Born in 1818; died in 1883; educated in Moscow and St.
Petersburg; studied also in Berlin; received an official
appointment in 1840; began to publish poems in 1841;
published a novel in 1844; his fame as an author established
as early as 1850; banished to Orel, but allowed to return in
1854; lived afterward in Baden-Baden and Paris, making short
visits to Russia; continued to produce novels until his
death.