The founding of Brown University marks a pivotal era in the educational
history of Rhode Island. It is not the beginning of that history any
more than it is the ultimate conclusion thereof. For, before the
founding came the pioneers of education, the skirmish line, clearing the
underbrush, paving the way, opening the battle for the cause of
knowledge.
In the van, then, were the private teachers who received pupils into
their homes or taught them at their own firesides. Many of these
teachers in early Rhode Island history were talented Irishmen. Indeed,
Irish schoolmasters were numerous throughout all the colonies. In
reading the lives of the men of the Revolution, we are astonished at the
number receiving their education from these Irish teachers.
Of the Irish masters who taught in Rhode Island at an early period may
be mentioned Brown, MacSparran, Crocker, Knox, Kelly, Jackson, Phelan,
Reilly and others.
Rev. Dr. MacSparran was a leading Irish preacher and teacher whose
educational influence without doubt helped pave the way and render
desirable the founding of a Rhode Island college. His arrival in these
parts dates from about 1718, when he located in Bristol. Later, and for
a period of nearly forty years, he was pastor of St. Paul’s church in
Narragansett. Dr. MacSparran always had a warm affection for his native
land, and loved to speak and read the Irish language. During his long
period of service in Narragansett he received many pupils at his home,
imparting a knowledge of the Greek and Latin classics and various other
branches. Writing in 1752, he says: “Mr. Thomas Clap, president of Yale
college, was my scholar when I came first to these parts, and on all
occasions gratefully acknowledges his receiving the first rudiments of
his learning from me, who, by the way, have not but a modicum to boast
of myself.” MacSparran died in 1757.
Rev. Marmaduke Brown, an Irishman, while rector of Trinity church,
Newport, opened a school for the instruction of negro children. In 1763
he had provided for teaching thirty pupils, fifteen of each sex. He
likewise contributed in many other ways toward creating and perpetuating
an educational spirit in the community. This Irishman, Brown, is
mentioned in the charter of the university as a member of the first
board of Fellows. He also appears as a member of the board in 1770. His
wife was an Irish woman of sterling worth and fine intellect. His
father, Rev. Arthur Brown, a native of Drogheda, in Ireland, came to
Rhode Island about 1729, and was pastor of King’s church in Providence.
Marmaduke Brown had a son, Arthur, who became senior Fellow of Trinity
college, Dublin, and member of the Irish parliament. It is not known,—at
least I do not know,—that these Irish Browns of Newport and Providence
were related to the family from whence the university derives its name.
Stephen Jackson of Kilkenny was another Irish teacher. Some of his
descendants have been identified with Brown university. Stephen came to
this country in 1724. He was a resident of Providence in 1745 and is
mentioned as a “schoolmaster.” In 1762 he was living on Benefit street.
One of his sons married Susan Waterman. A grandson of this Kilkenny
teacher was town clerk of Providence for many years, another was cashier
of the Exchange bank, a third was president of the Washington Insurance
company, while a great-grandson of the Irish immigrant became governor
of Rhode Island and was always a warm friend of the university.
Another Irish teacher who must have settled here before Rhode Island
college was instituted, and who thus helped create the educational
atmosphere which so eventuated, was “Old Master” Kelly. He lived and
labored at Tower Hill, in South Kingstown, R. I., and vicinity. In the
Narragansett Historical Register (Vol. 1) it is stated that “Master
Kelly was an Irishman and noted for his love of a good joke, a good
dinner and his courtesy of manner.” When Commodore O. H. Perry was a boy
Kelly was his teacher, having already taught three generations of the
youth of that neighborhood. Anecdote and reminiscence of Kelly are still
numerous among the old families of that part of the state. “It is
recorded of the worthy pedagogue, that during the whole of his long
servitude at Tower Hill, he had never once been known to lose his
temper, but ever preserved a blessed equanimity, to be envied by all of
his arduous and important calling.”
Cole’s History of Washington and Kent Counties, R. I., states that
“Before 1800, Masters Knox and Crocker, natives of Ireland, taught
school at Bowen’s hill [in Coventry] and the neighborhood.” The name
Knox is found in Coventry in 1766. Perhaps the schoolmaster was there as
early as that period or about the time of the founding of Rhode Island
college.
Terence Reilly was a schoolmaster in Providence at the period of the
Revolution and, it may be, for some years previous thereto. I am told
that representatives of old Providence families still have in their
possession receipts for tuition fees paid Master Reilly by their
grandfathers or great-grandfathers.
John Phelan was one other old time schoolmaster in Providence. His
quarters in 1792 were on the west side of the “Great Bridge,” where he
conducted a day and evening school. But Reilly and Phelan came after the
establishment of Brown and so had no bearing on that fact. I merely
mention them here in order that their names may be perpetuated for
future treatment.
It is a remarkable fact that one of the earliest suggestions of which we
have record, for the establishment of a college in Rhode Island, came
from an Irishman—the peerless and immortal Berkeley. No name in the
intellectual life of the colony and the state is more cherished than
his. He was a native of Kilkenny and one of the most illustrious
Irishmen of his day. Born in 1648, he entered the ecclesiastical
calling, and in 1724 was made dean of Derry. For many years he had
entertained a plan for christianizing and civilizing the American
Indian. His central idea was to establish a college in Bermuda, where
missionaries were to be educated for work among the red men.
He was promised funds with which to carry out this project. Relying upon
these assurances, he resigned his deanery, and in “a hired ship of 250
tons” arrived at Newport, R. I., in 1729. His object was, according to
numerous authorities, to here await the arrival of the expected funds,
when he would proceed to Bermuda. It is now also believed that while in
Rhode Island he intended to influence well-to-do people here in behalf
of his plans.
Soon after his arrival in Newport his great merit was recognized and he
was quickly conceded the intellectual leadership of the colony. Berkeley
often visited the Updikes and other noted families in Narragansett. It
was during one of these visits he declared that if the promised funds
for his college ever arrived he would build the institution on Barber’s
Height, North Kingstown, R. I., instead of in Bermuda.
Alluding to this intention, Mr. William E. Foster, public librarian of
Providence, declares of Berkeley that by “thus anticipating by over a
third of a century the actual establishment of a college in Rhode
Island, his plans unquestionably had an important bearing on the steps
leading to it.”
The direct cause, however, that led to the establishment of Brown was
the action taken in 1762 by the Philadelphia Baptist association and
which resulted as aforesaid. The details for the inauguration of the
institution were entrusted largely to Rev. Morgan Edwards of
Philadelphia, and Rev. Samuel Jones of Lower Dublin, Penn. The
institution was incorporated in 1764, its first location being Warren,
R. I., a town named in honor of an Irishman, Sir Peter Warren. In 1770
it was removed to Providence, and in 1804 the name was changed from
Rhode Island college to Brown University.
Dr. Guild in his production on “The First Commencement of Rhode Island
College” declares: “It is a singular and well-known fact, and it may
perhaps be stated in this connection, that the first funds of the
college were obtained from Ireland, in guineas and half guineas, from
Mary Murphy, Susanna Pilson, Joseph Fowke and other members of
Protestant churches and societies in Cork, Waterford, Belfast,
Ballymony, Coleraine, Londonderry and Dublin.” “This,” Dr. Guild
continues, “may be accounted for when we learn that Mr. Edwards’s first
settlement in the ministry, before coming to this country, was in Cork,
where he married his wife [Mary Nunn]. The original subscription book,
with genuine signatures, is one of the most interesting documents on
file in connection with the history of the university.”
Morgan Edwards’s journey to Ireland and England was made in 1767. His
Irish subscription list, mentioned by Dr. Guild, is still preserved in
the university archives. It bears the following heading, written by
Edwards himself:
“A list of persons in Ireland who have contributed towards endowing
the college in Rhode Island government. Published, according to
promise, partly for the honor of the benefactors, and partly to
satisfy them and the college of the fidelity of their humble
servant, by whom the money has been collected. The sums are put down
in English currency, because better known in America.”
Let us accompany him on his Irish visit. I am inclined to believe that
not all his contributors were Protestants. Doubtless there were also
generous, large-hearted Roman Catholics who aided him. In Cork he found
over fifty subscribers. They included Mary Murphy, Matthew O. Dwyer,
Francis McCarthy, Humphrey Crowley and Samuel Neale. In Waterford he
found many friends. In Dublin his contributors included Mrs. Luke Kelly,
Rachel Connor, John Reilly, William Gowan, James Martin and sixty or
seventy others. Samuel McCormick was one of the many who aided him in
Antrim. James Brennan and several others helped him in Westmeath. And so
it was elsewhere throughout the country—a cordial greeting and a
generous reception. The sums contributed were remitted to the college,
from Cork, Newry, Belfast and Derry. Before leaving Ireland, he
designated certain agents in Dublin to whom additional contributions
intended for him could be sent.
In concluding his Irish tour he thus wrote: “Mr. Edwards begs the excuse
of those gentlemen on whom he has not been able to wait a second time to
receive their subscriptions; and desires they will be pleased to pay the
same to Mr. Abram Wilkinson of Park street, or Mr. John Pym Joshua of
Ushers Quay, Dublin, who will soon be authorized by the college to
solicit, receive and remit money for its use. Mr. Edwards has also
heard, since he left Ireland, of several who expressed a willingness to
become benefactors to said college. He thanks them for their good will;
and entreats them to deposit their gifts, whether money or books, with
the above mentioned merchants in Dublin. This list may be had of the
Rev. W. Boulton, in Golden Lane, Dublin.”
From the foregoing it would appear that Irish friends of Rhode Island
college gave books as well as money to the institution. Writing from
abroad in 1768 to President Manning at Warren, Edwards says:
“MY DEAR FRIEND: I long to hear from you. Your last was of October
12, 1767.... Mr. Miles informed me that he had sold one of my Irish
bills ... for £138 12s 4d, which gained for the college upward of
£13. I have not had any account of the sale of the other bill for
the same country. I want much to know how you intend to put the
money out.... You must also observe that in England, as in Ireland,
I solicit for money towards endowing the college, and, therefore,
take care that you all attend to the design of the donors. Inclosed
you have a list of all the sums I received in Ireland, which list
was distributed in the several places where I have been. The design
was to let every one of them see that I gave credit for what I
received.”
Irish generosity was likewise early displayed in this country toward the
young institution. In 1769–’70, Rev. Hezekiah Smith solicited funds in
South Carolina and Georgia. He says in his diary of the tour: “Thursday,
March 1 [1770], went to Malachi Murfee’s.” The list of those who
subscribed in aid of the college on this Southern trip includes Edward
Dempsey, Charles Reilly, Patrick Hinds, James Welsh, Hugh Dillon, John
Boyd, Matthew Roach and Capt. John Canty. Their names deserve to be
perpetuated.
Rev. and Mrs. Edwards, to whom reference has just been made, had several
children. Some of the latter were perhaps born in Ireland. One of the
sons, William, was graduated from Brown in 1776, under President
Manning. At the commencement in 1770, six years previously, this
incident occurred as narrated in the _Providence Gazette_:
“The business of the day being concluded, and before the assembly broke
up, a piece from Homer was pronounced by Master Billy Edwards, one of
the Grammar school boys, not nine years of age.”
Joshua, another son of Mr. and Mrs. Edwards, was hale and hearty in
1849, at over 80 years of age, and presented his father’s Irish and
English subscription lists to the university. I think it may be justly
claimed that if Brown is now prosperous, vigorous and progressive, she
is largely indebted for it to the assistance rendered in the formative
period by Morgan Edwards and his Irish wife.
We have already seen how Marmaduke Brown, an Irishman, was a member of
the university’s first board of Fellows. We now come to another man of
Irish blood who was a graduate of the institution and subsequently a
member of its governing body. I refer to John Dorrance. The immigrant
Dorrances arrived from Ireland about 1715–1720. They settled in what is
now the town of Foster, this state. The immigrants included George and
his two sons, George and James. John Dorrance, the alumnus of Brown, was
born about 1747. He entered Rhode Island college, and in 1774 was
graduated therefrom. For the last sixteen years of his life, the
citizens of the town (Providence) manifested their confidence in him by
making and continuing him president of the town council.
Thus as head of the town he enjoyed a period of duty nearly as long as
the late Mayor Doyle, head of the city. Dorrance was elected sixteen
times and Doyle, I believe, eighteen.
The study of Ireland and the Irish people has for a long period received
attention from many students of Brown. Thus at the graduation exercises
in 1824 Ezra Wilkinson’s oration was entitled a “Defence of the Irish
Character.” At the exercise in 1848, Samuel B. Vernon took as the
subject of his oration “The Mission of St. Patrick to Ireland.”
Joseph Moriarty graduated in the class of 1830, at which time he
delivered an essay on the “Character of Roger Williams.” Mark D. Shea
graduated in 1865. James G. Dougherty was also of that class.
Pleasant memories cluster around the walls and halls of old Brown. The
university is rich in reminiscence and association. In 1799 the
institution conferred the degree of LL. D. upon Hon. James Sullivan, a
son of the Limerick schoolmaster. James was a brother of Gen. John
Sullivan, and with the latter participated in the siege of Newport and
in the battle on the island of Rhode Island. He became governor of
Massachusetts. James Sullivan was, no doubt, intimately acquainted with
leading Rhode Island people and was in all probability a frequent
visitor here. Brown honored herself in honoring him.
In 1844, over fifty years ago, the degree of D. D. was conferred by
Brown upon John Sharp Maginnis. His parents—John and Jane Maginnis—were
from Ireland. In May, 1827, John was licensed to preach as a Baptist. He
was a student of Brown, but his health being poor, his studies were
interrupted. In the winter of 1837–’38, he became pastor of the Pine
Street church in Providence. Delicate health obliged him to resign,
however, and he later became professor of philosophy in Rochester
University. Brown recognized his ability and showed her appreciation of
his talents by making him a doctor of divinity, as stated.
In 1860, Brown again conferred eminent honor upon a gentleman of Irish
lineage. I allude to John Meredith Read, the great jurist, a descendant
of one of the Irish signers of the Declaration of Independence. Brown
gave him the degree of LL. D. Dr. Read was chief justice of
Pennsylvania. His son, John Meredith Read, Jr., was a graduate of Brown,
and received the degree of A. M. During his residence in Providence this
latter gentleman became captain of the National Cadets, or Tigers, and
also served on the staff of Governor Hoppin.
Early in the present century, when Brown had a medical department, there
were several students of the latter whose names are indicative of Irish
extraction, though one or two may be of Scotch blood. Among these were
John Mackie (A. B. 1800), believed to have graduated in medicine about
1813; Andrew Mackie (A. B. 1814), medicine 1817; John McGore (A. B.
1811), medicine 1816; and Joseph Mulliken (A. B. Dartmouth, 1802),
medicine, Brown 1817.
At the centennial of the university in 1864, General Burnside, always a
warm friend of Brown, was among the speakers, as he indeed was at
various other times. It is not generally known, perhaps, that maternally
Burnside was of Irish descent. Yet such is the fact. Ambrose E.
Burnside, whose portrait occupies an honored place on the walls of the
university, was a son of Edghill and Pamelia (Brown) Burnside. Pamelia
Brown, the general’s mother, was the daughter of John Brown, an Irish
immigrant, who had located in South Carolina. Ben: Perley Poore’s “Life
of General Burnside” refers to Pamelia, his mother, as “having the fair
skin and brown hair of her Celtic ancestors, with large, expressive
hazel eyes.” She was born in the Laurens district, S. C.
It is generally claimed that Burnside, in the male line, was of direct
Scottish descent. I do not dispute this, although Burnsides are numerous
in Ireland, and have been so for nearly three hundred years. The Irish
Burnsides have been allied with prominent families in Cavan, Donegal and
other parts of the country. The name is mentioned in O’Hart’s Irish
Pedigrees. Betsy Burnside, an Irish woman, was a resident of Lincoln, R.
I., some years ago, being then ninety-five years of age. We read that at
Fredericksburg, as Meagher’s shattered lines were retiring from their
heroic efforts, Burnside saluted Meagher as the latter passed and
silently grasped his hand. It was a meeting of two valiant commanders,
the one of Irish birth, the other of maternal Irish descent, a fit
subject for the greatest painter that ever lived. Fitting it was that an
Irish sculptor was selected to produce the equestrian statue of Burnside
which stands in Providence.
But Burnside is not the only personage of Irish lineage whom Brown has
honored by permanently displaying his portrait on her walls. There is
another—Commodore Perry, the hero of Lake Erie. Perry of Irish lineage?
Yes, on his mother’s side. Who was his mother? Sarah Alexander, a native
of Newry, Ireland. During our Revolution some American prisoners of war
were confined by the British at Newry, Sarah’s native place. Among them
was Christopher R. Perry. The American prisoners naturally elicited much
commiseration from the Irish, who were in hearty sympathy with the
Revolution.
Miss Alexander became acquainted with Mr. Perry during his imprisonment.
This acquaintance in after years ripened into love and marriage.
Commodore Oliver H. Perry was their son. Shortly after their marriage
they came to Rhode Island and settled in South Kingstown. They were
described as “a young and uncommonly handsome couple,” and their advent
was celebrated by feasting and sociality.
None gave a heartier welcome to Mr. Perry and his fair young Irish bride
than the former’s maternal grandfather, the venerable Oliver Hazard. As
Mrs. Perry, Sarah Alexander became one of the most noted women in Rhode
Island history. She had five sons—all distinguished—and three daughters.
Speaking of Mrs. Perry, Mackenzie, a biographer of Commodore Perry,
states that her friends in the old country “had been involved in the
Irish rebellion. She, herself, had felt a lively interest in the cause
of liberty, and had listened with deep interest to every account she had
heard [in Ireland] of battles and skirmishes in the neighborhood. She
took a pleasure in recounting to her son the achievements of her
countrymen, and always insisted that they [the Irish] were the bravest
people in the world.” These narrations fired the mind of young Perry and
created a desire in him to pursue the profession of arms. His mother,
“to great strength of character added high intellectual powers and rare
social grace, training her children with extraordinary care to high
ideals of life and duty.” It was also said of her that she fitted Perry
“to command others by teaching him early to obey,” and when he was old
enough to attend school she consigned him to the care of Old Master
Kelly, the Irish teacher whom I have already noticed. For years after
the Lake Erie triumph it was spoken of in Rhode Island as “Mrs. Perry’s
victory,” in allusion to the manner in which Oliver had been reared.
The university also possesses a portrait of Andrew Jackson. The latter
visited Rhode Island while president of the United States, and may have
been a guest in Providence and likewise have visited Brown. Jackson was
of Irish descent. In an address to the Charitable Irish Society of
Boston, in 1833, he said: “I am glad to see assembled on this occasion
so many of the countrymen of my father. I am proud,” he continued, “to
be descended from that race which has so much to recommend it to the
good wishes of the world.” The portrait of Jackson in possession of the
university was, I understand, to be seen a few years since in Rhode
Island hall. Possibly it is still there.
In 1850—quite half a century ago—a committee was appointed to raise a
fund of $125,000 for the university. President Wayland was then at the
head of the institution. Among the subscribers to this fund was Matthew
Watson, who contributed $500. Watson was, I believe, a descendant of a
sturdy Irish immigrant, who settled in Barrington, R. I., in 1722. This
immigrant’s name was also Matthew Watson, and nearly every generation of
the family since that day has had a Matthew in it. Bicknell, in his
“Sketches of Barrington,” tells us that Matthew the settler became a
brickmaker and in time wedded Miss Read, the daughter of his employer.
Her father opposed the match and represented to her the “folly” of
throwing herself away, as he expressed it, on “a little poor Irishman.”
His arguments were of no avail, however, and she and Matthew were
married at Barrington in 1732. The marriage was a happy one. The “little
poor Irishman” subsequently purchased the farm of his father-in-law and
conducted the brickmaking business on an extensive scale. He erected a
commodious brick house, which became known to the country round about as
“the great Watson mansion.” Matthew, the immigrant, at one time held the
position of judge of the court of common pleas for Bristol county. He is
estimated to have accumulated in his brickmaking industry a fortune of
$80,000. Some of his descendants are still living on the homestead.
Matthew Watson, the benefactor to Brown in 1850, is believed, as I have
stated, to be a descendant of this old Barrington settler.
The part taken by students and alumni of Brown University in the Civil
War has been alike honorable and eminent. A memorial volume has been
published on the subject. Of the graduates in 1856, Thomas Ewing, Jr.,
became one of the most distinguished. He came of a prominent Ohio family
and on his mother’s side was of Irish descent. He was made colonel of
the Eleventh Kansas Volunteers, 1862; brigadier-general of United States
Volunteers, 1863, and brevet major-general United States Volunteers in
1865. Later he became chief justice of Kansas.
John C. Sullivan of the class of 1867 served in the Fourth Massachusetts
Volunteers, entering the regiment in 1862. He became a student of Brown
University after leaving the army.
In 1861, when the literary society of Brown was arranging its annual
reunion, the question of a poem, of course, came up. It was finally
decided that Fitz James O’Brien, a brilliant young Irishman, should be
invited to officiate as poet of the occasion. O’Brien was a native of
Limerick, Ireland, and born in 1828. His father was a lawyer and his
mother a woman of uncommon beauty. Fitz James was educated in Dublin. He
came to this country in 1852 with letters of introduction to prominent
Americans. He quickly gained entrance to literary and fashionable
society, where his talents soon made him a great favorite. He wielded a
prolific pen. Among his contributions were: “The Ballad of Sir Brown,”
“The Gory Gnome,” “The Wonderful Adventures of Mr. Papplewick” and “The
Demon of the Gibbet.” Among his poems, in addition to those mentioned,
were: “Down in the Glen at Idlewild,” “The Zouaves,” “Helen Lee,” “The
Countersign,” “Sir Brasil’s Falcon,” “The Song of the Locomotive,” and
“The Prisoner of War.” His stories include “The Diamond Lens,” “The
Golden Ingot,” “The Dragon Fang” and “The Pot of Tulips.”
O’Brien enlisted in the Seventh New York regiment and marched with it to
the defence of Washington. At the expiration of his term of service he
returned to New York and started in, personally, to raise a regiment to
be known as the McClellan Rifles. It was while thus engaged that he
received the invitation to attend the exercises at Brown. After
considering the matter, he replied, expressing regret at being unable to
accept. Said he:
“A regiment of rifles which I am now engaged in raising demands all my
time. If you can put me on the track of one hundred good men, you will
please me better than if you crowned me with bays. If there is a spare
population up your way, I would take a recruiting trip thither, and
present my regrets in person.”
So he did not come and the assemblage at Brown was denied the sunshine
of his presence. O’Brien died of a wound received in battle and was
given a soldier’s burial in Greenwood. Nowhere was his death more deeply
felt than among his friends in Providence.
I have already alluded to James G. Dougherty of the class of 1865. In
1862 he enlisted in the Tenth Rhode Island Volunteers, and saw service
in Virginia. The close of the war was enthusiastically celebrated at
Brown. Dougherty was chairman of the committee of arrangements and
introduced President Sears to the great gathering assembled on that
occasion. Mayor Doyle of Providence was also among the speakers. There
was music, an illumination and unbounded enthusiasm.
The university has long numbered among her brightest students young men
of Irish lineage. From the days of long ago down to the present,
graduates of Irish descent have gone forth and won honorable distinction
in life. The dear old _alma mater_ has proudly watched their career and
rejoiced in the credit reflected by their success. Americans they are,
Americans they have been, by birth, by association, by education, in
sympathy, in allegiance, in patriotism. Not that they love the land of
their ancestors less, but that of their nativity more. Of Brown’s alumni
may be mentioned in this connection:
McGuinness, twice secretary of state of Rhode Island, and twice mayor of
Providence.
Whitney, later ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood.
Harson, the prominent merchant, the vigorous writer, a founder of the
fraternity Phi Kappa Sigma.
Sheahan, clerk of the house of representatives; member of the bar.
Monaghan, United States consul to Mannheim and Chemnitz.
Brennan, a lawyer of note; judge-advocate-general on the staff of
Governor Davis.
And so on, through a long and imposing list,—Murphy, Quinn, Holland,
O’Connor, Kiley, McDonald, Gillrain, McGinn, Smith, Corcoran,
Fitzgerald, Magill, Sexton, Cunningham, O’Neil, Hamill, O’Donnell,
Mahoney, Hoye, Feeley, Cavanaugh and the rest.
The late George J. West, the eminent lawyer, the able legislator, the
earnest friend of public education, was also a graduate of Brown. He was
born in Ireland.
Nor should we forget that other graduate, Hon. Augustus S. Miller, who
became speaker of the Rhode Island house of representatives. He himself
has told me of his paternal Irish ancestry.
Sarah E. Doyle, on whom the university recently conferred a degree,
likewise should not be overlooked. Eminent honor has she reflected on
her Irish father.
And so I conclude. I have endeavored in this paper to show that in the
history of Brown there is an Irish chapter and one of which we may be
proud; one, too, of which the university may be proud. I have by no
means exhausted the subject, which is capable of much additional
development.
[Illustration:
HON. C. T. DRISCOLL,
Mayor of NEW HAVEN, CONN.
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[Illustration:
HON. JEREMIAH CROWLEY,
Mayor of LOWELL, MASS.
]
[Illustration:
REV. JAMES H. O’DONNELL,
WATERTOWN, CONN.
]
[Illustration:
MR. CORNELIUS HORIGAN,
BIDDEFORD, ME.
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