POTTERY AND PORCELAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
The First Porcelain made here.--Bonnin and Morris.--Franklin
Institute.--William Ellis Tucker.--Tucker and Hemphill.--Thomas
Tucker.--General Tyndale.--Porcelain of T. C. Smith and
Sons.--Early Advertisements.--Josiah Wedgwood.--Lord Sheffield's
Report.--Alexander Hamilton's Report.--History of Norwich.--Samuel
Dennis, New Haven.--Isaac Hanford, Hartford.--Gallatin's
Report.--The "Washington Pitchers."--Lyman and Fenton,
Vermont.--Rouse and Turner, New Jersey.--Potteries at Trenton.--In
Ohio.--The Centennial Exhibition.
Doubts have been expressed whether PORCELAIN was made in the United
States as early as 1770; though there was no question as to the
existence of the true china-clays, and that Wedgwood and other potters
in England knew of them and had used them. More, they were fearful that
they would be put to use in this country, to the injury of their trade.
The investigations of Charles Henry Hart, Esq., of Philadelphia, seem to
remove the doubt as to the making of porcelain in that city as early as
1769 or 1770. Looking over the newspapers, he finds, under date of
December 29, 1769, an advertisement as follows:
"NEW CHINA-WARE.--Notwithstanding the various difficulties and
disadvantages which usually attend the introduction of any
important manufacture into a new country, the proprietors of the
china-works now erecting in Southwark have the pleasure to acquaint
the public that they have proved to a certainty that the clays of
America are productive of as good PORCELAIN as any heretofore
manufactured at the famous factory in Bow, near London," etc.
Subsequently other advertisements appeared for apprentices, etc., signed
by G. Bonnin and G. A. Morris. This would seem conclusive. Mr. Hart
also states that some specimens of the work then made are deposited in
the Franklin Institute of his city.
It is not likely that the work reached a commercial success, or that it
was long continued.
Subsequently porcelain was made and decorated in that city by Messrs.
Tucker and Hemphill, as will clearly appear from the following
communications.
Mr. Thomas Tucker prepared for the Historical Society of Pennsylvania,
in 1868, this brief statement:
"William Ellis Tucker, my brother, was the first to make porcelain in
the United States. My father, Benjamin Tucker, had a china-store in
Market Street, in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1816. He built a
kiln for William in the yard back of the store, where he painted in the
white china, and burnt it on in the kiln, which gave him a taste for
that kind of work.
"After that he commenced experimenting with the different kinds of
clays, to see if he could not make the ware. He succeeded in making a
very good opaque ware, called 'queen's-ware.' He then commenced
experimenting with feldspar and kaolin to make porcelain, and, after
much labor, he succeeded in making a few small articles of very good
porcelain. He then obtained the old water-works at the northwest corner
of Schuylkill Front and Chestnut Streets, where he erected a large
glazing-kiln, enameling-kiln, mills, etc.
"He burnt kiln after kiln, with very poor success. The glazing would
crack and the body would blister; and, besides, we discovered that we
had a man who placed the ware in the kiln, who was employed by some
interested parties in England to impede our success.
"Most of the handles were found in the bottom of the seggars[17] after
the kiln was burnt. We could not account for it until a deaf-and-dumb
man in our employment detected him running his knife around each handle
as he placed them in the kiln.
"At another time every piece of china had to be broken before it could
be taken out of the seggar. We always washed the round O's--the article
in which the china was placed in the kiln--with silex, but this man had
washed them with feldspar, which, of course, melted, and fastened every
article to the bottom; but William discharged him, and we got over that
difficulty.
"In the year 1827 my brother received a silver medal from the Franklin
Institute of Pennsylvania, and in 1831 received one from the Institute
in New York. In 1828 I commenced to learn the different branches of the
business.
"On the 22d of August, 1832, my brother William died. Some time before,
he connected himself with the late Judge Hemphill. They purchased the
property at the southwest corner of Schuylkill Sixth and Chestnut
Streets, where they built a large store-house and factory, which they
filled with porcelain. After the death of my brother, Judge Hemphill and
myself continued the working of porcelain for some years, until he sold
out his interest to a company of Eastern gentlemen; but, being
unfortunate in their other operations, they were not able to give the
porcelain attention. In the year 1837 I undertook to carry it on alone,
and did so for about one year, making a large quantity of very fine
porcelain, many pieces of which I still have.
"The gilding and painting are now as perfect as when first done."
Mr. Tucker presented at this time a piece of the work, which is now in
the collection at Philadelphia.
In addition to this I give a communication from General Hector Tyndale,
which adds confirmation to the above:
"About the years 1760 to 1770 potteries were established in the United
States--notably at Philadelphia--of which few records now remain. But
they attracted the attention of the English potters, as may be seen by a
letter from Josiah Wedgwood (page 367, Meteyard's 'Life of Wedgwood,'
London, 1865), wherein he expressed apprehension of the effect of these
upon British 'trade and prosperity.'
"Porcelain-works, to which Mr. Elliott alludes, were established in
Philadelphia (corner of Schuylkill Sixth and Chestnut Streets) about the
year 1830, Judge Hemphill being among the most prominent of the founders
of them. The wares made were of very good, and, in some respects, of
excellent qualities. The products were white and decorated table and
tea services, and decorative wares. The 'body' was very good, being
hard, dense, tough, and translucent, quite vitreous, with sharp and
clear ring, and withstanding great and rapid changes of temperature. In
appearance it somewhat resembled the French (Limoges) porcelain of that
day, and, in durability and use, that of Berlin, and quite equal to
either. The glaze was good, and well adapted to receive colors. The
forms were copies of the French and English of the time, and these were
almost always bad. The ornamentation was generally poorly copied from
the English or French, or, if original, was decidedly worse. English,
French, and German artisans were imported, but whatever skill these may
have had was soon lost, owing perhaps to the want of comparative and
competitive productions, and also to the want of taste among the general
buyers and the public. So far as ornament was concerned, and a knowledge
of æsthetic rules or a prevailing _sense_ of beauty and fitness were
involved, this attempt at manufacture was premature. These works
continued, with a diminishing success, for several years; and the
founders, who lost much money in the establishment, deserve much credit
for their serious and wellnigh successful effort.
"At present there are porcelain-works near New York--at Greenpoint, and
perhaps elsewhere--making very good and enduring wares, of excellent
'body' and glaze, but of coarse and inartistic form and ornament."
The porcelain-factory last spoken of is that of T. C. Smith and Sons,
which, at the Centennial Exhibition, made a creditable display.
Through the courtesy of Mr. Prime, editor of the "Hand-Book of the New
York Museum of Art," I am able to give some extracts essential to this
brief history:
"When Delft pottery began to be used for table and household purposes in
England, it is probable that small quantities found their way to this
country, but neither crockery nor porcelain took the place of pewter and
wood on American tables, and the importations increased but slowly with
the increase of population and wealth. Wooden trenchers, pewter dishes,
mugs, water-pitchers, etc., continued in general use until the present
century. By an examination of early newspapers we are enabled to learn
much of the character of the table-furniture which dealers advertised
for sale, and these were probably alike in all parts of the country. We
find pewter always prominent. In the _New Haven Gazette_ of September
30, 1784, a druggist advertises Wedgwood mortars and pestles. In the
same paper, October 21st, a dealer advertises 'blue and white
stone-ware, consisting of butter-pots, jars, and cans;' also 'quart,
pint, and half-pint water-flasks; matted ditto; spaw ditto; Bristol
ditto.' In the same paper, November 25th, a dealer advertises
'queen's-ware in small crates, well assorted,' which had been imported
direct to New Haven; and, December 2d, he advertises 'English china cups
and saucers.' On November 4, 1784, the same dealer advertised 'a large
assortment of coarse stone-ware in crates, large round bottles holding
nearly two quarts, in small, convenient hampers, and quart, pint, and
half-pint flasks,' with a discount to those who buy large quantities.
This last advertisement may refer to wares made in America. In 1785 we
find advertised 'Nottingham, queen's, china, and glass ware.'
'Nottingham ware' had long been a popular name in England for brown
potteries, originally made at Nottingham, and the name continued in use
here until a very recent date.
"Bricks and ruder forms of pottery were made in New England in the
eighteenth, and possibly in the seventeenth, century. Investigations in
progress may elicit information now wanting on this subject. Josiah
Wedgwood, in a letter written in 1765, speaks of a pottery then
projected in the Carolinas of whose work he had great apprehensions, and
seems to desire some government interference to prevent the colonies
from making their own pottery and thus injuring the home business.
Before the end of the eighteenth century many potteries were established
in various parts of the country, but, so far as is now known, no
articles were produced except the ordinary coarser kinds of household
utensils.
"'A Brief Examination of Lord Sheffield's Observations on the Commerce
of the United States,' by Matthew Carey, was printed in successive
numbers of the _American Museum_, in 1791, and was collected in a
volume, printed the same year at Philadelphia, with a supplementary note
on 'The Present State of American Manufactures,' etc. On pages 126 and
127 he has the following observations: 'Manufactures of glass, of
earthen-ware, and of stone, mixed with clay, are all in an infant state.
From the quantity and variety of the materials which must have been
deposited by Nature in so extensive a region as the United States, from
the abundance of fuel which they contain, from the expense of
importation, and loss by fracture, which falls on glass and earthen
wares, from the simplicity of many of these manufactures, and from the
great consumption of them, impressions of surprise at this state of
them, and a firm persuasion that they will receive the early attention
of foreign or American capitalists, are at one produced. Coarse tiles,
and bricks of an excellent quality, potter's wares, all in quantities
beyond the home consumption, a few ordinary vessels and utensils of
stone mixed with clay, some mustard and snuff bottles, a few flasks or
flagons, a small quantity of sheet-glass and of vessels for family use,
generally of the inferior kinds, are all that are now made.'
"Hamilton's return of exports of the United States from August, 1789, to
September, 1790, printed in the appendix to Carey's book, gives, for
earthen and glass ware, nineteen hundred and ninety dollars.
"In Miss Caulkins's 'History of Norwich,' Chapter XLIX., it is stated
that in 1796 'a pottery for the manufacture of stone-ware was
established at Bean Hill, which continued in operation far into the
present century, seldom, however, employing more than four or five
hands.' In Morse's 'Gazetteer,' 1797, we read, under Norwich, that the
inhabitants manufacture 'stone and earthen ware.' In the _Norwich_
(Connecticut) _Gazette_, September 15, 1796, we find this advertisement
of a pottery, which appears to have been in operation by a Mr. Lathrop
prior to 1796, and is, without doubt, the one referred to by Miss
Caulkins and Dr. Morse:
"'C. POTTS & SON, informs the Public, that they have lately
established a Manufactory of EARTHEN WARE at the shop formerly
improved by Mr. Charles Lathrop, where all kinds of said Ware is
made and sold, either in large or small quantities, and warranted
good.'
"A memorial of Samuel Dennis, dated New Haven, October 9, 1789, to the
General Assembly of Connecticut, shows 'that he is acquainted with the
potter's business, and is about to erect a stone-pottery; and there is
in this country a plenty of clay which he presumes of the same kind with
that from which the queen's-ware of Staffordshire is usually made; and
that he wishes to erect a pottery for the purpose of manufacturing the
finer kinds of ware usually made in Staffordshire, particularly the
queen's-ware,' and he asks the aid of the State in founding the works.
His memorial was negatived, and it does not appear whether he went on
with his project.
"Isaac Hanford, of Hartford, Connecticut, took out a patent, January 20,
1800, for a new method of making bricks, tiles, and pottery-ware in
general, and of discharging the moulds. Nothing further is known of his
work; but coarse pottery has, from the beginning of the century, been
made in Hartford. Prior to 1800 a pottery was in existence at
Stonington, Connecticut, managed by Adam States, who was succeeded in
the business, after 1804, by his sons, Adam and Joseph. They made jugs,
butter-pots, jars of all sizes, and some small wares with handles,
uniformly of soft pottery, usually gray in color, with salt-glaze.
Contemporary with this was a pottery at Norwalk, Connecticut, which made
red wares of soft pottery in many forms. We learn from a lady, whose
memory extends back to 1804, that it made jars and pots of all sizes,
teapots, mugs, and large milk-pans, then in common use among the farmers
in Connecticut, glazed with a lead-glaze, the color deep red with
flashes of black, probably caused by smoke in the firing. Other
potteries produced wares similar to the Stonington and Norwalk.
"From a report of the Secretary of the Treasury (Mr. Gallatin), made in
1810, it appears that the exports of 'coarse earthen-ware' exceeded the
imports. In this report the secretary says that progress has been made
in the manufacture of 'queen's and other earthen ware,' and that 'a
sufficient quantity of the coarser species of pottery was made
everywhere. Four manufactories of a finer kind had lately been
established which made ware resembling that of Staffordshire.' Dr.
Dwight, in his 'Travels' (1822), after quoting the above, states that he
had gained access to the reports from Massachusetts and Connecticut,
upon which the secretary's report had been founded, and gives among the
manufactures of Connecticut for the year, potteries, twelve; 'value of
earthen and stone ware, thirty thousand seven hundred and forty
dollars;' and for Massachusetts, 'earthen-ware, eighteen thousand seven
hundred dollars.'
"Before the end of the last century direct trade had been established
between the United States and China, and Oriental porcelain began to
make its appearance in America. The English trade increased rapidly in
the early part of the present century, and English manufacturers had
begun to decorate pottery with American subjects for the American
market. Porcelain seems to have been decorated at Lowestoft with
American designs, for special orders, before 1800.
"From 1810 to 1830 great quantities of English pottery, especially blue
and white wares, were imported. Much of this was decorated with American
views, buildings, landscapes, and pictures of public events, the
principal exporters in England being J. and R. Clews, of Cobridge, and
the Ridgways, of Shelton."
[Illustration: FIG. 162.--_The "Washington Pitchers."_]
The "Washington Pitchers" were made at this period by the English
potters, and were shipped here and sold in great numbers. They are now
much prized, but are not uncommon. Few of them have any merit as works
of art, being intended only to please the patriotic sentiment of the
country.
The smaller one of our illustration (Fig. 162) contains the best picture
of Washington of any I have seen painted upon porcelain, and is really
an excellent engraving after Stuart's great picture.
It is said to have been made in England, by order of a Philadelphia
dealer, in 1801. Both of these pitchers are in the Historical Society of
Philadelphia.
The larger one is more patriotic and less artistic. Around the portrait
are entwined the names of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Vermont,
Kentucky--fifteen States, and fifteen stars.
On the front is the eagle, and the patriotic Latin, _E pluribus unum_.
Also the name of the owner, James Taylor, M. D. On the other side, in an
oval, is some poetry, made in England for our use, as follows:
"As he tills your rich glebe the old peasant shall tell,
While his bosom with Liberty glows,
How your WARREN expired, how MONTGOMERY fell,
And how WASHINGTON humbled your foes."
The _intentions_ of the poet we may accept as good, even if slightly
mercenary.
One more brief extract will complete this history:
"In 1847 a factory was established in Bennington, Vermont, by Messrs.
Lyman and Fenton, and continued in operation till about 1860. Pottery
was made in various forms, with good enamel; bisque or Parian wares were
produced, and soft-paste porcelain of good quality, well decorated. So
far as is at present known, this was the first American factory which
has attempted to make figures of men and animals. A peculiar enamel
seems to have been patented by Mr. Fenton, of this firm, which was used
on some of the pottery. The impressed mark on pottery of this class was
arranged in a circle, 'Lyman, Fenton and Co., Fenton's Enamel, Patented
1849, Bennington, Vermont.'
"Some time prior to 1829 a factory was established in Jersey City, New
Jersey, by persons not now known (said to be French), which made
porcelain. No mark was used, but we are indebted to Messrs. Rouse and
Turner, the present proprietors, for fragments of the porcelain made
prior to 1829, which is hard paste of fair quality. The enterprise was
not successful, and in 1829 David Henderson and Co. bought the works,
and carried them on under the name of the American Pottery Company. They
made white and brown potteries, decorating the former with prints, and
the latter with colored enamels and raised work; and also a translucent
pottery, which is apparently a natural soft-paste porcelain. Their mark
was 'American Pottery Company, Jersey City, New Jersey,' in a circle,
stamped in the paste. They executed work for druggists and other dealers
in New York, printing labels on their jars, boxes, etc. A favorite
pattern was a brown pottery pitcher, the handle a hound, the surface
covered with a raised representation of a hunt. It was made in various
sizes, and is still produced, with a changed form of the same
decoration. In 1855 Messrs. Rouse and Turner became proprietors of the
factory, and have since carried it on with much success, producing
granite, Rockingham, and stone wares, plain and decorated, for table and
general use. They use clay obtained from Woodbridge, New Jersey, and
another clay from Bath, South Carolina; and occasionally a clay from
Glen Cove, Long Island, which contains silex. Their stone-wares are made
by the mixing of certain clays, without the addition of other
substances. They use no mark on their fabrics.
"Important works are now in operation at Baltimore, Maryland, and at
Trenton, New Jersey, making varieties of pottery, plain and decorated,
and stone-wares of excellent quality."
At the Exhibition at Philadelphia good exhibitions were made by Messrs.
Otto and Brewer, Mercer Pottery Company, James Moses and Isaac Davis, of
Trenton; also by Laughlin Brothers, of East Liverpool, Ohio.
Some twenty firms, mostly from Trenton, were collected in the southeast
corner of the Main Building, where they made a creditable display of
what is known as the "white granite" ware, so useful and so detestable;
thick, that it may resist the hostility of the Milesian maiden, clumsy
because of that, without color or decoration of any kind, and cheap: can
we expect or demand much? Looking more carefully, we found in Otto and
Brewer's exhibit a modeler named Broome, who had made some base-ball
players which were full of life and spirit; also some unglazed vases
which had excellence of form and precision of modeling and decoration,
showing that good things may be done here. In Fig. 163 we show one of
the Parian vases designed by Broome, who only needs encouragement to
develop into excellence. James Moses, too, had some white-and-gold work
which was good. Isaac Davis, one of these granite-potters, had ventured
to turn his cups with a sense of good form, and with a thin lip from
which one might drink without being reminded of the horse-trough; he
must beware lest it should not pay!
[Illustration: FIG. 163.--_Parian Vase._]
Laughlin Brothers, of Ohio, had a good show of the same kind of wares,
and they had also a decorated dinner-set which was good. They had more
than this, in that they promised us something. They are using feldspars,
kaolins, clays, silexes, from various parts of the United States, and
believe we have the best and the greatest variety to be found in any
country; but besides these a new clay or mineral, as they think, has
been found in Missouri, which promises to be of infinite value. It is
cheap, is easily ground and mixed, and imparts to the body a creamy
softness and a beauty which add much to the production. That this is
true was shown in some of the cups made with it. Moreover, as Mr.
Laughlin states, several of the best porcelain-makers of Europe are
seriously contemplating the propriety of establishing themselves on this
shore of the sea, and putting to use these kaolinic treasures. And why
not? With cheap clays, cheap fuels, cheap foods, may we not begin to
supply ourselves, if not some of the rest of the world, with the finest
productions of the potter's wheel? And it would seem a good thing for us
to do.
APPENDIX.
BOOKS UPON POTTERY AND PORCELAIN.
The following synopsis of works on "pottery and porcelain," for which we
are indebted to Mr. G. W. Wales, will be found useful and interesting:
GENERAL HISTORICAL TREATISES.--Jacquemart, "History of the Ceramic
Art"--a descriptive philosophical study of the pottery of all ages
and nations, profusely illustrated in aquatint and woodcut, and
containing one thousand marks and monograms; Semper, "Der Stil in
den Künsten," in the second volume treats of ceramics, and is a
well-illustrated, comprehensive, and useful hand-book; Mareschal,
"La Faïence Populaire au 18me Siècle," has one hundred and
twelve colored plates, mostly of French and Delft porcelain; Maze,
"Recherches sur la Céramique" is illustrated by photographs, and
has a list of marks and monograms; Burty, "Chefs-d'OEuvre des
Arts Industriels," gives a popular account of ceramics, well
illustrated (there is a translation by Chaffers); Stallknecht's
papers on "Artistic Pottery and Porcelain" give also an account of
the articles in the Vienna Exposition of 1875; Treadwell's "Manual"
is a brief popular work; Hall, "Bric-à-brac Hunter." One of the
best works in English is Marryat's "History," well illustrated, in
colors. So also is Graesse's "Guide de l'Amateur," a very complete
collection, in fac-simile, of marks and monograms. Chaffers's
"Keramic Gallery," besides historical notices and descriptions,
gives several hundred photographs of rare and curious specimens of
these arts.
Besides these works, devoted especially to ceramics, it will be
well to refer to the following, selected out of many books treating
generally of the arts of the middle ages, most of them illustrated
in the best style, in which may be found chapters or short
treatises on pottery and porcelain, with admirable illustrations
adapted for use as designs for decoration: Sommerard's "Arts au
Moyen Âge," plates; Villemin, "Monumens Français;" Lenoir, "Musée
des Monumens Français;" Lacroix, "Arts of the Middle Ages;"
Louandre, "Arts Somptuaires;" "Instrumenta Ecclesiastica;" Racinet,
"L'Ornement Polychrome;" Jones, "Grammar of Ornament;" Bedford,
"Treasury of Ornamental Art;" Newbery, "Gleanings from Ornamental
Art;" Chenavard, "Album de l'Ornamentiste;" "Tradesman's Book of
Ornamental Designs;" Wyatt, "Industrial Arts of the Nineteenth
Century;" Durand, "Recueil et Parallèles des Edifices de tout
Genre;" South Kensington Museum, "Industrial Arts;" "Photographs
from the British Museum;" Labarte, "Arts Industriels au Moyen Âge;"
Zahn, "Ornamentmalerei."
MANUFACTURE.--The following books treat more particularly of the
processes of manufacture of pottery and porcelain, only
incidentally touching the artistic history. They are mostly in
French, viz.: Brongniart, "Traité des Arts Céramiques," two volumes
of text and one of plates. This is well illustrated, and cited by
all writers on the subject as high authority. Figuier, in the first
volume of the "Merveilles de l'Industrie," which treats both sides
of the subject, is very fully illustrated as regards both the
manufacture and the art-history of glass, pottery, and porcelain.
Other briefer treatises are those by Guillery,
Bastenaire-Daudenart, Boyer, and a treatise on pottery (Paris,
1772), in volume ii. of the "Description des Arts et Métiers." In
English: Tomlinson's "Brief History," from the "Encyclopædia
Britannica;" and Arnoux, in volume iii. of Bevans's "British
Manufacturing Industries." See also Turgau, "Les Grandes Usines de
France," for history of the Sèvres porcelain; Denistoun, "Dukes of
Urbino," volume iii., page 382, for an account of the manufacture
of maiolica in the duchy of Urbino; Rosina, "Memoria sulle
Stoviglie," on manufacture of utensils and analysis of clays in the
Lombardo-Venetian territory.
The following books give some practical instructions on painting,
enameling, etc.: Tilton, "Designs and Instructions for decorating
Pottery;" Snell, "Practical Instructions;" "Art Recreations;"
Gessart, "Art of Enameling;" Sutherland, "Practical Guide;"
Reboulleau.
MARKS AND MONOGRAMS.--Chaffers's "Marks and Monograms," which
contains also an historical essay on English pottery, with
illustrations; also his "Collector's Hand-book"--a
concisely-arranged volume of fac-similes of marks, a supplement to
the work just named; Mareschal, "Iconographie de la Faïence"--a
dictionary of ceramic artists and marks, with colored illustrations
of the different styles; Hooper and Phillips, "Manual"--a
dictionary of easy reference; Demmin, "Guide de l'Amateur de
Faïences" (two volumes)--a comprehensive, illustrated work of high
authority; Bohn's "Guide to Knowledge of Pottery and Porcelain,"
containing also a priced catalogue of the Bernal collection, and an
essay; Maze, "Recherches," illustrated by photographs; Meteyard's
"Wedgwood Hand-book"--a thorough history of this exquisite ware.
See also a work by the same author, for admirable photographs of
Wedgwood's principal works, and Fortnum's "Catalogue of Maiolica."
The following books treat of the history of pottery and porcelain
of different countries and periods:
ENGLAND.--For a sketch of the art of pottery in England, see the
introductory chapters of volume i. of Eliza Meteyard's "Life of
Josiah Wedgwood;" her "Wedgwood Hand-book," which gives marks,
monograms, priced catalogues, and a glossary of technical terms.
The same author has recently (1876) published "Wedgwood and his
Works," admirably illustrated with photographs of his more
important works; also "Wedgwood Memorial," likewise beautifully
illustrated. Prefixed to Chaffers's "Marks and Monograms" is an
Essay on the Vasa Fictilia of England;" Jewitt's "Life of Wedgwood"
contains also a "History of the Early Potteries of Staffordshire,"
well illustrated; Haslem's "Old Derby China," illustrated in color,
gives a full account of this ware and of the principal workmen,
with marks and price-lists; Binns's "Century of Potting in
Worcester" gives in an appendix a sketch of Celtic, Roman, and
Mediæval pottery in Worcestershire. See also "Wedgwood, an Address
by W. E. Gladstone" (1863); Boyer, "Traité sur l'Origine, les
Progrès et l'État actuel des Manufactures de Porcelaine et de
Faïence en Angleterre"--one of the excellent Roret manuals of arts
and trades.
FRANCE.--Mareschal, "Faïence Populaire au 18me Siècle," with one
hundred and twelve finely-colored plates, mostly of French and
Delft ware (Paris, 1872); Pottier, "Histoire de la Faïence de
Rouen" (1870), two volumes, quarto--an elaborate and
finely-illustrated treatise; Pouy, "Les Faïences d'Origine Picarde"
(1872), with colored plates and marks; Forestié, "Les Anciennes
Faienceries de Montauban," and other places in the department of
Tarn-et-Garonne. On the pottery of the Gauls, see Du Cleuzion,
"Poterie Gauloise." A publication by the Arundel Society gives fine
photographs of twenty examples of "Henri-Deux ware" from the South
Kensington Museum.
ITALY, GERMANY, SPAIN, ETC.--On "maiolica," see the history by
Passeri, treating of the products of Pesaro and Urbino, and of the
works of Giorgio da Gubbio. On "maiolica and Italian faience," see
the splendidly-illustrated works by Delange and Sauzay, "Monographe
de l'OEuvre de Bernard Palissy" (Paris, 1872); and the "Recueil
de Faïences Italiennes" of the fifteenth, sixteenth, and
seventeenth centuries (Paris, 1869), by Delanges, Darcel, and
Bornemann. Fortnum's "Maiolica;" also his "Catalogue of Maiolica,
Hispano-Moresco, Persian, Damascus, and Rhodian wares in the South
Kensington Museum," finely illustrated in color, and giving marks
and monograms; "Centennial Exposition Catalogue of the Castellani
Collection;" Beckwith's "Majolica and Fayence" (New York, 1877) is
a concise and useful general treatise on ceramics, containing much
information in small space, with numerous photo-engraved
illustrations; Drake's "Notes on Venetian Ceramics;" Riaño,
"Catalogue of Art Objects of Spanish Production in the South
Kensington Museum;" De Jorio, "Galleria de' Vasi, Real Museo
Borbonico;" "Le Secret des Vraies Porcelaines de la Chine et de
Saxe" (1752); Robinson, "Catalogue of the Soulages Collection."
Asselineau, "Meubles et Objets divers du Moyen Âge" gives specimens
of Palissy and Flemish ware. Lazari, "Notizie della raccolta Correr
di Venezia."
ORIENTAL AND SAVAGE RACES.--Alabaster, "Chinese Art Objects in
South Kensington Museum;" Audsley and Bowes, "Keramic Art," now in
course of publication, splendidly illustrated with colored plates
by Racinet; Jarves, "Glimpse at the Art of Japan;" Schweinfurth,
"Artes Africanæ;" Hartt, "Manufacture of Pottery among Savage
Races." On the _cloisonné_ enamels of China, see appendix to
Julien's "Industries de l'Empire Chinois." On "Chinese porcelain
decoration," consult "Owen Jones's Examples of Chinese Ornament,"
giving one hundred fine colored plates, from examples at South
Kensington.
TILES.--Nichols's "Examples of Decorative Tiles, in fac-simile,
chiefly in Original Size;" chapter entitled "Céramique," by
Riocreux and Jacquemart, in volume iv. of Lacroix's "Moyen Âge et
la Renaissance," which contains a bibliography of ceramics.
ANCIENT POTTERY.--Birch's "History of Ancient Pottery" treats of
Assyrian, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Etruscan, Celtic, Teutonic, and
Scandinavian pottery, and is fully illustrated. It contains also a
list of the principal collections of ancient pottery. One of the
best works is Millingen's "Ancient Unedited Monuments," giving
excellent colored illustrations of painted Greek vases. Other
valuable works are those of Inghirami, "Pitture di Vasi Etrusche,"
four volumes quarto, with fine outlines of Greek vase-decoration,
some in color; a very beautifully-illustrated work (in color) is
that of the Count of Syracuse, "Notizia dei Vasi dipinti rinvenuti
a Cuma;" see also Lucien Bonaparte's "Museum Étrusque;" Donati,
"Della Maniera d'interpretare le Pitture ne' Vasi fittili antichi;"
"Description of the Ancient Terra-Cottas in the British Museum,"
illustrated by line-engravings; Stackelberg, "Die Gräber der
Hellenen," giving plates of urns, vases, bass-reliefs, etc.;
Dumont, "Inscriptions Céramiques de Grèce;" Fabroni, "Vasi fittili
aretini;" Kramer, "Ueber den Styl und die Herkunft der bemalten
griechischen Thongefässe;" De Sanctis, "Vasi antichi della
Collezione Hamilton," with outline illustrations; G. Gerhard,
"Vases Grecs relatifs aux Mystères," outline illustrations;
Gerhard, "Etruskische und kampanische Vasenbilder" (Berlin, 1843),
with finely-colored illustrations of vases; Gerhard, "Auserlesene
griechische Vasenbilder" (Berlin, 1856), two volumes text, two
volumes plates, quarto, also admirably illustrated; Fitzwilliam
Museum at Cambridge, part iii., "Fictile Vases;" Schliemann,
"Trojanische Alterthümer;" "British Museum Catalogue of Greek and
Etruscan Vases," with outlines; "Catalogue of the St. Petersburg
Imperial Collection of Vases in the Ermitage," with sixteen plates
of outlines; Inghirami, "Etrusco Museo Chinsino," copperplate
outlines; "Engravings of Ancient Vases in the Collection of Sir
William Hamilton" (Naples, 1791), three volumes folio.
On Egyptian pottery consult Wilkinson's "Ancient Egyptians;" and
the splendid illustrated volumes of Champollion, Lepsius, and
Belzoni, for illustrations from the monuments.
BIOGRAPHY.--Jouveaux, "Histoire de trois Potiers Celèbres,"
biographical sketches of Palissy, Wedgwood, and Böttger; "Lessons
from Noble Lives" (Palissy); see C. C. Perkins's "Tuscan
Sculptors," volume i., for a chapter on "Luca della Robbia," also
in Vasari; Vasari, volume xiii., page 72, "Vita di Battista
Franco." For a list of books of reference on "ceramics," see
Chaffers's "Marks and Monograms."
INDEX.
A PAGE
Abbey, Richard, Potter, 312
Abderrahman III., 83
African Pottery, 65
Alabastron, 47
_A la corne_, 146
Alchemists, The, 230
Alcora Porcelain, 287
Alexander Severus, Emperor, 172
Alhambra, The, 83
---- Vase of the, 84
Amateur Painters, 298
Amatorii, 104
American Pottery, 23
Amphora, 18, 40, 46
Amstel Porcelain, 321
Andreoli, Maestro Giorgio, 113
Andrews, W. L., 185
Antonibon, Potter, 281
Apostle Mugs, 75
Arabic Pottery, 90
Arabs of Spain, The, 72, 81
Arcesilaus, Cup of, 51
Archaic Man, 14
---- Style, 41
Arezzo, 27
Art in Decoration, 236
---- Japanese, 225
---- Oriental, Character of, 190, 206
Aryballos, 35, 46
Aspasia, House of, 45, 58
Assyrians, Glazed Ware of, 70
Athenian Prize-Vase, 49
Augustus II., Elector of Saxony, 231
Avery, S.P., 92. 189, 195, 200, 210, 216, 222
Aztec Civilization, 21
B
Baireuth, 75
Baldassini, Painter, 279
Balearic Islands, 95
Bamboo, Wedgwood's, 168
Banko Ware, 225
Barberini Vase, 171
Barbizôt, M., 149
Barlow, S. L. M., 270, 296
Basalt, Wedgwood's, 168, 171
Bavarian Porcelain, 249
Beauvais Pottery, 141
Beccheroni, Painter, 279
Beckford, Mr., 195
Belgium, 319
Bellarmine, Cardinal, 76
Bellarmins, 76
Belleek, 149
Belmont, A., 270
Bennington Potteries, 339
Bentley, Mr., 167
Berlin Porcelain, 242
Bernal Sale, The, 131, 141, 240, 244, 247, 250, 251, 295, 298
Betts, F. J., 76
Billingsly, Potter, 310
Binns, R. W., Potter, 289, 306
Birch, Mr., 41, 70
Bloor, Potter, 297
Blue, Celestial, 181, 193
---- Cobalt, 190
---- Dragon Decoration, 311
---- Japanese, 218
Bonnin, Potter, 331
Boston Museum of Arts, 86
Böttger, J., 231
Boucher, Painter, 261
Bow and Chelsea, Confusion between, 292
---- Porcelain, 290
Bramelds, The, Potters, 313
Breslau, Pottery Monument in, 80
Brianchon, M., 149
Bricks, Glazed, 70
Bristol Porcelain, 309
British Museum, 211
Broeck, Village of, 159
Bromfield and Son, Potters, 317
Brongniart, Alexandre, 41, 270
Bronze Age, 16
Brown-Westhead, Moore and Co., Potters, 317
Brunswick Porcelain, 249
Bryant, Mr., 30
Buen Retiro Porcelain, 286
Burke, Edmund, 309
Burlingame, Mrs. Anson, 182, 184, 186, 189
C
Caistre, 26
Calle, Raffaelle del, 104
Calpis, 46
Cameos, Wedgwood's, 168
Campanienne Vase, 49
Cantheros, 46
Capo di Monte Porcelain, 282
Carl Theodor, Elector Palatine, 249
Castel-Durante, 116
Catherine II. of Russia, 166
Caughley Porcelain, 311
Caulkins's History of Norwich, 336
_Céladon_, The Color, 195
Celestial-Blue Porcelain, 181, 193
Centennial Exhibition, 22, 25, 63, 130, 227, 340
Ceramicus, The, 32
Cesnola Collection, 24
Chaffers, G. W., 136, 161, 235, 290, 299, 302
Chamberlain, Potter, 307
Champion, Potter, 309
Chantilly Porcelain, 257
Chapelet, M., 149
Charles, Duke of Brunswick, 250
Charles IV., King, 283
Charlotte, Queen, 166
Charlottenburg, 244
Cheap Work, 164
Chelsea Porcelain, 293
China, Egg-shell, 197, 220
---- Mandarin, 221
Chinese Porcelain, 175
Classification of Greek Pottery, 41
Clay Figures, 63
Clays, American, 340
---- Cornwall, 308
Clerissy, Antoine, 146
Cleuziou, M., 27
Cloisonné Work, 221, 316
Coalport Porcelain, 312
Coblentz, 77
Coffee-pots, 158
Coke, Potter, 310
Collections of Pottery, 53
Collinot, M., 149
Colors, Chemical, 266
Connecticut Potteries, Early, 338
Conrad, 139
Content, The God of, 176
Cooking Animal, Man a, 14
Cookworthy, Potter, 308
Copelands, The, Potters, 313
Copenhagen Porcelain, 326
Corean Porcelain, 210
Cornwall Clays, 308
Cortez, 20
Cotyle, 46
Counterfeit Chinese Porcelain, 300
Counterfeit Maiolica, 119
---- Porcelain, 227
Couthon, 51
Couverte, 69
Cozzi, Potter, 280
Crackle, 197, 219
Craft, Painter, 291
Crater, 47
Cruche, 47
Crusades, Effects of, 96
Cup of Arcesilaus, 51
---- of Samos, 26
Custode, Pierre, 139
Cyathos, 46
Cylix, 47
Cyrenaica, 37
Cyrene, 51
D
Damascus Pottery, 89
Daniell, H. and R., Potters, 314
Daniell, Thomas, Painter, 166
Daniells and Son, Potters, 318
Danish Pottery, 67
Dark Ages, The, 96
Decadence Style, 41
Deck, M., 152
Decoration, Early, 18, 23
---- Japanese, 215
---- Sèvres, 260
---- Symbolic, 186
Delft, 97, 153
Della Robbia, Andrea, 101
---- Luca, 93, 99
Demmin, M., 41, 126, 155, 328
Denmark, Porcelain of, 326
Dennis, Potter, 336
Derby Porcelain, 297
Dinner-Service, Remarkable, 166
Dinner-Services, Delft, 157
Diogenes, Tub of, 62
Dixwell, J. J., 62
Doccia Porcelain, 277
Dog of Fo, The, 187
Doulton Stone-ware, 77
Dragon, The, 188
Dresden Figure-pieces, 235
---- Porcelain, 230
Dress, Greek, 56
Drinking-Cups, Inscriptions on, 27
Druggists' Pots, 117
Duesbury, Potter, 294, 297
Dutch Pottery, 153
---- Trade with Japan, 223
Dwight, Dr., 337
E
Earthen-ware, 97
---- English, 161
Edgeworth, Maria, 162
Egg-shell China, 197
Egyptian Art, 33
---- Red Ware, 65
---- Tombs, Porcelain in, 179, 203
---- Water-Colors, 63
---- Glazed Ware of, 70
Elers, Messrs., 162
Elizabethan Ware, 162
Elizabeth Petrovna, Empress, 328
Enamel, 69
Enameling, 197
_En camaïeu_, 146
England, Porcelains of, 288
---- Want of Invention in, 293
English Pottery, 67, 161
Engobe, 52, 73, 98
Entrecolles, Père d', 205
Etruscan Vases, 37, 62
Exhibition, Philadelphia, 22, 25, 63
F
Factories, Japanese Porcelain, 227
Faenza, 117
Faience, 97, 117
---- d'Oiron, 131
Faience, Japanese, 223
Figuier, M., 28
Figures, Porcelain, 283, 291, 308, 339
Figurines attributed to Palissy, 129
Fine Style, The, 41
Fischer, Potter, 247
Flandre, Grès de, 73
Flaxman, 168
Fleur-de-Lis Mark, 283, 286
Flight and Barr, Potters, 306
Florentine Porcelain, 274
Flowers, Porcelain, 258
Fong-hoang, The, 187
Fontana Family, 108
---- Orazio, 104, 109
Foresi, Dr., 274
Fortnum, Mr., 88
France, Porcelain of, 253
Franco, Battista, 104
Frankenthal Porcelain, 249
Franks, A. W., 195, 201, 207
Frederick the Great, 231
Free-Trade Fanaticism, 211
French Faience, 138
French Sprig Decoration, 310
Fulham Pottery, 162
Fürstenburg Porcelain, 249
Furstler, Painter, 246
G
Gallatin, Secretary, 337
Gallic Pottery, 28
Gardner, Potter, 330
German Pottery, 28, 74
---- Glazed Pottery, 78
---- Tribes, The, 78
---- Work, Lack of Taste in, 163
Gibson, Henry, Mr., 316
Ginori, Factory of, 112
---- The, 277
Gioanetti, Potter, 281
Giorgio, Maestro, 113
Giustiniani, Factory of, 112
Gladstone, Mr., 173
Glaze, Definition of, 69
---- Value of, 72
Glazed Bricks, 70
---- Pottery, 78, 81
Glazes in Porcelain, 195
Gouffier, Claude, 135
Grains-of-rice Cups, 197
Granada, 83
Graybeards, 76
Greek Dress, 56
---- Fret, 18, 47
---- House, The, 30, 54
---- Man, The, 60
---- Pottery, Classification of, 41
---- Vase, The, 29
---- Vases, Varnish of, 71
---- Woman, The, 54
Greenpoint Porcelain, 334
Grès de Flandre, 73
Grinnell, Mrs. R. M., 100
Gubbio Maiolica, 112, 113
Gulena, 330
H
Haarlem, 154
Hague, Porcelain of The, 322
Haguenau Pottery, 148
Haines and Co., Potters, 311
Hanford, Potter, 337
Hangest, Madame Hélène de, 133
Hannong, Potter, 148, 249
Hart, Charles Henry, 331
Hartford Pottery, 337
Haviland, Messrs, 150
Heard, Mr., 194
Henderson and Co., Potters, 340
Henri-Deux Ware, 131, 136
Henry III. of France, 124
Herculaneum, 59
---- Porcelain, 312
Herend Porcelain, 247
Hetairai, The, 57
Hewelcke, Potter, 280
Hirschvogel, 80
Hispano-Moresque Ware, 86
Hizen, Porcelains of, 228
Höchst Porcelain, 248
Hoe, Robert, Jr., 191, 210
Holland, 319
Holland, Importation of Porcelain to, 219
Homer's Heroes, Palaces of, 30
Höroldt, 234
House, The Greek, 30, 54
Huguenots, 123
Hungarian Porcelain, 247
Hydria, 47
I
Idols, Mexican, 20
Italian Maiolicas at the Philadelphia Exhibition, 121
Italian Porcelain, 274
---- Renaissance, 96
Ives, Mrs. Moses, 146
J
Japanese Art, 214, 225
---- Figures, 64
---- Porcelain, 210
Jasper, Wedgwood's, 168
Jewels in Decoration, 267
Jewett, Mr., 173
Johnson, Dr., 295
Julia Mammæa, 172
K
Kaga Ware, 223, 228
Kalpis, 47
Kändler, 234
Kantharos, 46
Kaolin, 78, 178, 205, 232, 234
Katosiro-ouyi-mon, 210
Kauffmann, Angelica, 238
Kelebe, 46
Kensington Museum, 211
Keramicus, The, 32
King-te-Chin, City of, 180, 203
Kioto Ware, 225, 228
Korzic Porcelain, 330
Kotyle, 47
Krater, 47
Kruche, 47
Kyathos, 47
Kylin, The, 188
Kylix, 47
L
Lacquer, Japanese, 220
Lacustrine Dwellings, 15
Lafon, M., 151
Lake-Dwellers, 15
Lambeth Pottery, 162
Lamprecht, Painter, 246
Lanceray, Bronze-founder, 328
Lang, Baron von, 327
Laughlin Brothers, Potters, 342
Laurin, M., 149
Layard, 70
Leighton, Frederick, 88, 94, 224
Lekythos, 47, 50
Lille Porcelain, 323
Limoges Porcelain, 258
---- Pottery, 150
Lindencher, M., 151
Lindus Pottery, 89
Longbeards, 76
Louis Philippe, 269
Louis XIV, 143, 261
Lowestoft Porcelain, 299
Luson, Potter, 299
Lustres, 83, 114, 116
Lyman and Fenton, Potters, 339
Lyons, Mr., 269
M
Madrid Porcelain, 286
Maiolica, 87, 95, 97
Majorca, 87
Malaga, 85
Man, The Greek, 60
Mandarin China, 221
Marcolini, Count, 241
Marco Polo, 179, 204
Maria Theresa, 245
Marks, Alcora, 287
---- Amstel, 322
---- Berlin, 245
---- Bow, 292
---- Bristol, 310
---- Capo di Monte, 286
---- Caughley, 311
---- Chamberlain's, 308
---- Chantilly, 257
---- Chelsea, 297
---- Chinese, 207
---- Clignancourt, 255
---- Copeland, 314
---- Copenhagen, 327
---- on Delft, 160
---- Derby, 299
---- Dresden, 241
---- Frankenthal, 249
---- Fulda, 252
---- Fürstenburg, 250
---- Höchst, 248
---- Japanese Symbolic, 215
---- Kronenburg, 251
---- Lille, 323
---- Limbach, 252
---- Limoges, 258
---- Ludwigsburg, 251
---- Maiolica, 119
---- Marieberg, 326
---- Marseilles, 256
---- Moscow, 330
---- Nantgarw, 310
---- New Hall, 312
---- Niderviller, 257
---- Nove, 282
---- Nymphenburg, 251
---- Nyon, 252
---- Orleans, 256
---- Paris, 257
---- Plymouth, 309
---- Porcelain, 325
---- Rockingham, 313
---- Russian, 329
---- Sceaux-Penthièvre, 257
---- Sèvres, 272
---- St.-Cloud, 254
---- Strasbourg, 256
---- Swansea, 311
---- Symbolic, 200
---- The Hague, 323
---- Tournay, 324
---- Turin, 281
---- Turner, 311
---- Valenciennes, 256
---- of Vezzi and Cozzi, 280
---- Vienna, 247
---- Vincennes, 271
---- Weesp, 321
---- Worcester, 306
---- Zurich, 252
Marryat, Mr., 155, 174, 301
Marseilles Pottery, 148
Massachusetts Potteries, Early, 338
Matthews, Mr., 270
Mayence Porcelain, 248
Medicean Porcelain, 274
Medici, Lorenzo de', 195, 204
---- The, 275
Meissen Porcelain, 230
Melchior, Painter, 249
Menecy-Villeroy Porcelain, 255
Meteyard, Miss, 168, 172
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 24, 120, 384
Mexican Pottery, 20, 66
Mezza-Maiolica, 98
Mintons, The, Potters, 314
Mitchell, Dr., 270
Monument of Pottery, 80
Moorish Pottery, 72
Moors in Spain, 82
Morris, Potter, 331
Moscow Porcelain, 330
Mosque of Omar, 89
Mounds, Western, 22
Moustiers Pottery, 146
Müller, Potter, 327
Murrhine Vases, Ancient, 204
Musée Céramique at Sèvres, 270
Museum of Arts, Boston, 86, 120
N
_Nacre_, 149
Nanking-Blue Porcelain, 181
Nanking Tower, 177
Nantgarw Porcelain, 310
Naples, Pottery from, 64
Napoleon I., 324
Nelson, Lord, 307
Nevers Faience, 139
New Hall Porcelain, 312
New Jersey Potteries, Early, 340
Niderviller Porcelain, 257
Nigg, Painter, 246
Nimrúd, Palace at, 70
Northern Europe, Porcelains of, 319
Norwalk Pottery, 337
Norwich Pottery, 336
Nottingham Ware, 335
Nove Porcelain, 281
Nymphenburg Porcelain, 250
O
OEnochoe, 47
Olery, Maître, 146
Olpe, 46
Omar, Mosque of, 89
Onyx, Wedgwood's, 168
Oporto Porcelain, 287
Oriental Art, Character of, 190, 206, 236
Ornaments of Delft-ware, 158
Owari Porcelain, 228
Oxybaphon, 46
P
Painters, Amateur, 298
---- at Worcester, 304
Palaces of Homer's Heroes, 30
Palissy, Bernard, 123
Panathenaic Festival, 149
_Pâte dure_, 233, 253
_Pâte tendre_, 233, 253
_Pâte-sur-pâte_, 315
Peabody Museum, 22
Peach Decoration, Japanese, 225
Pelice, 45
Pellipario Family, 109
Pepys's Diary, 158, 161
Perger, Painter, 246
Pericles, 58
Persian Pottery, 90
Peruvian Pottery, 22
Pesaro, 98
Peter the Great, 327
---- the Hermit, 96
Pe-tun-tse, 178, 205, 233
Phallus, 23
Pharmaceutical Emblems, 118
Phiale, 46
Philadelphia Art School, 211
---- Exhibition, 22, 25, 63, 130, 227, 340
---- Industrial Museum, 316
---- Porcelain, 331
Piccolpasso, Book of, 116
Pindar, 40
Pinxton Porcelain, 310
Pipe Clay, 134
Pithos, 62
Pizarro, 22
Place, Francis, Potter, 314
Plumbiferous Glaze, 98, 161
Plymouth Porcelain, 308
Poland, Porcelain of, 330
Pompadour, Madame de, 258
Pompeii, 59
Popoff, Potter, 330
Porcelain Biscuit, Wedgwood's, 168
Porcelain, _Céladon_, 195
---- of Central Europe, 229
---- of China, 175
---- Chrysanthemo-Pæonienne, 182
---- Colors of, 180, 194
---- Discovery of, 178
---- Earliest European, 230
---- in Egyptian Tombs, 179, 203
---- of England, 288
---- Famille-rose, 185
---- Famille-vert, 184
---- Flowers, 258
---- of France, 253
---- Imperial Yellow, 195
---- Importation of Chinese, 204
---- Japanese, 210, 227
---- Manufacture, Sites of, 202
---- Manufacture in China, 201
---- Mode of making in China, 205
---- of Northern Europe, 319
---- Painting, 196
---- Origin of Word, 203
---- of Southern Europe, 274
---- Styles of Japanese, 214
---- Tower at Nanking, 177
---- of the United States, 331
---- Variegated-leaved, 219
---- Varieties of Chinese, 181
Portland Vase, 171
Portuguese Trade with Japan, 222
Potteries, Greek, 53
Potter's Art, Antiquity of, 13
---- Wheel, 19, 34
Pottery, Chinese, 178
---- Monument of, 80
Pottier, M. André, 132
Pottle-pot, 77
Poutai, Chinese God, 64, 176
Prices of Henri-Deux Ware, 136
---- of Wedgwood Ware, 174
Prime, William C., 76, 89, 92, 100, 282, 244, 285, 287, 296, 306, 307, 334
Prizes for Victors, 48
Prize Vase, Athenian, 49
Prochoos, 46
Protestant Persecutions in France, 123
Pruyn, J. V. L., 270, 300, 302
Q
Queen Elizabeth's Housekeeping, 161
Queen's Ware, Wedgwood's, 166
R
Raffaelle Ware, 106
Reindeer Age, 15
Reticulated Cups, 197
Rhode Island, Rouen Pottery in, 146
Rhodian Pottery, 87
Rhyton, 47
Ringler, Potter, 249
Ritter, 99
Robinson, Mr. J. C., 133
Rockingham Porcelain, 312
Rockwell, Mrs., 218
Roman Pottery, 124, 27, 161
Rörstrand, 325
Rose, John, Potter, 312
Rose, Painter, 300
Rothschild, Baron, 267, 276
Rouen Pottery, 142, 255
Rouse and Turner, Potters, 340
Roux, Maître, 146
Rovigo, Francisco Xanto Avelli da, 104, 108
Ruch, Painter, 327
Ruel, Durand, M., 149
Russia, Porcelain of, 327
S
Saladin, Porcelain sent by, 204
Salt-glaze, 73, 162
Salzmann, Mr., 89
Samian Ware, 25
Samos, Cup of, 26
Sappho, 57
Sarcophagus of Pottery, 80
Sarreguemines Pottery, 149
Satsuma Ware, 224, 228
Saxon Porcelain, 230
Sceaux-Penthièvre, 257
---- Marks, 257
School Education, 163
Ségange, M. Broc de, 139
Seipsius, Painter, 327
Sèvres Marks, 273
---- Porcelain, 258
Sgraffiato Ware, 119
Sheffield, Lord, 335
Shelton Porcelain, 312
Simplicity, Greek, 265
Six-mark Porcelain, 192
Skyphos, 46
Slip, 98
Smith and Sons, Potters, 334
Socrates, 61
Solon, Painter, 315
Spanish Pottery, 64
Spode, Josiah, Potter, 313
---- Porcelain, 313
Sprimont, Potter, 293
Staffordshire Potteries, 174
Stamnos, 45
Stanniferous Glaze, 72, 83, 93, 98
States, Potter, 337
St.-Cloud Porcelain, 254
Steel, Daniel, 166
Steen, Jan, 155
Stenzel, 245
Stoke-upon-Trent, 162
Stone Age, 15
Stone-ware, 161
Stonington Pottery, 337
St. Petersburg, 327
Strasbourg Pottery, 148
Stratford-le-Bow, 290
Swansea Porcelain, 311
Sweden, Porcelain of, 324
Symbolic Animals, Chinese, 187
---- Colors, Chinese, 188
---- Marks, 200
T
Table-Furniture, Early American, 334
Taiping Rebels, 178, 181
Tea and Teapots, 158
Tea-Services, Delft, 157
Terra-Cotta, Wedgwood's, 167
Terraglia Faience, 281
_Terre de Pipe_, 73, 134
Tiffany and Co., 306, 316
Tiles, Dutch, 160
---- Moorish, 83
---- Persian or Arabic, 92
Toltecs, 21
Tombs, Egyptian, 71
---- Relics from, 31
Tournay Porcelain, 323
Trenton Potteries, 341
Treviso Porcelain, 281
Tripods, 70
Tschirnhaus, 231
Tucker and Hemphill, Potters, 332
Tuppi, Painter, 279
Turin Porcelain, 281
Turkey, Porcelain sold in, 246, 299, 303
Turkish Pottery, 65
Turner, Thomas, Potter, 311
Turquoise-Blue Porcelain, 193
Tver Porcelain, 330
Tyg, 162
U
Unglazed Pottery, 63
United States, Pottery and Porcelain of the, 331
Urban VIII., Pope, 172
Urbino, 102
V
Valencia, 86
Van der Meer, 155
Vandervelde, William, 155
Variegated-leaved Porcelain, 219
Varnish, 69
Varsanni, Painter, 246
Vase, Alhambra, 84
---- Etruscan, 62
---- Great Numbers of, 53
---- Greek, 29
---- Pictures on, 61
---- Sèvres, 263
Venice Porcelain, 279
Vermont Potteries, Early, 339
Vezzi, Potter, 279
Vienna Exposition, 181
---- Porcelain, 245
Vincennes Porcelain, 259
Violins, Delft, 157
Virginia Clays, 290
W
Wales, George W., 90, 94, 146, 185, 238, 269, 285, 296, 302, 306, 326
Wall, Dr., 303
Wallace, Sir Richard, 112, 315
Washington Pitchers, 338
Watcombe Pottery, 67
Water-Coolers, 63
Wech, Painter, 246
Wedgwood, Josiah, 163, 333
Wedgwoods, The, Potters, 314
Wedgwood Ware, Prices of, 174
Weesp Porcelain, 321
Wegeley, Mr., 242
Wheel, Potter's, 19
Wilkinson, Sir Gardiner, 70
Williams, H. D., 220
Willow-Pattern, 311
Woman, The Greek, 54
Worcester Porcelain, 303
Wyman, Miss, 185
X
Xantippe, 61
Xanto, 104, 108
Z
Zeuxis, 44
THE END.
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FOOTNOTES:
[1] _See_ Demmin, "Guide," etc., p. 130.
[2] "La Poterie Gauloise, Description de la Collection Charvet," par
Henri du Cleuziou, Paris, 1872.
[3] Birch's "History of Ancient Pottery."
[4] "Guide de l'Amateur de Faïences et Porcelaines."
[5] "Traité des Arts céramiques."
[6] Published at Nevers in 1863.
[7] Demmin says that MM. Jauffret et Mouton are at work there still.
[8] Earthen-ware.
[9] "Histoire de la Porcelaine Chinoise."
[10] Marryat, "Pottery and Porcelain."
[11] Jacquemart.
[12] From a Chinese dictionary quoted by Jacquemart.
[13] This mandarin porcelain Mr. A. W. Franks, the latest writer on
the subject, believes was made in China; and thus he differs from
Jacquemart.
[14] The crown thus becomes three shillings and sixpence sterling.
[15] "Marks and Monographs of Pottery and Porcelain," G. W. Chaffers.
[16] Bohn's Catalogue.
[17] An article made of fire-clay, to place the china in when being
burnt.
* * * * *
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
and and that time=> and that time {pg 7}
Louis Phillippe=> Louis Philippe, {pg 269}