[6] For the life and works of Photius _see_ Introduction to vol. vi.
[7] The genuineness of this title is disputed.
[8] To the caliph of Bagdad; according to others, to Persia, or one
of the Eastern emirs (Bury).
[9] πρεσβεία cannot mean “senate,” as Schott renders it (senatus),
but is probably “the body constituting the embassy,” a number of
others nominated for the mission, to whom Photius was _persona
grata_, and who expressed a wish that he should accompany them. This
explanation is due to the kindness of Professor J. B. Bury.
[10] The text is corrupt.
[11] These sections are usually alluded to as _Codices_
(manuscripts). _Codices_ were originally wooden tablets (_caudex_,
_codex_, a block or slab of wood) coated with wax and divided into
“leaves,” which, when wood was superseded by parchment or other
writing materials, developed into the book, as contrasted with the
roll-form (_volumen_) of MSS.
[12] Nothing further is known of his life or writings.
[13] The famous ecclesiastical historian, Eusebius bishop of Caesarea
(_c._ 260-340), who assumed as his surname the name of his intimate
friend, literary adviser and assistant, Pamphilus, presbyter of
Caesarea, and martyr (309).
[14] xvii.
[15] Bishop of Antioch (_c._ 70-107).
[16] These mystical treatises, ascribed to “Dionysius the
Areopagite,” were at one time supposed to be the work of the
Dionysius mentioned in the _Acts_, who was subsequently identified
by some with St. Denis, the first bishop of Paris and the patron
saint of France. But it is now generally agreed that they were
written about the end of the fifth century, when the writings of the
neo-Platonist Proclus exercised great influence, and that the name is
an assumed one.
[17] This treatise, probably written by a Greek-speaking Syrian
monk, who flourished about 425, is hardly an introduction to the
study of the Scriptures in the modern sense. It is rather an aid
to the correct understanding of the language of the Bible, dealing
with questions of meaning, style, composition and metaphors, and
concluding with some rules of interpretation (_see_ edition, with
translation and commentary, by F. Goessling, Berlin, 1887).
[18] Nothing further is known of him.
[19] The Homerites (Himyarites) of the Yemen.
[20] The name points to the family being of Semitic origin, although
he was probably a convert to Christianity.
[21] Al-Mundir, chief of the Saracens of Hira.
[22] Modern _Axum_, now the capital of the Abyssinian province of
Tigré. It contains numerous antiquities and inscriptions, and is
still regarded as a holy city. Christianity was introduced into
Aethiopia as early as the fourth century (_see_ J. T. Bent, _The
Sacred City of the Ethiopians_, 1893).
[23] Further particulars of the mission are given in the _Chronicle_
of John Malalas, and in Gibbon, ch. xli.
[24] The form of the word is doubtful.
[25] Mountainous districts in Anterior Asia and the land of the
Saracens.
[26] A seaport town, generally identified with modern Thulla or Zula
in Annesley Bay on the W. shore of the Red Sea.
[27] Town in Aethiopia.
[28] The Pygmies.
[29] Theodore (_c._ 350-428), bishop of Mopsuestia (394) in Cilicia,
born at Antioch, the greatest exegete of the Antiochean school. He
also wrote polemical, dogmatic, and liturgical treatises.
[30] Eunomius (d. 393) of Cappadocia, bishop of Cyzicus, deprived of
his episcopate for Arianism.
[31] St. Basil the Great (330-379), bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia
(370). He is most important as the strenuous upholder of orthodoxy
and as the introducer of definite rules and forms of ecclesiastical
life, which have maintained themselves to the present day.
[32] Probably the friend of St. Jerome and translator of his works.
[33] Ἀσύνδετος, lit., “without conjunctions.”
[34] (332-396). Bishop of Nyssa in Cappadocia (372), younger brother
of Basil the Great, called Father of the Fathers.
[35] The special meaning of an “enthymeme” is a rhetorical or
imperfect syllogism, drawn from probable premises. But here and
elsewhere in Photius it seems to mean simply “arguments.”
[36] Surnamed Adamantius (184-253), born at Alexandria, died at
Tyre. This treatise supplied the chief arguments for the charge of
heresy that was brought against him. He was also called Chalcenterus
(“brazen-bowelled”) from his passion for work. His numerous works
comprise Homilies, and the famous treatise _Against Celsus_.
Fragments of his _Hexapla_ (a recension of the Old Testament) have
been preserved.
[37] Only ten are extant.
[38] Both these works are lost.
[39] Also spelt Apolinaris, Apollinaris, or Apollinarius, flourished
about 175. His gentile name was Claudius.
[40] In Lesser Phrygia.
[41] The well-known author of the _Meditations_, commonly known as
Marcus Aurelius.
[42] Of Nicaea (325).
[43] Of Cyzicus, flourished about 475. Nothing more is known of him
than what he states in the work itself, which is still extant.
[44] Of Ephesus (431).
[45] Archbishop of Alexandria (412-444).
[46] Patriarch of Constantinople (428-431), deprived of his office by
the council of Ephesus on account of his heresy.
[47] Of Chalcedon (451).
[48] Bishop of Alexandria (444-451).
[49] Founder of the sect of the Monophysites (380-456).
[50] Bishop of Constantinople (447-449).
[51] Bishop of Dorylaeum (mod. _Eski Shehr_) in Phrygia (400-451).
[52] Bishop of Cyrrhus (Cyrus) near the Euphrates, two days’ journey
from Antioch, theologian and ecclesiastical historian (_c._ 393-458).
[53] Bishop of Edessa (_c._ 435-457).
[54] Of Constantinople (553).
[55] The writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia; of Theodoret in defence
of Nestorius; the letter of Ibas to the Persian Maris.
[56] Founder of the exegetical school of Antioch, bishop of Tarsus
(378-394).
[57] A Monophysite Syrian monk.
[58] Anthimus, patriarch of Constantinople (535, deposed 536),
translated from the episcopate of Trapezus through the influence of
the empress Theodora.
[59] Of Constantinople (680).
[60] Patriarch of Constantinople (610-638).
[61] Bishop of Phasis, afterwards patriarch of Alexandria (630-641).
[62] Friend and successor of Sergius as patriarch of Constantinople
(638-641).
[63] Pope (625-638).
[64] Monothelite presbyter and monk.
[65] The second council of Nicaea (787).
[66] Of Alexandria, theologian, grammarian, and philosopher,
flourished in the first half of the sixth century. His chief work (of
which considerable fragments remain), called _The Arbitrator_, was an
attempt to reconcile Monophysitism and Tritheism. Photius (Cod. LV,
LXXV) mentions two other theological treatises. _On the Resurrection_
is lost. Some fragments of notes on Aristotle are preserved. He was
called Philoponus from his great industry; his opponents changed this
into Mataioponus (vainly industrious).
[67] A fifth-century monk, of whom nothing is known.
[68] Bishop of Tarsus (_c._ 600).
[69] A Cilician bishop in the second half of the sixth century.
[70] Deacon of Alexandria (sixth century), leader of the _Agnoetae_
(a Monophysitic sect), who held that the human soul of Christ
resembled that of man in all things, even in his “ignorance” or
limited knowledge.
[71] John III Scholasticus (the lawyer), bishop of Constantinople
(565-577). He was the author of a _Nomocanon_, a digest of canonical
law.
[72] Justin II (emperor 565-578).
[73] Paul the Black, “Jacobite” patriarch of Antioch (_c._ 550-578).
[74] “Jacobite” bishop of Cyprus.
[75] They partly accepted, and partly rejected, the decisions of the
council of Chalcedon.
[76] Monophysite patriarch of Antioch (512-519).
[77] John the Golden-mouthed (347-407), bishop of Constantinople.
[78] Neo-Platonist and bishop of Ptolemaïs in Cyrenaica (378-431).
The speech _On the Kingdom_ was delivered at Constantinople before
the emperor Arcadius.
[79] Also called _Egyptian Discourses_, a sort of historical romance,
in which there are allusions to the history of the time, disguised as
the mythical stories of Osiris and Typhon.
[80] Perhaps “massive” might express the idea of ὄγκος.
[81] Or “shrewd.”
[82] 385-412.
[83] Socrates of Constantinople (_c._ 380-439), originally a lawyer.
[84] Emperor 408-450.
[85] The Greek γραμματικός is equivalent to “a literary man”
generally, with special reference to the study of poetry. The same
idea appears in γραμματική (grammar). Ammonius and Helladius had fled
for refuge to Constantinople, where they taught Socrates.
[86] About 536-600. He was an advocate (Scholasticus).
[87] That is, it covers the period from 431 to 593.
[88] He was born near Gaza in Palestine, and afterwards settled in
Constantinople (_c._ 400-450).
[89] It originally covered the period from 324 to 439, but the
history of 425-439 is wanting.
[90] _See_ Cod. XVII.
[91] The first council of Constantinople (381).
[92] Of Mopsuestia (_see_ Cod. IV.).
[93] (296-373). Patriarch of Alexandria, the father of orthodoxy and
the chief opponent of Arianism.
[94] He was accused of cowardice by the Arians for taking refuge in
the desert.
[95] Contemporary of Josephus, by whom his character and works are
violently attacked. He was condemned to death by Vespasian, but his
life was spared by Agrippa. He also wrote a history of the Jewish war.
[96] The Greek phrase is βασιλέων τῶν ἐν τοῖς στέμμασι, usually
translated “crowned kings,” but στέμμα more probably here means a
genealogical tree.
[97] Agrippa II, before whom St. Paul made his defence. The statement
that he died in the third year of Trajan’s reign (100) is objected to
on the ground that Josephus’ _Autobiography_, which gives an account
of Justus, was published immediately after the _Antiquities_ (in the
reign of Domitian).
[98] Julius Africanus (_c._ 170-240), Christian historical writer,
was born at Jerusalem (not in Africa) and subsequently lived at
Emmaus-Nicopolis in Palestine. He was the author of a _Chronicle_, a
history of the world from the Creation to 221; _Cesti_ (embroidered
girdles), a collection of notes on all kinds of subjects; a letter
to Aristides on the genealogies of Jesus in Matthew and Luke; and
a letter to Origen to show that the _History of Susannah_ in the
Apocrypha is a later addition from a Greek original. The last has
been preserved in full, of the three first only fragments. According
to his system of chronology, called the Alexandrian era, there were
5499 years between the Creation and the birth of Christ, which he
antedated by three years.
[99] The correct number is twenty-four.
[100] Emperor 217-218. An extract in Georgius Syncellus, however,
shows that the _Chronicle_ really went down a little later.
[101] “Where didst thou see them?” “Under a mastic tree (σχῖνος).”
“The angel of God shall cleave (σχίσει) thy soul to-day.” “Under
a holm-tree (πρῖνος).” “The angel of God shall saw thee in two
(πρίσει).”
[102] Nothing is known of him.
[103] Philip of Side in Pamphylia (fifth century). He was a presbyter
in Constantinople, and a friend of John Chrysostom.
[104] It originally contained thirty-six books and nearly one
thousand volumes.
[105] They were both presbyters.
[106] Cosmas Indicopleustes (“the Indian navigator”), an Alexandrian
merchant, who flourished in the sixth century. He visited Arabia and
East Africa, but it is doubtful whether he deserves the title of
“Indian navigator.” The title by which the work is usually known is
_Christian Topography_; as its object was to introduce a new system
of physical geography in harmony with the teaching of Christianity,
a physico-astronomical interpretation of the Scriptures, Photius
gives it the subtitle of _Interpretation of the Octateuch_. Fabricius
(_Bib. Gr._, iv. 230) takes it to mean simply “a treatise in eight
books,” regarding the four other books as a later addition, or it may
refer to the “eight books” of Ptolemy’s geographical work. Photius
says he flourished under “Justin,” but as he does not state which
Justin, perhaps “Justinian” (527-565) should be read. He certainly
may have been born under Justin I (518-527) and died under Justin II
(565-578).
[107] Before the earth was regarded as spherical, its surface was
supposed to “slope” (κλίνω) from S. to N., and this slope was called
κλίμα. Later, the word was used for belts or zones of its surface,
and then for the temperature of those zones. According to Cosmas, the
two “climates” were between the latitudes of Alexandria and Rhodes,
and Rhodes and Constantinople (about 635 miles).
[108] Isaiah xxxviii.
[109] There seems no reason to identify this with the treatise of
Περὶ πολιτικῆς καταστάσεως of Peter Patricius (sixth century),
Byzantine historian. There is no clue to the author.
[110] Master of requests, a sort of lord-in-waiting; also a Church
dignitary, an intermediary between the civil and ecclesiastical
authorities.
[111] _See_ Cod. IV.
[112] Hierocles of Caria, Roman proconsul, a violent anti-Christian,
lived in the time of Diocletian (emperor 284-305). The work referred
to is _Truth-loving Words to the Christians_, in which Apollonius of
Tyana is placed above Christ.
[113] Of Tyana in Cappadocia (_c._ 4 B.C.-A.D. 97), magician and
wonder-worker.
[114] Of Borissus in Cappadocia, born _c._ 368, died after 425. The
history covered the period from 300 to 425. He supported the extreme
Arianism of Eunomius. A considerable number of extracts (also from
Photius) have been published as a separate work.
[115] Aëtius of Antioch, founder of an extreme Arian sect, died at
Constantinople (367). He was exiled by Constantius, but recalled by
Julian the Apostate.
[116] Patriarch of Constantinople (_d._ 342), supporter of Arianism
and a bitter opponent of Athanasius.
[117] Bishop of the Church of Aethiopia (358). He was born in the
island of Diu (India), but in early youth was taken as a hostage to
Constantinople, where he became a Christian (Arian).
[118] Surnamed the One-Eyed, succeeded Eusebius (whose pupil and
biographer he was) as bishop of Caesarea in 340 and died in 365.
[119] Gregory of Nazianzus (329-389), bishop of Constantinople.
[120] Presbyter of Aegae in Cilicia, flourished in the latter half of
the fifth century. In Cod. LV. Photius calls him a Nestorian, but it
is suggested that this is a mistake for Eutychian.
[121] Surnamed the Fuller, patriarch of Antioch (471-488).
[122] 431.
[123] 449.
[124] (_c._ 500). Presbyter of Antioch, afterwards bishop of
Irenopolis in Cilicia (_see_ Cod. CVII.).
[125] 468-483.
[126] Patriarch of Constantinople (471-489).
[127] The “Stammerer,” Monophysite patriarch of Alexandria (482).
[128] The work therefore covers the period from 450-527.
[129] The Six Days’ Work of the Creation.
[130] There were three sophists of this name belonging to a Lemnian
family: (1) who lived in the second century; (2) son of (1), who
lived first at Athens, then at Rome and in the time of Philip
the Arab (244-249); (3) nephew of (1), who lived in the time of
Caracalla and Elagabalus. The _Life of Apollonius_ is by (2), Flavius
Philostratus, who wrote it at the desire of the empress Julia Domna,
wife of Septimius Severus (died 217).
[131] The surname _Tyrius_ is probably due to a confusion of Τύριος
with Στειριεύς (of the Athenian deme Stiria), or Photius has wrongly
identified him with the lexicographer Philostratus of Tyre (Cod. CL.).
[132] The naked ones, the Gymnosophists.
[133] The Epicurean maxim, Λάθε βιώσας, εἰ δὲ μή, Λάθε ἀποθανών.
[134] Or, “those possessed of large means.”
[135] 570-526 B.C.
[136] A sort of hobgoblin or ghoul, supposed to devour human beings.
[137] Of Lycia. Perhaps the Cynic who lived in Lucian’s time.
[138] Cynic philosopher of Sunium, who taught at Rome under the
emperors Gaius, Nero, and Vespasian. He is said to have met
Apollonius in Athens, but considering that his philosophical views
were opposed to those of Apollonius, the account of the intimacy is
probably untrue. Demetrius had to leave Rome because of the freedom
with which he attacked the emperor and the authorities.
[139] Of Nineveh, pupil and companion of Apollonius, the reputed
author of the life which formed the basis of Philostratus’s romance.
He is said to have handed over the MS. to the empress Julia Domna,
who ordered Philostratus to edit it.
[140] Nothing is known of him.
[141] Variously ascribed to Theodoret, Athanasius, and Eutherius,
bishop of Tyana.
[142] Unless γραφικώτερον means simply “more picturesquely,” “more
vigorously.”
[143] Οἰκονομία in the Greek.
[144] It is in the form of a dialogue between a representative of
orthodoxy (Theodoret) and a representative of Monophysitism, compared
to a beggar who gathers scraps of all kinds from earlier heretical
writings.
[145] The well-known historian (37-98), “the Greek Livy.” The _Wars_
was originally written in Hebrew, and then translated into Greek.
His other extant works are: _Jewish Antiquities_, _Autobiography_, a
polemical treatise _Against Apion_.
[146] In Galilee.
[147] A Judaean stronghold (mod. _Sebbeh_).
[148] The Zealots and Sicarii (assassins) constituted the fanatical
anti-Roman Jewish war party, whose desire was to drive out the Romans
and all who favoured them. They did not shrink from murder, and
carried small daggers (sicae) to stab those whom they considered the
enemies of their country.
[149] The author is most probably Hippolytus of Rome, born in the
middle of the second century, died soon after 235.
[150] Platonic philosopher, flourished in the first or second century
A.D.
[151] Lived at the beginning of the third century A.D.
[152] Others ascribe this also to Hippolytus. It is a question
whether it is identical with _The Little Labyrinth_ mentioned by
Theodoret.
[153] The founder of the sect was Montanus of Phrygia (latter half
of the second century). He was a priest of Cybele, subsequently
converted to Christianity and a teacher at Rome. According to his
followers, he was the Paraclete or Holy Spirit promised by Christ.
Amongst other things they distinguished two classes of sins, those
unto death and those not unto death; denied the validity of second
marriages; did not baptize in the name of the Trinity, but in memory
of Christ’s death for mankind; despised the old prophets as possessed
by evil spirits; and favoured a highly ascetic life. “All the
ascetic, rigorous, and chiliastic elements of the Church combined in
Montanism.”
[154] 189-202.
[155] 202-217.
[156] Second and third century, Adoptianist, Monarchian or
anti-Trinitarian. His views were subsequently developed by Paul of
Samosata (flourished 260-272). This work is probably identical with
_The Labyrinth_.
[157] Possibly the author of a treatise _Ridicule of the Heathen
Philosophers_, but the time at which he lived is disputed.
[158] Flourished _c._ 600.
[159] Nothing is known of him. It is suggested that he may have been
the Hesychius who accused Eunomius of heresy.
[160] In Pamphylia (383).
[161] Both names mean “those who pray,” the first being Syriac, the
second Greek. They believed that perpetual prayer and asceticism
would procure inspiration from the Holy Spirit.
[162] From Adelphius, one of the first leaders of the sect.
[163] In Mesopotamia.
[164] Of Melitene in Lesser Armenia.
[165] Bishop of Perga.
[166] 431.
[167] A Messalian leader, almost as important as Adelphius. His
followers were called Lampetians.
[168] On the borders of Egypt and Palestine.
[169] 412 or 411.
[170] If _Faustus_ be taken with Honorius, it will be an epithet
corresponding to Felix; others render “in the great church of
Faustus.”
[171] _c._ 370-440. According to some, he was a Hibernian; according
to others, a Welsh monk named Morgan (“sea-born” = Pelagius). He
resided in Rome, Africa, and Palestine, where he is said to have
died. The Pelagians rejected the doctrine of original sin, but
believed in the Trinity and the personality of Christ.
[172] Coelestius, a native of Ireland, pupil of Pelagius, younger and
more vigorous than his master. It is to him that the influence of
Pelagianism was chiefly due. Some authorities make him an Italian.
[173] There were two holy women of this name: the elder (350-410),
and the younger (383-439). The latter is here referred to. She was
born at Rome, but early in life retired to Hippo in Africa, where she
became acquainted with St. Augustine, and afterwards to Jerusalem,
where she embraced the monastic life and died.
[174] Patriarch of Constantinople (434-447).
[175] Bekker states that this paragraph is an addition by a later
hand.
[176] Leo the “Great,” pope 440-461.
[177] 422-432.
[178] St. Jerome.
[179] Supposed to have been a Roman, to whom Jerome wrote from
Palestine, in reply to his request for advice concerning Pelagianism.
[180] Archbishop of Alexandria (412-444).
[181] 385-412.
[182] 402-417.
[183] At Diospolis, the ancient Lydda (415).
[184] Or rather Heros, bishop of Arles.
[185] Bishop of Aix.
[186] Bishop of Altinum (mod. _Altino_) near Venice.
[187] Prosper of Aquitaine (403-463). He was the author of two or
three valuable _Chronicles_ and a number of theological works.
[188] 431.
[189] Afterwards bishop of Nola.
[190] 492-496.
[191] Bishop of Eclana, near Beneventum, a Pelagian leader (fifth
century).
[192] 451.
[193] If this is not somewhat ungrammatically for τὸν ἄνθρωπον, the
sense may be general, “to a man,” _i.e._ a person would not feel
injured if the point on which he laid most stress were conceded.
[194] Cod. XLI. But he is obviously a Eutychian, not a Nestorian,
unless the mistake is in Cod. XLI., some other John being really the
author.
[195] Magus (_see_ Acts viii.).
[196] Count of the domestics (captain of the palace guards), consul
453.
[197] Of Alexandria, lived at Rome during the reigns of Trajan,
Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius (between 98-161). Of the twenty-four
books of the _Roman History_, which Photius had before him, only
eleven (besides the Preface) are completely preserved; the others are
entirely lost, or only fragments.
[198] Usually known as Tullus Hostilius.
[199] Usually known as Tarquinius Superbus.
[200] The most important were the three following: 343-341; 326-304,
in which the disaster of the Caudine Forks befell the Romans;
298-290, in which the Samnites suffered a decisive defeat at Sentinum
(295).
[201] Attempts to identify these people have proved unsatisfactory.
The name is variously derived from _ab origine_, the primeval
inhabitants, children of the soil = Gk. αὐτόχθονες; from _aberrare_,
the nomads; or from βορείγενοι, mountain-dwellers.
[202] By the god Mars.
[203] Remus.
[204] One MS. has an enlarged paragraph: “for, detesting their
unknown father, they rather prided themselves on descent from Aeneas.”
[205] The Greek word οἰκιστής (oekist) denotes the founder of a
colony and head of a band of colonists.
[206] Probably of Egypt. Others render: “He was thought worthy of the
management of the affairs of the emperors.”
[207] Flavius Arrianus, flourished during the latter half of the
second century A.D., and died before 180. He was born at Nicomedia
in Bithynia, studied philosophy under Epictetus and distinguished
himself as a soldier. He was appointed governor of Cappadocia in 136,
and consul in 146. He spent the rest of his life in his native city,
where he held the lifelong office of priest of Demeter and Korē. In
addition to the works here mentioned, he was the author of: _A Voyage
round the Euxine_, a treatise on _Tactics_, the _Order of Battle
against the Alani_ (defeated by him while governor of Cappadocia), on
the _Chase_, and an account of _India_, perhaps a continuation of the
_Anabasis_ (the account of Alexander’s campaigns), so named after the
_Anabasis_ of his model Xenophon.
[208] Of which the _Order of Battle against the Alani_, referred to
above, is a section.
[209] _Rebellantibus_ in the Latin versions of Schott and Müller
(_Frag. Hist. Gr._ iii. 586). But can καταστραφέντων mean this? The
more natural rendering would seem to be: “which had long been under
the yoke of Macedonia, the Persians having been subdued at the same
time,” _i.e._ by the Seleucids.
[210] Antiochus II (king 261-246 B.C.).
[211] Of Hierapolis in Phrygia (_c._ A.D. 60-140), Stoic philosopher.
[212] The synod (403) “at the Oak,” an estate near Chalcedon, on the
opposite side of the Bosporus to Constantinople, belonging to the
imperial prefect Rufinus. _See_ Hefele, _Conziliengeschichte_ (Eng.
tr.).
[213] Αὐτοπαραχρήτους. Another reading is αὐτοπαρακλήτους,
“self-invited.”
[214] _See_ CXXII.
[215] Monastic officials, who had each ten monks under their
control. The name was also given to the _Copiatae_ or _Fossarii_
(grave-diggers, undertakers), who had to bury the poor for nothing.
[216] Μαφόριον, a covering for the head, cowl, hood, especially for
females. As used by monks, it may possibly be identical with the
scapular. Another reading is ὠμοφόριον, shoulder-cape (the Latin
_pallium_).
[217] Chrysostom advised the communicants to eat a lozenge (or little
cake) to avoid spitting out any of the sacrament.
[218] The word omitted is ἐκπιγγάτους, the meaning of which the
translator has been unable to discover. Ducange explains it by
_Conciliabulum_ as specially used of the synod of the Oak.
[219] Of Halicarnassus (_c._ 484-424 B.C.), the so-called “father of
history.” His history, in nine books, each named after one of the
Muses, gives an account of the Persian wars from the reign of Cyrus
down to the battle of Mycale in the reign of Xerxes, a period of 126
years. It also contains digressions on the early history and manners
and customs of different Peoples. It is curious that Photius has not
devoted more attention to him.
[220] _See_ LXX.
[221] To an assembly of the Greeks at Olympia.
[222] Attic orator (_c._ 390-314 B.C.), rival of Demosthenes. He
had a varied career as secretary, third-rate actor, orator, and
statesman. At first an opponent of Philip of Macedon, he was induced
by bribery to favour his cause. After his unsuccessful attack on
Ctesiphon for proposing to bestow a crown on Demosthenes for his
public services, he retired, first to Ephesus, then to Rhodes, and
lastly to Samos, where he died. The three speeches have come down to
us; the letters are lost.
[223] Caecilius Calactinus (from Kalē Aktē in Sicily), Greek
rhetorician, flourished at Rome in the time of Augustus. He wrote a
number of rhetorical, grammatical, and historical works, the chief
being _On the Character of the Ten_ (Attic) _Orators_, but none of
them has come down to us.
[224] To Philip of Macedon.
[225] As secretary. Eubulus was a distinguished financier, and a
bitter opponent of Demosthenes.
[226] The text is corrupt here. The sense required is given in the
translation.
[227] According to his own account, he was of good family.
[228] The only Antalcidas appears to be the author of the humiliating
peace with Persia (387 B.C.), who is not famous as a rhetorician or
teacher. Suidas says that Aeschines was a pupil of Alcidamas of Elaea
(in Aeolis in Asia Minor), a pupil of Gorgias.
[229] The word πλάσματα perhaps refers here to the “moulded form” of
style, not, as above, to imaginary, fictitious speeches.
[230] Of Miletus. He lived in the time of the emperor Hadrian.
[231] Pupil of Socrates. He spent some time at the court of Dionysius
the Younger of Syracuse, and then settled in Athens and wrote
speeches for the law-courts. He also composed a number of Socratic
dialogues, of which seven were supposed to be genuine. The three that
pass under his name and some letters are certainly not by him.
[232] Flourished in the fourth century B.C. Both works mentioned by
Photius are entirely lost.
[233] Should be Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus).
[234] Should also be Maximian (Galerius Valerius Maximianus).
[235] Galerius.
[236] Valerius.
[237] Should be Maxentius.
[238] Valerius Maximinus called Daza or Daia, emperor 311-314.
[239] Of Caesarea in Palestine, died some time after 562. In addition
to the eight books of _The Wars_ he was the author of a description
of _The Buildings_ erected by Justinian, and of an _Anecdota_ or
_Chronique Scandaleuse_ attacking the private life of Justinian
and his notorious wife Theodora. The genuineness of the last has
been disputed. In style Procopius is an imitator of Herodotus and
Thucydides. The title “rhetorician” given him by Photius better suits
Procopius of Gaza, a Christian teacher of rhetoric (465-528). For the
history of the period, _see_ Gibbon, ch. 40; J. B. Bury, _Later Roman
Empire_; T. Hodgkin, _Italy and her Invaders_; G. Rawlinson, _The
Seventh Oriental Monarchy_.
[240] Also Kobad or Kavadh.
[241] Also Balash. According to some, he was the brother, according
to others the uncle of Cabades. Authorities differ as to whether he
died a natural death; if so, Procopius and others have confused him
with Cabades’s brother Zamasp.
[242] The Sea of Azov.
[243] On condition of a sum of money being paid to him.
[244] He was afraid that, as Justin had no natural son, an adopted
son might claim to be his heir and successor.
[245] Or Mebodes.
[246] Some take this to be a proper name, others the title of the
commander-in-chief of the Persian army.
[247] 11,000 pounds of gold, about £500,000.
[248] A Persian title.
[249] The Nika sedition (532).
[250] Or Molatzes.
[251] Apamea was supposed to be the possessor of a fragment of the
true cross.
[252] Usually known as Abgar(us), probably a title. The Abgar here
referred to ruled from 4 B.C. to A.D. 50, with an interval during
which he was deposed. It is said that he wrote a letter to Christ
begging Him to cure him of a disease. Christ promised to send one of
His disciples after His ascension, and Thaddeus was sent by Thomas,
by whom Abgar was cured.
[253] Or Gunazes.
[254] He had established a monopoly of corn and salt.
[255] There are several variants of this name.
[256] Nothing is known of the author. His history treated of the
events of 566-581, containing the reigns of Justin II and Tiberius
II. It would seem, from what Photius says, that he gave an account
of certain happenings in the reign of Justinian, and also continued
the history somewhat later in a supplement to the ten books into
the reign of Maurice. The fragment here given is important for the
account of the introduction of silkworm breeding into Constantinople
during the reign of Justinian, and for the first mention of the
Turks (_see_ Gibbon, ch. 45; J. B. Bury, _Later Roman Empire_; G.
Rawlinson, _The Seventh Oriental Monarchy_). This Theophanes is not
to be confused with Theophanes the Isaurian (758-818), whose extant
chronicle begins with the accession of Diocletian (277) and goes down
to 811 (end of the reign of Michael I Rhangabe).
[257] China.
[258] The “long-lived.”
[259] Apparently here a proper name, not a title.
[260] Probably the same as the Dilimnitae.
[261] Theophylactus Simocatta. The _Histories_ or _Oecumenical
History_ contains the reign of the emperor Maurice (582-604), and
is the oldest and best authority for the period. The complete work
is extant. Simocatta was also the author of a treatise on certain
problems of natural history and their solution, and of a collection
of rhetorical exercises in the form of letters on various subjects.
As Photius says, his style is extremely far-fetched. He has been
described as a representative of Byzantine euphuism. For the history
_see_ Gibbon, ch. 45, 46; J. B. Bury, _Later Roman Empire_; G.
Rawlinson, _The Seventh Oriental Monarchy_.
[262] The name given to the princes of the Avars and other Turkish
tribes.
[263] Or Bucolabra.
[264] The holy ointment or oil which trickled from the bones of the
martyr, ceased to flow when the basin into which it dripped was
exchanged for another one by the bishop of Heraclea.
[265] Paulinus was crucified and his son’s head cut off.
[266] More probably a Persian title, not a proper name.
[267] Others take the word to mean the image. Elifredas (or
Ilifredas) = Wilfrid.
[268] The province of Africa.
[269] The Moors.
[270] Bahram or Varahran.
[271] Major-domo of the imperial palace.
[272] Also Zadesprates.
[273] A celebrated martyr of the Eastern Church who suffered at
Sergiopolis or Rasaphe in Syria at the beginning of the fourth
century. He and another martyr named Bacchus were considered the
patron saints of Syria.
[274] Singidon or Singidunum, modern Belgrade.
[275] Leader of the Slovenes, who were under the sway of the Avars.
[276] One of Priscus’s generals.
[277] He was a physician.
[278] 582-595. Of humble origin, he was distinguished for his piety
and asceticism, but was a man of cruel disposition. His assumption of
the title of “ecumenical patriarch” led to trouble with Pelagius II
and Gregory I, bishops of Rome. Four extant works are attributed to
him.
[279] Name given to the princes or chiefs of the Slovenes and other
tribes.
[280] Also Guduis or Gudwin.
[281] Of Byzantium.
[282] Geographer and historian, grammarian and philosopher,
flourished during the reign of Ptolemy Philometor (181-146), but
was still living after 131. He wrote on the history of Europe and
Asia, and the geography of the Red Sea. Fragments of the history are
preserved, and Photius gives excerpts from the geography in Cod. CCL.
[283] He purposely mutilated his hand.
[284] Deme (δῆμος, people) was the name by which the circus factions
were known, their leaders being called demarchs.
[285] Prefect of the city, who built the church by order of
Theodosius II, emperor 408-450.
[286] The Field of Mars near Constantinople. Some authorities place
it at Blachernae, others on the Propontis (Sea of Marmora).
[287] 806-815. He began his career as a civilian, and although a
layman, was chosen patriarch. His conciliatory disposition brought
upon him the hatred of the extremists. During the campaign of Leo
against image-worship, he energetically defended the orthodox view.
He was finally deposed and banished. In addition to the historical
epitome of events from 602-769 here referred to, he was the author
of tables of Universal History from Adam to the death of Nicephorus
(829), much used by the Byzantines, and of three _Antirrhetici_,
written against the iconoclasts.
[288] The work is lost. The name Confessor and the epithets applied
to the acts of Copronymus show that Sergius was an opponent of the
iconoclasts and a champion of orthodoxy. He is perhaps the Sergius
exiled by Leo III.
[289] Michael II Balbus, the Stammerer (820-829).
[290] “Man of Dung,” Constantine V (741-775). An inflexible opponent
of image-worship, he was violently assailed by the orthodox, but was
in reality a most capable ruler.
[291] Flourished in the reign of Hadrian (117-138). Some fragments
have been preserved in Eusebius and some of the Byzantine chroniclers
(_e.g._ John Malalas, Syncellus).
[292] The mythical founder and foundress of Nineveh.
[293] Lived during the reign of Justinian. He was the author of a
History of the World down to the death of Anastasius (518), of which
part relating to the early history of Constantinople is preserved; of
works on Justin and the beginning of the reign of Justinian; of an
_Onomatologos_ (list) of famous literary persons, a general history
of ancient literature. _Illustrius_ is a designation of rank.
[294] The reading is uncertain here.
[295] 508-505 B.C.
[296] 52-49 B.C.
[297] Byzantium was made the capital of the empire by Constantine,
and its name changed to Constantinopolis in A.D. 330.
[298] A period of 15 years, instituted by Constantine the Great in
313 for fiscal purposes, afterwards adopted as a convenient method of
chronology generally. To find the year of the indiction, add 3 to any
date of our era, divide by 15, and the remainder is the indiction, or
if there is no remainder, the indiction is 15.
[299] Of Agyrium in Sicily, flourished in the time of Augustus,
and certainly lived till after 21 B.C. His _Historical Library_ in
forty books was a history of the world down to Caesar’s Gallic wars.
Only books 1-5 and 11-20 are extant. The chief value of the work
consists in the employment of authorities whose works are now lost,
the preservation of old tradition, and especially of chronological
material.
[300] Cassius Dio Cocceianus (_c._ 155-230), born at Nicaea in
Bithynia, senator and holder of various offices under Commodus and
succeeding emperors, being twice consul. In 229 he retired into
private life. His history of Rome in eighty books, starting from the
mythical period, goes down to the reign of Alexander Severus (229).
Of these eighty books 37-60 have come down almost complete, 36-80
exist in an eleventh-century abridgment by the monk John Xiphilinus.
In the tenth century excerpts were made from it by order of
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, and Zonaras (twelfth century) made
an abridgment of books 1-20. His point of view is that of a loyal
imperial official, who does not understand, and has little sympathy
with, earlier political struggles. His superstition is pronounced.
[301] _Iliad_, xi. 164.
[302] Reading ἄκαιρος for εὔκαιρος.
[303] Of Cnidus on the coast of Caria in Asia Minor. He was for
seventeen years (401-384) court physician to Artaxerxes Mnemon, whom
he treated for a wound received at the battle of Cunaxa. He accuses
Herodotus of being a liar, but often lays himself open to the same
charge. It should be remarked that in writing his _Persica_ Ctesias
had the opportunity of consulting the Persian archives and natives,
whereas in regard to the _Indica_ he had no such advantages. He was
also the author of an account of the Persian imperial revenues, and
of some books of travel and geographical works.
[304] More commonly _Artaxerxes_.
[305] For the historical events _see_ G. Rawlinson, _Five Great
Monarchies_, iii (1871), and for an estimate of Ctesias as an
historian his translation of Herodotus, i. 71.
[306] Ecbatana.
[307] “Vaults” is used to express the sense generally, not as a
translation of the various readings: κρίσκρανα, explained as “house
of refuge”; κιόκρανα, “epistyle”; κιονόκρανα “capitals” of columns in
the form of “rams’” heads.
[308] Peltasts, light-armed troops, who carried the small shield
called _pelta_.
[309] Variously called Smerdis, Mergis, Merdis.
[310] This seems a possible meaning of θριαμβεύσας, combined with the
idea of a personal triumph.
[311] Herodotus gives the names as: Intaphernes, Otanes, Gobryas,
Hydarnes, Megabyzus, Aspathines, Darius.
[312] Herodotus, iii. 85.
[313] On the tomb of Darius, _see_ Rawlinson, _Five Great
Monarchies_, iii. 320.
[314] A penteconter was a ship carrying fifty oars.
[315] The Danube.
[316] Zeus as the god of crossing. The “altar” was probably a column
set up to commemorate his passage.
[317] Belus or Bel. For the story _see_ Aelian, _Var. Hist._, xiii. 3.
[318] The 9000 full citizens of Sparta, who formed a kind of nobility.
[319] The free inhabitants of the towns (except Sparta) who enjoyed
civil but not political liberty.
[320] Apparently to hinder the construction of the embankment.
[321] The criminal was exposed to the heat of the sun in two
boat-like troughs closely fitted together with head, arms, and legs
hanging out until he died eaten by insects (_see_ Plutarch, _Life of
Artaxerxes_, 16).
[322] Referring to the efforts of Megabyzus and Amytis on behalf of
the Greek prisoners.
[323] Reading Ἀρτοξέρξης, not Ξέρξης.
[324] Κατέλαβε. Others render “when it (_i.e._ death) overtook him,”
when the son also died.
[325] A Persian title, perhaps identical with Azarapates, a sort of
gentleman-usher of the court.
[326] Κίταρις, the citaris, cidaris, or tiara.
[327] Valerius Maximus (ix. 2. ext. 6) thus describes this
punishment. “He (Ochus) filled an enclosure surrounded by high walls
with ashes; a beam projected over it, on which he placed his victims,
having first given them plenty to eat and drink; then, overcome by
sleep, they fell from it into the treacherous heap below.”
[328] In modern Persian the sun is _Khur_, in Zend _Hware_.
[329] Ionic form of Mithradates.
[330] The excessive brevity of Photius’s abstract makes it uncertain
what the allusion is, and how Hellanicus and Herodotus are convicted
of falsehood. Perhaps there is a reference to the statement of
Herodotus that Croesus was burnt on the funeral pile.
[331] The expedition forms the subject of Xenophon’s _Anabasis_.
[332] In Cyprus. The orator Isocrates composed a panegyric on this
Evagoras.
[333] The punctuation and meaning are obscure.
[334] _See_ translation by J. W. McCrindle with Introduction and
Notes (1882), to which the present translator desires to acknowledge
his obligations; H. H. Wilson, “Notes on the Indica of Ctesias”
(Ashmolean Society Transactions, i-xi. 1838).
[335] A stade is about an English furlong.
[336] Supposed to be the hydrophane (also called _oculus mundi_, eye
of the world), a kind of opal which absorbs water on immersion and
exhibits a changing play of colours.
[337] Rather read μακρῶν (large) for μικρῶν (small).
[338] The text is corrupt here.
[339] The magnet may be referred to.
[340] Persian _mardikhora_.
[341] It is not clear whether Sardo is merely a proper name or means
the “mountain of the _sardo_” (a precious stone).
[342] During an eruption, two brothers, Amphinomus and Anapus of
Catana, carried off their parents on their shoulders, and were
untouched by the lava. The spot where this took place was afterwards
called “the land of the pious.”
[343] The name means “a fist long.”
[344] Persian _aver-khosh_ (“bringing good”).
[345] Persian _shiftehkhor_ (“agreeable to eat”).
[346] The Hyparchus.
[347] The cochineal insect is meant.
[348] Perhaps the rhinoceros, although the description is not
altogether suitable.
[349] About five pints.
[350] The jackal or hyena.
[351] This passage is probably not by Ctesias.
[352] Heliodorus of Emesa in Syria, belonging to a family of the
priests of the Sun, flourished in the third century A.D. This view
is supported by the mention of the Blemmyes (first prominent in
250), traces of neo-Pythagorean influence, and the stress laid on
Sun-worship. The ecclesiastical historian Socrates wrongly identifies
him with a bishop of Tricca in the reign of Theodosius, the latter
probably confused with Theodosius the father of the author of the
_Aethiopica_. The standard work on the Greek romance-writers is
E. Rohde, _Der griechische Roman_ (1914); see also _Blackwood’s
Magazine_, xliv. (1892). The whole work is preserved, and it would be
difficult to understand the complicated plot from Photius’s abstract.
[353] Some taking the side of Trachinus, others that of Pelorus, the
second in command.
[354] The name of a robber “shepherd-people” inhabiting the N.W. part
of the Nile delta in the neighbourhood of Alexandria.
[355] Or Thermuthis.
[356] A young Athenian who had been detained by the brigands.
[357] To which she had been carried off.
[358] Thinking it was Chariclea.
[359] Her husband, Oroöndates, being absent on a military expedition.
[360] Which she wore on her finger (_see_ Ctesias, _Indica_, p. 111).
[361] An Indian sect of philosophers who lived an extremely ascetic
life. Their doctrine was a kind of Pantheism, and they believed
in the transmigration of souls. By mortifying the body they hoped
to purify their souls. They wore no clothing, hence their name
(_gymnos_, naked, _sophistes_, wise man). Their influence in the
oriental (and even in the Greek world) was great, and Alexander the
Great, during his campaigns, endeavoured to persuade them to join his
suite.
[362] Called _Euphrades_ (“beautiful speaker”), neo-Platonist and
sophist (_c._ 317-390), born in Paphlagonia, then resident at
Constantinople, where he entered the service of the state, finally
becoming prefect of the city. One of his special duties was to
deliver official orations greeting the emperors, under six of whom
he lived. In addition to the orations here referred to, he was a
prolific writer on philosophical subjects. When quite a young man,
he gained considerable reputation as the author of a commentary
on Aristotle. He was on friendly terms with famous literary men,
orators and philosophers, Christian as well as heathen, and Gregory
of Nazianzus calls him “the king of arguments.” Of the thirty-six
speeches mentioned by Photius, we possess thirty-four (one only in a
Latin translation), and some of his work on Aristotle.
[363] “State-paper-like” (T. Hodgkin).
[364] Probably Lesbonax of Mytilene, the author of three extant
declamations. It is uncertain when he lived, probably in the first
century A.D.
[365] _See_ Cod. XXI.
[366] _See_ p. 89, note [298].
[367] Cod. XLVII.
[368] 27-100. He is the Agrippa before whom St. Paul was brought.
[369] Grandson of Herod the Great. He is notorious for his
persecution of the Christians (44). He is said to have died of a
terrible disease (Acts xii. 23).
[370] Antiochus Epiphanes, king of Syria 175-164. He was a determined
advocate of eradicating Judaism and of the hellenization of the
people.
[371] 64-65.
[372] Caligula, emperor 37-41.
[373] According to Josephus, his name was Banus.
[374] _See_ Cod. LXXXII.
[375] Of Sardes (_c._ 345-420), educated at Athens, and spent the
rest of his life in his native town as a physician and rhetorician.
His “historical memoirs” deal with events from 270 to 414. He
was also the author of some extant _Lives of the Sophists_. He
was a bitter enemy of Christianity, and a devoted adherent of
neo-Platonism. In the “second edition” of the _Chronicle_ much that
was offensive to Christianity was omitted.
[376] 404-405.
[377] Μεθόδοις. Another reading is περιόδοις, “periods.”
[378] Of Philadelphia in Syria. According to Suidas, the _History_
began with the reign of Constantine the Great, according to Photius
with the seventeenth year of Leo’s reign (473), being a continuation
of that of Priscus. It ended with the murder of the West Roman
emperor Nepos (480). For the history of the period, _see_ Gibbon,
_Decline and Fall_, ch. 36; Bury, _Later Roman Empire_, i. 227 (1889).
[379] Or Valamir.
[380] Against Zeno.
[381] Nothing more is known of his life than what Photius tells us.
For the period of history (457-491) _see_ Gibbon and Bury referred to
in note [378] on Cod. LXXVIII.
[382] Ermenaric.
[383] Tracheotis, a district of Asia Minor between Cilicia and
Pisidia.
[384] Zeno.
[385] Harmatius, _magister militum_, nephew of Basiliscus, a young
man of fashion.
[386] Peter, surnamed the Fuller, patriarch of Antioch 471-488, a
Monophysite.
[387] Or, “by denunciations,” “extortion.”
[388] The word φιλότιμος is generally used in a bad sense, but not
apparently here.
[389] Odovacar, king of the Heruli, who conquered Rome in 476, thus
bringing about the so-called fall of the Western empire.
[390] Of Panopolis (Chemmis) in Upper Egypt, professor of grammar
(philology) at the University of Athens. He was said to have written
an _Isaurica_ and a treatise on etymology. He was a neo-Platonist and
bitter opponent of Christianity.
[391] In the castle of Papirius in Isauria. It was betrayed by
Illus’s sister-in-law.
[392] A native of Egyptian Thebes, and ambassador in 412 to the
Hun prince Donatus. He was a heathen. The _History_, dedicated to
Theodosius II, contained an account of events from 407 to 425.
It is an important contemporary guide, and its loss, except for
Photius’s abstract, is much to be regretted. On the period _see_
Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_, chs. 30-32; Bury, _Later Roman Empire_,
i.; Hodgkin, _Italy and her Invaders_, bk. i. pt. 2; E. A. Freeman,
_Western Europe in the Fifth Century_, 1904.
[393] The name is said to have originally meant a body of soldiers
who accepted any one’s “bread” in return for attendance upon him.
They would thus have formed a kind of bodyguard (Ducange). One of
the “themes” or military divisions of the empire was also called the
Bucellarian.
[394] Especially the Goths. They were nominally tributaries, but the
tribute was often diminished or remitted altogether. Gradually, they
came to be looked upon as a frontier defence force and received pay
(Hodgkin, _The Visigothic Invasion_, i. 311-315).
[395] The most important officer of the civil administration. He
united in his person most of the chief secretaryships with the duties
of private secretary to the emperor.
[396] Another suggested derivation is _bucula_, the part of a helmet
that covers the mouth and cheeks.
[397] Boulogne.
[398] This title was bestowed on the brothers, sisters, and children
of the emperor, the official hierarchy by which he was surrounded
being _nobiles_.
[399] Or Jovius.
[400] The praetorian prefects were the most important personages next
to the emperor.
[401] Under the empire hardly any of the old exclusive patrician
families survived; Constantine re-introduced the name not as that of
an order with hereditary privileges, but as a personal honour and
dignity.
[402] Commander of both infantry and cavalry.
[403] Chief of the secretaries.
[404] _Praepositus cubiculi sacri_, president or superintendent of
the sacred bedchamber, the grand chamberlain.
[405] Reggio.
[406] Modern Calabria.
[407] The _domestici_ were the household troops, the imperial
bodyguard.
[408] All the other authorities make him merely Gerontius’s
“dependent.” The word παῖς may be used in the sense of “servant.”
[409] Or Arelatum (mod. Arles).
[410] According to some accounts, he took refuge in Spain.
[411] Mainz.
[412] Or Gundicar.
[413] According to Bury, New Carthage in Spain.
[414] Marseilles.
[415] Distinguished Roman general, count of Africa, rival of Aëtius,
and friend of St. Augustine.
[416] In 413.
[417] Others take προόδοις to mean, “as he walked.”
[418] Euripides, _Aeolus_ (frag. 2).
[419] Reading τετάχθαι. Τετέχθαι would mean that 14,000 children were
born in one day in Rome, which is absurd.
[420] Sarus (_see_ p. 138).
[421] Gregory of Nazianzus (Or. 20). Photius’s account is rather
obscure.
[422] Must mean “sophists” here, not, as so often in later Greek,
“lawyers.”
[423] The lexicon of Hesychius interprets the word as οἱ μείζονες
(“the greater”), that is the higher classes who are entitled to wear
the cloak. It is suggested that the reference is to senior _pupils_,
rather than to _teachers_.
[424] The _aureus_, worth about twelve shillings.
[425] He was _primicerius notariorum_.
[426] The first important representative of the name, a West-Goth,
not of course to be confounded with the famous East-Goth (Dietrich).
The present Theodoric was king of the West-Goths from 418-451. He
was killed fighting with the Romans against Attila at the battle of
Châlons.
[427] According to some, St. Elmo’s fire.
[428] Modern Assouan.
[429] On the left bank of the Nile.
[430] An Aethiopian people, mod. Barabras.
[431] Small island in the Nile with a town of the same name, where
Isis and Osiris were said to be buried.
[432] Mod. Nissa, Nisch in Serbia.
[433] Quintus Aurelius S., flourished about 400. He was prefect of
Rome and consul, and the author of letters and speeches, the former
of which and some fragments of the latter are extant.
[434] It was by the aid of this Aspar that Leo I obtained the empire
of the East (457), and afterwards ungratefully murdered him. His
father and son were both named Ardaburius.
[435] One of Honorius’s generals.
[436] He pretended to be false to Placidia.
[437] Cod. XXXVIII.
[438] They were directed against Zoroastrianism, which was making
some way at the time.
[439] Zoroaster (Zarathustra).
[440] Zervan, the principle of infinite time, from which both
Ormuzd and Ahriman, the good and evil spirits, were supposed to
have emanated. The sect of the Zervanists thus endeavoured to avoid
Zoroastrian dualism.
[441] Ormuzd.
[442] Supposed to be a reference to Gnostic supporters of
Zoroastrianism.
[443] The Christian era.
[444] Publius Herennius D. (flourished 254-278), rhetorician,
statesman, and historian, a native of Athens, who distinguished
himself against the Goths (269) when they attacked that city. Of the
fragments preserved the chief is an address to the soldiers of Athens
(_see_ Gibbon, ch. 10, i. 265, 266, Bury’s edition).
[445] 268.
[446] The Goths.
[447] Or “grave” (ὄγκος), “dignified.”
[448] Commandership of the select cavalry corps called Ἑταῖροι, a
sort of bodyguard.
[449] _See_ Cod. XCII.
[450] Rhetorician and historian. He came to Rome in 30 B.C. and
remained there till his death (7 B.C.). He was the author of numerous
rhetorical works, several of which are extant, the most important
being that on the ancient Greek orators. Of the twenty books of the
_History_ (_Roman Antiquities_) eleven have been preserved, going
down to 441 B.C., the period of the decemvirs. It is a rhetorical
production, the chief object of which is to represent the Romans as
superior to the Greeks, while at the same time he soothes the vanity
of the latter by insisting upon the Greek origin of the former.
[451] Dio Cassius; _see_ Cod. LXXI.
[452] Cod. LVII.
[453] Nothing seems to be known of him.
[454] Their system was dualistic, recognizing two principles, good
and evil; the first the author of man’s spiritual, the second of his
corporeal nature. Man had two souls, one intellectual and rational,
the other evil. They held that the souls of men, animals and plants
were coeternal with God; that baptism was useless; that man was not
free; that Christ was the material sun enlightening the world; that
all religions were indifferent.
[455] Bishop of Bostra in Arabia Auranitis (362-371).
[456] One of the three first disciples of Manes.
[457] 335-347.
[458] In Egypt. The work is still extant.
[459] Presbyter of Antioch and bishop of Tarsus. The chief “founder
of the rational school of Scriptural interpretation.”
[460] “Bushel,” referring to St. Mark iv. 19.
[461] Manes (_c._ 240-274), or Mani, the founder of the sect.
[462] O. the younger (_c._ 368-before 420), deaconess of
Constantinople. After Chrysostom’s final expulsion, she seems to have
left the city, and to have led a wandering life, being subjected to
much persecution on account of her friendship with him.
[463] Innocent I, bishop of Rome (402-417).
[464] Probably lived in the third century A.D. The complete work is
extant.
[465] By Gelasius of Cyzicus, who probably flourished in the second
half of the fifth century. The work, which is still extant, is
considered valueless as an historical authority.
[466] Appointed about 300, died about 358. He was sent by Constantine
in 324 to Alexandria, on a mission to reconcile Arius and Alexander,
bishop of Alexandria. He was Constantine’s adviser on theological
matters, and is supposed to have taken an important part in drawing
up the symbol of faith at the synod.
[467] 314-335.
[468] Born at Side in Pamphylia and died at Philippi in Macedonia
(337), formerly bishop of Beroea. He was exiled in consequence of
a false charge brought against him by the Arians, of whom he was a
bitter opponent.
[469] Patriarch of Alexandria (312-326). He excommunicated the Arians
and caused their doctrines to be condemned at the synod.
[470] Bishop from about 311 to between 331 and 335. Helena, the
mother of Constantine the Great, visited Jerusalem during his
episcopate (325).
[471] Successively bishop of Berytus, Nicomedia, and Constantinople.
Exiled by Constantine, he was recalled through the influence of the
Arians, and became the bitter enemy of Athanasius, whose banishment
he procured. He became bishop of Constantinople in 341, his
advancement being due to the patronage of Constantia, the emperor’s
sister. He drew up nearly all the Arian formulae.
[472] The question of the Gelasii is very obscure (_see_ also Cod.
CII).
[473] Those who taught that the Son was “dissimilar” and of different
substance from the Father. The leaders of the sect were Aëtius and
Eunomius.
[474] Emperor 475-477.
[475] 315-386, bishop 348. He was exiled for several years by
Arian intrigues, but recalled by Julian the Apostate. His extant
_Catecheses_ contain the oldest and most concise abridgement of
Christian doctrine.
[476] Rufinus Tyrannius or Toranus (345-410), born at Concordia,
a small town in Italy. He is called “of Aquileia,” where he was
baptized, and entered a monastery. He is chiefly known for his
quarrel with Jerome about his translation of various works of Origen.
He was condemned by pope Anastasius, and died in Sicily. He was the
author of a large number of translations and other works.
[477] Famous sophist (314-393). Brought up at Athens, he was
professor of rhetoric at Constantinople, where he had as pupils St.
Basil and St. John Chrysostom. Much of his work is extant, consisting
of purely rhetorical exercises and instructions, actual speeches
on various subjects, a life of Demosthenes and arguments of his
speeches, and extensive correspondence. He was a pagan.
[478] Cod. LVIII.
[479] 334 B.C.
[480] 333 B.C.
[481] 331 B.C.
[482] The earliest capital of Persia (now Meshed-i-Murghab), where
Cyrus was buried.
[483] Mod. Bokhara.
[484] “Birdless,” so high that birds could not fly to the summit. The
name is given by the Greeks to many high Indian rocky mountains.
[485] Mod. Behat or Jhelum.
[486] Mod. Sutlej.
[487] Alexander’s admiral and one of the chief navigators of ancient
times.
[488] The Persian coast-land on the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean as
far as Gedrosia, now Kerman.
[489] Large Persian province, the same as Elam, the only town of
importance being Susa.
[490] _See_ p. 123, note [361]. This was their regular custom when
ill (κατὰ τὰ πάτρια).
[491] Alexander’s early friend and untrustworthy treasurer. He fled
from Babylon with 5000 talents before Alexander’s return to India,
and went to Athens, where by gifts of corn and money he succeeded
in gaining the favour of the inhabitants and protection against
Antipater, who demanded his surrender. He took refuge finally in
Crete, where he was killed.
[492] Consult J. P. Mahaffy, _Alexander’s Empire_ (1887) in “Story of
the Nations” Series, and E. R. Bevan, _The House of Seleucus_ (1902).
[493] _See_ p. 149, note [448].
[494] Καυσία, a light, broad-brimmed felt hat, worn by the
Macedonians, to keep off the burning heat (καῦσις) of the sun.
[495] Arrhidaeus and the young Alexander, the son of Roxana.
[496] The “silver-shield” division of the Macedonian army.
[497] More correctly Polyperchon.
[498] Or “well-rounded.”
[499] The first independent king of Bithynia was Nicomedes I (278
B.C.); the Nicomedes here referred to is Nicomedes IV, who bequeathed
his kingdom to Rome in 74 B.C.
[500] Syrian romance-writer, probably lived about the middle of the
second century A.D. The complete work is no longer extant (_see_ Cod.
LXXIII).
[501] A monumental pillar or monument generally marking the site of a
grave.
[502] Or, “being uncertain whether their footsteps led thither.”
[503] Deriving μυστήριον from μῦς.
[504] A.D. 164.
[505] Or Vologases III (148-190).
[506] Reading Κόρην with capital Κ. Korē or Persephonē, daughter of
Demeter (Ceres), wife of Pluto, and queen of the lower world. If
κόρην be read, we must translate “and bids her daughter follow him.”
[507] By Sacas (p. 174).
[508] _See_ Cod. XVII.
[509] Supposed to be Julian, patriarch of Antioch (471-476).
[510] _See_ Cod. XLII.
[511] 616-630. The work, which is extant in a complete form, is
regarded as worthless (_see_ biography of Chrysostom by W. R. W.
Stephens, 1872).
[512] Γραμματικοί must here mean those whose education is elementary.
It more generally = philologist in the sense of a student of
literature.
[513] _c._ 364-431, Bishop of Helenopolis in Bithynia, author of the
_Lausiaca_, biographies of ascetics.
[514] _See_ Cod. XXVIII.
[515] About 360.
[516] Add: “would not allow such to accompany him.”
[517] He was bishop of Majuma, the port of Gaza, famous for his
ascetic life and devotion to the duties of his calling.
[518] A young friend of Chrysostom who, after having led a dissipated
life, entered a monastery. He was at first unable to endure the
restrictions, became subject to convulsions (regarded as demoniacal
attacks), but gradually attained to a more religious and meeker frame
of mind. The treatises contain Chrysostom’s advice to his friend.
[519] So called from Marcion of Sinope, an heresiarch of the second
century A.D. His followers believed in two Christs, one sent by an
unknown God to save the whole world, the other whom the Creator would
one day send to save the Jews. They denied the resurrection of the
flesh, and maintained that the body of Christ was like ours only in
appearance, not in reality.
[520] He succeeded Gregory of Nazianzus, and was archbishop from 381
to 397 (398).
[521] 385-412.
[522] Roman general, a Goth by birth, commander of the troops of
Arcadius. He afterwards revolted, was declared an enemy of the state,
and retaliated by ravaging the territory of the empire. He was killed
fighting against the Huns (401), who sent his head to Constantinople.
[523] Mod. Valenza in Liguria.
[524] The Apostate.
[525] Priest and monk (fifth century A.D.). He was a great friend and
champion of Athanasius.
[526] Pope 366-384; a Spaniard by birth. His secretary was St. Jerome.
[527] In the district of lower Egypt, so called from the natron lakes.
[528] Mod. Marmara (from its marble) in the Propontis (Sea of
Marmora).
[529] _See_ p. 85, note [286].
[530] At the mouth of the Euxine.
[531] The modern Sofia, capital of Bulgaria. The council was held in
343 or 347.
[532] A village on the borders of Armenia and Cilicia.
[533] 312.
[534] _See_ p. 152, note [462].
[535] Literally, “a double-folded tablet” of wood, ivory, or metal.
In the early Church, the tablets on which were written the names of
those specially commemorated at the celebration of the Eucharist.
[536] Of Tralles in Lydia, lived till the reign of Antoninus Pius.
His treatises _On Wonderful Things_ and _On Long-lived Persons_ are
extant.
[537] 776 B.C.
[538] 72-69 B.C.
[539] Racing, a single course, the _diaulos_ being a double course.
[540] The “five exercises,” running, leaping, wrestling, boxing,
discus-throwing.
[541] The period embraced all the games, so that “to conquer in the
period” meant to be victorious in all.
[542] A contest combining both wrestling and boxing.
[543] Lucius Licinius Lucullus (_c._ 110-57), Roman general,
conqueror of Mithradates. He was famous for his luxurious banquets,
which have become proverbial.
[544] Mod. Samsun, on the coast of Pontus.
[545] Lucius Licinius Murena, consul 63 B.C. He was accused of
bribery, defended by Cicero in a speech still extant, and acquitted.
[546] Phraates III.
[547] President of the Epicurean school at Athens, died 70 B.C.
Cicero draws freely from his work _On the Gods_ (a fragment of which
was discovered at Herculaneum) in his _De Natura Deorum_.
[548] Quintus Lutatius Catulus. The Capitol had been destroyed during
the civil wars of Sulla’s time.
[549] Quintus Caecilius Metellus, consul 69, conqueror of Crete after
a three years’ campaign. He received the title of Creticus for his
services.
[550] His history, probably written between 450-501, really begins
with the death of Commodus (192) and ends at 410, just before
Alaric’s siege of Rome. He is an extremely bigoted heathen,
fond of the old mythological legends, oracles, prodigies, and
everything marvellous, ignorant of geography, and pays no attention
to chronology. But the work is valuable as mainly compiled from
trustworthy contemporary authorities (_see_ Cod. LXXX).
[551] Cod. LXXVII.
[552] Flourished about A.D. 238. His history embraces the period from
the death of Marcus Aurelius to the death of Gordian (180-238). His
geography and chronology are defective. For the history of the period
_see_ Gibbon, chs. 4-7.
[553] Gaius Pescennius Niger.
[554] Lucius Septimius Severus.
[555] At Eboracum (York).
[556] More commonly known as Caracalla.
[557] Varius Avitus Bassianus (afterwards Marcus Aurelius Antoninus)
more commonly known as Heliogabalus (more correctly Elagabalus).
[558] Alexander Severus.
[559] Emperor A.D. 117-138. He was a great patron of literature, and
wrote several works himself, both prose and verse. His address to
the soul is famous (see _Life_, by F. Gregorovius, Eng. tr. by M. E.
Robinson, 1898).
[560] _See_ Cod. LXXXVIII.
[561] _c._ 20 B.C.-A.D. 40. The most important Jewish Hellenist,
called the Jewish Plato, born at Alexandria of a priestly family.
Hardly any particulars are known of his life. In the year 40 he was
head of a deputation of his countrymen to the emperor Caligula at
Rome, to protest against the persecution of the Jews in Alexandria.
He was the author of numerous works, purely philosophical, exegetical
(on the Pentateuch), historical, and apologetic. Amongst them are:
_On the Indestructibility of the World_; _That every Good Man
is Free_; _Allegories of the Sacred Law_, full of allegorizing
and constant attempts to combine Judaism and Hellenism; _On the
Contemplative Life_; _Against Flaccus_ (governor of Egypt); and _The
Embassy to Gaius_. His philosophy is a sort of neo-Platonism--an
endeavour to reconcile the teaching of Plato and of the Bible. There
are two worlds, an intelligible and a sensible, the latter formed
by God on the model of a world of ideas, invariable and coeternal,
personified under the name of Logos (Reason), an emanation from God.
“The Logos, intermediate between God and the world, dwells with God
as His wisdom, and as the abiding place of the Ideas.”
[562] They were divided into _practici_ (active), who lived in
common, and _theoretici_ (contemplative), who lived alone. In Egypt
and Greece the latter were called _therapeutae_.
[563] Roman emperor A.D. 37-41, more commonly known as Caligula.
[564] Avillius F., governor of Egypt, and persecutor of the Jews.
[565] Flourished about the middle of the third century A.D.
[566] _See_ Cod. XLII.
[567] 1 Peter iv. 1.
[568] Isaiah ii. 1.
[569] John xii. 31.
[570] Psalm xlv. 7.
[571] John xvii. 19.
[572] John i. 14.
[573] John iii. 13.
[574] 1 Cor. x. 4.
[575] Deuter. xxviii. 66.
[576] Ezekiel xliv. 2.
[577] Acts xiii. 26.
[578] Romans viii. 32.
[579] John iii. 16.
[580] Baruch iii. 36-38.
[581] Psalm lxxxi. 8.
[582] John xiv. 9.
[583] 1 Cor. ii. 8.
[584] Who added the words “One of the Trinity was crucified” to the
Trisagion. According to them, Christ had only one, and that a divine
nature, and therefore the divine nature suffered at the Crucifixion.
[585] They taught that the human soul of Christ was like our own,
even in its imperfect knowledge and ignorance.
[586] Titus Flavius Clemens (_c._ 150-213). A Platonic philosopher
who embraced Christianity, and succeeded Pantaenus as head of the
catechetical school of Alexandria. Amongst his pupils were Origen and
Alexander, bishop of Jerusalem. His chief works are those mentioned
here by Photius. To these may be added his _Hortatory Address to the
Greeks_, showing the superiority of Christianity to the heathen and
other religions. In consequence of the persecution of Severus, he
fled to Palestine, where he died.
[587] _Stromateis_ (Στρωματεῖς), bed-coverlets, “patch-work quilts.”
[588] Lived during the first century A.D. According to tradition
he was one of the first successors of St. Peter as bishop of Rome.
Numerous works, such as the Homilies and Recognitions, the Apostolic
Constitutions, which are ascribed to him, are spurious, the only
writing bearing his name which is admitted to be genuine being the
First Epistle to the Church of Corinth (the second is spurious). On
the whole question _see_ edition (1890) by Bishop Lightfoot.
[589] iv. 3. Clement being a very common name, this identification is
by no means certain.
[590] Apion, Alexandrine grammarian, commentator on Homer, flourished
in the middle of the first century A.D. He was notorious for his
hatred of the Jews and of Jewish Christianity.
[591] Or “Travels.”
[592] Also Leucius, or Leontius. His date is uncertain, perhaps in
the fifth century A.D.
[593] They celebrated Easter or the Paschal Feast on the day of the
Jewish Passover (the 14th of Nisan, the first month of the Jewish
year, corresponding to March-April), whatever day of the week it fell
on. _See_ the exhaustive account in Hefele, _History of Christian
Councils_, i. 298, (1871).
[594] The Jewish Passover.
[595] _i.e._ For a cycle of 532 years (28 × 19) and one year more,
when a new cycle should begin. Metrodorus possibly lived in the sixth
or seventh century. On this difficult subject, _see_ article “Easter”
in _Dictionary of Christian Antiquities_.
[596] The Jewish Passover.
[597] Bishop of Alexandria (247-264), called “the Great,” a pupil of
Origen.
[598] Bishop of Alexandria (189-232). He was at first on friendly
terms with Origen, who offended him by publicly expounding the
Scriptures although unordained (_see_ also Cod. CXVIII).
[599] A sect named after Sabellius (second-third century A.D.). While
denying that the Son was subordinate to the Father, they denied
His real personality, and regarded the Trinity of Father, Son, and
Holy Spirit as not real and eternal, but temporal and modalistic
(different modes of the manifestations of the Divine Nature).
[600] Book I exists in a Latin version by Rufinus.
[601] Emperor 249-251. He was notorious as a relentless enemy and
persecutor of the Christians.
[602] Emperor 251-253. His son Volusianus was associated with him in
the empire.
[603] During the persecution of Diocletian (303).
[604] _c._ 120-140 to 202, bishop of Lyons 177, He was born in Asia
Minor, near Smyrna, and removed to Rome about 155. He is said to have
been martyred under Severus, but this is not regarded as certain. He
was an ardent opponent of the Valentinian Gnostics, and earnestly
endeavoured to prevent a quarrel between the Eastern and Western
Churches on the question of the date of Easter. His great work only
exists in a barbarous Latin version, though parts of the original can
be re-constructed from quotations in later writers.
[605] Simon the Magician, flourished about the year A.D. 37, when he
gained great influence in Samaria by his witchcraft (_see_ Acts viii.
9-24).
[606] An Assyrian, student of Greek philosophy, who became converted
to Christianity at Rome about 150 by reading the Bible. A Christian
apologist, he later adopted Gnostic views. He retired to Mesopotamia
and is supposed to have died at Edessa, _c._ 180. In addition to an
_Apology for Christianity_, he was the author of a _Diatessaron_, a
sort of harmony of the Gospels.
[607] _c._ 103-164. Born in Palestine, Greek philosopher and convert
to Christianity. He is said to have been scourged and beheaded for
refusing to offer sacrifice to the pagan divinities.
[608] Gnostic sect of the second century, followers of Carpocrates of
Alexandria.
[609] Martyr (_c._ 155) under Marcus Aurelius.
[610] Flourished during the third century. He was a pupil of Irenaeus
and an active opponent of the Gnostics. He was a presbyter of Rome,
and became anti-bishop in opposition to Calixtus (Callistus), an
adherent of Monarchianism (denial of the doctrine of the Trinity).
The treatise _Against Heresies_ was first discovered in a convent on
Mount Athos in 1842.
[611] A Jewish sect, so called from Dositheus of Samaria (first
century A.D.), who killed himself by fasting. He insisted on a
rigorous observance of the Sabbath.
[612] Died about A.D. 200, born at Smyrna or Ephesus. According to
him “Christ was the Father, and the Father was born, suffered, and
died.”
[613] _c._ 316-403, born near Eleutheropolis in Palestine, bishop
of Constantia (Salamis) in Cyprus. He was a vigorous opponent of
Origen and Chrysostom. _Panaria_ is the Latin equivalent of the Greek
Ἀρτοφόρια (bread-baskets).
[614] _See_ Cod. LII.
[615] Rather _Ancyrotus_ (Gk. Ἀγκύρωτος), “secured by an anchor,” the
anchor of faith amidst the storms of heresy.
[616] _See_ p. 154.
[617] _See_ p. 153, note [468].
[618] The well-known sophist and humorous writer (_c._ A.D. 125-180).
He was a native of Samosata in Syria, and, after a wandering life,
settled down in Athens, whence he removed to Egypt, where he died.
His _True History_ was the original of works like the _Gulliver’s
Travels_ of Swift, with whom and with Voltaire he has much in common.
[619] Both the Λούκιος ἢ Ὄνος (Lucius or the Ass) of Lucian and the
_Metamorphoses_ of Apuleius go back to one Greek original, here
called Lucius of Patrae in Achaea (mod. Patras).
[620] Neo-Platonist philosopher of Damascus, flourished in the
fifth-sixth century A.D. He taught philosophy and rhetoric in
Alexandria and Athens. His treatise _Doubts and Solutions in regard
to First Principles_ is extant.
[621] Marcus Aurelius.
[622] Of Methone, lived in the time of Constantine.
[623] Of Antioch (fourth century A.D.). Pupil of Libanius and author
of an extant _Progymnasmata_ (literary exercises).
[624] There were two sophists of this name, one of Antioch, the other
of Alexandria. Nothing more is known of them, nor of Maximus.
[625] Of Alexandria (_see_ Cod. XLIX). The work deals with “the holy
and consubstantial Trinity.”
[626] Of Cappadocia, head of an extreme Arian sect. He was bishop
of Cyzicus, but was deposed and exiled, and died at the end of the
fourth century. He asserted that the Son of God was God only in name,
and that He was united to humanity not in substance, but only by His
virtue and operations.
[627] Periods of four years.
[628] Saturn. He had heard that he would be killed by one of his
sons, and accordingly devoured his children as soon as they were
born. Zeus, Poseidon and Pluto were saved, their mother Rhea having
substituted stones for them, which Saturn swallowed with equal
avidity.
[629] Of Alexandria, flourished under Theodosius II (408-450).
[630] _See_ p. 224, note [643].
[631] Grammarian of the time of Hadrian.
[632] Valerius Pollio of Alexandria.
[633] Nothing is known of him.
[634] Not to be confused with the author of the _Life of Apollonius
of Tyana_ (Cod. XLIV).
[635] Valerius Diodorus, son of Pollio (Cod. CXLIX).
[636] About the beginning of the fourth century A.D. The lexicon is
extant.
[637] Not the author of the _Roman Antiquities_ (Cod. LXXXIII).
[638] Flourished in the time of Hadrian.
[639] His identity is uncertain.
[640] Possibly Dorotheus of Ascalon, a Greek grammarian often
referred to by Athenaeus.
[641] Second century A.D. His lexicon, called Λέξεις Ἀττικαὶ (Attic
words), is extant.
[642] Of Bithynia, flourished under Marcus Aurelius and Commodus.
He was a great stickler for purity of style. Only extracts and the
present summary of the _Equipment_ have been preserved, but a shorter
work called the _Atticist_, in which rules are given for the use or
avoidance of various expressions, is extant.
[643] “Members” (κῶλα, _membra_), as distinct from “clauses”
(κόμματα, _incisa_). The original distinction is one of length, 4 to
6 syllables being a “clause,” 7 to 10 a “member” (_cp._ the use of
our own comma and colon). According to Quintilian, _incisum_ is a
complete sense in which the numbers or rhythm are not yet complete,
_membrum_ is a complete sense and a complete rhythm, but while
perfect as a limb, in relation to its body (the given whole of which
it forms part) it is incomplete and has no meaning (_see_ Sandys on
Cicero, _Orator_, 212).
[644] Of Pergamum, Greek philosopher and sophist, consul under Marcus
Aurelius, author of declamations and technical writings on rhetoric.
[645] Publius Aelius Aristides (_c._ 129-189) famous rhetorician,
born at Hadrianutherai in Mysia, friend of Marcus Aurelius. He was a
priest of Asclepius (Aesculapius) at Smyrna. More than fifty of his
orations and declamations are extant.
[646] Marcus Junius Brutus (85-42 B.C.), the conspirator.
[647] Lived in Syracuse, at the court of Dionysius the Younger (356
B.C.), and afterwards wrote speeches for the law-courts at Athens. He
is, of course, not identical with the rival of Demosthenes (_see_ p.
62, note [231]).
[648] One of the most hated of the Thirty Oligarchs or Tyrants at
Athens (404 B.C.). He was a pupil of Socrates, and a poet and orator
of no mean order.
[649] _c._ 440-370 B.C., founder of the Cynic school. He was first a
pupil of the famous sophist Gorgias of Leontini, then of Socrates.
[650] The personification of blame or censure.
[651] According to Suidas, the inhabitants of Corycus (a promontory
in Pamphylia), to avoid being plundered by pirates, used to go and
listen in other harbours to find out where certain vessels were
bound, and then informed the pirates. He adds that the comic poets
introduced a Corycian god, one who was always listening. Ephorus
gives a somewhat different story. The text is unsatisfactory here and
the meaning is not very clear. J. H. Leich’s suggestion, χωρίσειεν
(_segregaret_), in his essay on the Bibliotheca (1748), does not mend
matters.
[652] 436-338 B.C. One of the “ten” Attic orators. The political
object of his speeches was to unite the Greek world against its
hereditary enemy, Persia. His twenty-one extant speeches are
distinguished by high artistic finish, and are most carefully
elaborated. The news of the battle of Chaeronea (338), in which the
Athenians were utterly defeated by Philip of Macedon, is said to have
killed the aged orator--“killed with report that old man eloquent”
(Milton). He was too timid to speak in public himself, and opened a
school of rhetoric, which was largely attended.
[653] Speeches were divided into deliberative, forensic, and
epideictic (show speeches).
[654] Egyptian prince who put to death strangers arriving in his
country. He was slain by Hercules.
[655] King of Salamis in Cyprus (_see_ p. 109).
[656] The letter to the children of Jason of Pherae completes the
nine. Opinions are divided as to the genuineness of the letters.
[657] Or, “delineation of character” (Van Hook).
[658] “Fiery earnestness” (Jebb).
[659] Flourished at the beginning of the sixth century A.D., pupil
of Procopius of Gaza. He was nominally a Christian, but his point of
view and manner of expression are pagan. Several of his panegyrics,
funeral orations, wedding speeches, and school declamations are
extant.
[660] Procopius of Gaza (465-528).
[661] Perhaps Sopater of Apamea, who was at first intimate with
Constantine the Great, but was put to death by him on account of his
pagan propaganda.
[662] Flourished about 140 B.C.
[663] Castor and Pollux.
[664] King of Mauretania, born _c._ 50 B.C., died _c._ A.D. 20. He
was a most prolific writer on all kinds of subjects.
[665] Of Naucratis, in Egypt; flourished at Rome during the reign
of Commodus and his successors. His _Doctors at Dinner_ (Sandys) is
a kind of encyclopaedia, in which are preserved numerous quotations
from some 700 ancient authors, especially of the Middle and New
Comedy.
[666] Learned female grammarian of the time of Nero; author of a work
bearing upon the history of literature (_see_ Cod. CLXXV).
[667] Nothing further is known of him.
[668] 403-323 B.C.
[669] Of Eresus or Mytilene in Lesbos. Two complete poems and
numerous fragments remain, increased by the papyrus-finds in Egypt.
[670] Of Arelate (Arles); sceptic; author of numerous popular
philosophical works, epideictic declamations, and speeches. He
chiefly resided in Rome, and was patronised by Hadrian.
[671] Of Tarentum; flourished 318 B.C. He was a great authority on
music and rhythm (he was called ὁ μουσικός), and wrote on almost
every subject.
[672] It is uncertain whether he is identical with the author of the
Musical and Roman Histories mentioned below, or whether the author of
the last is an orator of whose rhetorical work a fragment has been
preserved.
[673] Of Colophon or Claros, contemporary of Plato. His elegy _Lyde_,
on the death of his mistress, was famous. He also wrote a long-winded
epic, _Thebais_, and was the author of an edition of Homer.
[674] Roman senator; lived a little earlier than Aelian (_c._ A.D.
170-230). Besides the _Halieutica_ (On Fishing), he wrote on aquatic
divination, and marvellous things.
[675] His date is unknown, possibly the second half of the third
century A.D. The _Lives_ is an undigested and uncritical compilation
from different works.
[676] Of Mytilene (died _c._ 405 B.C.). He wrote several genealogical
works, and the history of various countries and peoples, amongst them
an _Atthis_ (history of Attica), and _Troica_ (History of Troy).
[677] _See_ Cod. LXVIII.
[678] First century B.C.
[679] His date is uncertain. The work was much used by Stephanus of
Byzantium, the geographer.
[680] Add Timoleon.
[681] Of Byzantium (_c._ 257-180 B.C.), successor of Eratosthenes as
librarian of Alexandria. He is famous for his editions of Homer and
other poets, in which he introduced accents and other marks to be
used in the criticism of the text.
[682] Of Rhodes, end of third century B.C. Wrote on art and a
descriptive account of Alexandria.
[683] Of Alexandria, contemporary of Strabo (who died _c._ A.D. 24).
He wrote on the critical marks used in the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_, and
commentaries on Homer and Pindar.
[684] Bishop of Thessalonica, _c._ 600.
[685] A Monophysite sect, which held that the one nature of Christ
was not subject to corruption (ἄφθαρτος), understanding by corruption
(φθορά) not only the corruption following on death and moral
depravity, but all needs of the body, sufferings, and weaknesses,
against which no reproach could be made (ἀδιάβλητα). The _docetae_
part of the compound seems to mean that Christ’s body was not what
it appeared, for it does not appear that they regarded it as a
phantasm, a body _in appearance_ only. They admitted it was real and
substantial.
[686] 2 Cor. iv. 16.
[687] Patriarch of Constantinople, died 447. He was a friend and
pupil of Chrysostom; some of his sermons and letters are extant.
[688] Bishop of Olympus and Patara in Lycia in the fourth century.
It is not certain that he suffered martyrdom. _See_ Codd.
CCXXXIV-CCXXXVII.
[689] Christian apologist during the reign of Hadrian.
[690] From φθαρτός (corruptible) and λατρεία (worship). They held
that the human body of Christ was subject to ordinary natural
corruption.
[691] Who believe in a passible Christ.
[692] Fourth or fifth century A.D. About the middle of the tenth
century a selection was made from it and similar works by command of
the emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus.
[693] Of Nicaea, lived in the time of Cicero. The statement that he
wrote a volume on _Paradoxa_ is probably an error.
[694] Claudius Galenus, A.D. 129-199, the most celebrated physician
of antiquity. Born at Pergamum, he studied at Alexandria, and was
summoned to Rome by Marcus Aurelius, who had the greatest confidence
in him. He wrote numerous treatises on medicine and other scientific
subjects, grammar, and literary criticism.
[695] Μελεταί, elaborate fictitious speeches written for practice in
the schools of rhetoric.
[696] Born at Prusa _c._ A.D. 315, died _c._ 386. Lived at the court
of the Emperor Julian and after his death at Athens. He was the
teacher of Gregory of Nazianzus and Basil. Of the twenty-four extant
_Declamations_ some are school exercises, others inaugural orations
(_see_ Cod. CCXLIII).
[697] Themistocles dissuaded the Athenians from accepting his offers.
[698] The word used (περιβολή) expresses the combination in a
single period of a variety of diction, sentiments, and figures
of speech. The Latin equivalent is _circumducta_ or _circumjecta
oratio_: cp. Quintilian, ix. 4, 124: _cum sensus unus longiore ambitu
circumducitur_ (“when a single thought is drawn out by a lengthy
period”).
[699] Αἰτιολογία, giving the causes or reasons of things.
[700] Γοργός, “vigorous,” “fiery,” opposed to “languid,” “spiritless.”
[701] The inversion of the usual order of words or clauses in a
sentence, chiefly for the sake of emphasis.
[702] A send-off speech (like _Propempterius_).
[703] Σχέδιον, a short extempore discourse.
[704] Ἐπίδειξις, a speech delivered in the theatre or a public place
to exhibit the composer’s rhetorical powers.
[705] In the school. To read Συμπληγάδι (with capital Σ) and
translate “prefect of Symplegada” seems absurd.
[706] Λαλιά, a short complimentary address to a real personage.
[707] The text cannot be right (τοῦ Λέοντος). Τοῦ λέγοντος, “of the
speaker” (_i.e._ Himerius himself) is another reading.
[708] Διάλεξις, a private lecture or dissertation for the instruction
of pupils.
[709] Received during the disturbance (συμπληγάς) in the school.
[710] See also the _Eclogae_ by Photius (Cod. CCXLIII) and the
_Orationes_, ed. F. Dübner in the Didot series (Paris, 1849).