and the General Diffusion of Taste among all

Classes.”

P. 22.—“Lydian Empire.” Lydia was a very early seat of Asiatic

civilization, the empire being founded at Sardis in mythical times.

Three dynasties of kings are said to have ruled the country, the Atyadæ,

the Heraclidæ and the Mermnadæ, the last of which alone is authentic.

Of their civilization Smith says: “Among the inventions or improvements

which the Greeks are said to have derived from them were the weaving and

dyeing of fine fabrics; various processes of metallurgy; the use of gold

and silver money, which the Lydians are said to have first coined; and

various metrical and musical improvements, especially the scale or mode

of music called the Lydian, and the form of lyre called the Magadis.”

After the Persian conquest of Lydia it formed with Mysia, the second

satrapy. After the Macedonian conquest it passed to the kings of Syria,

thence to those of Pergamus, and finally to the Romans, who made it a

part of the province of Asia.

“Sardis,” or Sardes, stood until the wars of the Middle Ages, when in

1402 it was almost entirely destroyed by Tamerlane. The remains extend

over a wide space. Two Ionic columns (see illustration, page 33, of

“College Greek Course,”) are the most conspicuous of the remains. These

columns are supposed to have belonged to a temple of Cybele. The walls

of the Acropolis, some of its towers, a few remnants of the magnificent

palace of Crœsus, of a gymnasium, and a few other buildings are all that

can be traced. The tombs of the Lydian kings are in the neighborhood,

prominent among which is the tumulus of Alyattes, a huge circular mound

1,140 feet in diameter. An Arabian village of mud huts called Sart now

stands on its site.

P. 26.—“Crœsus’s father.” Alyattes, king of Lydia, B. C. 617-560.

P. 27.—“Hermus.” A good sized river of Asia Minor, rising in Phrygia,

flowing through Lydia, watering the plain of Sardis, and emptying into

the Gulf of Smyrna.

P. 28.—“Telmessus.” A town of Cana about six miles from Halicarnassus.

Its people were celebrated for their power in divination.

P. 32.—“Agbatana.” The usual form of writing the word is Ecbatana; the

first form is the Ionic, used in poetry.

“Pactyas.” An army was sent against this man when he fled to Cyme, thence

to Mytilene, and from there to Chios. The Chians gave him up to the

Persians.

P. 33.—“L’Allegro,” läl-lāˈgrō. The merry, the gay.

P. 35.—“Nitocris.” Supposed to have been the wife of Nebuchadnezzar, and

the mother or grandmother of Belshazzar. While queen of Babylon many

important works were carried on by her for the improvement of the city.

P. 37.—“Massagetæ.” They were probably a nomad people of Central Asia.

The best authorities suppose them to have lived north of the Jaxartes

and the sea of Aral. Some critics identify them with the Mesech of the

Scriptures. Many of their customs were very peculiar. They worshipped the

sun, to which they sacrificed horses. Their very old people were killed

and eaten. The race to which they belonged is in dispute, though usually

considered the Turkoman.

P. 40.—“Prexaspes.” He had always been held in high honor by Cambyses,

having been employed by the latter to kill his brother Smerdis, whom he

feared. Later in life an impostor calling himself Smerdis, tried to usurp

the throne and Cambyses suspected Prexaspes, but he cleared himself.

After the death of Cambyses this false Smerdis was acknowledged king,

and the Magi, who had put him on the throne, tried to win over Prexaspes

to their plans, but he told before the assembled Persians of the

assassination of the true Smerdis, and then threw himself from the tower

on which he was standing.

P. 43.—“Apis.” A bull worshipped by the Egyptians. He was supposed

to contain the spirit of the divinity Osiris, and was the symbol of

fertility. The god must be black, with a white square or triangular mark

on his forehead, an eagle on the back, and other mysterious marks about

the body. When such an animal was found he was carried to Heliopolis and

thence to Memphis, where he had his own temple and priests. The lifetime

of Apis was twenty-five years. If one died the whole land was in mourning

until a successor was found.

P. 45.—“Staters,” stāˈter. The chief gold coin of the Greeks, usually

worth about $5.50, though it varied much in value.

P. 51.—“Andrians.” The inhabitants of Andros, the most northerly of the

Cyclades.

“Ca-rysˈti-ans.” Those of Carystus, a town on the southern coast of

Eubœa. Beautiful white marble and the mineral asbestos abounded near

Carystus.

“Parians.” From Paros, one of the largest of the Cyclades, north of Delos.

P. 52.—“Thucydides.” For additional readings on Thucydides see Grote’s

History of Greece, and also Thirwall’s, Mahaffy’s History of Classical

Greek Literature, Müller and Donaldson’s History of Greek Literature,

and Mure’s History of the Greek Language and Literature.

Cicero commends Thucydides as “a faithful and dignified narrator

of facts,” and declares that he surpasses all others in the art of

composition.

Macaulay says: “Thucydides has surpassed all his rivals in the art

of historical narration, in the art of producing an effect on the

imagination by skilful selection and disposition without indulging in the

license of invention.”

Mahaffy thus compares Herodotus and Thucydides: “While the conceptions

of history in Herodotus and Thucydides were mainly the consequence of

the temper of the men and of their surroundings, it must be declared

that, _for an historian_, the atmosphere in which the latter lived, while

giving him critical acumen and freeing him from theological prejudices

narrowed his view and distorted his estimate of the relative importance

of events. We may indeed feel very grateful that Herodotus was not

attracted in early life by this brilliant exclusiveness, and that he

remained an Ionic instead of becoming an Attic historian.”

P. 56.—“Jowett,” jowˈet. (1817-⸺.) An English Greek scholar and professor.

P. 72.—“Peabody.” (1811-⸺.) An American theologian and author.

P. 73.—“Eurymedon.” One of the Athenian generals in the Peloponnesian

war. After the expedition to Corcyra, Eurymedon commanded in the

expedition against Sicily in 425. In 414 he was a leader in a second

armament fitted out against Syracuse; he fell in the first sea fight in

the harbor of that city.

P. 81.—“Alcæus.” About B. C. 600. A native of Mytilene. In a war between

Athens and his country he is said to have fled, leaving his arms on the

field of battle. He was afterward driven from his native land in a strife

between the nobility and people, and spent the remainder of his life

traveling. Some of his odes are extant, and the imitations of Horace

have made the character of Alcæus’ verse well known. See “Brief History

of Greece,” page 52. Mahaffy says of Alcæus, we see in him “the perfect

picture of an unprincipled, violent, lawless Greek aristocrat, who

sacrificed all and everything to the demands of pleasure and power.”

THE CHARACTER OF JESUS.

Excellent works to read in connection with “The Character of Jesus”

are Farrar’s “Life of Christ,” Thomas Hughes’s “Manliness of Christ,”

Geikie’s “Life and Words of Christ,” Pollock’s “The Christ of

Christianity and of Modern Criticism.”

P. 108.—“Celsus.” An Epicurean philosopher who lived in the second

century. Only fragments of his works have been preserved as quotations

given by Origen. He charges Christians with blind credulity, with

religious arrogance, with party divisions, and with having altered their

sacred writings. His own doctrines were that evil is necessary and

eternal, and that sin can never be entirely removed, least of all by

vicarious sacrifice.

P. 109.—“Justin Martyr.” The earliest of the church fathers after the

apostolic age. He lived in the second century, and attended the pagan

schools of Asia Minor, Greece and Egypt. Afterward he embraced the

Christian religion and wrote two apologies in its behalf. He suffered

martyrdom at Rome under Marcus Aurelius, because he refused to sacrifice

to the heathen gods.

“Tertullian.” An eminent Latin father of the church who lived at Carthage

in the second century. He was converted from paganism to Christianity.

He was a man of powerful intellect and great learning; was the author of

numerous works which are still extant.

P. 111.—“Summum bonum.” A Latin expression meaning the highest good.

P. 134.—“Talmud.” The work which gives the laws, both civil and

canonical, of the Jews. It contains the rules by which the conduct of

the people is regulated, and relates not only to religion, but also to

philosophy, medicine, history, and the branches of practical duty.

P. 136.—“Mr. Parker,” Theodore. (1810-1860.) A distinguished American

scholar; a Unitarian minister. His new doctrines gave great offence

to the New England Unitarians, as he assumed the absolute humanity of

Christ, and said his inspiration differed in no respect from that of

other men. He died in Florence, whither he had gone for his health.

P. 161.—“Vishnu.” One of the gods of the Hindoos, a sun god. He gave the

earth to man as his inheritance. The unbroken order of the world is due

to him.

NOTES ON REQUIRED READINGS IN “THE CHAUTAUQUAN.”

TEMPERANCE TEACHINGS OF SCIENCE.

1. “Abd el Wahab.” The founder of a recent Mohammedan sect now dominant

throughout the greater part of Arabia. He was the son of an Arab chief,

and was born about the end of the seventeenth century. He was highly

educated, and conceived the idea of restoring in its primitive shape the

ruined structure of Islam. The Koran had fallen into abeyance, and their

religion was little else than a round of external ceremonies. He gained

a numerous following in his efforts to revive the old zeal in their

religion. The sect took the name of the Wa-haˈbis, or the Wa-haˈbites.

2. “The earthquake at Lisbon.” This, the greatest of the frequent

earthquakes at Lisbon, and one of the most remarkable that ever occurred

anywhere, took place in 1775, and destroyed a great part of the city. The

area affected was very extensive. The shock was felt on one side as far

as the southern shore of Finland, and on the other it reached to Canada,

an area of 7,500,000 square miles. The force required to move this must

have been enormous, for suppose the thickness of the earth’s crust moved

to have been only twenty miles, then 150,000,000 cubic miles of solid

matter was moved. The sea wave caused by it rose to a height of sixty

feet at Cadiz.

3. “Laputa.” The name of a flying island described by Swift in his

imaginary “Travels of Lemuel Gulliver.” It is said to be “exactly

circular, its diameter seven thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven

yards, or about four miles and a half, and consequently contains ten

thousand acres.” The inhabitants are speculative philosophers, devoted to

mathematics and music.—_Webster’s Dictionary._

So materializing is the spirit of the age that the extended study of

physical and mechanical science seems likely one of these days to convert

our island (Great Britain) into a _Laputa_.—_Keightly._

4. “Syrian Maronites,” marˈo-nites. A Christian tribe of very ancient

origin. In the year 1445 they were formally united to the Roman Catholic

Church, but were allowed to retain their own national rites and usages.

Their priests are allowed to marry.

5. “Lazaretto.” A pest-house or hospital for the reception of the sick,

particularly for those affected with contagious distempers.

6. “Bactrian nomads.” Bactria is a country of Central Asia. A great part

of it is made up of stretches of barren and drifting sands, so that the

inhabitants are obliged to resort to the nomadic style of life. It was

subjugated by Alexander the Great, but afterward became independent. Its

modern history is not important.

7. “Titus Oates.” An Englishman who in the reign of Charles II.

communicated the details of a pretended plot, “the figment of his own

brain,” in which were revealed a rising of the Catholic party, a general

massacre of the Protestants, the burning of London, and the assassination

of the king. Several incidents seemed to corroborate the monstrous

assertion, and it was universally believed. All London went wild with

fear and rage, and at one time a massacre of the Roman Catholics seemed

likely to occur in anticipation of the one the Protestants feared. Many

of the Catholics were arrested, tried and condemned to meet the death of

traitors at the block. On the accession of James II., Oates was tried,

sentenced to be pilloried, publicly whipped, and afterward imprisoned for

life. When William III. came to the throne he was pardoned, and was no

more heard of. He died in obscurity seventeen years later, in 1705, at

the age of seventy-six.

8. “Jack Sheppard.” (1701-1724.) He was noted for twice escaping from

prison at Newgate, whither he was sent for taking part in the revolution

against the king, George I. He was hung at Tyburn.

9. “Absinthe.”—A cordial of brandy flavored with wormwood.

SUNDAY READINGS.

1. “St. Augustine.” (354-430.) One of the fathers of the Christian

church. He was born at Tagaste, in Africa. He was sent to Carthage to

be educated, and there plunged into the frightful abyss of corruptions

which marked that wicked city. In his “Confessions” he describes his

life at this time, and does not seek to excuse himself. At the age of

thirty-three years he embraced the Christian religion and was baptized

by Ambrose. His conversion from his errors was complete and permanent.

Monica, his mother, who through all these years had been praying for her

son, died shortly after, feeling that she could depart in peace, as her

eyes had seen his salvation. He wrote with great zeal and voluminously

against all the sects which the church held to be heretical.

2. “Bourdaloue,” Louis. (1632-1704.) A most eloquent French preacher.

Louis XIV. was an attendant upon his ministry, and on many different

occasions invited him to preach the festival sermons before the court of

Versailles. He was renowned for the solid dignity of his thought and his

fervid religious eloquence.

GLIMPSES OF ANCIENT GREEK LIFE.

1. “Alcmæonid,” alc-meˈo-nid. One of the tribe of the Alcmæonidæ, a noble

family of Athens. It received its name from Alcmæon, a great-grandson of

Nestor. The story of the sacrilege brought upon the family by Megacles is

given on page 11 of “Brief History of Greece.” Clisthenes was their most

famous member in after years.

2. “Recouped,” re-koopˈed. Recompensed.

3. “Leech.” The word comes from the Anglo-Saxon word for healer,

physician, but in this sense is now almost obsolete.

4. “A-gesˌi-laˈus.” “Cle-omˈe-nes.” See “Brief History of Greece.”

5. “Oligarchies,” olˈi-garchˌies. Governments in the control of a few

persons.

6. “Cyrene,” cy-reˈne. A maritime city in Northern Africa, founded

by a Greek colony; beautiful for situation, and of great mercantile

importance. “It was built on a high terrace of the Cyrenæan table-land,

about nine miles from the coast of Appolonia, which became its port. The

road which connected the city with the harbor, a vast necropolis, and

ruins of streets, temples, theaters, tombs, and remnants of art, are

still visible. The site of the ancient city has been identified with the

modern Grennah.”

7. “Æginetan,” æg-i-neˈtan. Pertaining to the island and city of Ægina.

8. “Dicasts.” The _dicasts_ in ancient Athens exercised the functions of

our jurymen, rather than of the judges of courts.

9. “Arˈte-mon.” Said to have been from Clazomenæ. He was an engineer, and

to him was attributed the invention of the testudo and the battering ram.

In the siege of Samos he was employed by Pericles.

10. “Anˈax-agˌo-ras.” (B. C. 500-428.) An Ionian philosopher, a native

of Clazomenæ. When a young man he went to Athens, where he became the

teacher of Pericles, Euripides and others. See “Brief History of Greece,”

page 62.

11. “Ic-tiˈnus.” A Grecian architect who lived about 450 B. C. He was the

architect of the great temple of Minerva, on the Acropolis, and of that

of Apollo Epicurius, in Arcadia.

12. “Pol-yg-noˈtus.” (460?-430? B. C.) A painter, whose native home

was Thasos, but who afterward became a citizen of Athens, where he was

employed by Cimon to ornament the temple of Theseus. “He is styled ‘The

Homer of painting,’ because he treated his subjects in an epic rather

than a dramatic spirit. He had imagination in the highest degree. In

allusion to the ideal character and moral expression of his works,

Aristotle calls him an _ethic_ painter. The same critic says, in another

passage, ‘Polygnotus represented men better than they are (superior to

nature).’ Among his works were the ‘Capture of Troy,’ and the ‘Visit of

Ulysses to the Lower World.’”

13. “Ma-chaˈon Pod-a-lirˈi-us.” A son of Æsculapius, celebrated among the

Greeks for his ability as a physician; he is said to have gone to the

Trojan war with thirty ships; he acted as a surgeon as well as serving

in battle. He is mentioned by some writers as one of the heroes who were

concealed in the wooden horse.

GREEK MYTHOLOGY.

Those desiring to carry on more fully their readings in Greek Mythology

will find the following works peculiarly helpful: “Mythology of the

Aryan Nations,” G. W. Cox; “Introduction to the Science of Religion,”

Max Müller; “Origin and Development of Religious Belief,” Baring-Gould;

“Handbook of Mythology,” G. W. Cox; “Myth and Science,” Vignole;

“Mythology,” Seeman.

1. “Hestia.” The Greek form corresponding to the Latin Vesta. It is

conjectured by some that the two words are the same, going back to a

period when the Greeks and Latins were still an undivided people.

2. “Pe-nāˈtēs.” The word is derived from _penus_, the innermost part

of the house, and referred to those divinities who, as exercising

providential care over domestic affairs, were considered as the gods of

the household. The Penates were also the gods of the state, considered

as a family, and as such had a sanctuary near the center of Rome, where

sacrifices were made by public men.

3. “Tutelary,” tūˈte-la-ry. Derived from the Latin word _tutela_,

protection, and signifying protecting goddess.

4. “Vestal.” The priestesses of Vesta. A temple to this goddess stood in

Rome, in the Forum, and over the temple presided four, afterward six,

virgins, who were chosen to the office at first by the kings, and later

by lot. They entered on this service when no older than ten years, and

served thirty years; the first ten being spent in learning, the second

ten in performing, and the third in teaching, their duties. A vow of

chastity was taken, the violation of which was punished by being buried

alive. The chief duty of the virgins was to keep the fire on the altar of

the goddess ever burning. After the term had expired they might marry,

although it was considered unlucky.

5. “Cyl-leˈne.” The highest mountain in Peloponnesus. It was sacred to

Mercury, who was said to have been born there, and was hence called

Cyllenius.

6. “Alˈphe-us.” The largest river in Peloponnesus. It rises in Arcadia,

but soon sinks underground. It rises again and unites with the Eurotas.

After flowing together for nearly three miles the two rivers disappear

underground. The Alpheus rises again at Pegæ, and flows northwest into

the Ionian Sea.

7. “Pro-meˈthe-us.” See page 54 of “Brief History of Greece.”

8. “Tartarus.” According to Homer Tartarus is the lowest hell, a locality

as far below Hades as earth is below heaven; into this dark region

all who rebelled against Zeus were hurled. Later the word was used

synonymously with Hades.

9. “Psychopompus,” si-ko-pomˈpus.

10. “Non ego,” etc. I shall not all die.

11. “Cerˈbe-rus.” “The monster that guarded the entrance to the infernal

regions. He was a son of Typhon and Echidna, and is represented as a

dog with three heads, the tail of a serpent, and a mane composed of the

anterior extremities of numberless snakes. His business was to admit the

spirits of the dead into their subterranean abode, and to prevent them

from leaving it. Orpheus lulled him to sleep with his lyre, and Hercules

dragged him from Hades, and exhibited him to the eyes of wondering

mortals.”

12. “Terˈra in-cog-niˈta.” Unknown land.

13. “Judges.” Miˈnos, and Rhadˌa-manˈthus were brothers, sons of

Jupiter and Europa. The former, the king and legislator of Crete, was

distinguished for his wisdom, and with the latter, famous throughout life

for his justice, was made a judge of the lower world. The third judge,

Æˈa-cus, was a son of Jupiter and Ægina. The island where he was born was

named after his mother, and he became its ruler. He was renowned for his

justice, being called upon by gods as well as men to settle disputes.

14. “Tanˈta-lus.” From this name we have the word tantalize, signifying

to put a good within sight, that it may excite desire, but still to keep

it out of reach.

15. “Psyche,” siˈke.

16. “Pro-serˈpi-na,” or Per-sephˈo-ne. The daughter of Jupiter and Ceres,

and wife of Pluto, by whom she is said to have been carried off to Hades.

17. “Ganˈy-meˌde.” Said to have been the most beautiful of human beings.

Jupiter was so delighted with him that he carried him to Olympus as his

cup-bearer.

KITCHEN SCIENCE.

1. “Ro-saˈce-æ.” A highly important order in botany, including herbs,

shrubs and trees that have stipulate leaves and regular flowers,

resembling those of the rose family. It includes five sub-orders,

eighty-seven genera, and 1,000 species. It embraces our finest ornamental

flowering shrubs, and a long catalogue of delicious fruits, as apples,

pears, peaches, plums, cherries, strawberries, blackberries and

raspberries.

2. “I-duˈnä.” The goddess who kept in a box the apples which the gods

tasted in order to preserve their perpetual youth.

3. “Orchards of Hesperus.” The lands watched over by the Hesperides,

maidens who guarded the golden apples which Earth gave Hera at her

marriage to Zeus. The apples grew on a tree which was also further

guarded by a sleepless dragon. These “orchards” were in that part of the

heaven where the sun sets.

4. “Pyˈrus.” A genus of trees of the order Rosaceæ, including the apple

and pear and some ornamental trees.

5. “The American Pomological Society.” This society was organized in New

York October 10, 1848. Its main object was to elicit and disseminate

information relating to fruit growing, and to promote a cordial spirit

of intercourse among horticulturists. It has brought together from all

the states and territories the most intelligent, experienced and skilful

cultivators who have taught each other and made the knowledge of one the

property of all. Its sessions are held in the different leading cities of

the country.

6. “Pruˈnus Perˈsi-ca.” The Prunus is a genus of trees of the order

Rosaceæ, including those species which have the stone of the fruit

sharp-pointed, and a longitudinal furrow passing all round. The young

leaves are rolled up. “Persica” means that it is a native of Persia.

7. “Curculio,” weevil. A Linnæan genus of insects characterized by the

elongation of the head into a beak or snout, at the extremity of which

the mouth is placed, and from which the club-shaped antennæ spring. The

species are very numerous and are distributed over all parts of the earth.

8. “Ruˈbus.” A genus of the order Rosaceæ, distinguished by a five-lobed

calyx, without bracts, and the fruit formed by an aggregation of small

drupes.

9. “Rubus Vil-loˈsus.” Villosus signifies shaggy or long-haired; given

because the leaflets of the high blackberry are hairy on both sides.

10. “Rubus Can-a-denˈsis.” So called because it is found growing in

Canada.

11. Fra-gaˈri-a.

APPLES, PEACHES, BLACKBERRIES AND STRAWBERRIES.

1. “Méringue,” mā-răngˈ.

CHEMISTRY.

1. “Galileo,” găl-i-leeˈo. (1564-1642.) An illustrious astronomer,

mathematician and philosopher, the creator of experimental science. He

made a number of important discoveries in the science of astronomy,

among which were Jupiter’s satellites, Saturn’s rings, the sun’s spots,

and the starry nature of the milky way. He was a strong advocate of

the Copernican system—which represents the sun to be at rest in the

center and the earth and other planets to move round it—and for this was

twice persecuted by the Inquisition. On both occasions he was publicly

compelled to abjure the system, but the last time he is said to have

stamped his foot while muttering to himself, “but nevertheless it does

move.” The later years of his life were spent in his country house near

Florence.

2. “Torricelli,” tor-ri-celˈli. (1608-1647.) A celebrated Italian

mathematician and philosopher. He made himself renowned for all time by

his interpretation of the fact that water will rise in a suction pump to

a height of thirty-two feet, which, up to his time, had been explained

on the ground that “nature abhors a vacuum;” above that limit the law

was modified. Torricelli employed mercury to perform this experiment,

and soon found the clue to the mystery. He discovered that the column of

fluid was sustained by the pressure of the atmosphere on the open surface

of the fluid.

3. “Blaise Pascal.” (1623-1662) A distinguished French philosopher and

scholar. In his sixteenth year he produced a treaty on conic sections;

in his nineteenth year he invented a calculating machine. Turning his

attention to the theory of fluids which Torricelli had advanced, he

wrote two essays which established his reputation as an experimental

physicist. He was the author of the magnificent but unfinished “Pensées.”

He was of a deeply religious turn, and before his death was entirely

given up to prayer and practices of mortification, among which may be

mentioned that of wearing an iron girdle studded with sharp points which

he forced into his flesh whenever he felt himself assailed by sinful

thoughts. “Puy de Dome,” pwī deh dōm.

4. “Tarpeia,” tar-peˈya. The daughter of Tarpeius, the governor of the

citadel of Rome. She promised to open the gates of the city to the

Sabines if they would give her what they carried on their left hands,

meaning their gold bracelets. The king consented, and as he entered the

gates, to punish her perfidy he threw not only his bracelet, but his

shield upon her. His soldiers followed his example, and she was crushed

to death. She was buried in the capitol, which from her has been called

the Tarpeian Rock.

5. “Haliotis,” hal-i-ōˈtis. A genus of gasteropods with a shell

resembling the human ear. The gasteropods are a class of univalve

mollusks, like the snail.

6. “Skate.” A kind of shark. A name given to several species of fish

having a rhomboidal body.

7. “Magdeburg Hemispheres.” They are two hollow hemispheres generally

made of brass or copper, with edges accurately fitted to each other, and

one of them provided with a stop cock. When the edges are pressed tightly

together and the globe thus formed is exhausted of air through the cock,

the hemispheres are held together with such force that it is with great

difficulty they can be pulled apart.

8. “Otto von Güricke,” fon gāˈrik-eh. (1602-1686.) A celebrated German

physicist. He invented the air-pump and made the famous experiment with

the Magdeburg hemispheres.

9. “Tower of Pisa.” The round marble belfry called “The Leaning Tower”

because it deviates about fourteen feet from the perpendicular. It is

180 feet high, and consists of seven stories divided by rows of columns,

and surmounted by a flat roof and an open gallery commanding a splendid

view of the surrounding country. It was built in the twelfth century by a

German architect, Wilhelm of Innsbruck.

10. “Mariotte,” Mä-ri-ŏtˈ. A French philosopher of the seventeenth

century. He possessed an extraordinary power of drawing conclusions

from experiment. He made a thorough investigation of the subject of the

conduction of water, and calculated the strength necessary for pipes

under different circumstances.

11. “Air-gun.” An instrument resembling a musket. By means of a condenser

the air is forced into a metallic globe which is attached to the musket

nearly opposite the trigger.

12. “Torricellian Vacuum.” To produce this vacuum a small quantity of

pure mercury is placed in the tube and boiled for some time. It is then

allowed to cool and a further quantity, previously warmed, added, which

is boiled, and so on until the tube is quite full; in this manner the

moisture and the air which adhere to the sides of the tube pass off with

the mercurial vapor.

13. “Mont-golˈfi-er.” There were two brothers of this name, Etienne and

Joseph, distinguished as the inventors of the first kind of balloons.

They were both received as members of the French Academy. They lived in

the latter part of the eighteenth century.

14. “Pneumatic Dispatch.” The packages are placed on easily rolling

carriages which are nicely fitted within tubes. The force necessary to

move them is produced by the alternate compression and expansion of

air in large reservoirs. This compression and expansion is caused by

forcing the water into, and then allowing it to run out of a connecting

reservoir, the action being changed by a system of cocks.

15. “Gay-Lussac.” (1778-1850.) A Frenchman, one of the most distinguished

chemists and physicists of modern times. In 1804 he made a balloon

ascension of 23,000 feet, and Humboldt examined with him the air brought

down from that height, for the purpose of discovering the intensity of

the magnetic force. In 1839 Gay-Lussac was created a peer of France.

16. “Lockyer.” (1836-⸺.) An English astronomer. He invented a method

of observing the red flames of the sun without being obliged to wait

for an eclipse. In 1870 and 1871 he was sent to Sicily by the English

government, as the chief of the eclipse expedition.

A CHAPTER OF BLUNDERS.

Pass, certificate, and competitive examinations are, no doubt, all

sufficiently serious affairs to examinees, and sufficiently trying ones

to examiners. To the outer public, however, to those “who have no son or

brother there,” such “exams.” are, as a rule, nothing if not a source

of amusement. The “results” aimed at in examinations are, for the most

part, admirable; but in the course of the processes, in the answering

of examination questions, the unexpected constantly happens, and it

is the unlooked-for results, the “surprises” of the occasions, that

make sport for the Philistines. The situation on this head is easily

explicable. It is a natural result of the modern system of preparation

for examination—the cram system. Examinees bent only on “getting through”

will answer questions on the hit-or-miss principle, while others, whose

brains have become more or less addled under the pressure of “memory

work,” will evolve from their unbalanced inner consciousness replies

fearfully and wonderfully made.

Some of the “exam.” stories current in educational circles, though

characteristic, and possibly “founded on fact,” have an air of belonging

to the too-good-to-be-true category. A number of these are told

against—and, if invented, were probably invented by—undergraduates.

Thus—so the story goes—an undergraduate was asked to name the minor

prophets, and, not having “got them up,” neatly and politely replied that

he would rather not make invidious distinctions. Another university man,

called upon to give the parable of the Good Samaritan, did so correctly

enough until he came to the passage where the Samaritan said to the

innkeeper: “When I come again I will repay thee,” to which he added,

“This he said, knowing that he would see his face no more.” Perhaps,

however, the examinee upon this occasion was a conscious humorist, and

had in mind the worldly-wise saying, that there are a great many people

willing to play the part of the Good Samaritan, less the oil and the

twopence.

Something of the same stamp must have been the candidate for a degree,

who, asked to state the substance of St. Paul’s sermon at Athens,

said that it was “crying out for two hours, ‘Great is Diana of the

Ephesians.’” With variations, that is the substance of a great many

sermons, and of other discourses beside sermons.

Such stories as the above may or may not be rather broadly illustrative

than strictly true, but in any case they can be pretty well matched by

others, about the truthfulness of which there is no doubt. Every year a

certain proportion of the children of the London board schools enter into

a competitive examination in Scriptural knowledge, for the “Peek Prizes,”

which consist of handsomely got-up Bibles and Testaments. They are “paper

work” examinations, and the following are a few of the many curious

“hash” answers that have at various times been put in at them.

“Abraham was the father of Lot, and ad tew wives. One was called Hishmale

and tother Haggar, he kept wun at home, and he turned tother into the

desert where she became a pillow of salt in the day time, and a pillow of

fire by night.”

“Joseph wore a koat of many garments. He was chief butler to Faro and

told is dreams. He married Potiffers dortor, and he led the Gypshans out

of bondage to Kana in Gallilee, and there fell on his sword and died in

sight of the promised land.”

“Moses was an Egypshion. He lived in a hark made of bulrushes, and he

kept a golden calf and worshipt brazen snakes, and he het nothing but

kwales and manner for forty year. He was kort by the air of his ed while

riding under the bow of a tree and he was killed by his son Absolon as he

was hangin from the bow. His end was pease.”

Of the numerous stories told in connection with diocesan inspection

“exams.” in public elementary schools, the two following are perhaps

the best known and most worth quoting. At one of these exams., a boy,

asked to mention the occasion upon which it is recorded in Scripture

that an animal spoke, made answer: “The whale when it swallowed Jonah.”

The inspector, being something of a humorist, maintained his gravity

and asked: “What did the whale say?” To which the boy promptly replied:

“Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian.” Another inspector, finding

a class hesitating over answering the question, “With what weapon did

Samson slay the Philistines?” and wishing to prompt them, significantly

tapped his own cheek, and asked, “What is this?” and his action touching

“the chords of memory,” the whole class instantly answered: “The jawbone

of an ass.”

A good example of the manner in which students who are “in” for several

“subjects” at the same time get their ideas mixed, is that of the youth

who having to answer the question, “Who was Esau?” replied; “Esau was a

man who wrote fables, and sold the copyright for a bottle of potash.”

Here the confusion thrice confounded of Esau and Æsop, birthright and

copyright, and pottage and potash, is really admirable in its way.

As might be expected, the examinations of medical students afford some

good stories—true or otherwise. As might also be expected, some of them

are wittily impudent. For instance, a “badgering” examiner asked a

student what means he would employ to induce copious perspiration in a

patient, and got for answer: “I’d try to make him pass an examination

before you, sir.” The most frequently cited anecdote of this kind is that

of the brusque examiner—said by some to have been Dr. Abernethy—who,

losing patience with a student who had answered badly, exclaimed:

“Perhaps, sir, you could tell me the names of the muscles I would put in

action if I were to kick you?” “Undoubtedly, sir,” came the prompt reply;

“you would put into motion the flexors and extensors of my arm, for I

should knock you down.” On the same lines as this was the retort made

to M. Lefebvre de Fourcy, a French examiner, celebrated, not only for

his learning, but also for his severity and rudeness. He was examining

a youth, who, though well up in his work, hesitated over answering one

of the questions put to him. Losing temper at this, the examiner shouted

to an attendant: “Bring a truss of hay for this young gentleman’s

breakfast.” “Bring two,” coolly added the examinee, “Monsieur and I will

breakfast together.” Of such alleged answers by students as that the

pancreas was so named after the Midland railway station, that the bone

of the upper arm (_humerus_) was called the humerous, and was so styled

because it was known as the funny-bone; or that the ankle-bone (_tarsus_)

was so called because St. Paul walked upon it to the city of that name—of

such alleged answers as these it is charitable to suppose that they must

be weak inventions of the enemy.

Many of the comicalities in the way of examination answers recorded by

her Majesty’s inspectors of schools, the examiners in the school board

scholarships competitions, and other the like official personages, go

a long way to prove that in examination blundering, as in many other

matters, truth is sometimes stranger than fiction. At least, it seems

to us that no invented story—supposing examination stories ever are

invented—could equal for “nice derangement” the following written answer

which was actually given at an examination in the “specific subjects” in

a public elementary school within the metropolitan area. The specific

subject taken was physiology, and the children “presented” in it were

asked to “describe the processes of digestion,” which one of them did

in this wise: “Food is digested by the action of the lungs. Digestion

is brought on by the lungs having something the matter with them. The

food then passes through your windpipe to the pores, and thus passes

off your body by evaporation, through a lot of little holes in your

skin called capillaries. The food is nourished in the stomach. If you

were to eat anything hard you would not be able to digest it, and the

consequence would be you would have indigestion. The gall-bladder throws

off juice from the food which passes through it. We call the kidneys the

bread-basket, because it is where all the bread goes to. They lay up

concealed by the heart.”

Domestic economy, as nowadays taught to “children of the elementary

school class,” embraces a good deal of physiological knowledge,

or rather, as applied to such children, physiological jargon. It

is a subject which affords hosts of amusing answers, though, from

considerations of space, two or three must here suffice for specimens.

Thus, in reply to the question, “Why do we cook our food?” one girl gives

the delightfully inconsequent reply: “Their of five ways of cooking

potatoes. We should die if we eat our food roar.” Another girl writes:

“The function of food is to do its proper work in the body. Its proper

work is to well masticate the food, and it goes through without dropping,

instead of being pushed down by the skin.” A third domestic economy

pupil puts in her examination paper that “food digested is when we put

it into our mouths, our teeth chews it, and our tongue roll it down into

our body.… We should not eat so much bone-making foods as flesh-forming

and warmth-giving foods, for if we did we would have too many bones,

and that would make us look funny.” On the subject of ventilation, one

student informs us that a room should be kept at ninety in the winter

by a fire; in the summer by a thermometer: while a classmate writes: “A

thermometer is an instrument used to let out the heat when it is going to

be cold.” Another girl sets down: “When roasting a piece of beef place

it in front of a brisk fire, so as to congratulate the outside.” But an

answer—still in domestic economy—that better, perhaps, than any of the

above illustrates the jargoning that comes of the cram system, is the

following: “Sugar is an amyolid, if you was to eat much sugar and not

nothing else you would not live because sugar has not got no carbon,

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. Potatoes is another amyolids.”

The definitions sometimes given by children in reply to examination

questioning, are, to say the least of it, original. After a reading of

Gray’s “Elegy” by a fourth-standard class, the boys were asked what

was meant by “fretted vaults,” and one youth replied: “The vaults in

which those poor people were buried; their friends came and fretted

over them.” Asked what he understood by “elegy,” another boy in the

same class answered: “Elegy is some poetry wrote out for schools to

learn like Gray’s ‘Elegy.’” A class of girls, who had read a passage

from “Evangeline,” were told to write out the meaning of “the forge,”

and these were among the answers, “A firnest in a blacksmith shop.” “A

firnest in a blacksmith.” “The village smithy’s anvil.” “The dust that

rises from the floor of a blacksmith’s.” A teacher, giving a reading

lesson to his class in the presence of an inspector, asked the boys what

was meant by conscience—a word that had occurred in the course of the

reading. The class having been duly crammed for the question, answered as

one boy: “An inward monitor.” “But what do you understand by an inward

monitor?” put in the inspector. To this further question only one boy

announced himself ready to respond, and his triumphantly given answer

was, “A hironclad, sir.”

A few years back there was published, as a curiosity, in its way, the

subjoined transcript from Cowper’s poem on Alexander Selkirk written

(from dictation) by a fifth-standard boy at a government examination of

a public elementary school: “I Ham Monac of hall I searve, there is none

heare my rite to Dispute from the senter. Hall round to the sea I am

lorde of the fowls to the Brute all shoshitude ware are the charms that

sages have sene in thy face better Dewel in miste of a larms than in this

moste horribel place. I am how of umity reach if must finish my Jurny a

lone never here the swete music of speach i start at the sound of my hone

the Beasts that rome over the place my form with indrifence see they are

so unocent with men such tamess is shocking to me.”

The examiner for the School Board Scholarship competed for in 1882, gives

the following among other equally strange answers on historical matters.

“When Commonwealth comes to the throne it is called Oliver Cromwell.”

“The treaty of Utrecht was fought between the Zulus and the English.”

“Lord Clive captured the Fiji Islands in 1624.” “Cardinal Wolsey was a

great warrior.” “Walpole translated the Bible.” “Walpole was another

favorite of Henry VIII. He was the chief man in helping Henry to get a

divorce.” “Chaucer wrote Æsop’s fables.” In another of these scholarship

examinations Jack Cade was described as “a great Indian conqueror,” Sir

Christopher Wren was set down as “a discoverer” and “an animal painter,”

and Mr. Gladstone as “a great African traveler.” The battle of Crecy

was stated to have been fought in the reign of George III., between the

Britons and Romans, and “The Wide, Wide World” was named as Shakspere’s

greatest work. This last, however, was not so bad as the history of a

pupil-teacher, who informed the examiner that “Shakspere lived in the

reign of George III., discovered America, and was killed by Caliban.”

A schoolboy habit of placing upon a question some literal meaning other

than that intended by the examiner, often leads to answers as curious

as unexpected. Thus an inspector, testing a class upon their knowledge

of the succession of the kings of Israel, asked the boy to whose turn

it had come to be questioned: “And who came after Solomon?” To which

the youngster answered: “The Queen of Sheba, sir.” Asked what were the

chief ends of man, another boy replied, “His head and feet;” and a third,

questioned as to where Jacob was going when he was ten years old, replied

that he was “going on for eleven.” One specially practical juvenile,

called upon to say for what the Red Sea was famous, answered, “Red

herrings!”

To the type of answers here in view, belongs an answer given by a boy

whose father was a strong teetotaler, and upon whom it would appear home

influence had made a stronger impression than school lessons. “Do you

know the meaning of syntax?” he was asked. “Yes,” he answered; “sin-tax

is the dooty upon spirits.” An inspector, who had been explaining to a

class that the land of the world was not continuous, said to the boy who

happened to be standing nearest to him: “Now, could your father walk

round the world?” “No, sir,” was promptly answered. “Why not?” “Because

he’s dead,” was the unlooked-for response. As little anticipated,

probably, was the answer made to another inspector, who asked, “What is a

hovel?” and was met with the reply: “What you live in.”

A prettily humorous examination story is that of the little Scotch boy

at the Presbytery examination. He was asked: “What is the meaning of

regeneration?” “To be born again,” he answered. “Quite right! Would you

not like to be born again?” He hesitated, but being pressed, said that

he would not, and asked why not, replied: “For fear I might be born a

lassie.” Alike astonishing and amusing was an answer given by an adult

examinee, who was “sitting” for a certificate as acting teacher. In the

examination to test general knowledge, he was asked, “What is the age of

reason?” and answered: “As many years as have elapsed since the birth

of the person so named.” It was also a certificate candidate, who, in

reading, rendered two lines from Goldsmith’s “Edwin and Angelina” thus:—

The wicket opening with a latch

Received the armless pair.

—_All the Year Round._

TALK ABOUT BOOKS.

The “Critical and Exegetical Hand-book to the Gospel of Matthew,”[C] now

given to American readers with an admirable preface by Dr. Crooks, is

just what the title asserts, a critical exegesis of the text. The author

was a thorough linguist, and especially familiar with the language in

which Matthew wrote. His expositions, which are accurately grammatical,

give evidence of much philological research, and a strict, attention

to the _usus loquendi_ of both classic and New Testament Greek. As an

exegete he ranks with the best; albeit, the exegesis itself is, at times,

clearer than the English used to state it. Some sentences are burdened

with adjuncts, and there is not always the most felicitous arrangement of

the explanatory clauses. One familiar with good writing will occasionally

feel an impulse to recast and improve what does not quite suit him. For

professional men, and especially young ministers, the Hand-book has great

value, and is worthy of their careful study.

At least one novel book has been issued among the recent holiday volumes.

It is “One Year’s Sketch Book,”[D] a collection of engravings following

the birth, growth, and death of a year. Flowers are made to interpret

the changing phases of the seasons by the artist, for, though she weaves

in many landscapes, they are almost always as backgrounds, for now a

bunch of ox-eyed daisies, a bouquet of blue violets, a loose cluster of

roses, a spray of clematis, or a bunch of bitter-sweet. She deals more

sympathetically, too, with flowers than with other subjects, and her work

on them shows much more finish. There are several anachronisms in the

book that are annoying. March is made to follow May; the page called the

end of spring-time bears a cluster of trailing arbutus as its emblem,

a flower which belongs to the birth of spring; and in her preface, she

makes her newly wedded birds hesitate between nest building in the

locust, with its “drooping white blossoms heaving with sweetness,” and

the apple trees with their “pink and white glory blushing against the

sky,” forgetful that the “pink and white glory” has fallen to the ground

before the locust flower has come. The pictures are quite as beautiful,

however, as if placed in strict calendar order, and the make up of the

book is delightful.

Probably the most suggestive work on education ever written is Rousseau’s

“Emile.”[E] It is the work to which we owe the common sense and the

thoughtful training which more and more characterize our system of

education. It is the work which aroused Pestalozzi and Frœbel, but it has

been for many years practically a dead volume, particularly to English

readers. Old, poorly translated, long, and with many tedious digressions,

teachers and mothers who ought to have been reading it were repelled by

these difficulties. Some time ago M. Jules Steeg removed these barriers

from his French countrymen by arranging a volume into which he gathered

the most valuable portions of Emile, and now one of our country-women has

removed the difficulties from English readers by a clear translation of

Mr. Steeg’s work. It is a book worth possessing, and educators ought to

welcome this practical and satisfactory arrangement of Rousseau’s great

book.

A jest book and a history are not often found in the same volume, but the

“Enchiridion of Wit,”[F] is not only what it professes, a hand book of

English conversational wit; it is a very delightful history of certain

periods of English court and society life. The author has adopted the

novel plan of arranging chronologically the _bon-mots_ he has collected.

The effect is very striking. This grouping into periods enables a reader

to study the progress, the men, the culture and refinement of each age

from an entirely new standpoint, and one which no other book with which

we are familiar makes possible. The volume will form a valuable handbook

in studies of the education and polish of the social and literary

coteries from the time of Sir Thomas Moore down to the days of Thackeray

and Bishop Wilberforce.

“A Penniless Girl”[G] is the story of one who, simply because she was a

girl, could not inherit the immense fortune which would have fallen to

a son. Her father’s disappointment, and neglect of the daughter whose

mother died at her birth, her reception into the house of a wealthy noble

family where, after she had been well educated, she accepted the position

of governess; and her struggles to free herself from the meshes spread

on all sides to lead her into a marriage for wealth and position, and to

remain true to herself and the man she loved, make up the plot. It is a

book that will help while away an hour or so very pleasantly.

A few short extracts from the first page of “Episodes of My Second

Life”[H] give the meaning of the title. “On the 15th of August, 1836,

I was born again. On that day I embarked at Gibraltar for New York,

being then twenty-five years old. It was the beginning of a new life.”

The author is an Italian, and had passed his seventieth birthday before

beginning this book. It is made up principally of reminiscences of his

life in America and in England. His comments on some of the customs of

American social life give us a not very flattering view of ourselves as

others sometimes see us. His appreciation of the treasures of English

literature is very great, and his commendation of them as warm as his

denunciation of French literature is bitter. His patriotic, diplomatic,

literary, parliamentary, and journalistic experiences give quite an

insight into these great fields of labor. There is much of egotism within

its pages, but the book is very readable and possesses literary merit.

“Light Ahead”[I] is one of those satisfactory books in which the poor

good characters all turn out well, and have abundant opportunity to heap

coals of fire on the heads of the bad rich ones, who in former years had

treated them with contempt. The story of the little _spirituelle_ Alice,

who, from a refined home where poverty dwelt, won her way among the noble

and the true in the highest circles, until she gained an established

position in the very best society, will do good wherever it goes.

“Pretty Lucy Merwyn”[J] is a charming story for the young. There is a

freshness and an individuality about it that captivates the reader from

the first. The racy, original little speeches of Lucy and her companions

have in them a naturalness that is seldom found, and the descriptions of

their travels abroad are so vivid that those reading half believe that

they themselves are visiting the “memory haunted lands beyond the seas.”

It is written in good style and in the purest English.

Marion Harland, with her usual good sense in taking everything new and

good into the kitchen, has prepared a “Calendar”[K] for housewives. It is

the aptest device we have ever seen for furnishing a daily inspiration to

model housekeeping. No woman with a spark of household pride in her soul

can pull away the leaves of this pretty calendar day by day and read the

bright thoughts, the practical hints, and the encouraging words which

Mrs. Terhune has put on them without profit. It is a pretty object, too,

for a wall, with its richly colored sketch of Marion Harland herself,

sitting in the corner of her library.

A choice little book is the one containing two brief sketches called

“Miss Toosey’s Mission” and “Laddie.”[L] One experiences something of

a sense of wrong on looking in vain at the title page for the author’s

name. Both stories are written in a delightful manner, and find their

way straight to one’s heart. Would that there were more like poor

Miss Toosey, who grieve over making just such failures of their lives

as she thought she had. Could she only have known of the purpose which

she fanned to life in the breast of strong John Rossiter to go into the

mission field and really do what she so fondly dreamed of once, she would

have felt that she had wrought “better than she knew.”

The “Laddie” was a prominent physician in London, who years before as

an uncommonly promising youth had left his simple rural home and poor

mother. The story tells of how she went to find him, and the thoughtless

words he spoke which made her leave his grand house, and of the long

search he had for her and the sad finding.

The firm, convinced statements of Dr. Van Dyke in “The Reality of

Religion”[M] are a welcome change from much “popular” writing and

preaching on religious themes. To him there is no question of the

truths of the Bible. God is _manifest_ as a physical reality, a moral

reality, an historical reality, a spiritual reality. The saving power

of the Cross of Christ is no theory; it is a fact. The whole is ringing

with the perfect confidence the writer feels in the living truths which

he presents. It carries in its tone conviction. The book is a strong

argument for what it teaches. If one man has found such perfect knowledge

no reader can afford to overlook his experience. It is a forcible appeal

to unbelievers; it is splendid help to wavering minds.

Mrs. Harrison, in writing “The Old Fashioned Fairy Book”[N] has not only

opened up a world of delight for little readers in which they can amuse

themselves by the hour, but has also conferred a great favor upon mothers

and many other older persons by putting into their hands the means by

which they may be enabled to respond to the oft repeated wish, “tell us

a story, please.” The book is a treasure house in which one may find

that which will suit any hour and any mood. There are tales of dwarfs

and witches, and “lots of fairies,” and lovely princesses, and brave

champions, and all the rest of the things that belong to fairy lore.

And charming illustrations set off the whole book; even the cover is a

delight.

We are pleased to welcome a complete collection of Lucy Larcom’s

poems.[O] For many years she has been sending out her fresh, loving

verses, until she has won a warm place in the hearts of earnest

readers. Her poems possess beside a real melody in versification, a

pure, devotional tone which makes them something better than merely

pleasing; it makes them inspiring. Her deep appreciation of nature, her

quick sympathy with the sorrowing and the tempted, her tender love for

childhood, fill her poems, making them most beautiful collections for

lovers of verse.

“How We Live”[P] is a little book finely illustrated, that treats of

Physiology and Hygiene. It is adapted to the use of scholars in the

elementary schools. The chapters are short, well arranged, and clearly

expressed; at the end of each is a list of questions upon the subjects

taught in the chapter, put in a novel and interesting manner. The effects

of alcohol and narcotics upon the system are pointed out, but great

care has been taken not to exaggerate the statements, as is too often

the tendency in a work of this nature. The book merits a welcome from

all parents, who should see that their children are learning just such

lessons as it teaches, and so growing up to be strong men and women.

One of the new series of Appleton’s Science Text-Books is a Compend of

Geology.[Q] The aim of the author has been to make an interesting as well

as an instructive book, and to direct the attention of scholars to the

phenomena now occurring on all sides. No roundabout method for leading

up to the study proper has been used, but the author has very simply

commenced at the beginning. The directness of the whole book is one of

its best features. His method of unfolding the science is at once easy

and natural, and can not fail to awaken and retain the close attention of

the student. The definitions are clear, concise, and simply stated; the

illustrations are numerous and finely supplement the text.

A very neat little book is that called “Vocal and Action Language.”[R]

In a carefully prepared introduction the objections against the study of

elocution are very fairly met, and its necessity, importance and history

set forth. Public speakers can gather many a useful hint from its pages

aside from the practical drill lessons which it contains.

[C] Critical and Exegetical Hand-book to the Gospel of Matthew. By

Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer, Th.D. Translated from the sixth edition of

the German, by the Rev. Peter Christie. New York: Funk and Wagnalls. 1884.

[D] One Year’s Sketch Book. Illustrated and arranged by Irene E. Jerome.

Boston: Lee & Shepard, Publishers. New York: Charles T. Dillingham. 1885.

[E] Emile; or Concerning Education. Extracts, with an Introduction

and Notes by Jules Steeg, Dêputé Paris, France. Translated by Eleanor

Worthington. Boston: Ginn, Heath & Co. 1885.

[F] The Enchiridion of Wit. The Best Specimens of English Conversational

Wit. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1885.

[G] A Penniless Girl. A Novel. From the German of W. Heimburg. Translated

by Mrs. A. L. Wister. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1885.

[H] Episodes of My Second Life. By Antonio Gallengo. Philadelphia: J. B.

Lippincott & Co. 1885.

[I] Light Ahead. By Cecelia A. Gardiner. New York: Phillips & Hunt.

Cincinnati: Walden & Stowe. 1884. Price, $1.25.

[J] Pretty Lucy Merwyn. By Mary Lakeman. Boston: Lee & Shepard,

publishers. New York: Charles T. Dillingham. 1884.

[K] The Common Sense Calendar. By Marion Harland. New York: Charles

Scribner’s Sons. 1885.

[L] “Miss Toosey’s Mission” and “Laddie.” Boston: Roberts Brothers. 1884.

[M] The Reality of Religion. By Henry J. Van Dyke, Jr., D.D. New York:

Charles Scribner’s Sons.

[N] The Old Fashioned Fairy Book. By Mrs. Burton Harrison. Illustrated by

Miss Rosina Emmet. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. 1884. Price, $2.00.

[O] The Poetical works of Lucy Larcom. Household edition. Boston:

Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1885.

[P] How We Live, or the Human Body and How to Take Care of it. By James

Jolonot and Eugene Bouton, Ph.D. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1884.

[Q] A Compend of Geology. By Joseph Le Conte. New York: D. Appleton & Co.

1884.

[R] Vocal and Action Language. By E. N. Kirby. Boston: Lee & Shepard,

publishers. New York: C. T. Dillingham. 1885.

SPECIAL NOTES

CHAUTAUQUA SCHOOL OF CHURCH WORK.

Rev. Geo. P. Hays, D.D., Director, Box 2529, Denver, Colorado.

This school is designed to do whatever may be found practicable in

training Christians for official position in their churches, and for

personal effort for the conversion of their acquaintances and friends.

With this in view, it is divided into two departments, and will during

the summer session of 1885 hold two sessions per day.

_Official Duty._—This department will hold a morning session. Here the

theory of all official authority and influence, and the best methods of

meeting the same, will be studied in their scriptural statements, their

abstract application in the rules of business and of the church, and

their concrete illustrations in the lives of successful officers in the

church and the world.

_Personal Effort._—This department will hold an afternoon session, at

which the Scriptural obligation to work as individuals will be carefully

considered, and, afterward, the best methods of dealing with our

friends as to their objections, their fears, and their indifference.

In both departments an effort will be made duly to appreciate personal

peculiarities, and yet for all make the experience of others as useful as

possible.

The stationery adopted for the classes of ’87 and ’88 is out, and very

pretty it is, too. Mr. Henry Hart, of Atlanta, Ga., manufactures and

sells the paper for these classes. The satisfaction which his badges have

given is the best recommendation for his stationery. Readers of the C. L.

S. C. who may wish to secure either badges or paper will reach Mr. Hart

by addressing Atlanta, Ga.

* * * * *

_Alma Mater_, No. 3, which has just been sent to all members of the C.

L. S. C., is the first number for the current year 1884-5. Four numbers

will be sent during the year, but on account of some necessary changes,

the various “lessons” in every-day speech, self-discipline, etc., will

not appear in the order first announced. The readings in each of the four

numbers will be _required_, but not in connection with the work of any

one month.

* * * * *

Members of the class of ’88 should send items of particular interest to

the class to the Rev. C. C. McLean, Jacksonville, Florida. Mr. McLean has

been chosen to prepare class matter for THE CHAUTAUQUAN. Do not let him

lack for news. Those items which interest you as a “Plymouth Rock” will

interest your classmates.

SUNDAY-SCHOOL NORMAL GRADUATES.

CLASS OF 1884.

CHAUTAUQUA ASSEMBLY NORMAL ALUMNI.

O. B. Booth Akron, Summit Co., Ohio.

Mrs. O. S. Baum Chautauqua, Chautauqua Co., N. Y.

Harriet E. Borden Kalkaska, Kalkaska Co., Mich.

O. S. Baum Chautauqua, Chautauqua Co., N. Y.

Gertrude E. Cutler Jamestown, Chautauqua Co., N. Y.

Alvaretta Crouse 118 Brown St., Akron, Summit Co., Ohio.

Caroline C. Cornnelle Madisonville, Hamilton Co., Ohio.

Harry E. Crankshaw 409 E. Center St., Akron, Summit Co., Ohio.

Josephine L. Creque Akron, Summit Co., Ohio.

Orra N. Chamberlain Watseka, Iroquois Co., Ill.

Charles E. Caskey Akron, Summit Co., Ohio.

Bella C. Carter Randolph, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y.

George W. Dithridge 751 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Harriet M. L. Dithridge Tionesta, Forest Co., Pa.

Ella B. Downey Windsor Hotel, Akron, Summit Co., Ohio.

Morris Elwell Newark Valley, Tioga Co., N. Y.

Hattie M. Ensign Madison, Lake Co., Ohio.

Sadie L. Gifford Akron, Summit Co., Ohio.

Cornelius C. Hunt Summerville, Jefferson Co., Pa.

Clara E. Hill Buffalo, Erie Co., N. Y.

Ella M. Holden Marlborough, Middlesex Co., Mass.

Carrie E. Hill 46 York St., Buffalo, Erie Co., N. Y.

Rettie M. Hanna Lakeville, Livingston Co., N. Y.

Mrs. E. J. Harper North Hope, Butler Co., Pa.

W. C. Herrick 713 E. Market St., Akron, Summit Co., Ohio.

Cora J. Hoover Flushing, Genesee Co., Mich.

Emma M. Jones Akron, Summit Co., Ohio.

Lillie W. Johnson Memphis, Shelby Co., Tenn.

Emma D. Knapp Box 102, Fairfield, Fairfield Co., Conn.

Jennie F. Kenyon 207 S. Union St., Akron, Summit Co., Ohio.

Lorenzo Kidder Connellsville, Fayette Co., Pa.

J. H. King 133 W. Fourth St., Cincinnati, Ohio.

Christina Lang Fetterman, Allegheny Co., Pa.

Celia R. Long Akron, Summit Co., Ohio.

Sadie Lyle 37 Liberty St., Allegheny City,

Allegheny Co., Pa.

Inez Marshall Akron, Summit Co., Ohio.

Mrs. Fanny A. Marsh Union City, Erie Co., Pa.

Miss Vie Maynard Busti, Chautauqua Co., N. Y.

F. E. Meigs Warrensburg, Johnson Co., Mo.

Marcia Mitchell Terre Haute, Vigo Co., Ind.

Ora M. Neeld 81 Wood St., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Ella Paterson Akron, Summit Co., Ohio.

Frank C. Perkins Dunkirk, Chautauqua Co., N. Y.

Sarah J. Payne Pittsburgh, Allegheny Co., Pa.

Amos A. Rothtrock Westerville, Franklin Co., Ohio.

Ida E. Rockwell Darien, Genesee Co., N. Y.

Louise Rickart 1131 Madison St., St. Louis, Mo.

May Rhodes Corry, Erie Co., Pa.

William G. Roberts Bellevue, Huron Co., Ohio.

Charles L. Reifsnider 115 James St., Akron, Ohio.

J. Frumont Scott Delaware, Delaware Co., Ohio.

T. C. Strickland Randolph, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y.

Laura L. Smith 120 W. Seventh St., Terre Haute, Ind.

Helen A. Storer Akron, Summit Co., Ohio.

James H. Smart Kingsville, Essex Co., Ontario.

L. M. Swanzey Ridott, Stephenson Co., Ill.

Harry G. Limric Akron, Summit Co., Ohio.

Frances M. Sawyers 32 Ward St., Pittsburgh, Pa.

M. E. Taylor 513 Prospect St., Cleveland, Ohio.

Mrs. Alice Trow Drake’s Mills, Crawford Co., Pa.

Mrs. Josephine Taylor Pittsburgh, Pa.

Emily Gertrude Weegar Akron, Summit Co., Ohio.

The Rev. Charles G. Wood Kansas, Edgar Co., Ill.

Cora E. Wise 110 N. Summit St., Akron, Ohio.

Hattie M. Wise 110 N. Summit St., Akron, Ohio.

Mrs. Margaret A. Watts 13 Main St., Louisville, Ky.

E. E. Williams Tilsonburg, Oxford Co., Ontario.

Hattie L. Waters Southfield, Oakland Co., Mich.

Jennie T. Weimer 209 S. Forge St., Akron, Ohio.

FRAMINGHAM NORMAL UNION.

Rubie L. Adams care of the Rev. E. A. Adams, Chicago, Ill.

Nellie F. Alexander 56 Messer St., Providence, R. I.

Lottie M. Alexander 63 Court St., Boston, Mass.

Emily J. Anthony 13 Chestnut St., Providence, R. I.

Anna L. Batchelder Westborough, Worcester Co., Mass.

Annie C. Beale Wiscasset, Lincoln Co., Maine.

Mrs. Sarah J. Bragg Spencer, Worcester Co., Mass.

Emma F. Brown 17 Piedmont St., Worcester, Mass.

M. Anna Burns Oakdale, Worcester Co., Mass.

Mrs. H. K. Burrison West Newton, Middlesex Co., Mass.

Mrs. Geo. Clark 5 Home St., Worcester, Mass.

Mary E. Dorr Cordaville, Worcester Co., Mass.

Mrs. S. C. Dyer Spencer, Mass.

Minnie E. Gaskins Mattapan, Suffolk Co., Mass.

Jessie E. Guernsey Framingham, Mass.

Mrs. S. C. Hayward Fitchburg, Mass.

Jesse H. Jones North Abington, Plymouth Co., Mass.

Miss G. F. Leonard Cambridgeport, Mass.

Elizabeth Merriam South Framingham, Mass.

Ella F. Moore Framingham, Mass.

Mrs. Nellie E. Moulton 8 Madison St., Worcester, Mass.

Abbie P. Noyes 72 Line St., Newburyport, Mass.

Ella C. Roberts 19 Mount Vernon St., Boston, Mass.

Mary L. Sawyer Boxford, Essex Co., Mass.

Miss M. J. Sherman Brookfield, Mass.

Carrie L. Smith 13 Broadway, Providence, R. I.

Elizabeth F. Thayer Lexington, Mass.

Effie L. Warner 574 Maine St., Worcester, Mass.

Florence E. Whitcher Lexington, Middlesex Co., Mass.

Mrs. Emma C. White Braintree, Norfolk Co., Mass.

Stella M. A. Wilcox Providence, R. I.

Lillia T. Witherbee 100 Franklin St., Boston, Mass.

INTER-STATE ASSEMBLY, OTTAWA, KANSAS.

A. P. Allen Hillsborough, Montgomery Co., Ill.

Robert Cochran Bridgeport, Kan.

H. J. Coker Garnett, Anderson Co., Kan.

J. F. Drake Emporia, Lyon Co., Kan.

Mary H. Gardner 1023 Grand Ave., Kansas City, Mo.

George K. Grant Media, Douglas Co., Kan.

O. Hansen Centralia, Nemaha Co., Kan.

M. Ingels Lanna, Allen Co., Kan.

Rose M. Kinney Hamlin, Brown Co., Kan.

Mary E. Leonard Ottawa, Franklin Co., Kan.

Mrs. C. B. Markham 1121 Parallel St., Atchison, Kan.

R. L. McNabb Council Grove, Morris Co., Kan.

Jennie Penrod Emporia, Lyon Co., Kan.

The Rev. Francis Rice Augusta, Butler Co., Kan.

Mary E. Gibson Ottawa, Franklin Co., Kan.

Mrs. Sarah K. Stebbins Atchison, Atchison Co., Kan.

The Rev. F. C. Sherman Stockton, Rooks Co., Kan.

William Wheeler Ottawa, Franklin Co., Kan.

SUNDAY-SCHOOL PARLIAMENT.

Herman C. Boehme Fordham, N. Y.

Sadia E. Baird 193 Waverly Place, N. Y. City.

Mrs. Hattie E. Buell Cazenovia, Madison Co., N. Y.

Delia A. Matson Oswego Falls, Oswego Co., N. Y.

Libbie I. McLean 193 Waverly Place, N. Y. City.

MOUNTAIN LAKE PARK ASSEMBLY.

Robert W. Armstrong 128 Lexington St., Baltimore, Md.

The Rev. L. E. Peters Clarksburg, West Va.

The Rev. M. W. Ryder Oakland, Md.

G. W. Atkinson Wheeling, West Va.

Laura W. Rice 197 Carrolton Ave., Baltimore, Md.

CHAUTAUQUA TEACHERS’ UNION.

[Individual students who have taken the Normal Course and Examination.]

Effie Danforth Peru, Huron Co., Ohio.

Minnie A. Fletcher 122 East 19th St., New York City.

John T. Judd Lewisburg, Union Co., Pa.

Mrs. Ella C. Keith 16 Cambridge St., Worcester, Mass.

John A. Parker Schooley’s Mountain, Morris Co., N. J.

Cyrus Poling Philippi, Barbour Co., West Va.

Antoinette F. Peterson 720 14th St., N. W., Washington, D. C.

Margaretta V. Wilcox 649 North 35th St., Philadelphia, Pa.

William S. Corlett Warrensville, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio.

Fred. C. Abbott Waterbury, Conn.

Florence Edwards 594 Prospect St., Cleveland, Ohio.

Mrs. E. P. Hickok Winfield, Cowley Co., Kan.

Ida A. Mahler Box 564, Waterbury, Conn.

William McKay East Norwich, Queens Co., N. Y.

A. W. Moss Sweet Valley, Luzerne Co., Pa.

Retta Richardson Stockton, Chautauqua Co., N. Y.

Edwin H. Williams Waterbury, Conn.

Minnie A. Wyman Waterbury, Conn.

Jennie G. Haight Cleveland, Ohio.

Emily H. Miller New Vienna, Clinton Co., Ohio.

Mrs. Cornelius D. Tinsley 3 Adams St., Petersburg, Va.

Miss E. Beswick 58 Anne St., Toronto, Ontario.

Carrie Baur 432 North 6½ St., Terre Haute, Ind.

Mary J. Erwin Charlotte, Mich.

* * * * *

Transcriber’s Notes:

Obvious punctuation errors repaired.

Page 188, “term” changed to “terms” (The terms Æginetan and Eubœic)

Pages 188-189, “drachma” and “drachme” are both used for the singular.

Not changed.

Page 189, “when” changed to “then” (one drachma, then very dear)

Page 189, “Similarily” changed to “Similarly” (Similarly in music)

Page 190, “856” changed to “586” (the public contests at Delphi (586))

Page 192, “taught” changed to “taut” (from whose taut string arrows fly)

Page 194, “beome” changed to “become” (to become more pleasing)

Page 198, reversed order of lines “apples into the whites, which must

have been whipped to a” and “stiff froth. Beat in the sugar with a few

light sweeps of the”, originally printed the other way around.

Page 202, “Guy Lussac” changed to “Gay-Lussac” (the loftiest mountains.

Gay-Lussac)

Page 225, “Chatuauquan” changed to “Chautauquan” (the chemical

experiments given in THE CHAUTAUQUAN)

Page 228, “Worccster” changed to “Worcester” (Worcester, Mass.)

Page 229, “he” changed to “the” (contained in the Bible)

Page 229, “ffrst” changed to “first” (been the first Asiatic)

Page 234, “sinc” changed to “since” (since farmers usually double their

caution)

Page 234, noted more for amusement than anything else, the line “in

millions of households—less buying of customary comforts—are” was

originally printed upside down.

Page 241, “Pensees” changed to “Pensées” (the magnificent but unfinished

“Pensées.”)

Page 241, “Guy-Lassac” changed to “Gay-Lussac” (Gay-Lussac was created a

peer)

Page 241, “th eEnglish” changed to “the English” (by the English

government)

Page 242, repeated word “are” removed (students who are “in” for several

“subjects”)

Page 244, “Gibralter” changed to “Gibraltar” (I embarked at Gibraltar for

New York)

Page 245, “Steegs” changed to “Steeg” (an Introduction and Notes by Jules

Steeg)