_Edinburgh: Printed by Ballantyne and Hughes, Paul's Work._
Footnotes:
[1] _Lives of Men of Letters and Science who Flourished in the Time of
George III._ By HENRY LORD BROUGHAM, with Portraits. London: Colburn.
[2] _Reynard the Fox--a renowned Apologue of the Middle Ages reproduced
in Rhyme._ By S. NAYLOR. Longman & Co. London: 1845.
[3] Finlay's _Greece under the Romans_, p. 250.
[4] "Mihi multum legenti multum audienti quae populus Romanus domi
militiaeque praeclara facinora fecissent, forte lubuit attendere quae res
maxime tanta negotia sustinuit. At mihi multa agitanti constabat,
paucorum civium egregiam virtutem cuncta patravisse: eoque factum ut
divitias paupertas, multitudinem paucitas, superaret."--Sallust, _Bell.
Cat._, 32.
[5] They were as high as L.9 sterling in the time of Constantine, a sum
probably equal to L.20 of our money. But the freemen were the higher
classes alone, and it is probable a similar class, both in France and
England, pay at least as much at this time.--See Gibbon, iii. 88.
[6] Gibbon, c. i. and c. xxxii. Agathias states the military
establishment in its best days at 675,000, which is much more likely its
real amount. Agathias, v. p. 157, Paris edition.
[7] Gibbon, vol. vi. c. xxxvi. p. 235.
[8] Ibid. vol. iii. c. xviii. p. 87. Edition in twelve volumes.
[9] "Arantur Gallicana rura _barbaris bobus_, et juga Germanica captiva
praebent colla nostris cultoribus."--_Probi Epist. ad Senatum, in
Vopesio._
[10] Michelet, _Histoire de France_, vol. i. p. 104-108.
[11] Finlay's _Greece under the Romans_.
[12] Tacitus, _Annal._, xii. 43.
[13] _De Bello Gild._, v. 64, 65.
[14] Gibbon, c. xxix.
[15]
"Advenio supplex, non ut proculcet Araxen
Consul ovans, nostraeve premant pharetrata secures
Susa, nec ut Rubris aquilas figamus arenis.
Haec nobis, haec ante dabas.--Nunc pabula tantum
Roma precor. Miserere tuae, Pater Optime, gentis--
Extremam defende famem.
* * * * *
Tot mihi pro meritis Lybiam Nilumque dedere
Ut _dominam plebem_ bellatoremque senatum
Classibus astivis alerent.
* * * * *
Nunc inhonorus, egens, perfert miserabile pacis
Supplicium, nulloque palam circumdatus hoste
Obessi discrimen habet. Per singula letum
Impendet momenta mihi, dubitandaque pauci
Praescribunt alimenta dies."--CLAUD. _De Bello Gild._
[16] Finlay's _Greece under the Romans_, 435, 436.
[17] Ibid. 517.
[18] Gibbon, c. xxxi. p. 351.
[19] Ibid. c. xxxiii. vol. vi. p. 20.
[20] _Greece under the Romans_, 456, 467.
[21] Josephus, ii. 16.
[22] Finlay, 515.
[23] Ibid. 406.
[24] Sismondi, _Chute de l'Empire Romaine_, i. 36.
[25] Novell, 81.
[26] Finlay, 246, 247.
[27] Finlay, 117.
[28] Ammianus Marcellinus, c. xiv.
[29] Finlay, 544. Ammianus Marcellinus, c. xix.
[30] Sismondi, _Chute de l'Empire Romaine_, i. 50.
[31] Gibbon, i. 261, c. vi.
[32] Gibbon, c. vi. vol. i. p. 262.
[33] Ibid. c. vi. vol. i. p. 268.
[34] Ibid. p. 268.
[35] Ibid. c. xvii. vol. ii. p. 86.
[36] Gibbon, c. xvii. vol. iii. p. 92.
[37] Finlay, pp. 49-50.
[38] Novell Majorian, tit. iv. p. 34. Gibbon, c. xxxvi. vol. vi. p. 173.
[39] Gibbon, c. i. vol. i. p. 30.
[40] Ibid. c. i. vol. i. p. 37.
[41] Ibid. c. xvii. vol. iii. p. 93.
[42] Ibid. c. ii. vol. i. p. 91.
[43] Plin. _Hist. Nat._ iii. 5.
[44] [Greek: Peri tou medein Daneixeisthai.] "De AEre Alieno
vitando."--_Plutarch._
[45] Finlay, 90.
[46] "Verumque confitentibus latifundia perdidere Italiam, immo ac
provincias."--Plin. _Hist. Nat._
[47] Sismondi, _Chute de l'Empire Romaine_, i. 51.
[48] Ammianus Marcellinus, c. xiv.
[49] Sismondi, _Chute de l'Empire Romaine_, i. 44.
[50] Finlay, 219, 220.
[51] It is curious to find Tacitus praising the establishment _of
bounties on_ the importation of foreign grain by Tiberius, without a
word on the evil effects of the system.--_Annal._ vi. 13. "Quibus _e
provinciis et quanto majorum, quam Augustus_ rei frumentariae copiam
advectaret."
[52] Finlay, 53.
[53] Finlay, 105.
[54] Ibid. 137.
[55] Tacitus, _Annal._ xii. 43.
[56] Michelet, _Histoire de France_, i. 277.
[57] _Edinburgh Review._ April 1846. No. 168. Page 370-371.
[58] Sismondi, _Chute de l'Empire Romaine_, i. 233.
[59] Finlay, 389.
[60] Ibid. 392.
[61] Gibbon, chap. ii. vol. i. p. 90.
[62] Jacob's _Historical Inquiry into the Production and Consumption of
the Precious Metals_, i. 35, 42.
[63] Finlay, 88.
[64] _Ibid._ 90.
[65] Finlay, 89.
[66] Gibbon, v. 329.
[67] _Arbuthnott on Ancient Coins_, c. 5. Gibbon, i. 90, c. ii.
[68] _Greaves on Ancient Coins_, i. 229, 331.
[69] Gibbon, c. 36, vol. vi. 173.
[70] See _Edinburgh Review_. No. 168. April 1846.
[71] There are now 20,000,000 inhabitants in Italy, and it was certainly
as populous in the time of Augustus, when Rome alone, which now has
180,000, contained 2,386,000 souls.
[72] _Le Peuple._ Par J. MICHELET.
[73] _Du Feu Grecois, des Feux de Guerre, et des Origines de la
Poudre-a-Canon._ Par MM. REINAUD et FAVE.
[74] --------"Conducta Paulus agebat Sardonyche."--JUV. _Sat._ vii.
[75] Poor Seneca, for a _moral_ philosopher, seems to have been somewhat
harshly handled: here patronised by cheats and gamblers, and here
censured by philosophy and dissent! Now invoked by Rusca to assist him
in his ingannations; now lugged on the stage to be commented on by the
valet of a gambler,[*] as he _debits_ him, for his master's consolation,
under his losses; here glanced at by Coleridge for his splendid
"inconsistencies;" and here by the sour _Dissenter_, who accuses our
Church's ministers of borrowing their sermons from his precepts.
"Preaching the trash they purchase at the stalls,
And more like _Seneca's_, than _HIS_!! or _Paul's_!"
And, as he could make no higher appeal for human virtue than the
authority of human wisdom for the plea of expediency, it was not to be
wondered at if he should have met with no better fate than to be praised
of fools, and neglected of the wise, who wisely deemed him an
insufficient, and therefore a dangerous guide.
[*] Le Joueur.
[76] The name of "_half honest_" exactly suits this class of men, who,
adopting one _half_ of what our admirable Taylor lays down in his golden
"rules and measures of justice in bargaining," neglect the other half.
"In prices of bargaining concerning _uncertain_ merchandises, you may
buy as cheap, ordinarily, as you can, and sell as dear as you can;" so
far they and Taylor are of a mind. "Provided," continues he, "that you
contract on _equal terms_ with persons in _all senses_ (as to the matter
and skill of bargaining) _equal to yourself_; that is, merchants with
merchants, _wise men with wise men_, rich with rich"--and _here_ the
_mezzo galant'uomo_ gives up Taylor, to keep true to his name and
calling.
[77] Mionnet, _De la Rarete et du Prix des Medailles Romaines_, a very
useful work, which no amateur collector should fail to possess, and to
carry constantly about with him, _non obstant_ all the abuse heaped upon
it by all the dealers.
Transcriber's Notes:
Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
The original text includes Greek characters. For this text version these
letters have been replaced with transliterations.
The original text contains several instances of unmatched quotation marks.
Obvious errors have been silently corrected while those requiring
interpretation have been left open.
The following misprints have been corrected:
"dveloping" corrected to "developing" (page 658)
missing "a" added (page 684)
"ancedote" corrected to "anecdote" (index)