PAPINEAU AND THE PATRIOTS, IN 1833—THE BURNING OF
“LE CANADIEN” BY THE CURATE OF ST. CHARLES.
The name of Louis Joseph Papineau will be forever dear to the French
Canadians; for whatever may be the political party to which one belongs
in Canada, he cannot deny that it is to the ardent patriotism, the
indomitable energy, and the remarkable eloquence of that great patriot,
that Canada is indebted for the greater part of the political reforms
which promise in a near future to raise the country of my birth to the
rank of a great and free nation.
It is not my intention to speak of the political parties which divided
the people of Canada into two camps in 1833. The long and trying abuses
under which our conquered race was groaning, and which at last brought
about the bloody insurrections of 1837 and 1838, are matters of history,
which do not pertain to the plea of this work. I will speak of Papineau,
and the brilliant galaxy of talented young men by whom he was surrounded
and supported, only in connection with their difficulties with the
clergy and the Church of Rome.
Papineau, Lefontaine, Bedard, Cartier and others, though born in the
Church of Rome, were only nominal Romanists. I have been personally
acquainted with every one of them, and I know they were not in the habit
of confessing. Several times I invited them to fulfil that duty, which I
considered, then, of the utmost importance to be saved. They invariably
answered me with jests, which distressed me; for I could see that they
did not believe in the efficacy of auricular confession. These men were
honest and earnest in their efforts to raise their countrymen from the
humiliating and inferior position which they occupied compared with the
conquering race. They well understood that the first thing to be done in
order to put the French Canadians on a level with their British
compatriots, was to give good schools to the people; and they bravely
set themselves to show the necessity of having a good system of
education, for the country as well as for the city. But at the very
first attempt they found an insurmountable barrier to their patriotic
views in the clergy. The priests had everywhere the good common sense to
understand that their absolute power over the people was due to its
complete ignorance. They felt that that power would decrease in the same
proportion that light and education would spread among the masses. Hence
the almost insurmountable obstacles put by the clergy before the
patriots, to prevent them from reforming the system of education. The
only source of education, then in Canada, with the exception of the
colleges of Quebec, Montreal and Nicolet, consisted in one or two
schools in the principal parishes, entirely under the control of the
priests, and kept by their most devoted servants, while the new parishes
had none at all. The greater part of these teachers knew very little
more, and required nothing more from their pupils, than the reading of
the A, B, C, and their little catechism. When once admitted to the first
communion, the A, B, C, and the little catechism were soon forgotten,
and 95 in 100 of the French Canadian people were not even able to sign
their names! In many parishes, the curate, with his school-teacher, the
notary, and a half-dozen of others, were the only persons who could read
or write a letter. Papineau and his patriotic friends understood that
the French Canadian people were doomed to remain an inferior race in
their own country, if they were left in that shameful state of
ignorance. They did not conceal their indignation at the obstacles
placed by the clergy to prevent them from amending the system of
education. Several eloquent speeches were made by Papineau, who was
their “Parliament Speaker,” in answer to the clergy. The curates, in
their pulpits, as well as by the press, tried to show that Canada had
the best possible system of education—that the people were happy—that
too much education would bring into Canada the bitter fruits which had
grown in France,—infidelity, revolution, riots, bloodshed; that the
people were too poor to pay the heavy taxes which would be imposed for
the new system of education. In one of his addresses, Papineau answered
this last argument, showing the immense sums of money, foolishly given
by those so-called poor people, to gild the ceilings of the church (as
was the usage then). He made a calculation of the tithes paid to the
priests; of the costly images and statues of saints, which were to be
seen then, around all the interior of the churches, and he boldly said
that the priests would do better to induce the people to establish good
schools, and pay respectable teachers, than to lavish their money on
objects which were of so little benefit.
That address, which was reproduced by the only French paper of Quebec,
“Le Canadien,” fell upon the clergy like a hurricane upon a rotten
house, shaking it to its foundation. Everywhere Papineau and his party
were denounced as infidels, more dangerous than Protestants, and plans
were immediately laid down to prevent the people from reading “Le
Canadien,” the only French paper they could receive. Not more than half
a dozen were receiving it in St. Charles; but they used to read it to
their neighbors, who gathered on Sabbath afternoons to hear its
contents. We at first tried, through the confessional, to persuade the
subscribers to reject it, under the pretext that it was a bad paper;
that it spoke against the priests and would finally destroy our holy
religion. But, to our great dismay, our efforts failed. The curates then
had recourse to a more efficacious way of preserving the faith of the
people.
The postmaster of St. Charles was, then, a man whom Mr. Perras had got
educated at his own expense in the seminary of Quebec. His name was
Chabot. That man was a perfect machine in the hands of his benefactor.
Mr. Perras forbade him to deliver any more of the numbers of that
journal to the subscribers, when there would be anything unfavorable to
the clergy in its columns. “Give them to me,” said he, “that I may burn
them, and when the people come to get them, give them such evasive
answers, that they may believe that it is the editor’s fault, or of some
other post-offices, if they have not received it.” From that day, every
time there was any censure of the clergy, the poor paper was consigned
to the flames. One evening, when Mr. Perras had, in my presence, thrown
a bundle of these papers into the stove, I told him: “Please allow me to
express to you my surprise at this act. Have we really the right to
deprive the subscribers of that paper, of their property? That paper is
theirs, they have paid for it. How can we take upon ourselves to destroy
it without their permission! Besides, you know the old proverb: _Les
pierres parlent_. (Stones speak.) If it were known by our people that we
destroy their papers, would not the consequences be very serious? Now,
Mr. Perras, you know my sincere respect for you, and I hope I do not go
against that respect by asking you to tell me by what right or authority
you do this? I would not put this question to you if you were the only
one who does it. But I know several others who do just the same thing. I
will, probably, be obliged, when a curate, to act in the same manner,
and I wish to know on what grounds I shall be justified in acting as you
do.”
“Are we not the spiritual fathers of our people,” answered Mr. Perras.
I replied, “Yes, sir, we are surely the spiritual fathers of our
people.” “Then,” rejoined Mr. Perras, “we have in spiritual matters all
the rights and duties which temporal fathers have, in temporal things,
toward their children. If a father sees a sharp knife in the hands of
his beloved but inexperienced child, and if he has good reasons to fear
that the dear child may wound himself, nay, destroy his own life with
that knife, is it not his duty, before God and man, to take it from his
hands and prevent him from touching it any more?”
“Yes,” I answered, “but allow me to draw your attention to a little
difference which I see between the corporal and the spiritual children
of your comparison. In the case you bring forward, of a father who takes
away the knife from the hands of a young and inexperienced child, that
knife has, very probably, been bought by the father. It has been paid
for with that father’s money. It is, then, the father’s knife. But the
papers of your spiritual children, which you have thrown into your
stove, have been paid for by them, and not by you. They are theirs,
then, before the laws of God and man, and they are not yours.”
I saw that my answer had cut the good old priest to the quick, and he
became more nervous than I had ever seen him. “I see that you are
young,” answered he; “you have not yet had time to meditate on the great
and broad principles of our holy church. I confess there is a difference
in the rights of the two children to which I had not paid attention, and
which, at first sight, may seem to diminish the strength of my argument.
But I have, here, an argument which will satisfy you, I hope. Some weeks
ago, I wrote to our venerable Bishop Panet about my intention of burning
that miserable and impious paper, “Le Canadien,” to prevent it from
poisoning the minds of our people against us, and he has approved me,
adding the advice, to be very prudent, and to act so secretly that there
would be no danger in being detected. Here is the letter of the holy
bishop, you may read it, if you like.”
“I thank you,” I replied, “I believe that what you say in reference to
that letter is correct. But suppose that our good bishop has made a
mistake in advising you to burn those papers, would you not have some
reasons to regret that burning, should you, sooner or later, detect that
mistake?”
“A reason of regretting to follow the advice of my superiors! Never!
Never? I fear, my dear young friend, that you do not sufficiently
understand the duties of an inferior, and the sacred rights of superiors
in our holy church. Have you not been told by your superiors in the
college of Nicolet, that there can be no sin in an inferior, who obeys
the orders or counsels of his legitimate superiors?”
“Yes sir,” I answered, “the Rev. Mr. Leprohon has told us that, in the
college of Nicolet.”
“But,” rejoined Mr. Perras, “your last question makes me fear that you
have forgotten what you have learned there. My dear young friend, do not
forget that it was the want of respect to their ecclesiastical
superiors, which caused the apostacy of Luther and Calvin, and damned so
many millions of heretics who have followed them. But in order to bring
your rebellious mind under the holy yoke of a perfect submission to your
superiors, I will show you, by our greatest and most approved
theologian, that I can burn these papers, without doing anything wrong
before God.”
He then went to his library, and brought me a volume of Liguori, from
which he read to me the following Latin words: Docet Sanchez, No.
19.—Parato aliquem occidere licite posse suaderi ut ab eo furetur, vel
ut fornicatur (Page 419.) “It is allowed to commit a sin of a lesser
degree, in order to prevent one of a graver nature.” With an air of
triumph he said, “Do you see now that I am absolutely justifiable in
destroying these pestilential papers. According to those principles of
our holy Church, you know well that even a woman is allowed to commit
the sin of adultery with a man who threatens to kill her, or himself, if
she rebukes him; because murder and suicide are greater crimes, and more
irremediable than adultery. So the burning of those papers, though a
sin, if done through malice, or without legitimate reasons, ceases to be
a sin; it is a holy action the moment I do it, to prevent the
destruction of our holy religion, and to save immortal souls.”
I must confess, to my shame, that the degrading principles of absolute
submission of the inferior to the superiors, which flattens everything
to the ground in the Church of Rome, had so completely wrought their
deadly work on me, that it was my wish to attain to that supreme
perfection of the priest of the Church of Rome, to become like a stick
in the hands of my superiors—like a corpse in their presence. But my God
was stronger than his unfaithful and blind servant, and he never allowed
me to go down to the bottom of that abyss of folly and impiety. In spite
of myself, I had left in me sufficient manhood to express my doubts
about that awful doctrine of my Church.
“I do not want to revolt against my superiors,” I answered, “and I hope
God will prevent me from falling into the abyss where Luther and Calvin
lost themselves. I only respectfully request you to tell me, if you
would not regret the burning of these papers, in case you would know
that Bishop Panet made a mistake in granting you the power of destroying
a property which is neither yours nor his—a property over which neither
of you has any control?”
It was the first time that I was not entirely of the same mind with Mr.
Perras. Till then, I had not been brave, honest or independent enough to
oppose his views and his _ipse dixit_, though often tempted to do so.
The desire of living in peace with him; the sincere respect which his
many virtues and venerable age commanded in me; the natural timidity,
not to say cowardice, of a young, inexperienced man, in the presence of
a learned and experienced priest, had kept me, till then, in perfect
submission to the views of my aged curate. But it seemed impossible to
yield any longer, and to bow my conscience before principles, which
seemed to me then, as I am sure they are now, subversive of everything
which is good and holy among men. I took the big Bible, which was on the
table, and I opened it at the history of Susanna, and I answered: “My
dear Mr. Perras, God has chosen you to be my teacher, and I have learned
many things since it has been my privilege to be with you. But I have
much more to learn, before I know all that your books and your long
experience have taught you. I hope you will not find fault with me, if I
honestly tell you that in spite of myself, there is a doubt in my mind
about this doctrine of our theologians,” and I said: “Is there anything
more sublime, in the whole Bible, than that feeble woman Susanna, in the
hands of those two infamous men? With a diabolical impudence and malice,
they threaten to destroy her, and to take her before a tribunal which
will surely condemn her to the most ignoble death, if she does not
consent to satisfy their criminal desires. She is just in the position
alluded to by Liguori. What will she do? Will she be guided by the
principles of our theologians? Will she consent to become an adulteress
in order to prevent those two men from perjuring themselves, and
becoming murderers, by causing her to be stoned to death, as was
required by the law of the Jews? No! She raises her eyes and her soul
towards the God whom she loves and fears more than anything in the
world, and she says: “I am straitened on every side, for if I do this
thing it is death unto me; and if I do it not, I cannot escape your
hands. It is better for me to fall into your hands, and not to do it,
than to sin in the sight of the Lord.” Has not God Almighty himself
shown that he approved of that heroic resolution of Susanna, to die
rather than commit adultery. Does He not show that He planted, Himself,
in that noble soul, the principle that it is better to die than break
the laws of God when he brought his prophet Daniel, and gave him a
supernatural wisdom to save the life of Susanna? If that woman had been
guided by the principles of Ligouri, which, I confess to you with
regret, are the principles accepted everywhere in our Church (principles
which have guided you in the burning of “Le Canadien,”) she would have
consented to the desires of those infamous men. Nay, if she had been
interrogated by her husband, or by the judges on that action, she would
have been allowed to swear before God and men, that she was not guilty
of it. Now, my dear Mr. Perras, do you not find that there is some
clashing between the Word of God, as taught in the Holy Scriptures, and
the teachings of our Church, through the theologians?”
Never have I seen such a sudden change in the face and manners of a man,
at I saw in that hour. That Mr. Perras, who had, till then, spoken with
so much kindness and dignity, completely lost his temper. Instead of
answering me, he abruptly rose to his feet, and began to pace the room
with a quick step. After some time, he told me: “Mr. Chiniquy, you
forget that when you were ordained a priest, you swore that you would
never interpret the Holy Scriptures according to your own fallible
private judgment; you solemnly promised that you would take them only
according to the unanimous consent of the Holy Fathers speaking to you
through your superiors. Has not Ligouri been approved by the Popes, by
all the bishops of the Church? We have then, here, the true doctrine
which must guide us. But instead of submitting yourself with humility,
as it becomes a young and inexperienced priest, you boldly appeal to the
Scriptures, against the decisions of Popes and bishops; against the
voice of all your superiors, speaking to you through Liguori. Where will
that boldness end? Ah! I tremble for you if you do not speedily change;
you are on the high road to heresy!”
These last words had hardly fallen from his lips when the clock struck 9
p. m. He abruptly stopped speaking, and said: “This is the hour of
prayer.” We knelt and prayed.
I need not say that that night was a sleepless one to me. I wept and
prayed all through its long dark hours. I felt that I had lost, and
forever, the high position I had in the heart of my old friend, and that
I had probably compromised myself, forever, in the eyes of my superiors,
who were the absolute masters of my destinies. I condemned myself for
that inopportune appeal to the Holy Scriptures, against the _ipse dixit_
of my superiors. I asked God to destroy in me that irresistible tendency
by which I was constantly going to the Word of God to know the truth,
instead of remaining at the feet of my superiors, with the rest of the
clergy, as the only fountain of knowledge and light.
But, thanks be to God, that blasphemous prayer was never to be granted.