CHAPTER X

THE APPLICATION OF BIOMETRY TO ANTHROPOLOGY FOR THE PURPOSE OF

DETERMINING THE MEDIAL MEN

_Theory of the Medial Man._--_Measurements_ are used not only in

anthropology but in zoology and botany as well; that is, they are

applied to all living creatures; therefore anthropometry might to-day

be regarded as a branch of _biometry_. The measurements obtained from

living beings, and the statistical and mathematical studies based upon

them, tend to determine the _normality_ of characteristics; and when

the biometric method is applied to man, it leads to a determination

of the normal dimensions, and hence of the _normal_ forms, and to a

reconstruction of the _medial man_ that must be regarded as the man

of perfect development, from whom all men actually existing must

differ to a greater or less extent, through their infinite normal and

pathological variations.

This sort of touch-stone is of indisputable scientific utility, since

we cannot judge of _deviations_ from the norm, so long as normality is

unknown to us. In fact, when we speak of normality and of anomalies, we

are using language that is far from exact, and to which there are no

clear and positive corresponding ideas.

Whatever has been accomplished in anthropology up to the present

time in the study of the morphology of degenerates and abnormals,

has served only to illustrate this principle very vaguely--that the

_form_ undergoes alteration in the case of pathological individuals.

It is only now that we are beginning to give definite meaning to this

principle, by seeking to determine what the _form_ is, when it has not

undergone any alteration at all. From this fundamental point a new

beginning must be made, on more certain and positive bases, of the

study of _deviations from normality_ and their etiology.

As far back as 1835, Quetelet, in his great philosophical and

statistical work, _Social Physics or the Development of the Faculties_

_of Man_, for the first time expounded the theory of the "medial man,"

founded on statistical studies and on the mathematical laws of errors.

He reached some very exact concepts of the morphology of the medial

man, based upon measurements, and also of the intellectual and moral

qualities of the medial man, expounding an interesting theory regarding

_genius_.

But inasmuch as Quetelet's _homme moyen_ was, so to speak, at once a

mathematical and philosophical reconstruction of the _non-existent

perfect man_, who furthermore could not possibly exist, this classical

and masterly study by the great statistician was strenuously combatted

and then forgotten, so far as its fundamental concepts were concerned,

and remembered only as a scientific absurdity. The thought of that

period was too analytical to linger over the great, the supreme

synthesis expounded by Quetelet.

Mankind must needs grow weary of anatomising bodies and tracing back to

origins, before returning to an observation of the whole rather than

the parts, and to a contemplation of the future. In fact, the thought

of the nineteenth century was so imbued with the evolutionary theories

as set forth by Charles Darwin, that it believed the reconstruction

of the _Pithecanthropus erectus_ from a doubtful bone a more positive

achievement than that of the _medial man_ from the study of millions of

living men.

But to-day the researches that we have accomplished in the biological

field regarding evolution, regarding natural heredity, regarding

individual variability, are leading biology as a whole toward eminently

synthetic conclusions; and studies which remained neglected or which

were combatted in the past, are beginning to be brought into notice and

properly appreciated: such studies, for instance, as Mendel's theory

and that of Quetelet. Galton, Pearson, Davenport, Dunker, Heinke,

Ludwig, and above all others De Vries, are in the advance guard of

modern biological thought. But beyond all these scientists, there is

one who has an interest for us not only because he is an Italian, but

because he has reestablished Quetelet's ancient theory of the _medial

man_, under the present-day guidance of biometry: I mean Prof. Giacinto

Viola.

_The Importance of Seriation._--Under the statistical method, the basis

of biometry is furnished by a regrouping of measurements in the form

of series. We have seen that Quetelet's binomial curve represents the

symmetrical distribution of subjects in relation to some one central

anthropometric measurement.

Let us suppose, for instance, that the curve here described represents

the distribution of the stature. If we mark upon the abscissae the

progressive measurements, 1.55; 1.56; 1.57; 1.58; 1.59; 1.60, etc....

1.75; 1.76; 1.77; 1.78; 1.79; 1.80, and on the axis of the ordinates

the number of individuals having a determined stature, the path of the

curve will show that there is a majority of individuals possessing a

mean central measurement; and that the number of individuals diminishes

gradually and symmetrically above and below, becoming extremely few

at the extremes (exceptionally tall and low statures). When the total

number of individuals is sufficiently large, the curve is perfect

(curve of errors): Fig. 156.

[Illustration: FIG. 156.--The highest part of this curve corresponds to

the medial centre of density.]

In such a case, the _general mean_ coincides with the _median_, that

is, with the number situated at the centre of the basal line, because,

since all the other measurements, above and below, are perfectly

symmetrical, in calculating the mean average they cancel out. There

is still another centre corresponding to the mean: the _centre of

density_ of the individuals grouped there, because the maximum number

corresponds to that measurement. Accordingly, if, for example, in place

of half a million men whose measurements of stature, when placed in

seriation, produced a perfect binomial curve, we had selected only ten

men or even fewer from those corresponding to the median line; the

general mean stature obtained from those half million men and that

obtained from the ten individuals would be identical. For we would have

selected _ten individuals_ possessing that mean average stature which

seems to represent a _biological_ _tendency_, from which many persons

deviate to a greater or less extent, as though they were erroneous,

aberrant, for a great variety of causes; but these aberrant statures

are still such that by their excess and their deficiency they perfectly

compensate for each other; so that the mean average stature precisely

reproduces this _tendency_, this centre actually attained by the

maximum number of individuals. Supposing that we could see together all

these individuals: those who belong at the centre being numerically

most _prevalent_, will give a definite _intonation_ to the whole

mass. Anyone having an eye well trained to distinguish differences

of stature could mentally separate those prevalent individuals and

estimate them, saying that they are of _mean_ _average stature_. This

curve is the mathematical curve of errors; and it corresponds to that

constructed upon the exponents of Newton's binomial theorem and to the

calculation of _probability_. It corresponds to the curve of errors in

mathematics: for example, to the errors committed in measuring a line;

or in measuring the distance of a star, etc. Whoever takes measurements

(we have already seen this in anthropometrical technique and in the

calculation of personal error) commits errors, notwithstanding that

the _object to be measured_ and the individual making the measurements

remain the same. But the most diverse causes; nerves, the weather,

weariness, etc., causes not always determinable and perhaps actually

more numerous than could be discovered or imagined, all have their

share in producing errors of too much and too little, which are

distributed in gradations around the real _measurement_ of the object.

But since among all these measurements taken in the same identical way

we do not know which is the true one; the seriation of errors will

reveal it to us, for it causes a maximum number of some one definite

measurement (the true one) to fall in the centre of the aberrations

that symmetrically grade off from the centre itself.

Viola gives some very enlightening examples in regard to errors.

Suppose, for instance, that an artist skilled in modeling wished to

reproduce in plaster a number of copies of a leaf, which he has before

his eyes as a model.

The well-trained eye and hand will at one time cause him to take

exactly the right quantity of plaster needed to reproduce the actual

dimensions of the leaf; at another, on the contrary, he will take more

and at another less than required.

By measuring or superimposing the real leaf upon the plaster copies,

the sculptor will be able to satisfy himself at once which of his

copies have proved successful.

But supposing, on the contrary, that the real leaf has disappeared and

that a stranger wishes to discover from the plaster copies which ones

faithfully reproduce the dimensions of the leaf? They will be those

that are numerically most prevalent.

The same thing holds true for any attempt whatever to attain a

_predetermined object_. For example, shooting at a mark. A skilful

marksman will place the maximum number of shots in the centre, or at

points quite near to the centre; he will often go astray, but the

number of errors will steadily decrease in proportion as the shots are

more aberrant, _i.e._, further from the centre. If a marksman wished

to practise in like manner against some wall, for example, on which he

has chosen a point that is not marked, and hence not recognisable by

others, this point _thought_ of by the marksman, may be determined by

studying the cluster of shots left upon the wall.

In the same way an observer could determine the hour fixed for a

collective appointment, such as a walking trip, by the manner in which

the various individuals arrive in groups; some one will come much ahead

of time because he has finished some task which he had expected would

keep him busy up to the hour of appointment; then in increasing numbers

the persons who come a few minutes ahead of time because they are

provident and prompt; then a great number of people who have calculated

their affairs so well as to arrive precisely on time; a few minutes

later come those who are naturally improvident and a little lazy;

and lastly come the exceptional procrastinators who at the moment of

setting forth were delayed by some unexpected occurrence.

Causes of error in the individual and in the environment interfere in

like manner with the astronomer who wishes to estimate the distance of

the stars and it is necessary for him to repeat his measurements and

calculations on the basis of those which show the greatest probability

of being exact.

Accordingly, such _distribution_ of errors is _independent_ of the

causes which produce them and which, whatever they are, remain

practically the same at any given time, and consequently produce

constant effects and symmetrical errors; but it is dependent upon the

fact of the existence of some pre-established thing (a measurement, the

dimensions of an object to be copied, an appointed hour, the centre of

a target, etc.). In short, whenever a _tendency_ is established the

_errors_ group themselves around the objective point of this tendency.

In the case of anthropometry, as for instance, in the curve of

stature given above, we find that the resulting medial stature was

_predetermined_, _e.g._, _for a given race_; but many individuals,

for various causes, either failed to attain it or surpassed it to

a greater or less extent; and therefore in the course of their

development they have acquired an erroneous stature.

Consequently, this medial stature which still corresponds to the mean

average of a very large number of persons, is the stature that is

biographically pre-established, the normal stature of the race.

If we select individuals presumably of the same race and in sound

health, the serial curve of their statures ought to be very high and

with a narrow base, because these individuals are _uniform_. When a

binomial curve has a _very wide_ basis of oscillations in measurements,

it evidently contains elements that are not uniform; thus, for example,

if we should measure the statures of men and women together, we should

of course obtain a curve, but it would be very broad at the base

and quite low at the centre of density; and a similar result would

follow if we measured the statures of the rich and the poor without

distinguishing between them. Since normal stature, including individual

variations, has an exceedingly wide limit of oscillation (from 1.25

m. to 1.99 m.), if we should measure all the men on earth, we should

obtain a very wide base for our binomial curve, which nevertheless

would have a centre of density corresponding to the median line and to

the general mean average.

Now this mean stature, according to Quetelet, is the mean stature of

the European; and it is that of the _medial man_. But if we should take

the races separately, each one of them would have its own binomial

curve, which would reveal the respective mean stature for each race. In

the same way, if we took the complex curve of all the individuals of a

single race, and separated the men from the women, the two resulting

groups would reveal the _mean average male stature_ and the _mean

average female stature_ of the race in question. An analogous result

would follow if we separated the poor from the rich, etc.

Every time that we draw new distinctions, the base of the curves,

or in other words the limits of oscillation of measurements, will

contract, and the _centre of density_ will rise; while the intermediate

gradations (due, for example, to the intermixture of tall women and

short men; or to the overlapping standards of stature of various

kindred races, etc.), will diminish. In short, if we construct the

binomial curve from individuals who are uniform in sex, race, age,

health, etc., it not only remains symmetrical around a centre but the

eccentric progression of its groups is steadily determined in closer

accordance with the order and progression of the exponents Of Newton's

binomial.

However, a _symmetrical grading off_ from the centre is not the same

thing as a symmetrical grading off from the centre _in a predetermined_

_mode_, _i.e._, that of the binomial exponents. The binomial symmetry

is obtained through calculations of mathematical combinations. Now,

if the _fact_ of the centrality of a prevailing measurement is to be

proved in relation to the predetermination of the measurement itself:

for example, in regard to _racial heredity_, and hence is a fact that

reveals _normality_, the manner of distribution of errors--namely,

in accordance with calculations of _probability_--might very well be

explained by Mendel's laws of heredity, which serve precisely to show

how the prevailing characteristics are distributed according to the

mathematical calculation of probabilities.

Accordingly, the _normal characteristic of race_ would coincide

with the dominant characteristic of Mendel's hereditary powers. The

characteristic which has been shown as the stronger and more potent is

victorious over the recessive characteristics that are latent in the

germ. Meanwhile, however, there are various errors which, artificially

or pathologically, cause a characteristic, which would naturally have

been recessive, to become dominant, or, in other words, most prevalent.

[Illustration: FIG. 157.--The shaded portion represents the

eccentricity of the curve, due to the presence of cretins.]

Whenever a binomial curve constructed from a large number of

individuals is found to be eccentric; and shows, _e.g._, in the case

of stature, a deviation toward the low statures, it reveals (see

De Helguero's curves) the presence of a heterogeneous intermixture

of subjects, for example, of children among adults, or, as in the

case demonstrated by De Helguero, an intermixture of _pathological

individuals_ with normal persons (Fig. 157).

The binomial curve obtained by De Helguero from the inhabitants of

Piedmont included, as a matter of fact, a great number of _cretins_;

they formed within the great normal mass of men, a little mass of

individuals having a stature notably inferior to the normal.

By correcting the eccentric curve on the left of the accompanying

figure, and by tracing a dotted line equal and symmetrical to the right

side, we obtain a normal binomial curve; well, this curve will actually

be reproduced if we subtract all the cretins from the whole mass of

individuals.

The section distinguished by parallel lines represents that portion

of the curve which departs from the normal toward the low statures,

and is due to the cretins; it may be transformed into a small dotted

binomial curve at the base, which is constructed from the statures of

the cretins alone.

Accordingly, the symmetrical binomial curve gives us a _mean_ _average

value_ in relation to a specified measurement.

What has been said regarding stature serves as an example; but it may

be repeated for _all the anthropometric measurements_, as Viola has

proved by actual experiment.

The sitting stature, the thoracic perimeter, the dimensions of an

entire limb or of each and every segment of it; every particular which

it has seemed worth while to take into consideration, comports itself

in the same manner; and this is also true of all the measurements of

the head and face.

That is to say, if we make a seriation of measurements relating to the

sitting stature of an indeterminate number of individuals, we find a

numerical prevalence of those corresponding to the medial measurement

marked upon the axis of the abscissae; and the number of individuals

will continue to decrease with perceptible symmetry on each side of the

centre, _i.e._, toward the higher and lower statures. If we take into

consideration the significance of the sitting stature, this binomial

curve relates to individuals who possess a normal physiological mass

(the bust; centre of density) and to individuals who fall below or

exceed that mass. We have already, in speaking of the types of stature,

taken the bust under consideration in relation to the limbs, in order

to judge the more or less favourable reciprocal development; but here

we obtain an _absolute datum of normality_, independent of proportional

relations to the body as a whole; _in other words, there_ _exists a

physiological mass_ for the human body which is _normal_ in itself. The

individuals whose sitting stature corresponds to the medial measure of

the binomial curve, are precisely those who have the normal development

of bust.

The same thing repeats itself in the case of the thoracic perimeter, or

the weight, or the length of the leg, or the cranial circumference, etc.

Hence we have a means of obtaining the _normal medial measurements_ by

the seriation of a number of measurements actually obtained from living

individuals the number of whom should be sufficiently large to enable

us to construct a perceptibly symmetrical and regular binomial curve.

Such medial measurements, although they correspond to the true mean

average (as we have already seen), are not for this reason _unreal_,

like arithmetical means which represent a synthetic entirety that does

not correspond to the single individuals actually existing; the medial

measurements obtained by seriation are, on the contrary, measurements

that really belong to living individuals; namely, to that group of

individuals that possess this particular measurement. Therefore, it is

not a combination, or fusion, or abstraction.

* * * * *

But individuals who have one medial measurement, do not necessarily

have all the other medial measurements; that is to say, the individuals

who find that they belong on the medial abscissae in relation to

stature, do not find themselves similarly placed in relation to the

sitting stature, or the thoracic perimeter, or the weight, or the

cranial circumference, etc. Indeed, it is _impossible_ that all

the bodily measurements of the same individual should be _medial

measurements_: or, to express it better, there has not been found up to

the present among living individuals, in the whole wide world, a man so

constructed.

Such a man would represent anthropologically the _medial man_.

It is also very rare to find a man quite lacking in medial

measurements: everyone has a few central measurements and certain

others that are eccentric.

At the same time it must be admitted that there are men who have many,

and even a large majority, of the central measurements; while the rest

of their measurements are eccentric or paracentral.

One of the objections which used to be made was that if we should wish

to unite all the medial measurements, they would not fit together,

or rather, that a man could not be constructed from them; but that

the result would be a monstrosity. Nevertheless, this assertion or

objection has proved to be absolutely fantastic and contrary to the

actual fact.

Professor Viola has observed that men who have a very large number of

medial measurements are singularly _handsome_.

More than that: the medial man reconstructed from medial measurements

really gathered from living persons, has the identical proportions of

the famous statues of Greek art.

Here, for example, in Figs. 158 and 159, facing page 464, we have the

medial man and the Apollo; even to the eye of the observer, they show

a marked similarity in proportions. The medial man is very nearly the

portrait of an exceedingly handsome young Roman, studied by Viola; this

person possessed a great majority of the mean average measurements; but

some of his measurements did not correspond to the normal averages, and

accordingly Viola had them corrected by an artist under the guidance of

anthropological biometry; and the figure thus corrected is represented

in the drawing here given. Well, this drawing corresponds perfectly to

the proportions of the Apollo.

Consequently, the mean average measurements do not pass unnoticed;

it is not alone the anthropological instrument or mathematical

reconstruction that reveals them; when presented to the eye of the

intelligent man, they _notify him that_ they exist, they arouse in him

an _aesthetic emotion_, they give him the alluring impression of the

_beautiful_.

When the mean average measurements are found accumulated in large

numbers in the same person, they render that person the centre of a

mysterious fascination, the admiration of all other men.

Now, this coincidence of the _beautiful_ with the average is equivalent

to a coincidence of the beautiful with _normality_. "This unforeseen

demonstration," says Viola, "throws a vivid light upon the hitherto

obscure problem of the aesthetic sense.... If a man evolves according to

normal laws, his proportions arouse an exceptional aesthetic enjoyment."

Anyone having an eye trained to recognise the _beautiful_, is able

through his aesthetic sensations, to pick out _normality_ from the great

crowd of biological errors, which is precisely what the scientist does

with great weariness of measurements and calculations. In fact, the

great artists recognise the _beautiful parts_ of a number of beautiful

individuals, and they unite them all together in a single work of art.

The Greeks did this, they reconstructed the medial man, on a basis of

actual observation, and by extracting all the normalities, all the

measurements most prevalent in individuals, and forming from them a

single ideal man. The Greek artists were observers; we might call them

the positivists in art. Their art is supreme and immortal, because they

simultaneously interpreted what is _beautiful_ and what is _true_ in

life.

In short, medial measurements are true measurements, actually

existing in individuals. No one can acquire a true aesthetic taste

by contemplating works of art. The aesthetic sense is trained and

refined by observing the truth in nature and by learning to separate

instinctively the normal from the erroneous.

No other form of art reproduces the _subject_ so faithfully as the

Greek; medieval and modern artists have incarnated their own personal

inspiration, without training themselves to that accurate observation

which refines the sense of the _beautiful_, when we are in the presence

of the _truth_, represented by normality, which is the triumph of life.

Accordingly, we may reconstruct the _medial man_ from the truth as

found in nature. Within the wide scale of individual variations we

pass from men possessing few medial measurements (ugly men) to men

possessing many of them (handsome men), and even a majority of such

measurements (extremely handsome). Our sensation in the presence of

the ugly man is repulsion, _biological_ _pain_; in the presence of the

handsome man we feel an aesthetic contentment, _biological pleasure_.

In this way we take part in the mysterious failures and triumphs of

nature, as children in the great family of life.

Now, as Viola says, the individual variations that group themselves

symmetrically around the medial measurement may be divided into

_groups_ or _types_, _e.g._, central, paracentral and eccentric, both

above and below the mean.[49] Such types are considered by Viola

chiefly from the _pathological_ point of view, or rather, that of the

_physical constitution_ and relative predisposition to disease. It is

only the central type that has such perfect harmony of parts as to

embody the perfection of strength and physical health; as the type

diverges from the centre, it steadily loses its power of resistance and

becomes less capable of realising a long life.

[Illustration: FIG. 158.--Viola's medial man.]

[Illustration: FIG. 159.--Apollo.]

Since the measurements are extremely numerous, it is necessary,

in order to proceed to a separation of types, to select some one

measurement to be regarded as fundamental, and in respect to which

all others have a secondary importance; and such a measurement is

found in the one which is associated with the development of the

physiological man; namely, the _sitting stature_. In the centre there

is the medial measurement; little by little, as we withdraw from

the centre, we approach on the one side toward macroscelia and on

the other side toward brachyscelia. It is possible to determine to

within a millimetre the _normality_ of any measurement whatever. When

this fundamental datum has once been accepted as a _basis_ for the

construction of _types_, let us assume that we next add another and

secondary measurement; for instance, that of the lower limbs. By the

method of seriation we obtain a measurement that is _absolutely normal

when considered by itself_; it is the central measurement. A perfectly

formed and healthy man ought to possess both the medial sitting stature

and the medial length of lower limbs; in actual cases, however, it

is difficult to find so favourable a union, and the two series of

measurements _combine_ in various ways; showing a tendency, however,

to unite in such a way that a short bust goes with long legs, and

_vice_ _versa_. The degree to which this rule is carried out produces

two types that steadily tend to become more eccentric; they are the

macroscelous and brachyscelous types, or, as De Giovanni calls them,

_morphological combinations_. We have only to calculate the _type

of stature_, and that also groups itself according to the binomial

curve; and thus gives us a gradation of the _combinations of parts_.

Viola notes that the paracentral individuals show characteristics

quite different from those of the eccentrics; their constitution is

more favourable, and they differ in respect to their characteristic

proportions between thorax and abdomen, and in certain other

physiological particulars that are of pathological importance.

In this way a _method_ has been built up for determining mathematically

the one absolute normality; as well as the anomalies in all their

infinite variety, which may, however, be regrouped under _types_, on

the basis of their eccentricities.

Here then we have, thanks to Viola, and under the guidance of the

glorious school of De Giovanni, a pathway indicated, that is

exceedingly rich in its opportunities for research, and that may

advance the importance of anthropometry side by side with that of

biometry, the development of which is to-day so earnestly pursued,

especially in England.

* * * * *

One of the objections which may be raised to the theory of the medial

man is that there cannot be any one perfect, human model because of

the diverse races of mankind, each with its own established biological

characteristics.

For instance, I believe that I have proved that what we consider as

_beautiful_ is distributed among _different races_; in other words,

perfect beauty of all the separate parts of the body is never found

united in any one race, any more than it is in any one person.

The women of Latium who are dark and dolichocephalic have most

beautiful faces, but their hands and feet are imperfect; the

brachycephalic blondes, on the contrary, are coarse-featured, while

their hands and feet are extremely beautiful. The same may be said

regarding their breasts and certain other details. Furthermore, the

stature of the dolichocephalics is too low as compared with what is

shown to be the _average stature_, while the brachycephalics are

similarly too tall. Nevertheless, it is _extremely_ _difficult_ to

discover racial types of such comparative purity as to establish these

differences: it was by a lucky chance that I succeeded in tracing out,

at Castelli Romani and at Orte, certain groups of the races that were

very nearly pure. The rest of the population are, for the most part,

hybrids showing a confused intermingling of characteristics.

In fact, pure _types of race_ no longer exist, least of all where

civilisation is most intense. In order to speak of _types of race_, it

is necessary to go among barbaric tribes; and even this is a relative

matter, because all the races on earth are more or less the result of

intermixture. Yet in civilised countries an occasional group of pure

racial stock may be discovered in isolated localities, as though they

had found refuge, so to speak, from the vortex of civilisation which is

engulfing the races. Throughout the history of humanity we may watch

this absorption of racial and morphological characteristics, and the

formation of more and more intimate intermixtures, leading to the final

disappearance of the original _types of_ _race_.

When a primitive race emigrated, when men crossed over from Africa

to the European coast of the Mediterranean, or Aryans from oriental

Asia traversed the mountains and steppes of Russia and the Balkan

countries, they were on their way to conquer territory and to subjugate

peoples, but they were also on their way to lose their own type, the

characteristics of their race. Yet even this sacrifice of _race_ was

not without compensation: indeed, it seems as though the _race_ loses

through hybridism a large part of its _ugly_ characteristics, but

retains and transmits for the most part the characteristics that are

pleasing. Unquestionably, the more civilised peoples are better looking

than the barbarians, although the history of emigration would seem to

indicate an almost common racial origin.

When we remember that in human hybridism the result is not always a

true and complete _fusion_ of characteristics, but for the most part

an intermixture of them--so that, for example, the hybrid has the type

of cranium belonging to one race, and the stature belonging to another

race--we have the explanation of the fact that throughout thousands of

years certain morphological characteristics have remained fixed, to

such an extent as to permit anthropologists to use them as a basis upon

which to trace out the origins of races. But these characteristics,

while fixed in themselves, are _interchanged_ among individual hybrids,

who form more or less felicitous _combinations_ of characteristics

belonging to several races.

When we recall what was said in this regard concerning heredity

(general biological section) it is necessary to conclude that Mendel's

law must be invoked to explain the phenomenon.

Human hybridism, like all hybridism throughout the whole biological

field, falls under this law.

But there is still another phenomenon that should be noted: civilised

men, who are the most hybrid of all hybrids upon earth, have formed a

_new type_ that is almost unique, the _civilised race_, in which one

and all resemble one another. It is only logical to believe that, in

proportion as facilities of travel become easier and intermarriage

between foreign countries more widespread, it will become less and less

easy to distinguish the Englishman from the Frenchman, or the Russian

or the Italian; provided that the various hybridisms in the respective

countries have developed an almost uniform local type, so that the

general characteristics of French hybridism may be distinguished from

those of English hybridism, etc.

Even these local hybrid types, determining, as it were, the physiognomy

of a people, will disappear when Europe finally becomes a single

country for civilised man.

In short, we are spectators of this tendency: a fusion or intermixture

of characteristics that is tending to establish one single human

type, which is no longer an original racial type, but the _type of

civilisation_. It is the unique race, the _resultant human_ _race_,

the product of the fusion of races and the triumph of all the elements

of beauty over the disappearance of those ugly forms which were

characteristic of primitive races.

Are the dominant forces in the human germinative cells those which

bring a contribution of beauty? One would say "yes," on the strength of

the morphological history of humanity.

There is no intention of implying by this that humanity is tending

toward the incarnation of perfectly beautiful human beings, all

identical in their beauty; but they will be harmonious in those

skeletal proportions that will insure perfect functional action of

their organism. Harmony is fundamental; the soft tissues, the colour of

hair and eyes, may upon this foundation give us an infinite _variety_

of beauty. "Even in music," says Viola, "so long as the laws of harmony

are respected, there are possibilities of melodic thoughts of infinite

beauty in gradation and variety; but the first condition is that the

aforesaid laws shall be respected."

The soft and plastic tissues are like a _garment_ which may be

infinitely varied: because life is richer in normal forms than

in abnormal; richer in triumphs than in failures; and hence more

impressive in the varieties of its beauties than in its monstrosities.

Such philosophic concepts of the _medial man_ are exceedingly

fertile in moral significance. The ugly and imperfect races have

gone on through wars, conquests, intellectual and civil advancement

unconsciously preparing new intermarriages and higher forms of love,

which eliminated all that is harsh and inharmonic, in order to achieve

the triumph of human beauty. In fact, quite aside from the heroic deeds

of man, the constructor of civilisation, we are witnessing the coming

of the unique man, the man of perfect beauty, such as Phidias visioned

in a paroxysm of aesthetic emotion.

A living man who incarnates supreme beauty, supreme health, supreme

strength: almost as though it were Christ himself whom humanity was

striving to emulate, through a most intimate brotherhood of all the

peoples on earth.

* * * * *

On the analogy of the medial morphological man, Quetelet also conceived

of the _medial intellectual man_ and the _medial moral_ _man_.

The medial intellectual man is closely bound to the thoughts of his

century; he incarnates the prevailing ideas of his time; he vibrates

in response to the majority. He is to his nation and century, says

Quetelet, "what the centre of gravity is to the body--namely, the

one thing to be taken into consideration in order to understand the

phenomena of equilibrium and movement." Considered from the ideal side,

the medial man ought to centralise in himself and keep in equilibrium

the movement of thought of his period, giving it harmonic form, in

works of art or of science. And it is the capacity for accomplishing

this work of synthesis that constitutes the _inborn quality_ in the man

of genius.

He does not create; he reassembles in one organism the _scattered_

_members_, the medial vibrations of the crowd; he feels and expresses

all that is new and beautiful and great that is in process of formation

in the men who surround him, who are frequently unconscious of the

beauty which is in them, just as they are unconscious of having those

normal predetermined measurements of their bodies. But whenever they

discover in a creation of thought _something of themselves_, they

are stirred to enthusiasm at recognising this something belonging to

them as forming part of a harmonious whole: and they applaud the work

of art or of science which has stirred their enthusiasm. The medial

intellectual man who has produced it is a beneficent genius to humanity

because he aids its upward progress by appealing to the better part in

each individual.

Now, there has never existed a medial intellectual man who sums up

all the thought of his time: just as there does not exist a living

man so beautiful as to incarnate all the medial measurements. But the

man of genius is he who does embody the greater part of such ideas:

and he produces a masterpiece when he succeeds in shedding his own

individuality in order to assume what is given him from without. Goethe

said that it was not he who composed _Faust_, but a spirit which

invaded him. And the same thought is expressed in the autobiographies

of many men of genius.

A well-known writer told me that it sometimes happened to him, while he

was writing, to forget himself completely; at such times he no longer

wrote the truth as he saw and felt it consciously, but transmitted pure

and unforeseen inspiration.

Such portions, said this author, are judged by the public as containing

the greatest degree of beauty and truth.

When a great orator thrills a crowd, he certainly does nothing

more than repeat what is already in the thoughts of each member

of that crowd; every individual present had, as it were, in his

subconsciousness, the same thought that is expressed by the orator,

which was taking form within him but had not yet _matured_ and which he

would not have had the knowledge or the ability to express. The orator,

as it were, matures and extracts from him that new thought which was

taking shape within him; his better part, which after light is shed

upon it will have the power to elevate him. But no orator could ever

persuade a crowd with ideas that do not already exist in that crowd,

and which consequently, are not part of the truth of their age.

The orator is like the centre of gravity, inasmuch as he gives form and

equilibrium to the scattered and timid thought of the crowd.

Carducci[50] says "the art of the lyric poet consists in this: to

express what is common to all in the form in which he has created it

anew and specially in his mind; or rather to give to the thought which

is peculiar to himself an imprint of universal understanding, so that

each one looking into it may recognise himself."

* * * * *

When we think of the brilliant concept of the medial man, we behold

a fundamental and profound principle: the necessity of hybridism

and consequently of a profound intermixture of races; all of which

goes side by side with the spread of civilisation, and the increased

facilities of traveling and of communication between different

communities. Connected with these material advantages is the moral

progress which leads to a realisation of perfect brotherhood between

men that is rendered steadily more possible by environment, and is

sanctioned little by little by laws and customs; whereas at the start

it was only an ethical or mystical theory.

While the physical formations of the races are becoming merged,

the racial customs are also blending and disappearing in a single

civilisation, in one sole form of thought. If, at one time, the

powerful race was the one united to its territory, faithful to its

customs, adhering to its moral code and its religion, all this melts

away in the presence of universal hybridism which actually means the

birth of a new generation of men and a new outlook upon life.

When we contemplate the morphologically medial man, he seems to stand

as a symbol of unlimited universal progress. His realisation seems to

demand very lofty standards of morality and civilisation.

Whereas, on the contrary, the survival of types and of customs and

sentiments peculiar to separate races, is the expression of local

conditions that are inferior both in morality and in civil progress.

As for the innumerable _paracentral errors_ which form to-day a large

proportion of individual varieties, they are due directly to the

imperfection of the environment, which does not permit of the natural

development of human life, and consequently interferes through a wide

range of methods and degrees with the development of ideal normality.

Hence, the extreme eccentric errors are the consequence of diseases and

far-reaching social imperfections which lead to genuine deviations from

the normal, including _pathological_ and _degenerate malformations_,

and associated with them the lowest forms of individual degradation,

both intellectual and moral.

All the paracentral errors and malformations are a physical burden

which retards the perfectionment of man. Admitting that hybridism will

eventually result in complete beauty, it will be greatly delayed in

its attainment through the accumulation of errors that surround the

characteristics of race. They form a heavy ballast, if the phrase may

be permitted, that impedes the progress of its ascension.

Consequently, the long awaited social progress which is gradually

bringing about the "brotherhood of man" is not in itself sufficient for

the attainment of the ideal mean.

There are certain errors that must more or less necessarily be

encountered along the pathway of humanity; and that act either directly

or indirectly upon posterity, deforming and destroying its resistance

to life; and it is these that must be taken under consideration,

because they delay the normal progress of human society.

They are conscious and well recognised errors; hence up to a certain

point the _active_ agency of man may combat them and succeed little by

little in mitigating them and overcoming their disastrous influence

upon biological humanity.

There are, in general, two influences developing and promoting that

improvement which leads toward the _medial man_: in proportion as the

real and practical intermarriage of races approaches its realisation,

social errors diminish; and as the brotherhood of humanity is promoted,

it leads to social reforms by which the "sins of the world" are little

by little overcome.

But these may also be _actively_ combated; and in this direction

education has a task of inestimable importance to civilisation. We

ought to know not only the thought of our century, which is the

luminous torch in the light of which we advance along the path of

progress; but also the _moral needs_ of our time, and the errors which

may be conquered through our conscious agency.

To know "the faults of our century," which are destined to be conquered

in the coming century, and to make preparation for the victory--such is

our moral mission. The ethical movement of human society has continued

to advance from conquest to conquest, and in looking backward the more

civilised part of mankind have been horrified at the conditions that

have been outgrown and have called them "barbarous."

Thus, for example, slavery was an unsurmountable obstacle to progress,

and had to be crushed out by civilisation; the license to _kill_ is

also a form of barbarism which to-day we are boasting of having just

outgrown--or, at least, of having reached the final limit of its

duration. In early times it was not only permissible to kill, but in

many of its forms murder was considered honourable, as, for instance,

in wars and in duels; it was also one form of justice to kill for

vengeance, either social or individual; the condemnation to death of

a criminal, the murder of an adulterous wife, the murder of anyone

who has attacked the _honour_ of the family, all this seemed just in

the past. Lastly, murder was committed for pure diversion, as in the

auto-da-fe and in the games of the circus.

Our civic morality seems to have attained its extreme altitude in

having sanctioned the inviolability of human life; and the present-day

struggle against the death penalty, against war, against revolutions,

against uxoricide, in the case of adultery, and against duelling, shows

us the triumph of a new and loftier conception of humanity in the

upward progress of man.

The intermixture of races and the intermingling of national interests,

have aroused a sort of collective sentiment actually existing as a

normal form of conscience, namely, "human solidarity."

But we are still in a state of complete _barbarity_, still sunk in the

most profound unconsciousness, all of us partners in the same great sin

that threatens the overthrow of so-called civilised humanity; namely,

_barbarity toward the species_.

We are ignorant, we are almost strangers, in regard to our

_responsibility_ toward those who are destined to issue from us as

the continuation of humanity downward through the centuries; those

who form the ultimate scope of our biological existence, inasmuch as

each one of us is merely a connecting link between certain portions

of past and future life. We are all so engrossed with the progress of

our environment and of the ideas embodied in it, that we have not yet

turned our attention inward toward ourselves: toward _life_.

This solidarity which we recognise as existing among men at the present

moment, ought to be extended to the men of the future. And since the

species is closely bound up in the individual who is destined to

reproduce it, this gives us at once the basis for a code of _individual

moral conduct_, such as would assure to everyone the integrity of the

fruit of his own reproduction. Sexual immorality which is the stigma

of the barbarity of our times, entails the most ignominious form of

slavery; the slavery of women through prostitution. And emanating from

this form of barbarity, the slavery has expanded and spread to all

women, more or less oppressive, more or less conscious. The wife is a

slave, for she has married in ignorance and has neither the knowledge

nor the power to avoid being made the instrument for the birth of

weakly, diseased or degenerate children; and still more deeply enslaved

is the mother who cannot restrain her own son from degradations that

she knows are the probable source of ruin of body and soul. We are all

silently engaged in an enormous crime against the species and against

humanity; and like accomplices we have made a tacit agreement not to

speak of it. Indeed, the mysterious silence regarding sexual life is

absolute; it is as though we feared to compromise ourselves in the

sight of that great and powerful judge, our own posterity; we hide

under an equal silence the good and the bad in relation to sexual life.

This sort of terror goes by the name of shame and modesty. Such an

excuse for silence certainly sounds like pure irony, coming as it does

in the full midst of the orgy, at a time when we all know that every

man is laden with his sins, and that we are all either accomplices or

slaves in the common fault. It would seem that a race so modest as to

blush at the mere mention of sexual life ought to be eminently chaste,

and far removed from the age of foundling asylums and houses of ill

fame; the age in which infanticide exists as proof of absolute impunity

in regard to sexual crimes.

What we call shame and modesty, is in reality not shame or modesty in

regard to sexual acts and phenomena, but only in regard to sins against

them.

These acts and phenomena, being directly related to creation and the

eternity of the species, ought to be regarded by men as in the nature

of a lofty religious culte, equally, for instance, with that which

from the earliest prehistoric times placed the symbol of maternity,

_the mother and the child_, side by side with the _scythe_, symbol of

labour, in places of worship. We cannot admit that _love_, sung by the

poets as a divine sentiment, is the moral exponent of unworthy and

shameful acts. It is the error, the perversion of sexual life, the

source of degeneration, of degradation and of the death of the species,

that makes us keep silent, conceal and blush with shame.

In reality, all this ought to stir us, not to embarrassment and shame,

but to a formidable rebellion, a sharp awakening of conscience, a

redemption from a state of inferior civilisation.

It was a barbarous sovereign who, in the delusive hope that it would

cure him of eczema, caused the throats of little children to be cut, so

that he might immerse himself in the warm bath of their blood.

To-day anyone who would sacrifice the lives of children to allay the

itching of his own skin, would be in our eyes a monster of criminality.

And yet almost equally criminal are the men of our time, lords, in a

barbaric sense, of sexual life; and we silently acquiesce in customs

which in the future centuries will perhaps be remembered as a monstrous

barbarism.

The whole moral revival which awaits us, revolves around the struggle

against the sexual sins. The emancipation of woman, the protection

of maternity and of the child, are its most luminous exponents; but

no less efficacious evidences of such progress are all the efforts

directed against alcoholism and the other vices and diseases which are

reflected in their unhappy consequences to posterity. There is just one

side of the question that has hitherto been scarcely touched at all,

and that is the chastity of man and his responsibility as a father;

but even this has already come to be felt as an imperative necessity

for progress. In place of reducing other human beings to slavery and

prostituting them; instead of betraying them and shattering their lives

by seduction and the desertion of their offspring, the man of the

future will choose to _become chaste_. He will feel that otherwise he

is dishonoured, morally lost. Man will not be willing to be so weak as

to confess himself dragged down to degradation and crime because unable

to conquer his own instincts; man who has nothing but victories on the

credit side of his history, and who even succeeded in overcoming the

greatest of all his irresistible instincts, that of self-preservation,

in showing himself capable of going into combat and dying for the

ideals of his fatherland.

Man is capable of every great heroism; it was man who found a means of

conquering the formidable obstacles of his environment, establishing

himself lord of the earth, and laying the foundations of civilisation.

He will also teach himself to be chaste, within sufficiently narrow

limits to guarantee the dignity of the human race and the health of the

species; and in this way he will prescribe the ethics for the centuries

of the near future: _sexual_ _morality_. There are customs and

virtues, lofty ethical doctrines that stand in direct accord with the

conservation and the progress of life. Bodily cleanliness, temperance

in drink, the conquest of personal instincts, human brotherhood in the

full extent of the thought, the feeling, and the practice, chastity;

all these are just so many forms of the defense of life, both of the

individual and of the species. To-day, in hygiene, in pathology and in

anthropology, science is showing us the truth through positive proofs,

through experiments and statistics. But these virtues which are paths

leading to _life_, are simply being reconfirmed by science; just as

they are being little by little attained by civil progress, which

prepares their practical elements; but they were always intuitively

recognised by the human heart: nothing is older in the ethics of

mankind than the principal of brotherhood, of victory over the

instincts, of chastity. Only, these virtues, _intuitively perceived_,

could not be universally _practised_, because universal practice

demanded time for preparation. But they survived partly as affirmations

of absolute virtue and partly as _prophesies_ of a future age and were

considered as constituting the _highest_ good. Just as the aesthetic

sense led to the recognition of _normality_ at a time when this

scientific concept was very far from being understood as it is to-day;

in the same way the ethical and religious sense was able to feel

intuitively and to separate from customs and from sentiments belonging

to an evanescent form of transitory civilisation or from the temporary

racial needs, those others that relate fundamentally to the biological

preservation of the individual and the species and the practical

attainment of human perfection. And while the medial intellectual man

or the artistic genius combines wholly or in part the thoughts of his

time, the medial moral or religious man sums up the guiding principles

of life which everyone feels profoundly in the depth of his heart; and

when he speaks to other men it seems as though he instilled new vigour

into the very roots of their existence, and he is believed, when he

speaks of a happier future toward which humanity is advancing. If the

intellectual genius is almost a reader of contemporaneous thought as

it vibrates around him, the religious genius interprets more or less

completely and perfectly the universal and eternal spirit of life in

humanity.

Accordingly, the medial men incarnate the _beautiful_, the _true_, and

the _good_: in other words, the theories of positivism arrive at the

selfsame goals as idealism, those of poetry, philosophy and art.

By following the path of observation, we reach a goal analogous to that

sought along the path of intuition.

The theory of the medial man constructed fundamentally upon positive

bases of _measurements_ and _facts_, represents the limit[51] of

perfection of the human individual associated with the limit of

perfection of _human society_, which is formed in a two-fold way: a

close association between all human beings, or the formation of a

true social organism (complete hybridism in body; human brotherhood

in sentiment), and the steadily progressive emancipation, of every

individual member from anxiety concerning the _defense of life_, in

order to enjoy the triumph of the _development of_ _life_. All that

was formerly included under _defense_ will assume collective forms

of a high order (repressive justice replaced by more varied forms of

prevention: which have for their final goal a widespread education and

a gradual amelioration of labour and social conditions); and in this

_reign of peace_ there will arise the possibility _of developing all_

the forces of life (biological liberty).

In such a conception, the individual organism depends more and

more upon the social organism: just as the cells depend upon the

multicellular organism; and we may almost conceive of a new living

entity, a _super-organism_ made up of humanity, but in which every

component part is allowed the maximum expansion of its personal

activity emancipated from all the obstacles that have been successively

overcome. This conception of _biological_ _liberty_, in other words,

the triumph of the free and peaceful development of life, through the

long series of more or less bitter _struggles and defenses of life_,

constitutes, in my opinion, the very essence of the new pedagogy. And

the evolution of modern thought and of the social environment can alone

prepare for its advent, perhaps at no distant day.

FOOTNOTES:

[49] Viola, _The Laws of Morphological Correlation of the Individual

Types_.

[50] Cited by Viola.

[51] Limit, in the mathematical sense.

TABLES SUMMARIZING

THE MEAN PROPORTIONS OF THE BODY ACCORDING TO AGE

_Useful for judging of normal development and incidentally for_

_diagnosing forms of infantilism:_

_Preceded by_ figures (from QUETELET) giving the _growth of

stature_ _in man and in woman (it being well known that the

stature_ _is the fundamental measurement for forming the

aforesaid_ _judgments)_.

-------------------------

Age | Males | Females

------+---------+--------

0 | 0.496 | 0.483

1 | 0.696 | 0.690

2 | 0.707 | 0.780

3 | 0.860 | 0.850

4 | 0.932 | 0.910

5 | 0.990 | 0.974

6 | 1.046 | 1.032

7 | 1.112 | 1.096

8 | 1.170 | 1.139

9 | 1.227 | 1.200

10 | 1.282 | 1.248

11 | 1.327 | 1.275

12 | 1.359 | 1.327

13 | 1.403 | 1.386

14 | 1.487 | 1.447

15 | 1.559 | 1.475

16 | 1.610 | 1.500

17 | 1.670 | 1.544

18 | 1.700 | 1.562

19 | 1.706 | 1.566

20 | 1.711 | 1.570

| |

25 | 1.722 | 1.577

30 | 1.722 | 1.579

40 | 1.713 | 1.555

50 | 1.674 | 1.536

60 | 1.639 | 1.516

70 | 1.628 | 1.514

-------------------------

{ Length of body 0.50 m.

{ Weight 3 kg.

New-born child { Maximum cranial circumference 335 mm.

{ Circumference of thorax 350 mm.

{ Index of stature 68

{ Ponderal index 28.8--

---------------------------------------------------------

Age in years | 1 | 2 | 3

---------------------------------+-------+-------+-------

Stature in metres | 0.696 | 0.797 | 0.860

Index of stature | 65 | 63 | 62

Weight in kilograms | 10 | 12 | 13.21

Ponderal index | 30.9 | 28.7 | 27.5

Maximum circumference of head in | | |

millimetres. | 440 | 471 | 486

---------------------------------------------------------

Age in years | 4 | 5 | 6

---------------------------------+-------+-------+-------

Stature in metres | 0.932 | 0.990 | 1.046

Index of stature | 60 | 59 | 57

Weight in kilograms | 15 | 16.70 | 18.04

Ponderal index | 26.5 | 25.8 | 25.1

Maximum circumference of head in | | |

millimetres. | 496 | 503 | 508

---------------------------------+-------+-------+-------

Age in years | 7 | 8 | 9

---------------------------------+-------+-------+-------

Stature in metres | 1.112 | 1.170 | 1.227

Index of stature | 56 | 55 | 55

Weight in kilograms | 20.16 | 22.26 | 24.09

Ponderal index | 24.4 | 24 | 23.5

Maximum circumference of head in | | |

millimetres. | 513 | 519 | 523

---------------------------------+-------+-------+--------

Age in years | 10 | 11 | 12

---------------------------------+-------+-------+--------

Stature in metres | 1.282 | 1.327 | 1.359

Index of stature | 54 | 53 | 53

Weight in kilograms | 26.12 | 27.85 | 31

Ponderal index | 23.1 | 22.8 | 23.1

Maximum circumference of head in | | |

millimetres. | 527 | 531 | 535

---------------------------------+-------+-------+------

Ages in years | 13 | 14 | 15

---------------------------------+-------+-------+------

Stature in metres | 1.403 | 1.487 | 1.559

Index of stature | 52 | 52 | 51

Weight in kilograms | 35.32 | 40.50 | 46.41

Ponderal index | 23.4 | 23.1 | 23.1

Maximum circumference of head in | | |

millimetres. | 539 | 543 | 547

---------------------------------+-------+-------+-------

Age in years | 16 | 17 | 18

---------------------------------+-------+-------+-------

Stature in metres | 1.610 | 1.670 | 1.700

Index of stature | 51 | 52 | 52

Weight in kilograms | 53.39 | 57.40 | 61.26

Ponderal index | 23.4 | 23.1 | 23.2

Maximum circumference of head in | | |

millimetres. | 551 | 555 | 561

---------------------------------------------------------

TABLES OF CALCULATIONS

I

TABLES FOR CALCULATING THE CEPHALIC INDEX

CALCULATIONS OF THE CEPHALIC INDEX

Antero-posterior diameters from 160 to 174 mm.; bilateral diameters

from 120 to 159 mm.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Bilateral |

diameters | Antero-posterior diameters, in millimetres

in milli- |-----------------------------------------------------------

metres |160|161|162|163|164|165|166|167|168|169|170|171|172|173|174

----------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---

120 | 75| 75| 74| 74| 73| 73| 72| 72| 71| 71| 71| 70| 70| 69| 69

121 | 76| 75| 75| 74| 74| 73| 73| 72| 72| 72| 71| 71| 70| 70| 70

122 | 76| 76| 75| 75| 74| 74| 73| 73| 73| 72| 72| 71| 71| 71| 70

123 | 77| 76| 76| 75| 75| 75| 74| 74| 73| 73| 72| 72| 72| 71| 71

124 | 77| 77| 77| 76| 76| 75| 75| 74| 74| 73| 73| 73| 72| 72| 71

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

125 | 78| 78| 77| 77| 76| 76| 75| 75| 74| 74| 74| 73| 73| 72| 72

126 | 79| 78| 78| 77| 77| 76| 76| 75| 75| 75| 74| 74| 73| 73| 72

127 | 79| 79| 78| 78| 77| 77| 77| 76| 76| 75| 75| 74| 74| 73| 73

128 | 80| 80| 79| 79| 78| 78| 77| 77| 76| 76| 75| 75| 74| 74| 74

129 | 81| 80| 80| 79| 79| 78| 78| 77| 77| 76| 76| 75| 75| 75| 74

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

130 | 81| 81| 80| 80| 79| 79| 78| 78| 77| 77| 76| 76| 76| 75| 75

131 | 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 79| 79| 78| 78| 78| 77| 77| 76| 76| 75

132 | 82| 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 80| 79| 79| 78| 78| 77| 77| 76| 76

133 | 83| 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 79| 79| 78| 78| 77| 77| 76

134 | 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 79| 79| 78| 78| 77| 77

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

135 | 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 79| 79| 78| 78| 78

136 | 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 80| 79| 79| 78

137 | 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 79| 79

138 | 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 79

139 | 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 80| 80

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

140 | 87| 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 80

141 | 89| 88| 87| 87| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 82| 81

142 | 89| 88| 88| 87| 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82

143 | 89| 89| 88| 88| 87| 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82

144 | 90| 89| 89| 88| 88| 87| 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

145 | 91| 90| 90| 89| 88| 88| 87| 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83

146 | 91| 91| 90| 90| 89| 88| 88| 87| 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84

147 | 92| 91| 91| 90| 90| 89| 89| 88| 87| 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 84

148 | 92| 92| 91| 91| 90| 90| 89| 89| 88| 88| 87| 87| 86| 86| 85

149 | 93| 93| 92| 91| 91| 90| 90| 89| 89| 88| 88| 87| 87| 86| 86

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

150 | 94| 93| 93| 92| 91| 91| 90| 90| 89| 89| 88| 88| 87| 87| 86

151 | 94| 94| 93| 93| 92| 92| 91| 90| 90| 89| 89| 88| 88| 87| 87

152 | 95| 94| 94| 93| 93| 92| 92| 91| 90| 90| 89| 89| 88| 88| 87

153 | 96| 95| 94| 94| 93| 93| 92| 92| 91| 91| 90| 89| 89| 88| 88

154 | 96| 96| 95| 94| 94| 93| 93| 92| 92| 91| 91| 90| 90| 89| 89

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

155 | 97| 96| 96| 95| 95| 94| 93| 93| 92| 92| 91| 91| 90| 90| 89

156 | 97| 97| 96| 96| 95| 95| 94| 93| 93| 92| 92| 91| 91| 90| 90

157 | 98| 98| 97| 96| 96| 95| 95| 94| 93| 93| 92| 92| 91| 91| 90

158 | 99| 98| 98| 97| 96| 96| 95| 95| 94| 93| 93| 92| 92| 91| 91

159 | 99| 99| 98| 98| 97| 96| 96| 95| 95| 94| 94| 93| 92| 92| 91

----------------------------------------------------------------------

CALCULATIONS OF THE CEPHALIC INDEX

Antero-posterior diameters from 175 to 189 mm.; bilateral diameters

from 126 to 164 mm.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Bilateral |

diameters | Antero-posterior diameters, in millimetres

in milli- |-----------------------------------------------------------

metres |175|176|177|178|179|180|181|182|183|184|185|186|187|188|189

----------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---

125 | 71| 71| 71| 70| 70| 69| 69| 69| 68| 68| 68| 67| 67| 66| 66

126 | 72| 72| 71| 71| 70| 70| 70| 69| 69| 68| 68| 68| 67| 67| 67

127 | 73| 72| 72| 71| 71| 71| 70| 70| 69| 69| 69| 68| 68| 68| 67

128 | 73| 73| 72| 72| 72| 71| 71| 70| 70| 70| 69| 69| 68| 68| 68

129 | 74| 73| 73| 72| 72| 72| 71| 71| 70| 70| 70| 69| 69| 69| 68

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

130 | 74| 74| 73| 73| 73| 72| 72| 71| 71| 71| 70| 70| 70| 69| 69

131 | 75| 74| 74| 74| 73| 73| 72| 72| 72| 71| 71| 70| 70| 70| 69

132 | 75| 75| 75| 74| 74| 73| 73| 73| 72| 72| 71| 71| 71| 70| 70

133 | 76| 76| 75| 75| 74| 74| 73| 73| 73| 72| 72| 72| 71| 71| 70

134 | 77| 76| 76| 75| 75| 74| 74| 74| 73| 73| 72| 72| 72| 71| 71

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

135 | 77| 77| 76| 76| 75| 75| 75| 74| 74| 73| 73| 73| 72| 72| 71

136 | 78| 77| 77| 76| 76| 76| 75| 75| 74| 74| 74| 73| 73| 72| 72

137 | 78| 78| 77| 77| 77| 76| 76| 75| 75| 74| 74| 74| 73| 73| 72

138 | 79| 78| 78| 78| 77| 77| 76| 76| 75| 75| 75| 74| 74| 73| 73

139 | 79| 79| 79| 78| 78| 77| 77| 76| 76| 76| 75| 75| 74| 74| 74

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

140 | 80| 80| 79| 79| 78| 78| 77| 77| 77| 76| 76| 75| 75| 74| 74

141 | 81| 80| 80| 79| 79| 78| 78| 77| 77| 77| 76| 76| 75| 75| 75

142 | 81| 81| 80| 80| 79| 79| 78| 78| 78| 77| 77| 76| 76| 76| 75

143 | 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 79| 79| 79| 78| 78| 77| 77| 76| 76| 76

144 | 82| 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 80| 79| 79| 78| 78| 77| 77| 77| 76

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

145 | 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 81| 80| 80| 79| 79| 78| 78| 78| 77| 77

146 | 83| 83| 82| 82| 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 79| 79| 78| 78| 78| 77

147 | 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 79| 79| 79| 78| 78

148 | 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 80| 79| 79| 78

149 | 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 81| 80| 80| 79| 79

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

150 | 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 79

151 | 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 80| 80

152 | 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 80

153 | 87| 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 81| 81

154 | 88| 87| 87| 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 81

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

155 | 89| 88| 88| 87| 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82

156 | 89| 89| 88| 88| 87| 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 83

157 | 90| 89| 89| 88| 88| 87| 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 84| 83

158 | 90| 90| 89| 89| 88| 88| 87| 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 84

159 | 91| 90| 90| 89| 89| 88| 88| 87| 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 85| 84

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

160 | 91| 91| 90| 90| 89| 89| 88| 88| 87| 87| 86| 86| 86| 85| 85

161 | 92| 91| 91| 90| 90| 89| 89| 88| 88| 87| 87| 87| 86| 86| 85

162 | 93| 92| 92| 91| 91| 90| 90| 89| 89| 88| 88| 87| 87| 86| 86

163 | 93| 93| 92| 92| 91| 91| 90| 90| 89| 89| 88| 88| 87| 87| 86

164 | 94| 93| 93| 92| 92| 91| 91| 90| 90| 89| 89| 88| 88| 87| 87

----------------------------------------------------------------------

CALCULATIONS OF THE CEPHALIC INDEX

Antero-posterior diameters from 190 to 204 mm.; bilateral diameters

from 130 to 169 mm.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Bilateral |

diameters | Antero-posterior diameters, in millimetres

in milli- |-----------------------------------------------------------

metres |190|191|192|193|194|195|196|197|198|199|200|201|202|203|204

----------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---

130 | 68| 68| 68| 67| 67| 67| 66| 66| 66| 65| 65| 65| 64| 64| 64

131 | 69| 69| 68| 68| 68| 67| 67| 66| 66| 66| 65| 65| 65| 65| 64

132 | 69| 69| 69| 68| 68| 68| 67| 67| 67| 66| 66| 66| 65| 65| 65

133 | 70| 70| 69| 69| 69| 68| 68| 68| 67| 67| 66| 66| 66| 66| 65

134 | 71| 70| 70| 69| 69| 69| 68| 68| 68| 67| 67| 67| 66| 66| 66

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

135 | 71| 71| 70| 70| 70| 69| 69| 69| 68| 68| 67| 67| 67| 67| 66

136 | 72| 71| 71| 70| 70| 70| 69| 69| 69| 68| 68| 68| 67| 67| 67

137 | 72| 72| 71| 71| 71| 70| 70| 70| 69| 69| 68| 68| 68| 67| 67

138 | 73| 72| 72| 72| 71| 71| 70| 70| 70| 69| 69| 69| 68| 68| 68

139 | 73| 73| 72| 72| 72| 71| 71| 71| 70| 70| 69| 69| 69| 68| 68

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

140 | 74| 73| 73| 73| 72| 72| 71| 71| 71| 70| 70| 70| 69| 69| 69

141 | 74| 74| 73| 73| 73| 72| 72| 72| 71| 71| 70| 70| 70| 69| 69

142 | 75| 74| 74| 74| 73| 73| 72| 72| 72| 71| 71| 71| 70| 70| 70

143 | 75| 75| 74| 74| 74| 73| 73| 73| 72| 72| 71| 71| 71| 70| 70

144 | 76| 75| 75| 75| 74| 74| 73| 73| 73| 72| 72| 72| 71| 71| 71

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

145 | 76| 76| 76| 75| 75| 74| 74| 74| 73| 73| 72| 72| 72| 71| 71

146 | 77| 76| 76| 76| 75| 75| 74| 74| 74| 73| 73| 73| 72| 72| 72

147 | 77| 77| 77| 76| 76| 75| 75| 75| 74| 74| 73| 73| 73| 72| 72

148 | 78| 77| 77| 77| 76| 76| 76| 75| 75| 74| 74| 74| 73| 73| 73

149 | 78| 78| 78| 77| 77| 76| 76| 76| 75| 75| 74| 74| 74| 73| 73

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

150 | 79| 79| 78| 78| 77| 77| 77| 76| 76| 75| 75| 75| 74| 74| 74

151 | 79| 79| 79| 78| 78| 77| 77| 77| 76| 76| 75| 75| 75| 74| 74

152 | 80| 80| 79| 79| 78| 78| 78| 77| 77| 76| 76| 76| 75| 75| 75

153 | 80| 80| 80| 79| 79| 78| 78| 78| 77| 77| 76| 76| 76| 75| 75

154 | 81| 81| 80| 80| 79| 79| 79| 78| 78| 77| 77| 77| 76| 76| 75

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

155 | 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 79| 79| 79| 78| 78| 77| 77| 77| 76| 76

156 | 82| 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 80| 79| 79| 78| 78| 78| 77| 77| 76

157 | 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 81| 80| 80| 79| 79| 78| 78| 78| 77| 77

158 | 83| 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 81| 80| 80| 79| 79| 79| 78| 78| 77

159 | 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 79| 79| 79| 78| 78

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

160 | 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 80| 79| 79| 78

161 | 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 80| 80| 80| 79| 79

162 | 85| 85| 84| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 81| 80| 80| 79

163 | 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 81| 81| 81| 80| 80

164 | 86| 86| 85| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 82| 81| 81| 80

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

165 | 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82| 82| 82| 81| 81

166 | 87| 87| 86| 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 83| 82| 82| 81

167 | 88| 87| 87| 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 83| 83| 83| 82| 82

168 | 88| 88| 87| 87| 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 84| 83| 83| 82

169 | 89| 88| 88| 88| 87| 87| 86| 86| 85| 85| 84| 84| 84| 83| 83

II

TABLES FOR CALCULATING THE PONDERAL INDEX

CALCULATIONS OF THE PONDERAL INDEX

Statures from 46 to 60 centimetres; weights from 2 to 16 kilograms

W k|

e i|

i l|

g i o|

h n g|

t r|

s a| Statures in centimetres

m|--------------------------------------------------------------------------

s| 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60

-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----

2 --|27 4|26 8|26 2|25 7|25 2|24 7|24 2|23 8|23 3|22 9|22 5|22 1|21 7|21 4|21 0

2 10|27 8|27 3|26 7|26 1|25 6|25 1|24 6|24 2|23 7|23 3|22 9|22 5|22 1|21 7|21 3

2 20|28 3|27 7|27 1|26 6|26 0|25 5|25 0|24 5|24 1|23 7|23 2|22 8|22 4|22 1|21 7

2 30|28 7|28 1|27 5|26 9|26 4|25 9|25 4|24 9|24 4|24 0|23 6|23 2|22 8|22 4|22 0

2 40|29 1|28 5|27 9|27 3|26 8|26 2|25 7|25 3|24 8|24 3|23 9|23 5|23 1|22 7|22 3

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

2 50|29 5|28 9|28 3|27 7|27 1|26 6|26 1|25 6|25 1|24 7|24 2|23 8|23 4|23 0|22 6

2 60|29 9|29 3|28 6|28 1|27 5|27 0|26 4|25 9|25 5|25 0|24 6|24 1|23 7|23 3|22 9

2 70|30 3|29 6|29 0|28 4|27 8|27 3|26 8|26 3|25 8|25 3|24 9|24 4|24 0|23 6|23 2

2 80|30 6|30 0|29 4|28 8|28 2|27 6|27 1|26 6|26 1|25 6|25 2|24 7|24 3|23 9|23 5

2 90|31 0|30 3|29 7|29 1|28 5|28 0|27 4|26 9|26 4|25 9|25 5|25 0|24 6|24 2|23 8

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

3 --|31 3|30 7|30 0|29 4|28 8|28 3|27 7|27 2|26 7|26 2|25 7|25 3|24 9|24 4|24 0

3 10|31 7|31 0|30 4|29 8|29 2|28 6|28 0|27 5|27 0|26 5|26 0|25 6|25 1|24 7|24 3

3 20|32 0|31 4|30 7|30 1|29 5|28 9|28 3|27 8|27 3|26 8|26 8|25 9|25 4|25 0|24 6

3 30|32 4|31 7|31 0|30 4|29 8|29 2|28 6|28 1|27 6|27 1|26 6|26 1|25 7|25 2|24 8

3 40|32 7|32 0|31 3|30 7|30 1|29 5|28 9|28 4|27 9|27 3|26 9|26 4|25 9|25 5|25 1

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

3 50|33 0|32 3|31 6|31 0|30 4|29 8|29 2|28 6|28 1|27 6|27 1|26 6|26 2|25 7|25 3

3 60|33 3|32 6|31 9|31 3|30 7|30 1|29 5|28 9|28 4|27 9|27 4|26 9|26 4|26 0|25 5

3 70|33 6|32 9|32 2|31 6|30 9|30 3|29 7|29 2|28 6|28 1|27 6|27 1|26 7|26 2|25 8

3 80|33 9|33 2|32 5|31 8|31 2|30 6|30 0|29 4|28 9|28 4|27 9|27 4|26 9|26 4|26 0

3 90|34 2|33 5|32 8|32 1|31 5|30 9|30 3|29 7|29 1|28 6|28 1|27 6|27 1|26 7|26 2

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

4 --|34 5|33 8|33 1|32 4|31 7|31 1|30 5|29 9|29 4|28 9|28 3|27 8|27 4|26 9|26 4

4 10|34 8|34 1|33 4|32 7|32 0|31 4|30 8|30 2|29 6|29 1|28 6|28 1|27 6|27 1|26 7

4 20|35 1|34 3|33 6|32 9|32 3|31 6|31 0|30 4|29 9|29 3|28 8|28 3|27 8|27 3|26 9

4 30|35 3|34 6|33 9|33 2|32 5|31 9|31 3|30 7|30 1|29 6|29 0|28 5|28 0|27 6|27 1

4 40|35 6|34 9|34 1|33 4|32 8|32 1|31 5|30 9|30 4|29 8|29 3|28 8|28 3|27 8|27 3

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

4 50|35 9|35 1|34 4|33 7|33 0|32 4|31 7|31 2|30 6|30 0|29 5|29 0|28 5|28 0|27 5

4 60|36 2|35 4|34 6|33 9|33 3|32 6|32 0|31 4|30 8|30 2|29 7|29 2|28 7|28 2|27 7

4 70|36 4|35 6|34 9|34 2|33 5|32 8|32 2|31 6|31 0|30 5|29 9|29 4|28 9|28 4|27 9

4 80|36 7|35 9|35 1|34 4|33 7|33 1|32 4|31 8|31 2|30 7|30 1|29 6|29 1|28 6|28 1

4 90|36 9|36 1|35 4|34 7|34 0|33 3|32 7|32 0|31 4|30 9|30 3|29 8|29 3|28 8|28 3

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

5 --|37 2|36 4|35 6|34 9|34 2|33 5|32 9|32 3|31 7|31 1|30 5|30 0|29 5|29 0|28 5

5 25|37 8|37 6|36 2|35 5|34 8|34 1|33 4|32 8|32 2|31 6|31 0|30 5|30 0|29 5|29 0

5 50|38 4|37 6|36 8|36 0|35 3|34 6|33 9|33 3|32 7|32 1|31 5|31 0|30 4|29 9|29 4

5 75|39 0|38 1|37 3|36 6|35 8|35 1|34 5|33 8|33 2|32 6|32 0|31 4|30 9|30 4|29 9

6 --|39 5|38 7|37 9|37 1|36 3|35 6|34 9|34 3|33 6|33 0|32 4|31 9|31 3|30 8|30 3

6 25|40 0|39 2|38 4|37 6|36 8|36 1|35 4|34 8|34 1|33 5|32 9|32 3|31 8|31 2|30 7

6 50|40 6|39 7|38 9|38 1|37 3|36 6|35 9|35 2|34 6|33 9|33 3|32 7|32 2|31 6|31 1

6 75|41 1|40 2|30 4|38 6|37 8|37 1|36 3|35 7|35 0|34 4|33 7|33 2|32 6|32 0|31 5

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

7 --|41 6|40 7|39 9|39 0|38 3|37 5|36 8|36 1|35 4|34 8|34 2|33 6|33 0|32 4|31 9

7 50|42 5|41 6|40 8|39 9|39 1|38 4|37 6|36 9|36 2|35 6|34 9|34 3|33 7|33 2|32 6

8 --|43 5|42 6|41 7|40 8|40 0|39 2|38 5|37 7|37 0|36 4|35 7|35 1|34 5|33 9|33 3

8 50|44 4|43 4|42 5|41 7|40 8|40 0|39 2|38 5|37 8|37 1|36 4|35 8|35 2|34 6|34 0

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

9 --|45 2|44 3|43 3|42 4|41 6|40 8|40 0|39 2|38 5|37 8|37 1|36 5|35 9|35 3|34 7

10 --|46 8|45 8|44 9|44 0|43 1|42 2|41 4|40 6|39 9|39 2|38 5|37 8|37 1|36 5|35 9

11 --|48 3|47 3|46 3|45 4|44 5|43 6|42 8|42 0|41 2|40 4|39 7|39 0|38 3|37 7|37 1

12 --|49 8|48 7|47 7|46 7|45 8|44 9|44 0|43 2|42 4|41 6|40 9|40 2|39 5|38 8|38 1

13 --|51 1|50 0|49 0|48 0|47 0|46 1|45 2|44 4|43 5|42 7|42 0|41 2|40 5|39 8|39 2

14 --|52 4|51 3|50 2|49 2|48 2|47 3|46 3|45 5|44 6|43 8|43 0|42 3|41 6|40 8|40 2

15 --|53 6|52 5|51 4|50 3|49 3|48 4|47 4|46 5|45 7|44 8|44 0|43 3|42 5|41 8|41 1

16 --|54 8|53 6|52 5|51 4|50 4|49 4|48 5|47 5|46 7|45 8|45 0|44 2|43 4|42 7|42 0

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CALCULATIONS OF THE PONDERAL INDEX

Statures from 61 to 75 centimetres; weights from 2 to|16 kilograms.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

W k|

e i|

i l|

g i o|

h n g|

t r|

s a| Statures in centimetres

m|--------------------------------------------------------------------------

s| 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75

-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----

2 --|20 7|20 3|20 0|19 7|19 4|19 1|18 8|18 5|18 3|18 0|17 7|17 5|17 3|17 0|16 8

2 10|21 0|20 7|20 3|20 0|19 7|19 4|19 1|18 8|18 6|18 3|18 0|17 8|17 5|17 3|17 1

2 20|21 3|21 0|20 7|20 3|20 0|19 7|19 4|19 1|18 9|18 6|18 3|18 0|17 8|17 6|17 3

2 30|21 6|21 3|21 0|20 6|20 3|20 0|19 7|19 4|19 1|18 9|18 6|18 3|18 1|17 8|17 6

2 40|22 0|21 6|21 3|20 9|20 6|20 3|20 0|19 7|19 4|19 1|18 9|18 6|18 3|18 1|17 9

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

2 50|22 2|21 9|21 5|21 2|20 9|20 6|20 3|20 0|19 7|19 4|19 1|18 8|18 6|18 3|18 1

2 60|22 5|22 2|21 8|21 5|21 2|20 8|20 5|20 2|19 9|19 6|19 4|19 1|18 8|18 6|18 3

2 70|22 8|22 5|22 1|21 7|21 4|21 1|20 8|20 5|20 2|19 9|19 6|19 3|19 1|18 8|18 6

2 80|23 1|22 7|22 4|22 0|21 7|21 3|21 0|20 7|20 4|20 1|19 8|19 6|19 3|19 0|18 8

2 90|23 4|23 0|22 6|22 3|21 9|21 6|21 3|21 0|20 7|20 4|20 1|19 8|19 5|19 3|19 0

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

3 --|23 6|23 3|22 9|22 5|22 2|21 8|21 5|21 2|20 9|20 6|20 3|20 0|19 8|19 5|19 2

3 10|23 9|23 5|23 1|22 8|22 4|22 1|21 8|21 4|21 1|20 8|20 5|20 2|20 0|19 7|19 4

3 20|24 2|23 8|23 4|23 0|22 7|22 3|22 0|21 7|21 4|21 1|20 8|20 5|20 2|19 9|19 7

3 30|24 4|24 0|23 6|23 3|22 9|22 6|22 2|21 9|21 6|21 3|21 0|20 7|20 4|20 1|19 9

3 40|24 7|24 3|23 9|23 5|23 1|22 8|22 4|22 1|21 8|21 5|21 2|20 9|20 6|20 3|20 1

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

3 50|24 9|24 5|24 1|23 7|23 4|23 0|22 7|22 3|22 0|21 7|21 4|21 1|20 8|20 5|20 2

3 60|25 1|24 7|24 3|24 0|23 6|23 2|22 9|22 5|22 2|21 9|21 6|21 3|21 0|20 7|20 4

3 70|25 4|25 0|24 6|24 2|23 8|23 4|23 1|22 7|22 4|22 1|21 8|21 5|21 2|20 9|20 6

3 80|25 6|25 2|24 8|24 4|24 0|23 6|23 3|22 9|22 6|22 3|22 0|21 7|21 4|21 1|20 8

3 90|25 8|25 4|25 0|24 6|24 2|23 8|23 5|23 1|22 8|22 5|22 2|21 9|21 6|21 3|21 0

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

4 --|26 0|25 6|25 2|24 8|24 4|24 0|23 7|23 3|23 0|22 7|22 4|22 0|21 7|21 4|21 2

4 10|26 2|25 8|25 4|25 0|24 6|24 3|23 9|23 5|23 2|22 9|22 5|22 2|21 9|21 6|21 3

4 20|26 4|26 0|25 6|25 2|24 8|24 4|24 1|23 7|23 4|23 0|22 7|22 4|22 1|21 8|21 5

4 30|26 7|26 2|25 8|25 4|25 0|24 6|24 3|23 9|23 6|23 2|22 9|22 6|22 3|22 0|21 7

4 40|26 9|26 4|26 0|25 6|25 2|24 8|24 5|24 1|23 8|23 4|23 1|22 8|22 5|22 1|21 9

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

4 50|27 1|26 6|26 2|25 8|25 4|25 0|24 6|24 3|23 9|23 6|23 3|22 9|22 6|22 3|22 0

4 60|27 3|26 8|26 4|26 0|25 6|25 2|24 8|24 5|24 1|23 8|23 4|23 1|22 8|22 5|22 2

4 70|27 5|27 0|26 6|26 2|25 8|25 4|25 0|24 6|24 3|23 9|23 6|23 3|22 9|22 6|22 3

4 80|27 7|27 2|26 8|26 4|26 0|25 6|25 2|24 8|24 4|24 1|23 8|23 4|23 1|22 8|22 5

4 90|27 8|27 4|27 0|26 5|26 1|25 7|25 3|25 0|24 6|24 3|23 9|23 6|23 3|22 9|22 6

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

5 --|28 0|27 7|27 1|26 7|26 3|25 9|25 5|25 1|24 8|24 4|24 1|23 7|23 4|23 1|22 8

5 25|28 5|28 0|27 6|27 2|26 7|26 3|25 9|25 6|25 2|24 8|24 5|24 1|23 8|23 5|23 2

5 50|28 9|28 5|28 0|27 6|27 2|26 7|26 3|26 0|25 6|25 2|24 9|24 5|24 2|23 9|23 5

5 75|29 4|28 9|28 4|28 0|27 6|27 2|26 7|26 3|26 0|25 6|25 2|24 9|24 5|24 2|23 9

6 --|29 8|29 3|28 8|28 4|28 0|27 5|27 1|26 7|26 3|26 0|25 6|25 2|24 9|24 6|24 2

6 25|30 2|29 7|29 2|28 8|28 3|27 9|27 5|27 1|26 7|26 3|25 9|25 6|25 2|24 9|24 6

6 50|30 6|30 1|29 6|29 5|28 7|28 3|27 9|27 4|27 0|26 7|26 3|25 9|25 6|25 2|24 9

6 75|31 0|30 5|30 0|29 5|29 1|28 6|28 2|27 8|27 4|27 0|26 6|26 3|25 9|25 5|25 2

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

7 --|31 4|30 9|30 4|29 9|29 4|29 0|28 6|28 1|27 7|27 3|26 9|26 6|26 2|25 9|25 5

7 50|32 1|31 6|31 1|30 6|30 1|29 7|29 2|28 8|28 4|28 0|27 6|27 2|26 8|26 4|26 1

8 --|32 8|32 3|31 7|31 2|30 8|30 3|29 9|29 4|29 0|28 6|28 2|27 8|27 4|27 0|26 7

8 50|33 5|32 9|32 4|31 9|31 4|30 9|30 5|30 0|29 6|29 2|28 7|28 3|28 0|27 6|27 2

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

9 --|34 1|33 5|33 0|32 5|32 0|31 5|31 0|30 6|30 1|29 7|29 3|28 9|28 5|28 1|27 7

10 --|35 3|34 7|34 2|33 7|33 1|32 6|32 1|31 7|31 2|30 8|30 3|29 9|29 5|29 1|28 7

11 --|36 5|35 9|35 3|34 7|34 2|33 7|33 2|32 7|32 2|31 8|31 3|30 9|30 5|30 1|29 7

12 --|37 5|36 9|36 3|35 7|35 2|34 7|34 2|33 7|33 2|32 7|32 2|31 8|31 4|30 9|30 5

13 --|38 5|37 9|37 3|36 7|36 2|35 6|35 1|34 6|34 1|33 6|33 1|32 7|32 2|31 8|31 3

14 --|39 5|38 9|38 3|37 7|37 1|36 5|36 0|35 4|34 9|34 4|33 9|33 5|33 0|32 6|32 1

15 --|40 4|39 8|39 1|38 5|37 9|37 4|36 8|36 3|35 7|35 2|34 7|34 2|33 8|33 3|32 9

16 --|41 3|40 6|40 0|39 4|38 8|38 2|37 6|37 1|36 5|36 0|35 5|35 0|34 5|34 1|33 6

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Statures from 76 to 90 centimetres; weights from 4 to|37 kilograms

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

W k|

e i|

i l|

g i o|

h n g|

t r|

s a| Statures in centimetres

m|--------------------------------------------------------------------------

s| 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 90

-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----

4 --|20 9|20 6|20 3|20 1|19 8|19 6|19 4|19 1|18 9|18 7|18 5|18 2|18 0|17 8|17 6

4 50|21 7|21 4|21 2|20 9|20 6|20 4|20 1|19 9|19 7|19 4|19 2|19 0|18 8|18 6|18 3

5 --|22 5|22 2|21 9|21 6|21 4|21 1|20 9|20 6|20 4|20 1|19 9|19 7|19 4|19 2|19 0

5 50|23 2|22 9|22 6|22 3|22 1|21 8|21 5|21 3|21 0|20 8|20 5|20 3|20 1|19 8|19 6

6 --|23 9|23 6|23 3|23 0|22 6|22 4|22 2|21 9|21 6|21 4|21 1|20 9|20 6|20 4|20 2

6 50|24 6|24 2|23 9|23 6|23 3|23 0|22 8|22 5|22 2|22 0|21 7|21 4|21 2|21 0|20 7

7 --|25 2|24 8|24 5|24 2|23 9|23 6|23 3|23 0|22 8|22 5|22 2|22 0|21 7|21 5|21 3

7 50|25 7|25 4|25 1|24 8|24 5|24 2|23 9|23 6|23 3|23 0|22 8|22 5|22 2|22 0|21 7

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

8 --|26 3|26 0|25 6|25 3|25 0|24 7|24 4|24 1|23 8|23 5|23 3|23 0|22 7|22 5|22 2

8 50|26 9|26 5|26 2|25 8|25 5|25 2|24 9|24 6|24 3|24 0|23 7|23 5|23 2|22 9|22 7

9 --|27 4|27 0|26 7|26 3|26 0|25 7|25 4|25 1|24 8|24 5|24 2|23 9|23 6|23 4|23 1

9 50|27 9|27 5|27 2|26 8|26 5|26 1|25 8|25 5|25 2|24 9|24 6|24 3|24 1|23 8|23 5

10 --|28 3|28 0|37 6|27 3|26 9|26 6|26 3|26 0|25 6|25 3|25 0|24 8|24 5|24 2|23 9

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

10 50|28 8|28 4|28 1|27 7|27 4|27 0|26 7|26 4|26 1|25 8|25 5|25 2|24 9|24 6|24 3

11 --|29 3|28 9|28 5|28 2|27 8|27 5|27 1|26 8|26 5|26 2|25 9|25 6|25 3|25 0|24 7

11 50|29 7|29 3|28 9|28 6|28 2|27 9|27 5|27 2|26 9|26 6|26 2|25 9|25 6|25 4|25 1

12 --|30 1|29 7|29 3|29 0|28 6|28 3|27 9|27 6|27 2|26 9|26 6|26 3|26 0|25 7|25 4

12 50|30 5|30 1|29 8|29 4|29 0|28 7|28 3|28 0|27 6|27 3|27 0|26 7|26 4|26 1|25 8

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

13 --|30 9|30 5|30 1|29 8|29 4|29 0|28 7|28 3|28 0|27 7|27 3|27 0|26 7|26 4|26 1

13 50|31 3|30 9|30 5|30 1|29 8|29 4|29 0|28 7|28 3|28 0|27 7|27 4|27 1|26 8|26 5

14 --|31 7|31 3|30 0|30 5|30 1|29 8|29 4|29 0|28 7|28 3|28 0|27 7|27 4|27 1|26 8

14 50|32 1|31 7|31 3|30 9|30 5|30 1|29 7|29 4|29 0|28 7|28 3|28 0|27 7|27 4|27 1

15 --|32 4|32 0|31 6|31 2|30 8|30 4|30 1|29 7|29 4|29 0|28 7|28 3|28 0|27 7|27 4

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

15 50|32 8|32 4|32 0|31 6|31 2|30 8|30 4|30 0|29 7|29 3|29 0|28 7|28 3|28 0|27 7

16 --|33 2|32 7|32 3|31 9|31 5|31 1|30 7|30 4|30 0|29 6|29 3|29 0|28 6|28 3|28 0

16 50|33 5|33 1|32 6|32 2|31 8|31 4|31 0|30 7|30 3|30 0|29 6|29 3|28 9|28 6|28 3

17 --|33 8|33 4|33 0|32 5|32 0|31 7|31 4|31 0|30 6|30 2|29 9|29 6|29 2|28 9|28 6

17 50|34 2|33 7|33 3|32 9|32 4|32 0|31 7|31 3|30 9|30 5|30 2|29 8|29 5|29 2|28 8

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

18 --|34 5|34 0|33 6|33 2|32 8|32 4|32 0|31 6|31 2|30 8|30 5|30 1|29 8|29 4|29 1

18 50|34 8|34 4|33 9|33 5|33 1|32 7|32 3|31 9|31 5|31 1|30 8|30 4|30 1|29 7|29 4

19 --|35 1|34 6|34 2|33 8|33 3|32 9|32 5|32 1|31 8|31 4|31 0|30 7|30 3|30 0|29 6

19 50|35 4|35 0|34 5|34 1|33 6|33 2|32 8|32 4|32 0|31 7|31 3|30 9|30 6|30 2|29 9

20 --|35 7|35 2|34 8|34 4|33 9|33 5|33 1|32 7|32 3|31 9|31 6|31 2|30 8|30 5|30 2

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

21 --|36 3|35 8|35 4|34 9|34 5|34 1|33 6|33 2|32 8|32 5|32 1|31 7|31 4|31 0|30 7

25 --|36 9|36 4|35 9|35 5|35 0|34 6|34 2|33 8|33 4|33 0|32 6|32 2|31 8|31 5|31 1

23 --|37 4|36 9|36 5|36 0|35 5|35 1|34 7|34 3|33 9|33 5|33 1|32 7|32 3|31 9|31 6

24 --|37 9|37 5|37 0|36 5|36 0|35 6|35 2|34 7|34 3|33 9|33 5|33 2|32 8|32 4|32 0

25 --|38 5|38 0|37 5|37 0|36 5|36 1|35 7|35 2|34 8|34 4|34 0|33 6|33 2|32 9|32 5

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

26 --|39 0|38 5|38 0|37 5|37 0|36 6|36 1|35 7|35 3|34 8|34 4|34 0|33 7|33 3|32 9

27 --|39 5|39 0|38 5|38 0|37 5|37 0|36 6|36 1|35 7|35 3|34 9|34 5|34 1|33 7|33 3

28 --|40 0|39 4|38 9|38 4|38 0|37 5|37 0|36 6|36 2|35 7|35 3|34 9|34 5|34 1|33 7

29 --|40 4|39 9|39 4|38 9|38 4|37 9|37 5|37 0|36 6|36 1|35 7|35 3|34 9|34 5|34 1

30 --|40 9|40 4|39 8|39 3|38 8|38 4|37 9|37 4|37 0|36 6|36 1|35 7|35 3|34 9|34 5

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

31 --|41 3|40 8|40 3|39 8|39 3|38 8|38 3|37 8|37 4|37 0|36 5|36 1|35 7|35 3|34 9

32 --|41 8|41 2|40 7|40 2|39 7|39 2|38 7|38 3|37 8|37 4|36 9|36 5|36 1|35 7|35 3

33 --|42 2|41 7|41 1|40 6|40 1|39 6|39 1|38 7|38 2|37 7|37 3|36 9|36 5|36 0|35 6

34 --|42 6|42 1|41 5|41 0|40 5|40 0|39 5|39 0|38 6|38 1|37 7|37 2|36 8|36 4|36 0

35 --|43 0|42 5|41 9|41 4|40 9|40 4|39 9|39 4|38 9|38 5|38 0|37 6|37 2|36 8|36 3

36 --|43 4|42 9|42 3|41 8|41 3|40 8|40 3|39 8|39 3|38 8|38 4|38 0|37 5|37 1|36 7

37 --|43 8|43 3|42 7|42 2|41 6|41 1|40 6|40 1|39 7|39 2|38 7|38 3|37 9|37 4|37 0

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CALCULATIONS OF THE PONDERAL INDEX

Statures from 91 to 105 centimetres; weights from 4 to 37 kilograms

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

W k|

e i|

i l|

g i o|

h n g|

t r|

s a| Statures in centimetres

m|--------------------------------------------------------------------------

s| 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 100| 101| 102| 103| 104| 105

-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----

4 --|17 4|17 2|17 0|16 9|16 7|16 5|16 4|16 2|16 0|15 9|15 7|15 6|15 4|15 3|15 1

4 50|18 1|17 9|17 8|17 6|17 4|17 2|17 0|16 8|16 7|16 5|16 3|16 2|16 0|15 9|15 7

5 --|18 8|18 6|18 4|18 2|18 0|17 8|17 6|17 4|17 3|17 1|16 9|16 8|16 6|16 5|16 3

5 50|19 4|19 2|19 0|18 8|18 6|18 3|18 2|18 0|17 8|17 6|17 5|17 3|17 1|17 0|16 8

6 --|20 0|19 7|19 5|19 3|19 1|18 9|18 7|18 5|18 4|18 2|18 0|17 8|17 6|17 5|17 3

6 50|20 5|20 3|20 1|19 9|19 6|19 4|19 2|19 0|18 8|18 7|18 5|18 3|18 1|17 9|17 8

7 --|21 0|20 8|20 6|20 4|20 1|19 9|19 7|19 5|19 3|19 1|18 9|18 8|18 6|18 4|18 2

7 50|21 5|21 3|21 1|20 8|20 6|20 4|20 2|20 0|19 8|19 6|19 4|19 2|19 0|18 8|18 6

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

8 --|22 0|21 7|21 5|21 3|21 1|20 8|20 6|20 4|20 2|20 0|19 8|19 6|19 4|19 2|19 0

8 50|22 4|22 2|22 0|21 7|21 5|21 3|21 0|20 8|20 6|20 4|20 2|20 0|19 8|19 6|19 4

9 --|22 9|22 6|22 4|22 1|21 9|21 7|21 4|21 2|21 0|20 8|20 6|20 4|20 2|20 0|19 8

9 50|23 3|23 0|22 8|22 5|22 3|22 1|21 8|21 6|21 4|21 2|21 0|20 8|20 6|20 4|20 2

10 --|23 7|23 4|23 2|22 9|22 7|22 4|22 2|22 0|21 8|21 5|21 3|21 1|20 9|20 7|20 5

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

10 50|24 1|23 8|23 5|23 3|23 1|22 8|22 6|22 3|22 1|21 9|21 7|21 5|21 3|21 1|20 9

11 --|24 4|24 2|23 9|23 7|23 4|23 2|22 9|22 7|22 5|22 2|22 0|21 8|21 6|21 4|21 2

11 50|24 8|24 5|24 3|24 0|23 8|23 5|23 3|23 0|22 8|22 6|22 3|22 1|21 9 12 7|21 5

12 --|25 2|24 9|24 6|24 4|24 1|23 8|23 6|23 4|23 1|22 9|22 7|22 4|22 2|22 0|21 8

12 50|25 5|25 2|25 0|24 7|24 4|24 2|23 9|23 7|23 4|23 2|23 0|22 8|22 5|22 3|22 1

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

13 --|25 8|25 6|25 3|25 0|24 7|24 5|24 2|24 0|23 7|23 5|23 3|23 0|22 8|22 6|22 4

13 50|26 2|25 9|25 6|25 3|25 1|24 8|24 5|24 3|24 1|23 8|23 6|23 3|23 1|22 9|22 7

14 --|26 5|26 2|25 9|25 6|25 4|25 1|24 8|24 6|24 3|24 1|23 9|23 6|23 4|23 2|23 0

14 50|26 8|26 5|26 2|25 9|25 7|25 4|25 1|24 9|24 6|24 4|24 1|23 9|23 7|23 4|23 3

15 --|27 1|26 8|26 5|26 2|26 0|25 7|25 4|25 2|24 9|24 7|24 4|24 2|23 9|23 7|23 5

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

15 50|27 4|27 1|26 8|26 5|26 2|26 0|25 7|25 4|25 2|24 9|24 7|24 4|24 2|24 0|23 7

16 --|27 7|27 4|27 1|26 8|26 5|26 2|26 0|25 7|25 5|25 2|25 0|24 7|24 5|24 2|24 0

16 50|28 0|27 7|27 4|27 1|26 8|26 5|26 2|26 0|25 7|25 5|25 2|25 0|24 7|24 5|24 2

17 --|28 3|27 9|27 6|27 4|27 1|26 8|26 5|26 2|26 0|25 7|25 5|25 2|25 0|24 7|24 5

17 50|28 5|28 2|27 9|27 6|27 3|27 0|26 8|26 5|26 2|26 0|25 7|25 5|25 2|25 0|24 7

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

18 --|28 8|28 5|28 2|27 9|27 6|27 3|27 0|26 7|26 5|26 2|26 0|25 7|25 4|25 2|25 0

18 50|29 1|28 7|28 4|28 1|27 8|27 6|27 3|27 0|26 7|26 4|26 2|25 9|25 7|25 4|25 2

19 --|29 3|29 0|28 7|28 4|28 0|27 8|27 5|27 2|20 9|26 7|26 4|26 2|25 9|25 7|25 4

19 50|29 6|29 3|28 9|28 6|28 3|28 0|27 8|27 5|27 2|26 9|26 7|26 4|26 1|25 9|25 6

20 --|29 8|29 5|29 2|28 9|28 6|28 3|28 0|27 7|27 4|27 1|26 9|26 6|26 3|26 1|25 8

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

21 --|30 3|30 0|29 7|29 4|29 0|28 7|28 4|28 2|27 9|27 6|27 3|27 0|26 8|26 5|26 3

22 --|30 8|30 5|30 1|29 8|29 5|29 2|28 9|28 6|28 3|28 0|27 7|27 5|27 2|26 9|26 7

23 --|31 2|30 9|30 6|30 3|29 9|29 6|29 3|29 0|28 7|28 4|28 2|27 9|27 6|27 3|27 1

24 --|31 7|31 3|31 0|30 7|30 4|30 0|29 7|29 4|29 1|28 8|28 6|28 3|28 0|27 7|27 5

25 --|32 1|31 8|31 4|31 1|30 8|30 5|30 1|29 8|29 5|29 2|28 9|28 7|28 4|28 1|27 8

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

26 --|32 5|32 2|31 8|31 5|31 2|30 9|30 5|30 2|29 9|29 6|29 3|29 0|28 8|28 5|28 2

27 --|33 0|32 6|32 3|31 9|31 9|31 2|30 9|30 6|30 3|30 0|29 7|29 4|29 1|28 8|28 6

28 --|33 4|33 0|32 7|32 3|32 0|31 6|31 3|31 0|30 7|30 4|30 1|29 8|29 5|29 2|28 9

29 --|33 8|33 4|33 0|32 7|32 3|32 0|31 7|31 3|31 0|30 7|30 4|30 1|29 8|29 5|29 3

30 --|34 1|33 8|33 4|33 1|32 7|32 4|32 0|31 7|31 4|31 1|30 8|30 5|30 2|29 9|29 6

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

31 --|34 5|34 1|33 8|33 4|33 1|32 7|32 4|32 1|31 7|31 4|31 1|30 8|30 5|30 2|29 9

32 --|34 9|34 5|34 1|33 8|33 4|33 1|32 7|32 4|32 1|31 7|31 4|31 1|30 8|30 5|30 2

33 --|35 3|34 9|34 5|34 1|33 8|33 4|33 1|32 7|32 4|32 1|31 8|31 5|31 1|30 8|30 6

34 --|35 6|35 2|34 8|34 5|34 1|33 7|33 4|33 1|32 7|32 4|32 1|31 8|31 5|31 2|30 9

35 --|35 9|35 6|35 2|34 8|34 4|34 1|33 7|33 4|33 0|32 7|32 4|32 1|31 8|31 5|31 2

36 --|36 3|35 9|35 5|35 1|34 8|31 4|34 0|33 7|33 4|33 0|32 7|32 4|32 1|31 7|31 4

37 --|36 6|36 2|35 8|35 4|35 1|34 7|34 4|34 0|33 7|33 3|33 0|32 7|32 3|32 0|31 7

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CALCULATIONS OF THE PONDERAL INDEX

Statures from 106 to 120 centimetres; weights from 11 to 60 kilograms

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

W k|

e i|

i l|

g i o|

h n g|

t r|

s a| Statures in centimetres

m|--------------------------------------------------------------------------

s| 106| 107| 108| 109| 110| 111| 112| 113| 114| 115| 116| 117| 118| 119| 120

-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----

11 |21 0|20 8|20 6|20 4|20 2|20 0|19 9|19 7|19 5|19 3|19 2|19 0|18 8|18 7|18 5

12 |21 6|21 4|21 2|21 0|20 8|20 6|20 4|20 3|20 1|19 9|19 7|19 6|19 4|19 2|19 1

13 |22 2|22 0|21 8|21 6|21 4|21 2|21 0|20 8|20 6|20 4|20 3|20 1|19 9|19 8|19 6

14 |22 7|22 5|22 3|22 1|21 9|21 7|21 5|21 3|21 1|21 0|20 8|20 6|20 4|20 3|20 1

15 |23 3|23 0|22 8|22 6|22 4|22 2|22 0|21 8|21 6|21 4|21 3|21 1|20 9|20 7|20 6

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

16 |23 8|23 6|23 3|23 1|22 9|22 7|22 5|22 3|22 1|21 9|21 7|21 5|21 4|21 2|21 0

17 |24 3|24 0|23 8|23 6|23 4|23 2|23 0|22 8|22 6|22 4|22 2|22 0|21 8|21 6|21 4

18 |24 7|24 5|24 3|24 0|23 8|23 6|23 4|23 2|23 0|22 8|22 6|22 4|22 2|22 0|21 8

19 |25 2|24 9|24 7|24 5|24 3|24 0|23 8|23 6|23 4|23 2|23 0|22 8|22 6|22 4|22 2

20 |25 6|25 4|25 1|24 9|24 7|24 5|24 2|24 0|23 8|23 6|23 4|23 2|23 0|22 8|22 6

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

21 |26 0|25 8|25 5|25 3|25 1|24 9|24 6|24 4|24 2|24 0|23 8|23 6|23 4|23 2|23 0

22 |26 4|26 2|25 9|25 7|25 5|25 2|25 0|24 8|24 6|24 4|24 2|23 9|23 7|23 5|23 3

23 |26 8|26 6|26 3|26 1|25 9|25 6|25 4|25 2|24 9|24 7|24 5|24 3|24 1|23 9|23 7

24 |27 2|27 0|26 7|26 5|26 2|26 0|25 7|25 5|25 3|25 1|24 9|24 6|24 4|24 2|24 0

25 |27 6|27 3|27 1|26 8|26 6|26 3|26 1|25 9|25 6|25 4|25 2|25 0|24 8|24 6|24 4

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

26 |27 9|27 5|27 4|27 2|26 9|26 7|26 4|26 2|26 0|25 8|25 5|25 3|25 1|24 9|24 7

27 |28 3|28 0|27 8|27 5|27 3|27 0|26 8|26 5|26 3|26 1|25 9|25 6|25 4|25 2|25 0

28 |28 7|28 4|28 1|27 9|27 6|27 4|27 1|26 9|26 6|26 4|26 2|26 0|25 7|25 5|25 3

29 |29 0|28 7|28 4|28 2|27 9|27 7|27 4|27 2|26 9|26 7|26 5|26 3|26 0|25 8|25 6

30 |29 3|29 0|28 8|28 5|28 2|28 0|27 7|27 5|27 3|27 0|26 8|26 6|26 3|26 1|25 9

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

31 |29 6|29 4|29 1|28 8|28 6|28 3|28 0|27 8|27 6|27 3|27 1|26 8|26 6|26 4|26 2

32 |30 0|29 7|29 4|29 1|28 9|28 6|28 3|28 1|27 9|27 6|27 4|27 1|26 9|26 7|26 5

33 |30 3|30 0|29 7|29 4|29 2|28 9|28 6|28 4|28 1|27 9|27 7|27 4|27 2|27 0|26 7

34 |30 6|30 3|30 0|29 7|29 5|29 2|28 9|28 7|28 4|28 2|27 9|27 7|27 5|27 2|27 0

35 |30 9|30 6|30 3|30 0|29 7|29 5|29 2|28 9|28 7|28 4|28 2|28 0|27 7|27 5|27 3

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

36 |31 2|30 9|30 6|30 3|30 0|29 7|29 5|29 2|29 0|28 7|28 5|28 2|28 0|27 7|27 5

37 |31 4|31 1|30 9|30 6|30 3|30 0|29 7|29 5|29 2|29 0|28 7|28 5|28 2|28 0|27 8

38 |31 7|31 4|31 1|30 8|30 6|30 3|30 0|29 7|29 5|29 2|29 0|28 7|28 5|28 3|28 0

39 |32 0|31 7|31 4|31 1|30 8|30 5|30 3|30 0|29 7|29 5|29 2|29 0|28 7|28 5|28 3

40 |32 3|32 0|31 7|31 4|31 1|30 8|30 5|30 3|30 0|29 7|29 5|29 2|29 0|28 7|28 5

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

41 |32 5|32 2|31 9|31 7|31 3|31 1|30 8|30 5|30 2|30 0|29 7|29 5|29 2|29 0|28 7

42 |32 8|32 5|32 2|31 9|31 6|31 3|31 0|30 8|30 5|30 2|30 0|29 7|29 5|29 2|29 0

43 |33 0|32 7|32 4|32 1|31 8|31 6|31 3|31 0|30 7|30 5|30 2|29 9|29 7|29 4|29 2

44 |33 3|33 0|32 7|32 4|32 1|31 8|31 5|31 2|31 0|30 7|30 4|30 2|29 9|29 7|29 4

45 |33 6|33 2|32 9|32 6|32 3|32 0|31 8|31 5|31 2|30 9|30 7|30 4|30 1|29 9|29 6

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

46 |33 8|33 5|33 2|32 9|32 6|32 3|32 0|31 7|31 4|31 2|30 9|30 6|30 4|30 1|29 9

47 |34 0|33 7|33 4|33 1|32 8|32 5|32 2|31 9|31 7|31 4|31 1|30 8|30 6|30 3|30 1

48 |34 3|34 0|33 6|33 3|33 0|32 7|32 4|32 2|31 9|31 7|31 3|31 1|30 8|30 5|30 3

49 |34 5|34 2|33 9|33 6|33 3|33 0|32 7|32 4|32 1|31 8|31 5|31 3|31 0|30 7|30 5

50 |34 8|34 4|34 1|33 8|33 5|33 2|32 9|32 6|32 3|32 0|31 8|31 5|31 2|31 0|30 7

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

51 |35 0|34 7|34 3|34 0|33 7|33 4|33 1|32 8|32 5|32 2|32 0|31 7|31 4|31 2|30 9

52 |35 2|34 9|34 6|34 2|33 9|33 6|33 3|33 0|32 7|32 6|32 2|31 9|31 6|31 4|31 1

53 |35 4|35 1|34 8|34 5|34 1|33 8|33 5|33 2|32 9|32 7|32 4|32 1|31 8|31 6|31 3

54 |35 7|35 3|35 0|34 7|34 4|34 1|33 7|33 5|33 2|32 9|32 6|32 3|32 0|31 8|31 5

55 |35 9|35 5|35 2|34 9|34 6|34 3|34 0|33 7|33 4|33 1|32 8|32 5|32 2|32 0|31 7

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

56 |36 1|35 8|35 4|35 1|34 8|34 5|34 2|33 9|33 6|33 3|33 0|32 7|32 4|32 2|31 9

57 |36 3|36 0|35 6|35 3|35 0|34 7|34 4|34 1|33 8|33 5|33 2|32 9|32 6|32 3|32 1

58 |36 5|36 2|35 8|35 5|35 2|34 9|34 6|34 3|34 0|33 7|33 4|33 1|32 8|32 5|32 3

59 |36 7|36 4|36 0|35 7|35 4|35 1|34 8|34 5|34 1|33 9|33 6|33 3|33 0|32 7|32 4

60 |36 9|36 6|36 2|35 9|35 6|35 3|35 0|34 6|34 3|34 0|33 7|33 5|33 2|32 9|32 6

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CALCULATIONS OF THE PONDERAL INDEX

Statures from 121 to 135 centimetres; weights from 11 to 60 kilograms