_THE KNOWLEDGE OF GOD_
HOSEA _passim_.
We have now finished the translation and detailed exposition of
Hosea's prophecies. We have followed his minute examination of his
people's character; his criticism of his fickle generation's attempts
to repent; and his presentation of true religion in contrast to
their shallow optimism and sensual superstitions. We have seen an
inwardness and spirituality of the highest kind--a love not only warm
and mobile, but nobly jealous, and in its jealousy assisted by an
extraordinary insight and expertness in character. Why Hosea should
be distinguished above all prophets for inwardness and spirituality
must by this time be obvious to us. From his remote watchfulness,
Amos had seen the nations move across the world as the stars across
heaven; had seen, within Israel, class distinct from class, and
given types of all: rich and poor; priest, merchant and judge; the
panic-stricken, the bully; the fraudulent and the unclean. The
observatory of Amos was the world, and the nation. But Hosea's was
the home; and there he had watched a human soul decay through every
stage from innocence to corruption. It was a husband's study of a
wife which made Hosea the most inward of all the prophets. This was
_the beginning of God's word by him_.[663]
Among the subjects in the subtle treatment of which Hosea's service
to religion is most original and conspicuous, there are especially
three that deserve a more detailed treatment than we have been able
to give them. These are the Knowledge of God, Repentance and the Sin
against Love. We may devote a chapter to each of them, beginning in
this with the most characteristic and fundamental truth Hosea gave to
religion--the Knowledge of God.
* * * * *
If to the heart there be one pain more fatal than another, it is the
pain of not being understood. That prevents argument: how can you
reason with one who will not come to quarters with your real self? It
paralyses influence: how can you do your best with one who is blind
to your best? It stifles Love; for how dare she continue to speak
when she is mistaken for something else? Here as elsewhere "against
stupidity the gods themselves fight in vain."
This anguish Hosea had suffered. As closely as two souls may live
on earth, he had lived with Gomer. Yet she had never wakened to
his worth. She must have been a woman with a power of love, or
such a heart had hardly wooed her. He was a man of deep tenderness
and exquisite powers of expression. His tact, his delicacy, his
enthusiasm are sensible in every chapter of his book. Gomer must have
tasted them all before Israel did. Yet she never knew him. It was
her curse that, being married, she was not awake to the meaning of
marriage, and, being married to Hosea, she never appreciated the holy
tenderness and heroic patience which were deemed by God not unworthy
of becoming a parable of His own.
Now I think we do not go far wrong if we conclude that it was partly
this long experience of a soul that loved, but had neither conscience
nor ideal in her love, which made Hosea lay such frequent and pathetic
emphasis upon Israel's _ignorance_ of Jehovah. To have his character
ignored, his purposes baffled, his gifts unappreciated, his patience
mistaken--this was what drew Hosea into that wonderful sympathy with
the heart of God towards Israel which comes out in such passionate
words as these: _My people perish for lack of knowledge._[664] _There
is no troth, nor leal love, nor knowledge of God in the land._[665]
_They have not known the Lord._[666] _She did not know that I gave her
corn and wine._[667] _They knew not that I healed them._[668] _For now,
because thou hast rejected knowledge, I will reject thee._[669] _I will
have leal love and not sacrifice, and the knowledge of God rather than
burnt-offerings._[670] Repentance consists in change of knowledge. And
the climax of the new life which follows is again knowledge: _I will
betroth thee to Me, and thou shall know the Lord._[671] _Israel shall
cry, My God, we know Thee._[672]
To understand what Hosea meant by knowledge we must examine the
singularly supple word which his language lent him to express it.
The Hebrew root "Yadh'a,"[673] almost exclusively rendered in the
Old Testament by the English verb to know, is employed of the many
processes of knowledge, for which richer languages have separate
terms. It is by turns to perceive, be aware of, recognise, understand
or conceive, experience and be expert in.[674] But there is besides
nearly always a practical effectiveness, and in connection with
religious objects a moral consciousness.
The barest meaning is to be aware that something is present or has
happened, and perhaps the root meant simply to see.[675] But it was
the frequent duty of the prophets to mark the difference between
perceiving a thing and laying it to heart. Isaiah speaks of the
people _seeing_, but not so as _to know_;[676] and Deuteronomy
renders the latter sense by adding _with the heart_, which to the
Hebrews was the seat, not of the feeling, but of the practical
intellect:[677] _And thou knowest with thy heart that as a man
chastiseth his son, so the Lord your God chastiseth you_.[678]
Usually, however, the word _know_ suffices by itself. This practical
vigour naturally developed in such directions as _intimacy_,
_conviction_, _experience_ and _wisdom_. Job calls his familiars
_my knowers_;[679] of a strong conviction he says, _I know that my
Redeemer liveth_,[680] and referring to wisdom, _We are of yesterday
and know not_;[681] while Ecclesiastes says, _Whoso keepeth the
commandment shall know_--that is, _experience_, or _suffer--no
evil_.[682] But the verb rises into a practical sense--to the
knowledge that leads a man to regard or care for its object. Job uses
the verb _know_ when he would say, _I do not care for my life_;[683]
and in the description of the sons of Eli, that _they were sons
of Belial, and did not know God_, it means that they did not have
any regard for Him.[684] Finally, there is a moral use of the word
in which it approaches the meaning of conscience: _Their eyes were
opened, and they knew that they were naked_.[685] They were aware
of this before, but they felt it now with a new sense. Also it is
the mark of the awakened and the fullgrown to know, or to feel, the
difference between good and evil.[686]
Here, then, we have a word for _knowing_, the utterance of which
almost invariably starts a moral echo, whose very sound, as it were,
is haunted by sympathy and by duty. It is knowledge, not as an effort
of, so much as an effect upon, the mind. It is not _to know_ so as to
see the fact of, but _to know_ so as to feel the force of; knowledge,
not as acquisition and mastery, but as impression, passion. To quote
Paul's distinction, it is not so much the apprehending as the being
apprehended. It leads to a vivid result--either warm appreciation
or change of mind or practical effort. It is sometimes the talent
conceived as the trust, sometimes the enlistment of all the affections.
It is knowledge that is followed by shame, or by love, or by reverence,
or by the sense of a duty. One sees that it closely approaches the
meaning of our "conscience," and understands how easily there was
developed from it the evangelical name for repentance, Metanoia--that
is, change of mind under a new impression of facts.
There are three writers who thus use knowledge as the key to
the Divine life--in the Old Testament Hosea and the author of
Deuteronomy, in the New Testament St. John. We likened Amos to St.
John the Baptist: it is not only upon his similar temperament, but
far more upon his use of the word knowledge for spiritual purposes,
that we may compare Hosea to St. John the Evangelist.
Hosea's chief charge against the people is one of stupidity. High and
low they are _a people without intelligence_.[687] Once he defines
this as want of political wisdom: _Ephraim is a silly dove without
heart_, or, as we should say, _without brains_;[688] and again, as
insensibility to every ominous fact: _Strangers have devoured his
strength, and he knoweth it not; yea, grey hairs are scattered upon
him, and he knoweth it not_,[689] or, as we should say, _lays it not
to heart_.
But Israel's most fatal ignorance is of God Himself. This is the sign
and the cause of every one of their defects. _There is no troth, nor
leal love, nor knowledge of God in the land._[690] _They have not
known the LORD._[691] _They have not known Me._
With the causes of this ignorance the prophet has dealt most
explicitly in the fourth chapter.[692] They are two: the people's
own vice and the negligence of their priests. Habitual vice destroys
a people's brains. _Harlotry, wine and new wine take away the heart
of My people._[693] Lust, for instance, blinds them to the domestic
consequences of their indulgence in the heathen worship, _and so
the stupid people come to their end_.[694] Again, their want of
political wisdom is due to their impurity, drunkenness and greed to
be rich.[695] Let those take heed who among ourselves insist that art
is independent of moral conditions--that wit and fancy reach their
best and bravest when breaking from any law of decency. They lie:
such licence corrupts the natural intelligence of a people, and robs
them of insight and imagination.
Yet Hosea sees that all the fault does not lie with the common
people. Their teachers are to blame, priest and prophet alike, for
both _stumble_, and it is true that a people shall be like its
priests.[696] _The_ priests _have rejected knowledge and forgotten
the Torah_ of their God; they think only of the ritual of sacrifice
and the fines by which they fill their mouths. It was, as we have
seen, _the_ sin of Israel's religion in the eighth century. To
the priests religion was a mass of ceremonies which satisfied the
people's superstitions and kept themselves in bread. To the prophets
it was an equally sensuous, an equally mercenary ecstasy. But to
Hosea religion is above all a thing of the intellect and conscience:
it is that _knowing_ which is at once common-sense, plain morality
and the recognition by a pure heart of what God has done and is doing
in history. Of such a knowledge the priests and prophets are the
stewards, and it is because they have ignored their trust that the
people have been provided with no antidote to the vices that corrupt
their natural intelligence and make them incapable of seeing God.
In contrast to such ignorance Hosea describes the essential
temper and contents of a true understanding of God. Using the word
_knowledge_, in the passive sense characteristic of his language, not
so much the acquisition as the impression of facts, an impression
which masters not only a man's thoughts but his heart and will,
Hosea describes the _knowledge of God_ as feeling, character and
conscience. Again and again he makes it parallel to loyalty,
repentance, love and service. Again and again he emphasises that it
comes from God Himself. It is not something which men can reach by
their own endeavours, or by the mere easy turning of their fickle
hearts. For it requires God Himself to speak, and discipline to
chasten. The only passage in which the knowledge of God is described
as the immediate prize of man's own pursuit is that prayer of the
people on whose facile religiousness Hosea pours his scorn.[697]
_Let us know, let us follow on to know the Lord_, he heard them say,
and promise themselves, _As soon as we seek Him we shall find Him_.
But God replies that He can make nothing of such ambitions; they
will pass away like the morning cloud and the early dew.[698] This
discarded prayer, then, is the only passage in the book in which the
knowledge of God is described as man's acquisition. Elsewhere, in
strict conformity to the temper of the Hebrew word to know, Hosea
presents the knowledge of the Most High, not as something man finds
out for himself, but something which comes down on him from above.
The means which God took to impress Himself upon the heart of His
people were, according to Hosea, the events of their history. Hosea,
indeed, also points to another means. _The Torah of thy God_, which
in one passage[699] he makes parallel to _knowledge_, is evidently
the body of instruction, judicial, ceremonial and social, which has
come down by the tradition of the priests. This was not all oral;
part of it at least was already codified in the form we now know
as the Book of the Covenant.[700] But Hosea treats of the Torah
only in connection with the priests. And the far more frequent and
direct means by which God has sought to reveal Himself to the people
are the great events of their past. These Hosea never tires of
recalling. More than any other prophet, he recites the deeds done
by God in the origins and making of Israel. So numerous are his
references that from them alone we could almost rebuild the early
history. Let us gather them together. The nation's father Jacob _in
the womb overreached his brother, and in his manhood strove with
God; yea, he strove with the Angel and he overcame_,[701] _he wept
and supplicated Him; at Bethel he found Him, and there He spake with
us--Jehovah God of Hosts, Jehovah is His name_.[702] _... And Jacob
fled to the territory_[703] _of Aram, and he served for a wife, and
for a wife he tended sheep. And by a prophet Jehovah brought Israel
up out of Egypt, and by a prophet he was tended._[704] _When Israel
was young,_[705] _then I came to love him, and out of Egypt I called
My son._[706] _As often as I called to them, so often did they go
from Me:_[707] _they to the Ba'alim kept sacrificing, and to images
offering incense. But I taught Ephraim to walk, taking him upon
Mine_[708] _arms, and they did not know that I nursed them._[709] ...
_Like grapes in the wilderness I found Israel, like the firstfruits
on an early fig-tree I saw your fathers; but they went to Ba'al-Peor,
and consecrated themselves to the Shame._[710] ... _But I am Jehovah
thy God from the land of Egypt, and gods besides Me thou knowest not,
and Saviour there is none but Me. I knew thee in the wilderness, in
the land of burning heats. But the more pasture they had, the more
they fed themselves full; as they fed themselves full their heart was
lifted up: therefore they forgat Me._[711] ... _I Jehovah thy God
from the land of Egypt._[712] And all this revelation of God was not
only in that marvellous history, but in the yearly gifts of nature
and even in the success of the people's commerce: _She knew not that
it was I who have given her the corn and the wine and the oil, and
silver have I multiplied to her._[713]
This, then, is how God gave Israel knowledge of Himself. _First_ it
broke upon the Individual, the Nation's Father. And to him it had
not come by miracle, but just in the same fashion as it has broken
upon men from then until now. He woke to find God no tradition, but
an experience. Amid the strife with others of which life for all so
largely consists, Jacob became aware that God also has to be reckoned
with, and that, hard as is the struggle for bread and love and
justice with one's brethren and fellow-men, with the Esaus and with
the Labans, a more inevitable wrestle awaits the soul when it is left
alone in the darkness with the Unseen. Oh, this is our sympathy with
those early patriarchs, not that they saw the sea dry up before them
or the bush ablaze with God, but that upon some lonely battle-field
of the heart they also endured those moments of agony, which imply a
more real Foe than we ever met in flesh and blood, and which leave
upon us marks deeper than the waste of toil or the rivalry of the
world can inflict. So the Father of the Nation came to _find_ God at
Bethel, and there, adds Hosea, where the Nation still worship, God
_spake with us_[714] in the person of our Father.
The _second_ stage of the knowledge of God was when the Nation awoke
to His leading, and _through a prophet_, Moses, were _brought up out
of Egypt_. Here again no miracle is adduced by Hosea, but with full
heart he appeals to the grace and the tenderness of the whole story.
To him it is a wonderful romance. Passing by all the empires of
earth, the Almighty chose for Himself this people that was no people,
this tribe that were the slaves of Egypt. And the choice was of love
only: _When Israel was young I came to love him, and out of Egypt I
called My son._ It was the adoption of a little slave-boy, adoption
by the heart; and the fatherly figure continues, _I taught Ephraim
to walk, taking him upon Mine arms_. It is just the same charm, seen
from another point of view, when Hosea hears God say that He had
_found Israel like grapes in the wilderness, like the firstfruits on
an early fig-tree I saw your fathers_.
Now these may seem very imperfect figures of the relation of God to
this one people, and the ideas they present may be felt to start more
difficulties than ever their poetry could soothe to rest: as, for
instance, why Israel alone was chosen--why this of all tribes was
given such an opportunity to know the Most High. With these questions
prophecy does not deal, and for Israel's sake had no need to deal.
What alone Hosea is concerned with is the Character discernible in
the origin and the liberation of his people. He hears that Character
speak for itself; and it speaks of a love and of a joy, to find
figures for which it goes to childhood and to spring--to the love a
man feels for a child, to the joy a man feels at the sight of the
firstfruits of the year. As the human heart feels in those two great
dawns, when nothing is yet impossible, but all is full of hope and
promise, so humanly, so tenderly, so joyfully had God felt towards
His people. Never again say that the gods of Greece were painted more
living or more fair! The God of Israel is Love and Springtime to His
people. Grace, patience, pure joy of hope and possibility--these are
the Divine elements which this spiritual man, Hosea, sees in the
early history of his people, and not the miraculous, about which,
from end to end of his book, he is utterly silent.
It is ignorance, then, of such a Character, so evident in these facts
of their history, with which Hosea charges his people--not ignorance
of the facts themselves, not want of devotion to their memory, for
they are a people who crowd the sacred scenes of the past, at Bethel,
at Gilgal, at Beersheba, but ignorance of the Character which shines
through the facts. Hosea also calls it forgetfulness, for the people
once had knowledge.[715] The cause of their losing it has been their
prosperity in Canaan: _As their pastures were increased they grew
satisfied; as they grew satisfied their heart was lifted up, and
therefore they forgat Me._[716]
Equally instructive is the method by which Hosea seeks to move Israel
from this oblivion and bring them to a true knowledge of God. He
insists that their recovery can only be the work of God Himself--the
living God working in their lives to-day as He did in the past of
the nation. To those past deeds it is useless for this generation to
go back, and seek again the memory of which they have disinherited
themselves. Let them rather realise that the same God still lives.
The knowledge of Him may be recovered by appreciating His deeds in
the life of to-day. And these deeds must first of all be violence
and terror, if only to rouse them from their sensuous sloth. The
last verse we have quoted, about Israel's complacency and pride, is
followed by this terrible one: _I shall be_[717] _to them like a
lion, like a leopard I shall leap_[718] _upon the way. I will meet
them as a bear bereft_ of her cubs, _that I may tear the caul of
their heart, that I may devour them there like a lion: the wild beast
shall rend them._[719] This means that into Israel's insensibility
to Himself God must break with facts, with wounds, with horrors they
cannot evade. Till He so acts, their own efforts, _then shall we know
if we hunt up to know_,[720] and their assurance, _My God, we do know
Thee_,[721] are very vain. Hosea did not speak for nothing. Events
were about to happen more momentous than even the Exodus and the
Conquest of the Land. By 734 the Assyrians had depopulated Gilead and
Galilee; in 725 the capital itself was invested, and by 721 the whole
nation carried into captivity. God had made Himself known.
We are already aware, however, that Hosea did not count this as God's
final revelation to His people. Doom is not doom to him, as it was
to Amos, but discipline; and God withdraws His people from their
fascinating land only that He may have them more closely to Himself. He
will bring His Bride into the wilderness again, the wilderness where
they first met, and there, when her soul is tender and her stupid heart
broken, He will plant in her again the seeds of His knowledge and His
love. The passages which describe this are among the most beautiful of
the book. They tell us of no arbitrary conquest of Israel by Jehovah,
of no magic and sudden transformation. They describe a process as
natural and gentle as a human wooing; they use, as we have seen, the
very terms of this: _I will woo her, bring her into the wilderness,
and speak home to her heart.... And it shall be in that day that thou
shalt call Me, My husband, ... and I will betroth thee to Me for ever
in righteousness and in justice, and in leal love and in mercies and in
faithfulness; and thou shalt know Jehovah._[722]
FOOTNOTES:
[663] i. 2.
[664] iv. 6.
[665] iv. 1.
[666] v. 4.
[667] ii. 10.
[668] xi. 3.
[669] iv. 6.
[670] vi. 6.
[671] ii. 22.
[672] viii. 2.
[673] ידע.
[674] The Latin _videre_, _scire_, _noscere_, _cognoscere_,
_intelligere_, _sapere_ and _peritus esse_.
[675] Cf. the Greek οἰδα from εἰδειν.
[676] vi. 9.
[677] See above, pp. 258, 275; and below, p. 323.
[678] viii. 5: cf. xxix. 3 (Eng. 4), _Jehovah did not give you a
heart to know_.
[679] Job xix. 13: still more close, of course, the intimacy between
the sexes for which the verb is so often used in the Old Testament.
[680] xix. 25: cf. Gen. xx. 6.
[681] viii. 9.
[682] viii. 5: cf. Hosea ix. 7.
[683] ix. 21.
[684] 1 Sam. ii. 12. A similar meaning is probably to be attached to
the word in Gen. xxxix. 6: Potiphar _had no thought_ or _care for
anything_ that was in Joseph's hand. Cf. Prov. ix. 13; xxvii. 23; Job
xxxv. 15.
[685] Gen. iii. 7.
[686] Gen. iii. 5; Isa. vii. 15, etc.
[687] iv. 14, לא־יבין עם: if the original meaning of בין be to _get
between_, _see through_ or _into_, so _discriminate_, _understand_,
then intelligence is its etymological equivalent.
[688] vii. 11. See above, p. 321, _n._ 4.
[689] vii. 9.
[690] iv. 1.
[691] v. 4.
[692] For exposition of this chapter see above, pp. 256 ff.
[693] iv. 11, 12, LXX.
[694] iv. 14 f. See above, pp. 258 f.
[695] vii. _passim_.
[696] iv. 4-9. Above, pp. 257 f.
[697] vi. 1 ff. See above, pp. 263 ff.
[698] vi. 4.
[699] iv. 6. See above, p. 257.
[700] See above, pp. 97 f. On the other doubtful phrase, viii.
12--literally _I write multitudes of My Torah, as a stranger they
have reckoned it_--no argument can be built; for even if we take the
first clause as conditional and render, _Though I wrote multitudes
of My Torôth, yet as those of a stranger they would regard them_,
that would not necessarily mean that no Torôth of Jehovah were yet
written, but, on the contrary, might equally well imply that some at
least had been written.
[701] Or _was overcome_.
[702] xii. 4-6. See above, p. 302. LXX. reads _they supplicated Me
... they found Me ... He spoke with them_. Many propose to read the
last clause _with him_. The passage is obscure. Note the order of the
events--the wrestling at Peniel, the revelation at Bethel, then in the
subsequent passage the flight to Aram. This however does not prove that
in Hosea's information the last happened after the two first.
[703] שׁדה, _field_, here used in its political sense: cf. _Hist.
Geog._, p. 79. Our word _country_, now meaning territory and now the
rural as opposed to the urban districts, is strictly analogous to the
Hebrew _field_.
[704] xii. 13, 14.
[705] _A youth._
[706] LXX., followed by many critics, _his sons_. But _My son_ is a
better parallel to _young_ in the preceding clause. Or trans.: _to be
My son_.
[707] So LXX. See p. 293.
[708] So rightly LXX.
[709] xi. 1-3.
[710] ix. 10.
[711] xiii. 4-6.
[712] xii. 10. Other references to the ancient history are the story
of Gibeah and the Valley of Achor.
[713] ii. 10.
[714] See above, p. 302.
[715] iv. 6.
[716] xiii. 5.
[717] With Wellhausen read אֶהְיֶה for וָאֱהִי.
[718] See above, p. 305, _n._ 4.
[719] xiii. 7 ff.
[720] vi. 3.
[721] viii. 2.
[722] i. 16, 18, 21, 22.