to a conference to discuss the establishment of a staple in
Flanders.
_1322, 6 June._—The king orders that the goods and
merchandise of the subjects of John, duke of Brabant, shall
not be arrested.
_1323, 10 April._—Notification of the settlement of all
disputes between the captains of five galleys of Venice and
the town of Southampton.
_1323, 16 April._—The king having pardoned the misconduct of
the five Venetian galleys at Southampton, the Venetians may
therefore trade with England in safety.
_1324, 28 Jan._—The king orders that all ships belonging to
the subjects of the count of Zealand be arrested.
_1324, 10 May._—The king being about to vindicate his rights
in Aquitaine, orders the mayor of Southampton and twelve
other ports to provide him with shipping.
_1324, 10 May._—The king orders that the said ships shall be
ready upon three days’ notice.
_1324, 18 Sept._—The king of England assures Sanctius, king
of Majorca, that he is ready to do justice in the matter of
his ships, which are said to have been plundered by English
pirates.
_1324, 18 Dec._—The king orders that search may be made
at various ports for letters from abroad which may be
prejudicial to the crown.
_1325, 18 Feb._—The king of England to James, king of Aragon,
respecting the seizure of the galleys of the king of Majorca.
_1325, 7 May._—The king of England asks Alphonso, king of
Portugal, and his mother Isabella, to permit provisions to be
conveyed into Gascony.
_1325, 10 May._—The town of Bruges appoints proctors to treat
with the king respecting commercial intercourse between
Flanders and England.
EDW. III. _1326, 18 Feb._—The king orders inquiry to be made
respecting a whale cast ashore upon the manor of Walton, belonging
to the church of St. Paul’s London.
_1326, 3 Dec._—Writ for the payment of £10 to certain sailors
of Bayonne who had aided Queen Isabella in coming into
England from abroad.
_1327, 30 April._—The king to the burgomasters of Bruges,
offering to make reparation for the capture near Boulogne of
a ship of Nieuport by men of Sandwich and Winchelsea.
_1331, 5 Feb._—The king orders the sheriffs of Gloucester and
Somersetshire to allow William de Clyvedon and two others to
export 600 quarters of corn to Ireland, where there is great
scarcity.
_1331, 14 Oct._—William de Clynton, constable of Dover
Castle and warden of the Cinque Ports, is commanded to allow
fishermen to be paid for their goods in English money,
notwithstanding the act against taking money out of the realm.
_1333, 6 Oct._—The king requests Alphonso, king of Aragon, to
withdraw the letters of marque granted to Berenger de la Tone.
_1335, 16 May._—Power to William de la Pole and others to
treat with Louis, count of Flanders, and the commonalties of
Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres, about the piracies, &c., committed
on both sides.
_1335, 26 May._—The king requests John, duke of Brittany,
earl of Richmond, to make redress for four anchors taken
by his subjects from the ship of John Perbroun, of Great
Yarmouth, wrecked on the coast of Garound in Brittany.
_1335, 26 Aug._—The mayor and sheriffs of London are
commanded to send to the king the ships arrested in the port
of London, and to pay 60 marks of the 500 marks granted by
them in lieu of men.
_1335, 20 Sept._—The king orders William de Clynton, warden
of the Cinque Ports, to provide ships for the return home of
certain knights in the company of the count of Juliers.
_1336, 15 March._—The king orders the mayor and bailiffs of
Bristol to take sureties from all masters of ships of the
Cinque Ports which come to Bristol, that they will return
to their proper ports to be equipped for the defence of the
realm.
_1336, 3 May._—The exportation of timber or boards fit for
ship-building forbidden.
_1336, 6 May._—The king orders John de Cobham, John de
Segrave, and John de Wyndesore to pay 100 marks to Alexander
Hurtyn, of Dover, deputy of William de Clynton, warden of
the Cinque Ports, as part payment of £87 10_s._ which he has
spent on the passage of the count of Juliers.
_1336, 28 June._—The king, having heard that the crews of
the ships arrested in North Wales refuse to serve without
being prepaid their wages, orders Richard, earl of Arundel,
justiciary of North Wales, to survey the ships and give the
crews a reward. Similar letter to the justiciary of South
Wales.
_1336, 4 July._—The king releases the commonalty of Genoa
from the payment of customs, to the amount of 8,000 marks,
in recompense for a ship of Yoan Lucian taken by Hugh le
Despenser.
_1336, 5 Aug._—The king orders John de Norwich, admiral of
the fleet, from the Thames northward, who is searching for
hostile galleys, consisting of ships of Great Yarmouth, to
hold no communication with the men of the Cinque Ports, in
consequence of the dissensions between them and the men of
Yarmouth. Similar letter to Geoffrey de Say, admiral of the
fleet south of the Thames.
_1336, 2 Oct._—The king thanks Robert, king of Jerusalem and
Sicily, for having stopped the equipment of ships which,
under colour of assisting the Holy Land, were intended to be
used against England; and desires credence for Nicolin Flisco
of Genoa.
_1336, 2 Oct._—The king thanks the Genoese for having burnt
certain galleys which were being prepared against him; and
desires credence for Nicolin Flisco.
_1336, 2 Oct._—Power to Nicolin de Flasco [sic], called
“Cardinal of Genoa,” to hire galleys for the king’s service.
_1337, 28 Jan._—The sheriffs of London are ordered to deliver
to Thomas de Sapleford, overseer of the works in the Tower,
5000 (?) of iron, 200 Eastland boards, and 100 qrs. of
sea-coal, for making anchors for the _Cristoffre_ and the
_Cogge Edward_, and for other works.
_1337, 1 Aug._—The king orders William Fraunk and Reginald
de Donyngton to deliver a ship to William de la Pole, of
Kingston-on-Hull, and Reginald de Conductu, for the purpose
of exporting 30,000 sacks of wool. Similar letter to the
mayor and sheriffs of London.
_1338, 20 May._—The king has been petitioned by Peter de
Puyane, admiral of the fleet at Bayonne, to grant him the
rent of £6 on every whale caught at Biarritz, and other rents
and dues in Bedured, in the bailiwick of Goes; and desires
the seneschal of Gascony and the constable of Bordeaux to
report as to their value.
_1343, 20 May._—The king orders Richard de Aldeburgh and
four others, to make inquisition concerning the carrying of
two whales and two sturgeons, worth £3000, from the Manor of
Hoveden; the bishop of Durham having wrecks of the sea and
the right to the royal fish.
_1346, 20 Nov._—Thomas de Drayton and two others are
commissioned to provide twenty fishing smacks and ten boats
for the siege of Calais. Similar commission for thirty
vessels to Thomas Spigurnel and Philip de Whitton.
_1348, 1 Oct._—Writs to the sheriffs of London, and the
mayors and bailiff of seventeen seaports, to unload merchant
ships and send them to join the fleet.
_1354, 8 July._—The king informs the captain and council of
Genoa, that he has assigned the duty on 1000 sacks of wool
for the redress of injuries to Genoa ships.
_1355, 27 April._—Richard de Cortenhall and Robert de Baildon
are appointed to arrest ships of twenty tons and upwards from
the Thames to Lynn, and bring them to Southampton by June 11
for the conveyance of Edward, Prince of Wales, to Gascony.
_1360, 24 March._—John Beech, master of the sloop _La Cogg
Johan_, of Sandwich, is ordered to unload his ship and
prepare it for war. Similar orders to six other masters.
_1362, 22 Feb._—Commission to Hugh de Courtenaye, earl of
Devon, and two others, to inquire into the plunder of a ship
called _Tarrit_ (_Tarida?_), and other ships wrecked at
Plymouth.
HEN. IV. _1406, 6 April._—The king orders the mayor and sheriffs
of London, and the mayors and bailiffs of Newcastle-upon-Tyne,
and nineteen other towns, to arrange for the fulfilment of the
covenant made in parliament for committing the custody of the sea
to merchants.
_1406, 20 Oct._—The king forbids the collectors of subsidies
and customs in London, and fourteen other towns to pay the
sums assigned to the merchants for the custody of the sea, as
they have failed in their engagement.
_1410, 18 Nov._—The king orders Henry prince of Wales,
constable of Dover Castle, and warden of the Cinque Ports,
to make restitution to John Dirdolf and others of Berflet in
Flanders, whose ships have been taken by Sir John Prendergest.
_1411, 26 June._—Licence to John Ferkyn to send the two small
guns which he made for a ship, in the ship of Spain in which
the king is sending his great guns to Spain.
_1411, 9 Sept._—The king informs the council of North Berve,
in Norway, of his forbidding the Hanse merchants leaving
England in consequence of the injuries done to English
merchants, and of the licence given to nine merchants at St.
Botolph to leave England.
HEN. VI. _1436, 5 July._—Proclamations to be made by the sheriffs
of London, Kent, and three others, forbidding armourers and
victuallers increasing their prices in consequence of the assembly
of the duke of Gloucester’s troops; and ordering merchants to send
goods to Calais.
_1438, 29 Jan._—Licence to John, bishop of Skalholt, in
Iceland, to take a ship to Iceland and send it back with
merchandise for the payment of his creditors.
_1438, 18 Feb._—Similar licence to John, bishop of Holar.
_1440, 26 Feb._—Licence to John Secheford and John Candeler
to export corn and other victuals to Iceland for the use of
the bishop of Scalhelte, confessor of the king of Denmark.
_1449, 22 Dec._—Licence to John Taverner, of Hull, to export
goods to Italy through the straits of Marrot (Marocco), in
his new ship or carrack, called the _Grace Dieu_.
_1458, 8 June._—Licence to George Morsleyn, merchant of
Cracow, to bring a ruby weighing 214 carats, for sale to
England.
_1460, 9 May._—Safe-conduct for a ship laden with Caen stone
for the repairs of Westminster Abbey.
APPENDIX No. 9.
_Form of “Safe-Conduct.”_ (38 HEN. VI., A.D. 1459-60.)
[Sidenote: Concerning safe-conduct.]
The king by his letters patent, having force for one year, of his
special favour took into his safe and sure conduct, and into his
special protection, keeping, and defence, Robert le Forrester, Roger le
Clerk, Leonard Banche, and John de Cormeilles, merchants of Normandy,
and each of them and the factors, attorneys, and servants of them and
of each of them, with liberty to travel into the realms of the king of
England, and through other the domains, possessions, and territories
of the king whatsoever or whithersoever else it shall seem good to
them, with one ship called the _Grace Dieu_, of Rouen, of the burthen
of seventy casks or under, of which John Gognes, Nandin le Bastier,
Martin Handry, John le Blanc, John Masse, or William Emery is master,
with goods and merchandise of any kind whatsoever, and with twenty
mariners and one mate (_pagesto_) as steersman of the same ship,
together with the accoutrements, furniture, and other fittings of any
kind whatsoever, that may be necessary for their own persons and for
the defence of the said ship and of themselves, to be taken and borne
with them conjointly or separately, as well by land as by sea, either
on horseback or on foot, in journeying to the same place, tarrying,
sojourning, abiding, and transacting business as merchants; and in
unloading the aforesaid ship and reloading her with other goods and
articles of merchandise, of whatsoever kind they may be, not belonging
to the staple of Calais, in passing out of and returning into the same
kingdom, domains, possessions, and territories of the aforesaid king,
with the aforesaid ship reloaded, and with the master, mariners, and
mate, with their accoutrements, furniture, and fittings aforesaid,
safely and securely to foreign parts, so often as it shall seem good
to them during the continuance of the present safe-conduct of the
king, freely, without any let, disturbance, or hindrance whatsoever,
notwithstanding any marque, counter-marque, or reprisal granted or to
be granted, or any other cause or matter whatsoever. And therefore,
etc., provided always that good security be given to the king for the
customs, aids, and other moneys due to the king on account of the
aforesaid goods and merchandise, as is equitable. Provided also, that
the aforesaid Robert, Roger, Leonard, and John de Cormeilles, their
factors, attorneys, servants, master, mariners, and mate, and those
who accompany them, bear and conduct themselves properly and honestly
towards the king and his subjects, and do not attempt, or anyone of
them attempt, or dare to attempt, or any one of them dare to attempt
anything which may turn out to the contempt or injury, the loss or
inconvenience of the said king or of the subjects of the said king in
any way whatsoever. And that they, nor any one of them shall by any
means enter into any camp, fortress, or fortified town belonging to the
king unless they shall first show, or some one of them shall show, to
the commandants, mayors, or governors, there present, royal letters
of safe-conduct. And if it shall chance that any one of the aforesaid
Robert, Roger, Leonard, John de Cormeilles, their factors, attorneys,
servants, master, mariners, and mate, or any of those who accompany
them, does not wish to invalidate the present safe-conduct of the king,
and yet to others who do not invalidate it, any damage or inconvenience
should accrue, but he desires in the case of any individual or
individuals who thus invalidate it, that their persons and property
should be safe, then let them bring with them this _vidimus_, or a
transcript or translation of these presents, executed in conformity
with the king’s genuine seal of obedience, to which implicit belief
is to be yielded as it would be to the original. Witness, the king at
Westminster, the 9th day of April.[773]
By the king himself verbally
Conformable with original
(Signed)
WILLIAM RILEY.
APPENDIX No. 10.
_Form for the Arrest of Ships._
[Sidenote: Concerning the arrest of ships.]
The king to his well beloved John Accleve and John Scadlock, greeting.
Know ye that having full confidence in your fidelity and prudence we
have appointed you to arrest all and singular the ships and other
vessels both of our kingdom of England and of foreign parts of the
burthen of twenty casks and upwards lying in our port of London, and
to cause them to be conveyed with all possible speed to the port of
our town of Southampton, to serve on our present voyage for our moneys
reasonably to be expended in this part. Wherefore we command you that
you give due heed to these instructions and carry them out in the form
aforesaid. Moreover, we charge all and singular the sheriffs, mayors,
constables, bailiffs, ministers, and others concerned by the tenor
of these presents, and strictly enjoin them that they should assist
you in the execution of these presents, both by advice and by active
support as it is fitting. In witness whereof, &c. Witness the king at
Southampton the 27th July. By the king himself. Pat. 3 Hen. part i. M.
25 b.[774]
APPENDIX No. 11.
_Form for the Arrest of Mariners._
[Sidenote: Concerning the arrest of mariners.]
The king to his beloved Haukin Pytman, master of a certain ship called
the _Weathercock of the Tower_, (?) greeting. Know that we having full
confidence in your fidelity and prudence have appointed you to arrest
and seize so many mariners and servants as may be necessary for the
management of the said ship as well within the liberties as without,
and to place them and cause them to be placed in the aforesaid ship,
under our security for their reasonable wages to be paid through your
hands. Wherefore we enjoin you to give good heed in the matter of these
premises and carry them out in the form aforesaid. Moreover, we charge
all and singular the sheriffs, mayors, bailiffs, constables, ministers,
and others our lieges and subjects within and without the liberties by
the tenor of these presents, and strictly command that they afford you
aid in the execution of these presents, both by their advice and by
active assistance as is fitting. In witness whereof, &c. Witness the
king at Westminster the 2nd day of January. Patent 3 Henry, 5, part i.
M. 12 b.[775]
APPENDIX No. 12.
_Register of Grants._
“A book in fol. formerly belonging (as it is said) to the Lord
Treasurer Burleigh, but lately bought of Mr. Strype; being a register
of the grants, &c., passing the privy seal, royal signet, or sign
manual during the reigns of King Edward V. and King Richard III., with
some other entries made upon other occasions or in other reigns.”
Among them are the following entries:
1592.—Licence to Loys de Grymaldes, Merchaunt of the parties of
Jeane (Genoa), to bring into this realme Dyamount and other Gemmys
or preciouse stones; to th’ entent, that if they be for the king’s
pleasure, he may have the sale (_i.e._, the pre-emption) thereof
before alle other. Yeoven at London the 9th day of Decembre,
anno primo. f. 130.
1636.—Commission to the Magistrates, &c., of the Port Towns, to
man out their small Vessels and help the English Fleet in case
they shall see them engaged with the Fleet of the Bretons, now
lieng in Flannders. Yeven the 20th day of Dec., anno primo. f.
136.
1749.—Letter to the Owners, Maisters, &c., of the Naveye of the
Counties of Norff. & Suff. entending to departe unto the parties
of Islande (Iceland): requiring them not to depart towards the
said parties of Islande without the king’s licence: But to
assemble themselves well harneyshed & apparelled for their owne
suretie; and soo to departe alle togidere towarde Humbre, to
attend there upon the King’s Shippes of Hulle, as their Waughters
(_i.e._, Waiters, or Convoy) for the suertie of them alle. Yeven
the 23rd day of February, anno primo. f. 159. b.
2065.—Letters given to Gregory Walder, Maister of the Ship
Marie-Lewe, of Lebyke (Lubeck), for his discharge touching the
said ship, which being a stranger and dryven into Dertmouthe
was (according to the olde uses and custumes of Englande by the
Royall prerogatyve) reteyned for the King’s use and bought at
his reasonable price. Yeven at London 21 Jan., anno 2do. f.
203.[776]
APPENDIX No. 13.
_Ancient Form of Procedure for the restitution of Goods unlawfully
seized._
Endorsed in French. On the 15th day of June in the 13th year [of King
Richard II.], there being present at Westminster the Chancellor, the
Treasurer, the bishop of Lo[ndon], the bishop of Sarum, the bishop of
Hereford, Monsr. Richard Lescro[~p], Monsr. William Lescrop, this
examination was read, and the advice of the above persons and of the
Guardian of the Privy seal, that restitution be made of the xiiij. tuns
of wine.
[Sidenote: Original in Latin.]
The following examination was made on the 29th day of Novr., in the
13th year of King Richard II. [A.D. 1389], by Master Edmund Stafford,
keeper of the Privy seal, and Edward Dalingru[~gg], and Richard Stury,
knts., for the time being of the king’s council, by the same council
especially appointed for this affair, upon that, namely, that from a
certain ship of a certain Commendator of Germany, with certain casks of
wine and other divers merchandises of the goods of Valascus Vincentius
and Gunsalous Johannes, Merchants of Portugal, laden, and taken at sea
by Englishmen of Sandwich against the will of the said merchants, and
taken into the port of Sandwich, Robert de Assh’ton, while he lived,
Constable of Dover Castle, had, as is said, 14 casks of wine, applied
to his own uses, for which satisfaction had not yet been made, as is
said, although the same Robert while he lived had been frequently
applied to for it.
Thomas Elys, forty years of age and upwards, sworn, and examined, and
diligently required respecting the said matter, says that about 7 years
ago at Sandwich 14 casks of wine were taken from the aforesaid ship
on the part of Robert Assh’ton for his own uses, as he then heard of
public rumour, going about those parts. And of the other casks of wine
taken in the same ship restitution was made, as he says, by command of
the Council of the Lord King, as he heard from many persons, and he
believes truly, as he says, that satisfaction had not yet been given to
the said merchants for the 14 casks of wine under consideration.
John Godard, sworn, &c.: had heard from the relation of many, that such
a ship had been taken with wine upon Palm Sunday about 7 years ago, &c.
&c.
John Conduyt, sworn, &c.: Peter Conduyt, sworn, &c.: knew that such a
ship had been taken by his father with wine, and saw the same ship, &c.
Hugh atte Welle, sworn, &c.: heard of, and saw such a ship at Sandwich,
&c.; heard by common report that about the time of the last earthquake
restitution had been made, &c.
Robert Sandewych’, sworn, &c.: says that such a ship was taken and
carried into Sandewych, and the wine was sold to the knowledge of this
witness, who had charge of the _cista_ (chest) which held the money
received for this wine, and after that that party came from Portugal
with letters of the king of Portugal, by command of the Council of the
king of England restitution was made to them of that money for 100
casks of wine, exclusive of that for 14 casks which Robert Assh’ton
had for his own uses. And this deponent says that for a sum of money
between 100 shillings and 5 marks each of these casks were sold. This
deponent also says that he with those merchants stood security for
Robert Assh’ton for payment of the 14 casks; and the same Robert, to
the knowledge and hearing of this deponent, acknowledged his debt and
said that he was willing to pay for the same, but had made frequent
delay in the matter; and this deponent never heard of payment having
been made in the matter. The deponent also states that he was present
at the sale of the casks of wine, as is aforesaid.
And all the aforesaid witnesses, examined singly, said that they
estimate each of these casks at the value of six marks, after that the
said 14 casks had been taken out and selected by Robert Assh’ton as
being the best.[777]
FOOTNOTES:
[768] MS. Harleian, 158, fol. 2 b. A nearly similar statement is given
in MS. Sloane, 43, fol. 12.81
[769] MS. Harl. 293, fol. 80. See also a long letter from Henry III.
to Eric, King of Norway. Cotton. Nero, iii. p. 31, dated A.D. 1218,
November 28; and a letter from Haco, King of Norway, promising to meet
any complaints brought against his subjects. Rymer, “Fœd.” vol. i., sub
A.D. 1216-18.
[770] Cotton. Galba, E iv. f. 22.
[771] As the figures differ in the different records, it has been
thought best simply to add the sum of the figures given in the text.
[772] Add. MSS. 17364.
[773] MSS. Harl. 4819, fol. 123.
[774] Add. MSS. 4500, fol. 148.
[775] Add. MSS. 4500, fol. 149.
[776] MSS. Harl. 433.
[777] MS. Cott. Nero, B i. f. 18.
INDEX.
_Abdooli_, value of the port of, as the chief station for the trade
in ivory, p. 113
_Acesines_, at junction of, with Indus, Alexander builds a great
city, p. 142
_Ælanitic Gulf_, ports on, Elath and Ezion-geber, p. 27
_Africa_, ships destined for the trade with, cleared Arabian Gulf
before November, p. 113
---- largely supplies Rome with corn, horses, drugs, and with
animals for the games, p. 179
_Agricola_, his wise government of Britain; the first, also, who
sailed round the whole Island, p. 322
_Aguado_, a commission sent from Spain under the charge of, to
examine into the affairs of Columbus, p. 600
_Alexander the Great_ founds Alexandria, B.C. 331, with the view of
connecting Eastern and Western commerce, p. 100
---- not a mere conqueror, but a great promoter of commerce and of
civilization, pp. 134-137
---- is prevented from prosecuting his conquest of India by the
mutiny of his Greek troops in Hyphasis (Setlege), p. 138
----, Account of the fleet of, on the Indus, and of his conquests
and of the voyage of Nearchus, as detailed by Arrian, pp.
138-143
----, while dying, plans the conquest of Arabia, p. 146
----, disruption of the empire of, on his death, B.C. 323, p. 147
_Alexandria_, Pharos, or lighthouse, at, the model for future
buildings of the same kind, p. 58
_Alexandria_, course of Eastern trade thence, first by Arsinoe
(Suez), then by Myos Hormus and Berenice, p. 101
----, commerce of Rome with, chief items of, p. 177
_Alfred the Great_ ascends the throne of England, A.D. 871, p. 347
---- finds England overrun by the Danes, and commences to create a
Royal and Commercial Navy, pp. 349-50
---- justly called the “Father of the British Navy,” p. 348
---- said to have sent Missions to the East, p. 351
---- orders the compilation of the “Winchester Book,” the model of
the later “Doomsday Book,” p. 351
_Amalfi_, invention of mariner’s compass traditionally, but
erroneously, attributed to, p. 233
----, settlements of the republic of, at Constantinople, Antioch,
Jerusalem, and Alexandria, p. 238
----, its trade suppressed by the Pisans, A.D. 1137, p. 233
----, remarks of Mr. Hallam on the singular history of, p. 234,
_note_
_Amasis_, King, grants special privileges to the Greeks and founds
the port of Naucratis, B.C. 556, p. 49
_Amber_, story of its first discovery, and curious anecdotes
concerning the trade in, pp. 11, 12
_Antwerp and Bruges_ take the lead in Flemish trade, pp. 417-18
_Arabic language_ spoken for centuries at most ports between the
Euphrates and Canton, p. 160
_Aragon_, gradual advance of the trade between it and Africa, p.
549
_Archimedes_ invents a screw of great power for the launching of
Hiero’s great ship, p. 67
_Argonautic Expedition_ rather Phœnician than Greek, Introd. p.
xxvii, and probably a commercial enterprise in search of gold,
p. 4
_Aristotle_ states that the Phœnicians occasionally made their
anchors of silver from Spain, p. 9
_Ark of Noah_, simply a raft of stupendous size, roofed over like a
warehouse, Introd. p. xxiii
----, a notice of, recently discovered on Assyrian tablets by Mr.
George Smith, Introd. p. xxiv, _note_
_Arrest of Mariners_, form for, Append. 11, p. 653
_Arrest of Ships_, form for, Append. 10, p. 652
_Arrian, The Merchant_, not the same as the more famous writer of
Nicomedia, p. 111, _note_
----, various details given by, of the chief commodities passing
from the East to West, and _vice versâ_, pp. 111-112
---- describes the voyage of Nearchus, &c., pp. 138-43
---- visits himself the Malabar coast, p. 149
_Artemisium_, naval engagement off, and defeat of the Persians, p.
73
_Athens_, its commercial importance and three harbours, the
Piræeus, Munychia, and Phalerum, p. 72
----, fleet of, mainly instrumental in repelling Xerxes, p. 73
_Atlantic Ocean_, testimony of Edrisi to the dread the ancients had
of it, p. 553
_Author’s_ views on the arrangement of ancient rowers and on their
method of rowing, pp. 281-290
_Baalbek_, with Tadmor (Palmyra), founded by Solomon to obtain a
share of the commerce with Babylon and the East, p. 94
_Babylon_, admirable position of, as the entrepôt of Eastern
commerce, and early manufactories at, of cotton and linen, p. 33
----, its commerce still of value, as late as Diocletian, A.D. 284,
p. 34
_Babylon_, at the zenith of its greatness under Nebuchadnezzar, p.
97
_Babylonia_, ancient fertility of, confirmed by the statements of
Messrs. Rich and Chesney, p. 32
_Barcelona_, early Republican Government of, p. 471
_Barter_, trade by, of Carthaginians with natives of W. Africa, p.
21
----, the sole medium of caravan trade with the East, according to
Ezekiel, p. 96
_Barygaza_ (now Baroach), on the Nerbudda, a great commercial
entrepôt for the West, p. 111
_Bayeux Tapestry_, representation on, of the ships of William the
Conqueror, p. 362
_Bede, The Venerable_, the first writer after departure of the
Romans who mentions London, p. 339
_Behaim, Martin_, invents the astrolabe about A.D. 1480, p. 559
_Belgæ_, method of caulking ships in use among, as recorded by
Pliny, Introd. p. xxix
_Belzoni, M._, discovers remains of ancient stations between Coptos
and the Red Sea, p. 102
_Berenice_, fleets clear out thence eastwards in September for
Arabia and Africa; in July for India, p. 102
_Birch, Mr. Walter de Gray_, publishes in the “Archæologia” a
leaden tablet recording the aid given by Venice to Charlemagne
at siege of Pavia, A.D. 774, p. 237, _note_
_Birds_ used in navigation by the Northmen, as, according to Pliny,
by the ancient Cinghalese, p. 359
_Bitumen_ exported from Babylonia to Egypt in the time of Thothmes,
Introd. p. xxv
_Black Sea_, nature of the trade of, and of the Sea of Azov, pp.
200, 201
_Boats_, the earliest, flat-floored and without decks, keel-less
barges rather than ships, Introd. pp. xxvii-xxviii
----, Assyrian, on Tigris, &c., represented on the sculptures from
Nineveh, pp. 35-39
----, Assyria, resemble in shape those on the mediæval corporate
seals, p. 37
----, of the barbarians of the Euxine, description of, by Tacitus,
p. 193
_Boats of Skin_ on Assyrian sculptures, in use in Mesopotamia,
Introd. p. xxiv
---- noticed by Pliny as common in British waters, and occasionally
still met with in Wales and called _Coracles_, Introd. pp.
xxiv-xxv
_Boroughs, English_, in the time of Edward the Confessor, nearly
all in the hands of the King or of the nobility, p. 369
_Bristol_, trade from, to Iceland as early as King John, p. 393
_Britain_, position of, an island with dangerous coasts, rough seas
and sandbanks, p. 299
----, its vessels at first, according to Cæsar, with ribs and keels
of light wood covered with leather, p. 299
----, first known only to the Phœnicians or neighbouring tribes of
the Continent, p. 301
----, not noticed by any writer between the invasions of Cæsar and
of the Emperor Claudius, p. 312
----, list of towns in, recorded by Ptolemy, pp. 313-314
---- possessed a coinage of gold on Greek models before the time of
Cæsar, p. 315, _note_
---- for the first time “Mistress of the Seas” under the strong
rule of Carausius, p. 326
----, commerce of, at the time of the Conquest, in wool, lead, tin,
iron, and slaves, p. 366
_Britons_ closely connected with the Gauls, p. 302
---- ultimately gainers by the acquaintance they obtained with Rome
through Cæsar’s invasions, p. 312
---- had no fleet wherewith to resist the invasions of the
Northmen, p. 340
_Bucentaur_, state-barge of the Doge of Venice, historical details
of, pp. 475-7
_Cæsar, Julius_, various reasons of, for invasion of Britain, p. 303
---- unable to obtain from the Gauls any information about Britain,
p. 304
----, _first_ invasion of Britain, Aug. 26, B.C. 55, with, perhaps,
8000 men in 80 galleys, p. 305
----, _second_ invasion, B.C. 54, with, perhaps, 21,000 men and
2000 cavalry, p. 307
----, in _second_ invasion, crosses the Thames, probably between
Walton and Shepperton, and beats Cassivelaunus, pp. 310-311
----, invasions of Britain by, admitted by Tacitus and other Roman
writers to have been only discoveries, p. 311
_Canute_ ascends the throne, A.D. 1016, visits Rome and makes a
treaty with Emperor Conrad in favour of the English pilgrims,
and increases the number of mints in England, p. 360
_Canynge, William_, a celebrated merchant of Bristol in reign of
Edw. IV., pp. 455-6
_Caractacus_, celebrated speech of, p. 315
_Carausius_, a Menapian soldier, seizes the fleet of Maximian, and
reigns in Britain seven years, p. 197
_Caravans_, earliest notice of, in Genesis, ch. xxxvii., p. 25
----, route of Scythian, through Mongolia, Balkh, to N. of India
and China, pp. 42-43
----, up to the time of Solomon, the only means of communication
with the East, presumably used in the time of Moses—certainly
in that of Gideon, pp. 86-7
----, conduct and management of, pp. 88-92
----, the more important routes of, pp. 89-99
----, south-eastern from Petra to Yemen, and along Arabian Gulf to
Ophir (Saphar), northern from Tyre to the nations along the
Black Sea, and southern from Tyre to Egypt, pp. 89-90
----, by Palmyra to Thapsacus and Mesopotamia, pp. 94-95
----, from Thapsacus through Palestine to Memphis, and two routes
from Petra—both terminating at Gerrha, p. 95
----, route from Opis to Aradus, from Susa northwards, and thence
to Candahar, &c., and from Susa, through Caspian gates, by
Herât, Kâbul, and Peucela, to Central Asia, pp. 98-99
----, through Bactra, the chief route for commerce between India
and the West, before Alexander the Great, and the only method
of trading with China in the most remote ages, pp. 127-129
----, routes of, in India, chiefly for pilgrims to Benares and
Juggernaut, p. 153.
----, from China to Constantinople in ninety days, _viâ_ Oxus,
Caspian, Cyrus, and Phasis, p. 161
_Carthage_, the most important of the colonies of Tyre, p. 16
----, ancient site of, recognised by modern travellers as the “Hill
of St. Louis,” p. 17
----, in its commercial policy, adheres to the principles of Tyre,
did not, as has been asserted, exhibit a lust of conquest, and
only created a Navy in self-defence against the Romans, p. 19
----, _first_ expedition from, under Hanno, to western shores of
Africa; _second_ expedition under Himilco, to the N.W. of
Europe, p. 20
----, like the United States, indebted mainly to her
merchant-shipping for her Navy, p. 24
----, first Treaty with the Romans, B.C. 509, shows that Rome had
at that period little commerce, p. 169
_Carthaginian trade_ with Central Africa, Malta, Elba, Spain, &c.,
founded on reciprocity, while that of all her neighbours was
rigidly protectionist, pp. 23-24
_Cassiteros and “Insulæ Cassiterides,”_ most probable origin of
these names, p. 10
_Cerne, Island of_, the chief Carthaginian depôt in W. Africa, p. 21
_Ceylon_, the great entrepôt of the trade from the farthest East,
in the earliest days, in the time of the Persians and Arabs,
and to the present day, pp. 112-150
----, embassy from, to the Emperor Julian the Apostate, p. 151
----, description of its commerce by Cosmas Indicopleustes, A.D.
535, p. 155
_Chaldæans, Early_, like the Egyptians, of Hamite origin, and
shown, by the cuneiform inscriptions, to have been the greatest
people of the remotest ages, p. 27
_Chanca, Dr._, the physician of Columbus, writes an excellent
account of his Second Voyage, p. 592
_Charlemagne_ makes treaty of commerce with Offa, and extends
French commerce by alliance with Harún-al-Rashíd, A.D. 813, pp.
343-4
---- insists that the rights of Amalfi, Venice, &c., as commercial
cities, shall be respected, p. 464
_Charnock, Mr._, his view on the subject of ancient rowing, pp.
269-271
_Chaucer_, description of the English seamen of his time in
Prologue to “Canterbury Tales,” pp. 436-7
_China_, method of caulking ships used in 1792 not unlike that of
more remote times, Introd. p. xxix
---- (Thina), story of the trade with, in Herodotus, p. 128
_Cicero’s defence of Roscius_, argument in, turns on the method of
book-keeping practised at Rome, p. 185
_Cilician pirates_, war with, and destruction by Pompey at
Coracesium, p. 167
_Cinnamon_, one of the most valuable products of Ceylon, though not
mentioned as coming thence in any ancient author, p. 156
_Cinque Ports_ greatly distinguish themselves in action with the
French, A.D. 1216, with the earliest existing charter of, from
Edward I., A.D. 1272-1307, p. 394, _note_, and Appendix 4, pp.
629-632
----, duties imposed on, in return for their existing privileges,
p. 402
_Claudius, Emperor_, intelligent zeal of, with reference to the
importation of corn, pp. 176-7
----, by bounties, tries to improve the art of ship-building at
Rome, p. 301
_Coal-fields of Newcastle_ first opened temp. Edw. III., p. 410
_Coal-vessels and barges_, law for the admeasurement of, pp. 453-4
_Coasting_, the characteristic of all early navigation, p. 2
_Coasting_, difficulties and value of, as tending to form expert
seamen, p. 2
_Coasting character of the earliest voyages_ supports the story of
the circumnavigation of Africa from E. to W., p. 86
_Coasting trade_ from China to Bengal and Ceylon, p. 129
_Coasts of English Channel_ defended by the West-Country
merchantmen, and the French and Spanish fleets defeated, p. 434
_Colchester_, the principal city of Eastern Britain, made a Roman
colony by Claudius, p. 320
_Colonies, Phœnician_, their respect for and friendship with the
mother-country, p. 15
_Colonists of Columbus_, general disappointment of, at the scarcity
of the gold they had anticipated, pp. 597-8
_Columbus_ led by Ptolemy’s error in his longitude to fancy the New
World much nearer Europe than it is really, Introd. p. xl
---- repairs to Lisbon about 1470, and marries the daughter of
one of Prince Henry’s most famous navigators, Bartolomeo de
Palestrello, p. 555
---- obtains an audience with the King of Portugal about A.D. 1480,
but is not able to convince the learned Junto to whom his
scheme was referred, p. 559
---- is kindly welcomed by the prior of the Convent of La Rabida,
in Spain, A.D. 1485, p. 560
---- is received by Ferdinand and Isabella about A.D. 1486, p. 561
----, conditions on which he is to start on his voyage to the West
finally settled, April 17, 1492, p. 565
----, nature and character of the vessels employed by, in his first
voyage, pp. 567-571
---- starts from Palos on his _first_ voyage Aug. 3, 1492, and
sights land at the Island of Guanahani, Oct. 12, 1492, pp. 571-7
---- is fully persuaded that the land he had discovered was part of
Cathay, p. 578
----, account of the natives by, in letter to the Treasurer of
Ferdinand and Isabella, pp. 579-581
_Columbus_ loses one of his ships, establishes a colony, and sails
for Spain Jan. 4, 1493, p. 587
_Columbus_ is received on his return with the highest honours and
general rejoicings, pp. 588-590
----, on _second_ voyage, starts Sept. 26, 1493, p. 591
---- discovers Guadaloupe, the Antilles, Hispaniola, and builds a
new city, which he calls Isabella, pp. 593-4
---- discovers Cuba and Jamaica, p. 599
---- returns to Spain March 1496, leaving his brother Bartholomew
in command, p. 603
---- sets sail on his _third_ voyage to the West, May 30, 1498, p.
604
---- discovers Trinidad, May 31, 1498, and shortly afterwards
the Gulf of Paria, Tobago, and the islands of Margarita and
Cubagna, pp. 605-7
---- is sent in chains to Europe in 1500, with his brother
Bartholomew p. 610
----, letter from, to Doña Juana de la Torres, recounting his
wrongs and his sufferings, pp. 610-11
---- starts on his _fourth_ and last voyage to the West, May 9,
1502, p. 614
---- discovers island of Guanaga, Honduras, the Mosquito Coast,
Puerto Bello, and forms a settlement at the River Belem, pp.
615-18
---- reaches Spain on his return from his _last_ voyage, Nov. 7,
1504, p. 619
---- dies, neglected by the Court, May 20, 1506, p. 620
_Commerce_, nature and usual routes of, between Rome and Britain
under the Emperors, pp. 316-320
---- seriously restricted during the earlier Saxon period, pp. 342-3
_Compass, Mariners’_, not an invention of the Chinese, Introd. pp.
xlii-xliii
----, or, as used to be thought, of the people of Amalfi, p. 233
_Consul, the first English_, appointed at Florence, p. 460
“_Consuls of the Sea_,” board of “The Six,” created by Florence,
their powers and duties, pp. 524-530
_Consuls_ appointed to each ship, with their duties and emoluments,
p. 496
_Constantinople_ founded A.D. 323, p. 197
----, its splendid position for the purposes of trade, pp. 198-200
----, efforts made by its founder to induce merchants to settle at,
p. 201
----, commerce of, increased by the seizure of Alexandria and Syria
by the Muhammedans, p. 223
----, _Siege of_, by the Crusaders mainly promoted by the
commercial jealousy of Venice, p. 244
----, _Trade of_, much injured during the sixty years of the sway
of the Latins there, p. 246
---- taken by Muhammed II. A.D. 1453, p. 252
_Coptos_, on Nile, goods sent thence by caravans to Myos Hormus or
Berenice, p. 102
_Corinth_, excellent position of, as an entrepôt for commerce, p. 71
----, Isthmus of, called _Diolcus_, as the place where ships were
drawn across, p. 77
_Corinthians_, the first, according to Thucydides, to build
triremes, p. 70
_Corn_, bounties on, given at Rome on the importation of, p. 176
_Corn-trade_, enormous extent of, at Rome, at the commencement of
the Empire, p. 188
_Corsairs, Genoese_, performed the duties of the men-of-war of our
time, in searching neutral and friendly vessels, p. 519
_Cosmas Indicopleustes_, voyage to India and description of Ceylon,
A.D. 535, pp. 154-155
_Crete_, vast armament for the reduction of, prepared at
Constantinople, p. 225
_Crusades_, the four first, their objects and results, pp. 238-246
----, the _first_ and _second_, disastrous to those who planned
them, p. 238
----, the _third_, successful in the capture of Acre, Cæsarea, and
Jaffa, p. 239
----, the _fourth_, diverted from its original purpose to the aid
of Venice in the capturing of Zara and Constantinople, pp.
240-246
_Custom-houses, Roman_, with garrisons, in all the ports of the Red
Sea, p. 106
_Dacia_, province of, ceded to the Goths by Aurelian, p. 192
_Danes, The_, land in the Island of Thanet, A.D. 753, p. 345
----, nature, names, and outfit of their ships, pp. 345-6
_Danish Kings_ rule in Ireland and over Orkneys and Shetland
Islands, p. 347
_David, King_, the first to open out the trade with Ophir, p. 27
----, the Jews owe to him their first practical knowledge of
commerce, p. 28
_Dead-reckoning_ by observation of the sun and stars all that the
ancients had really to rely on, Introd. p. xli
_Dias, Bartholomew_, discovers the Cape of Good Hope on his return
voyage from Algoa Bay to Portugal, p. 553
_Duties_, higher, imposed by Augustus on articles of luxury than of
necessity, p. 174
_Eastern Empire_, its vast extent, from the Adriatic to Æthiopia
and Persia, p. 215
_Edgar_, the first to have separate fleets at different stations to
resist the Danish invasions, p. 358
_English Fleet_, wages of sailors of the fleet of Edward I.,
Append. 5, pp. 632-4
----, first roll of, A.D. 1347, p. 411; and at length in Append. 6,
pp. 634-6
----, item of repairs of ships of Edward III., at Bayonne, Append.
7, pp. 636-641
----, pay of sailors, soldiers, &c., on board of, pp. 412-13
_Egypt_, the oldest granary for corn, as proved from Genesis, ch.
xli., p. 26
----, under Pharaohs, an agricultural country, p. 46
----, commerce of, greatly promoted by the Greeks of Naucratis, p.
49
----, sailors of, bargemen employed on the Nile and canals rather
than seamen, p. 50
----, boats of, how built and navigated, according to Herodotus,
pp. 50-57
----, many and various kinds of vessels in, for cargoes,
passengers, funeral purposes, but no large sea-going boats in,
till the period of the Ptolemies, pp. 52-57
----, conquest of, by Octavianus, enormously promotes Roman
commerce with the East, p. 173
_Egyptian Records_ not to be harmonized with the Bible, p. 45
_Egyptian Tombs_, value of wall-paintings in, as delineating most
of the customs of the country, p. 46
_Egyptians_, not Caucasians, or Semites, as shown by their skulls
from the mummy-pits, p. 45
----, the first to build deck-houses on their vessels, p. 58
_Eratosthenes_ draws a parallel of latitude through Gibraltar,
Rhodes, and Lycia, to India, Introd. p. xl
_Essex, the Earl of_, the first to fit out an expedition to the
Holy Land, p. 376
_Ethelred, Law under_, that every owner of 310 hides of land should
furnish a ship for the Navy, p. 355
_Eudoxus the First_, voyage of, from Arabian Gulf to Gades, under
Ptolemy Lathyrus, p. 81
_Eudoxus the Second, of Cyzicus_, story of the finding of the prow
of an Egyptian ship, confirmed by Humboldt, p. 83
----, voyages to India, under Ptolemy Physcon and Cleopatra (his
queen), pp. 81-83
_Europe_, the commerce of, during the twelfth and thirteenth
centuries, wholly in the hands of the Lombard (or Italian)
merchants, p. 478
_Excise_, value of, at Rome under Augustus, p. 175
_Ezekiel_, prophecy relating to Tyre and mainland of Phœnicia, in
ch. xxvii., examined, pp. 7-14
_Ezion-geber, the “Giant’s backbone,”_ description of, by Dean
Stanley, p. 29
_Fairs, the Statute_, sprung out of the religious assemblies of the
Sundays, p. 343
_Festus Avienus_, curious poem of, noticing early settlements in
Britain and Ireland, p. 20
_Firmus_, a paper-maker, heads the revolt of Alexandria, A.D. 273,
p. 159
_Flanders_, great increase of its trade, especially with the
Italian republics and the East (_viâ_ Constantinople), pp.
416-17
_Flood_, Scriptural account of, confirmed by the discoveries of Mr.
George Smith, Introd. p. xxiv, _note_
_Florence_, early reputation of its banking establishments, pp.
523-4
----, naval expeditions of, to Egypt, Constantinople, and Majorca,
pp. 525-6
----, the freedom of trade at, not unlike the practice of ancient
Tyre, p. 527
----, the public galleys of, and their trade, pp. 530-1
----, consulates belonging to, established in various foreign
countries as early as A.D. 1339, p. 531
----, principal causes of its commercial decline, pp. 532-3
_Florin_, a gold coin struck by the Florentines in imitation of the
Venetian ducat, p. 526
_Flotation_, first invention of, in the hollowed log and raft,
ascribed by the ancients to the gods, Introd. pp. xxi-xxii
_Foreign Trade_, especially that of Flanders and of the Italian
republics, greatly advantaged by the wars in which England
wasted her strength, pp. 416-22
_Frankincense_, enormous consumption of, at Babylon, p. 98
_Franks_, celebrated return of, from Black Sea through Straits of
Gibraltar to Frisian coasts, p. 164
_French, The_, during the Middle Ages, with the exception of the
Marseillais, chiefly notorious as wreckers, p. 470
_Galley, French_, description of, in 1701, pp. 262-5
_Galleys_, ancient, their various sizes and mode of rating, p. 253
---- of large size attributed by the ancients to Dionysius I. and
to Demetrius Poliorcetes, pp. 255-6
----, general character of the ancient, pp. 256-9
----, difficulty of arranging the oars according to any ancient
account which has been preserved, pp. 260-1
----, central portion of all, probably covered with awning or
tarpaulin, p. 292
----, general conclusions relative to their rating or classing of,
p. 296
_Gaul_ supplies Rome with minerals, corn, salt pork, and cloths, p.
180
_Genoa_ of comparatively little importance till it obtained the
chief power in the East by its restoration of the Greek empire,
whereby it obtained settlements at Galata and Pera, p. 247
---- gradually absorbs the whole commerce of Constantinople with
the Black Sea and Central Asia, p. 248
---- makes war on Constantinople, whose Emperor, Cantacuzene,
appeals to the Venetians and Turks for aid, p. 250
----, long struggle between it and Venice, ending in its ruin, p.
250
---- restores Greek dynasty at Constantinople, p. 509
_Genoese_ famous as ship-builders—vessels built by them for Louis
IX., A.D. 1268, pp. 510-14
_Genoese pirates_ destroyed by the Turcoman ruler of Sinope, A.D.
1323, p. 519
_Genoese ship of thirteenth century_, probable representations of,
from the MS. Virgil in Riccardi library, p. 513
---- of the sixteenth century, as given by Charnock, p. 518
_Genoese ships_, improbability of those described by Napier in his
“History of Florence,” pp. 514-16
_Genseric_ seizes Carthage, crosses to Ostia, and captures Rome,
pp. 210-212
---- destroys the fleet of Leo the Emperor of Constantinople, who
had attempted to take Carthage, p. 213
_Gessoriacum_ (Boulogne), Pharos or lighthouse at, constructed by
Caligula, p. 180
_Glesum_ (_glass?_), the native name for amber among the Suionæ,
according to Tacitus, p. 12
_Gnomon_ the most usual ancient nautical instrument, Introd. p. xl
_Goods_, restitution of, ancient form for, Append. 13, pp. 654-6
_Goths_, first invasion of, A.D. 217, repressed by Caracalla, and
divided, generally, into Ostro (east) and Visi (west), p. 191,
_note_
----, general character of, ascertainable from the narrative of
Tacitus in his essay “De Germanis,” p. 192
---- take Philippopolis and slay the Emperor Decius, A.D. 257, p.
192
_Grants_, register of, Append. 12, pp. 653-4
_Greece_ the only European country which reared silkworms from the
time of Justinian to the twelfth century, p. 224
_Greek Empire at Constantinople_ restored by the Genoese, A.D.
1261, p. 246
_Guanahani_, the first land reached by Columbus, one of the cluster
of the Lucayos or Bahama Islands, now known as Watling Island,
p. 577
_Hadramaut_, chief trade of, frankincense, p. 120
_Hadrian_ builds the famous Roman wall from Walls End to the
Solway, p. 325
_Hanseatic League_, the first between Hamburg and Lübeck, commences
A.D. 1241, p. 397
----, its method of trading, pp. 420-2
_Hanse-Towns_, important treaty with, made by Henry IV., A.D. 1401,
p. 437
----, its charges of piracy against the English, and
counter-charges, pp. 438-9
_Haweis, Rev. J. O. W._, suggestions as to the arrangements of the
oars and seats, Appendix 1, pp. 625-8
_Henry V._ raises the finest fleet yet created in England, and
builds large ships at Southampton, pp. 441-2
_Henry, Prince of Portugal_, justly termed “the Navigator,” sends
expeditions along the Western Coast of Africa, pp. 550-1
_Hiero, King of Syracuse_, ship of, called the _Alexandrian_,
probably not unlike the large American inland steamers, pp.
66-68
_Hieroglyphics_, Egyptian, key to the interpretation of, first
discovered by Dr. Thomas Young, M.D., p. 44
_Hindustan_, the fame of its great wealth likely to attract
conquerors at any period of history, p. 125
_Hippalus_, the discoverer of the Monsoons, believed to have lived
in the reign of the Emperor Claudius, p. 104, _note_
_Hipparchus_ the first to construct a map on the principle of
“Mercator’s Projection,” Introd. p. xl
_Hoest_, trade by silent barter between Moors and Negroes, noticed
by, p. 22
_Holy Writ_, the only source of our earliest information about the
most ancient ships and commerce, Introd. p. xvi
_Howell, Mr._, views of, on ancients’ rowing, pp. 275-281
---- deems it impossible that vessels of more than five banks could
have been rowed, p. 275
_India_, value of the trade with, and ancient and modern fear lest
it should absorb too much of the precious metals required for
the currency, p. 105
----, no reliable account of its actual resources before the
invasion of Darius, p. 127
----, commerce of, with the West before Alexander the Great,
chiefly by caravans through Bactra (Balkh), but scarcely known
historically till he descends the Indus, pp. 127-134
----, comparative length of voyages to, in ancient and modern
times, p. 145
---- to the E. of Indus little known till the time of the Romans,
p. 148
---- shown by Arrian in his “Periplus” to have been very rich in
manufactures, p. 152
----, caravans in, to Benares and Juggernaut, p. 153
----, Roman trade with, lasted more than five centuries, but
interrupted by the Sassanian rulers of Persia, p. 157
----, Chinese trade with Western, and Ormuz, p. 158
_Indian trade_, no record of the ships, employed in, which,
however, probably resembled that of St. Paul, p. 108
----, nature of the cargoes, freights thence for Europe, p. 109
_Italian Republics_, great variety of shipping employed by, pp.
486-493
----, custom of selling ships not required for the State, by
proclamation, pp. 497-8
_Jews_, atrocious treatment of, during the whole of the Crusading
period, pp. 469-470
_Junks, Chinese_, and other Chinese vessels have varied little, if
at all, in the last 2000 years, pp. 131-3
_Junto, the Spanish_, are unwilling to admit the arguments of
Columbus, pp. 561-3
_Justinian, Reign of_, distinguished by the overthrow of the
Vandals in Africa, and of the Ostro-Goths in Italy, p. 215
_Kane_ (in Hadramaut), in remote times, a place, having a direct
trade with India, p. 119
_Latitude_, ancient, reckoned in _stadia_ (of 201 yds. 1 ft. each)
from the Equator to Syracuse, Introd. p. xli
_Laws, Maritime_, propounded by Richard I., founded on the “Rôles
d’Oléron,” pp. 379-392
_Leghorn_, sale of, by Genoa to Florence, in A.D. 1421, a heavy
loss to Pisa, p. 524
_Liburnians_, their light and swift galleys adopted by Octavianus
at the battle of Actium, pp. 163-4
_Lighthouses_, ancient, at Alexandria, Ostia, Ravenna, Brundusium,
Capreæ, and Gessoriacum—perhaps, too, at Dover Castle, and Moel
Van in Flintshire, p. 59
_London_ first mentioned by Tacitus, and then as a place of
considerable trade, p. 313
----, charges on ships trading to, p. 355
----, merchants of, so powerful as to secure the throne for
Canute’s son Harold, p. 361
----, William the Conqueror discerns its value, and gives its
citizens special privileges, p. 369
_Low Countries_, principal commercial towns of, pp. 418-20
_Lully, Raymund_, attempts to prevent trade between Christians and
Muhammedans, pp. 505-6
_Lydia_, Persians invade, in the hope of attaining thence a navy,
p. 40
_Lydians_ the first to strike coins, p. 40
_Lyon, Capt., R.N._, notice of trade by barter in the Soudan, p. 22
_Machin, Mr._, reasonable grounds for believing him the discoverer
of Madeira, p. 551
_Magna Charta_ granted by King John, A.D. 1215, p. 393
_Magnesia_, storm off the coast of, and heavy loss of Persian
ships, p. 75
_Major, Mr. R. H._, edits two editions of “The Select Letters of
Columbus,” p. 555
_Malabar_, ships for, left Berenice about the 10th of July, p. 107
----, ships from, left early in January, p. 108
----, notice in Arrian of the class of vessels employed in the
trade of, p. 130
_Malmesbury, William of_, speaks of the great trade of London in
reign of King John, p. 393
_Mariners_ greatly favoured by the Emperors of Constantinople, pp.
203-5
----, lands granted for the support of, by the Emperors Valentinian
and Valens, p. 205
_Maritime commerce_ illustrated by the legislative measures of
different nations, and traced from Phœnicia, through Greece,
Rome, and the Middle Ages to the present time, Introd. pp.
xvi-xviii
_Marque, Letters of_, first issued by Edward I., p. 404
_Marseilles_ a port of importance about A.D. 500, p. 463
----, shipping of, profit largely by the crusading rage, pp. 466-9
----, passage money exacted by, from pilgrims, &c., pp. 468-9
_Mediterranean_ peculiarly adapted, from its islands and bays, for
the employment of small undecked craft, p. 3
_Melvill, General_, theory of the arrangement of ancient oars, pp.
266-9
_Merchandise_, rapid demand at Rome for the most costly, at the
close of the Roman Republic, p. 172
_Merchant Navy of England_, state of during reign of Edward III.,
p. 414
_Merchant vessels_ during the Middle Ages, armed and used as ships
of war, p. 501
_Merchant vessels_ charged by Henry IV., A.D. 1406, with the
defence of the English coasts, pp. 439-40
_Merchants, College of_, established at Rome, B.C. 494, p. 169
_Merchants_, no senators permitted to be, and, as a class, looked
down upon by Cicero and others, pp. 170-1
----, English form commercial associations of, abroad, especially
with Flanders, A.D. 1248, p. 397
----, statute of, for the recovery of debts enacted by Edward I.,
A.D. 1283, p. 405
----, English, additional privileges given to, by Edward II. and
Edward III., A.D. 1326,7-77, p. 409
----, laws greatly favouring, under Richard II., A.D. 1377, pp.
425-6
_Merchants of Bristol, Northumberland_, &c., largely dealers in
slaves at the time of the Conquest, p. 366
_Miletus_, the parent of many colonies along the Black Sea, &c., p.
40
_Moncenigo, Tomaso_, famous speech of, as Doge, A.D. 1421,
recapitulating the revenues of Venice, and opposing wars as
unprofitable, pp. 480-2
_Monsoons_, periodical winds so called, first made known by voyage
of Hippalus, in the time of Claudius, p. 104
_Mosaic narrative_ of early history confirmed by antiquarian and
linguistic research, and especially by the discoveries in Egypt
and Nineveh, p. 123
_Muhammedans_, rise and rapid conquests of; their effects on
commerce, pp. 218-19
---- found the town of Bussorah, and carry their trade to Sumatra
and Canton, pp. 159-60
---- secure the entrepôt of Alexandria, and compel the natives of
the West to seek new routes for the trade with the East, p. 160
---- take Jerusalem A.D. 636, Alexandria A.D. 638, and Africa A.D.
647, p. 219; but fail in all their early attempts to take
Constantinople, pp. 219-21
----, papal bulls to prevent trade with, generally disregarded by
the Venetians, pp. 504-6
_Musiris_, the furthest port to the East to which the ships of the
West traded directly, p. 112
_Naucratis_, story of the port of, p. 48
_Navigation Act_, the first, A.D. 1381, of short duration, p. 427
_Navy, English_, great increase of, under Edward the Elder,
Athelstan, and Edgar, pp. 351-3
----, special tax for the support of, p. 433
_Nearchus_, nowhere specifies the size of his ships, p. 144
----, length of voyage of, from the Indus to Susa, p. 145
_Nebuchadnezzar_ builds Teredon, near Bussorah, p. 14
_Needle_, variation of, causes great alarm to Columbus and to his
sailors, pp. 573-4
_Nile, The_, the chief source of the wealth and prosperity of
Egypt, p. 50
_Norman Power_ in Italy first limited to Aversa, but soon
comprehends the modern kingdom of Naples, p. 232
_Normans_, origin of the; settlements in France and in Italy, p. 231
---- make two futile attempts to take Constantinople, A.D.
1081-1084, pp. 234-5
_Norway_, commercial treaty with, A.D. 1217, p. 396; and mandate
in favour of the king’s ship, the _Cogge_, Append. 3,
p. 629, and _note_
_Oars_, oblique arrangement of, shown on the relief from Trajan’s
Column and on sculpture from Kouyunjik, p. 275
_Offa_, accession of, A.D. 755, his able reign and attention to
commerce, pp. 340-341
----, dispute, but ultimate commercial treaty, with Charlemagne,
pp. 341-344
_Oleron, Rôles d’_, principal articles in, and various details, pp.
379-392, and _note_, p. 379
_Omana_ (_Oman_), vessels and trade with, in dates, &c., the same
now as in ancient times, pp. 120-121
_Ophir_, various opinions of learned men as to its true position,
p. 28
----, the “gold of,” probably a qualitative name, like
“guinea-gold,” p. 28
_Opis_, a centre of caravan routes to Aradus and other places, p. 98
_Ostia_, port of, proposed by Cæsar, but executed by Claudius and
Nero, commemorated on a brass medal of Nero, p. 189
_Ovando, Nicholas de_, sent as Governor to the West Indies, with
the object of re-establishing the authority of Columbus, Feb.
1502, p. 613
_Oxus_, doubt whether the main stream of, ever flowed into the
Caspian, p. 43
_Paddle-wheel Steamer_ greatly resembles the row-galley of the
ancients, p. 291
_Pardessus, M._, valuable work by, on the Maritime Laws of the
Mediæval Nations, pp. 379-390
_Pattala_ (_near Kurachi_), the most western mart of India, p. 111
_Petra_, the great centre of Arabian commerce, p. 95
_Phœnicia_, the leading maritime state at the earliest period, its
average length and breadth, and mainland trade of, with the
chief causes of its commercial success, pp. 4-14
_Phœnicians_, original seat of the, Introd. p. xxvi
----, advance of, from Persian Gulf to Mediterranean, illustrates
the great law of migration westwards, p. 5
---- form the connecting link between the civilization of the East
and of Europe and Western Africa, p. 6
----, the inventors of the alphabet, and the discoverers of the
Cynosure or last star in the Little Bear, p. 14
----, the first to double the Cape, by order of Pharaoh Necho, B.C.
610-594, p. 80
_Piracy_, universal, during the long weak reign of Henry III., A.D.
1216-72, p. 395
_Piræeus_, port of, planned by Themistocles and executed by
Pericles, p. 72
_Pisa_, early importance of, and trade with Saracens, p. 520
----, representation of ship on the Leaning Tower at, p. 521
----, long and bloody war with the Genoese for nearly two
centuries, p. 522
_Pliny_, dread by, of the absorption of the precious metals for the
useless luxuries of the East, p. 173
“_Policie—Libel of English_,” curious poem so called, asserting
England’s right to the “dominion of the narrow sea,” and notice
in of the trade of England with Flanders, Prussia, Germany,
Spain, Italian Republics, Iceland, &c., pp. 443-9
_Polo Marco_, effects of the travels of, and of Sir John
Maundeville, on the enthusiastic spirits of the fifteenth
century, p. 557
_Ports of England_, the chief, temp. Edward I., p. 407
_Portuguese_ take care to keep to themselves the secret of the
“Guinea Trade,” p. 552
----, maritime discoveries of, pp. 549-553
_Probus, Emperor_, wall of, 200 miles long, from Danube to the
Rhine, p. 196
_Ptolemy_ (_the Geographer_), by an error in longitude, places
China 60° nearer Europe than it is really, Introd. p. xl
---- in error with respect to the size but not to the commercial
importance of Ceylon, p. 148
----, his account of India beyond the Ganges shows that it had been
reached by navigators before his time, p. 149
---- places many “_Emporia_,” or places of call for merchants,
along the coasts of India, p. 151
_Ptolemy, son of Lagos_, first Greek ruler of Egypt, p. 58
---- carries out the designs of Alexander the Great with reference
to Alexandria, pp. 58 and 101
_Ptolemy_ (_Philopater_), description, in Athenæus, of his
great ship, built probably for show rather than use, of his
_Thalamegus_, and of other smaller vessels, pp. 60-64
_Ptolemy Philadelphus_ builds the port of Berenice, on the Red Sea,
and attempts to cut a canal from Arsinoe, on the Red Sea, to
the Pelusiac (or eastern) arm of the Nile, p. 59
_Pytheas_, the first to make a voyage to the North, account of, in
Pliny, p. 11
_Rámáyana_, description in, of the wealth of Ayodhya (Oude), p. 126
_Reciprocity, Treaties of_, and extension of maritime commerce
under Richard III., A.D. 1485, p. 459
_Relics_, disgusting purchase of, by ecclesiastics of the tenth and
eleventh centuries, p. 368
_Revenue and Expenditure_, first accounts of, A.D. 421, pp. 452-3
_Rhodian Maritime Law_, remark of M. Aurelius relative thereto, p.
183
---- accepted by the Romans, and ultimately embodied in the “Rôles
d’Oléron” and “Hanse Town Ordinances,” p. 184
----, the chief rule also for the ships of the Italian Republics,
p. 502
_Rhodians_, their character as merchants and jurists, p. 181
---- the first to establish regulations for co-partnership, payment
of officers, &c., p. 183
_Richard I., Cœur de Lion_, fits out an expedition in aid of the
Holy Land (the Second Crusade), A.D. 1189, p. 375
----, results of the expedition under, p. 378
---- Ordinances of, for seafaring men, Append. 2, p. 628
_Richard II._, strangely inconsistent and protective laws of, pp.
428-430
_Robertson, Dr._, remarks on the story of Sesostris’s conquest of
India, p. 124
_Roman Commerce_, its extraordinary extent and value under the
first Emperors, pp. 177-180
_Roman Commerce with the East_, its general effect, the enriching a
select few of the people, p. 173
_Roman Empire_, corruption and decay of, after the Antonine
Princes, pp. 190-191
_Roman Navy_, chief stations of, at the commencement of the Empire,
p. 164
----, slow in construction and at first very rude, with a list of
ships built and their fate, during the Punic Wars, pp. 165-6,
_note_
_Romans_ in early times averse to maritime affairs, and dependent
on Greece and foreign nations for the supply of their
commercial wants, p. 163
----, first pay real attention to commerce on the destruction of
Carthage and Corinth, p. 166
----, their method of book-keeping, pp. 184-6
_Rome_, the extremes of wealth and poverty visible there under the
later Emperors, pp. 206-7
----, enormous baths at, for the free use of rich and poor, under
the later Empire, p. 208
----, siege of, by Alaric and Goths, A.D. 408, p. 208
_Romney Marsh_, or Lymne, on each occasion the probable scene of
Cæsar’s disembarkations, p. 307
_Routes of Commerce_, by land and sea, between West and East, p. 100
_Rowers_, action of, mainly regulated by the size of the galley, p.
289
_Rowing of Ancient Galleys_, peculiar view on the, by the Rev. J.
O. W. Haweis, Append. 1, p. 625
_Russians_ first mentioned in history as the owners of the
entrepôts of Novgorod and Kief, and as settlers in
Constantinople, pp. 228-9
----, ships of, scarcely more than large canoes, p. 229
---- make four unsuccessful attempts to seize Constantinople, pp.
229-30
----, ancient tradition that, in the last days, they should become
masters of Constantinople, p. 231
_Rymer’s Fœdera_, condensed syllabus of, Append. 8, pp. 642-650
_Safe Conduct_, form of, Append. 9, pp. 650-2
_Sailors_, in ancient ships, chiefly of two classes, viz. mariners
and rowers, Introd. p. xxxiii
_Sailors, Greek_, ordinary pay of, in the time of Demosthenes, p. 73
_Saints, Biographies of the_, the only historical documents from
the fourth to the eighth centuries, p. 339
_Sardes, Royal Road from_, to Susa, described by Herodotus, pp.
92-93
_Sataspes, Voyage of_, and visit to a nation of dwarfs
(Bosjesmans?), p. 81
_Saxons_, first coming of, and of other Teutonic tribes; their
early ships probably copies of Roman galleys, pp. 327-8
_Scale, Sliding, the first_, applied to the importation of corn, p.
457
_Scotland_, no maritime force or trade in, till Alexander III.,
A.D. 1249, p. 406
_Sculptures from Assyria_ exhibit most of the ordinary mechanical
implements, as the pulley, saw, pick-axe, &c., p. 39
_Scythians_, according to Herodotus, carry on their trade in seven
distinct languages, and are partly nomad owners of caravans,
partly agriculturists, pp. 41-2
_Sea, the dominion of_, formally claimed by England in A.D. 1416,
pp. 449-450
----, the limits of, determined A.D. 1674, by treaty with
States-General, and not a mere barren title, pp. 451-2
_Seals, Corporate_, of the towns of Sandwich, Poole, Dover,
Faversham, &c., A.D. 1238-1325, pp. 398-402
_Seamen, English_, wages of, in reigns of Harold and Hardicanute,
p. 361
_Seamen, European_, manners, customs, and superstitions of, during
Middle Ages, pp. 531-546
_Seamen of London_ play important part in the coronation of Harold
at Oxford, p. 361
_Search, Right of_, first enforcement of, in the case of Flemish
ships, pp. 424-5
_Seleucus_, in treaty with Ptolemy the son of Lagos, establishes
the trade between Red Sea and Hindustan, p. 148
_Semiramis_ not a mythical personage, but an historical Queen of
Nineveh, p. 5
_Senators_ forbidden to engage in trade, lest they should neglect
their duties to the State, p. 170
_Sesostris_ (_or Rameses II._), sculptured memorials of, at
Nahr-el-Kelb, near Beyrût, and near Sardes, pp. 47-8
----, no evidence that he really conquered any part of India, pp.
123-4
_Sheba, Queen of_; her visit to Solomon, p. 29
_Ships_, decorations of, various names of, ceremonies at the
launching of, officers employed in—the master, mate, boatswain,
with various details of—rig and sails, undergirders, anchors
and cables, and decks, Introd. pp.xxx-xxxvii
----, speed of, recorded instances of, in ancient authors, Introd.
p. xliv
----, tin-freighted, anecdote of the captain of a, p. 11
----, possible that some as large as those of Ptolemy Philopater
may have been constructed, p. 65
----, remarkable, of Olaf and Swein, Kings of Norway, and of Earl
Godwin, pp. 357-8
---- of Italian Republics, stringent regulations regarding, when at
sea, p. 502
---- of the Middle Ages, their decorations, &c., pp. 536-7
_Silkworms_ brought from China by two monks, and reared by order of
Justinian, in Greece, p. 216
_Silver_ so abundant in Spain that Aristotle states that the
Phœnicians made their anchors of it, p. 9
_Singhalese_ at no period fond of maritime pursuits, p. 155
_Slaves_, a considerable item in the trade from Ireland, Saxony,
Denmark, &c., p. 358
_Solomon, King_, promotes Jewish commerce, by commercial
arrangements with Hiram, King of Tyre, his fleets being manned
by Tyrian sailors, but under Jewish supercargoes, pp. 29-30
---- his fleets essentially coasters, p. 31
----, commerce promoted by him died almost with his death, p. 32
_Spain_ largely supplied Rome with mineral products, p. 179
----, commercial treaty with England A.D. 1351, p. 424
_Spices_, enormous quantities of, imported from India to Rome, p.
110
_St. Paul_, account of the ship of, from a work by Mr. Smith, of
Jordan Hill, Introd. p. xxxvii
_Stanhope, Michael_, Vice-Admiral of Suffolk, fine seal of, p. 401
_Swyn_, splendid victory off, A.D. 1340, and superiority of English
sailors in naval tactics and intrepidity, p. 435
“_Tarshish_, ships of,” probably a phrase like our modern one of
“Indiamen,” p. 9
_Tennent, Sir Emerson_, excellent work on Ceylon by, p. 156
_Tin_ brought in the largest quantities from the Scilly Islands,
partly in Phœnician ships to Gades, partly on horses’ backs
across France to Narbonne, and early used with alloy of copper
in “lion-weights” from Nineveh, and “Celts” from European
graves, p. 10
_Toscanelli, P._, the best cosmographer of his days, supports the
views of Columbus, p. 556
_Trajan, Emperor_, supposed galley of, found at the bottom of Lake
Riccio, Introd. p. xxix
_Treaty_ between Charlemagne and Offa, A.D. 796, pp. 343-4
_Triremes_, the first, said to have been built by the Corinthians,
p. 254
_Truro_, pig of tin preserved there, p. 10
_Tudela, Benjamin of_, his testimony as to the state of
Constantinople and the East in the twelfth century, p. 224
_Turks, The_, first make good their footing in Europe A.D. 1341,
and gradually secure the country round Constantinople and
Adrianople A.D. 1360-1389, p. 251
_Tyre_, traders of, extended their commercial intercourse to the
Northern and Erythræan seas, Introd. p. xix
----, its commerce with the East carried on by caravans from Arabia
Felix to Petra, and thence to Gaza, Askalon, and Ashdod, p. 13
----, merchants of, the first to establish agencies and factories
and regular colonies, with a commercial policy liberal and
enlightened in intercourse with other peoples, and worthy of
imitation by some of the nations of our own times, pp. 15-16
_Ulysses_, ship of, described by Homer, Od. v. 243, Introd. p. xxvii
_Vandals_ plunder Spain and Africa, p. 209
_Venice_, its rapid rise, and the cause thereof, pp. 235-8
----, exorbitant demands of, for shipping supplied for the Fourth
Crusade, p. 243
----, galleys of, rob Alexandria of the body of St. Mark, p. 465
---- raises a fleet to suppress the Istrian and Dalmatian pirates,
p. 465
----, annual ceremonial at, of the espousal of the Adriatic, p. 475
----, laws and commercial policy of, liberal, but, on the whole,
protective, p. 479
----, special laws of, excluding from participation in her trade,
German, Hungarian, or Bohemian merchants, pp. 479-480
----, character and extent of its arsenal, p. 482
----, tradition of enormous ship built there, A.D. 1172, and
probability that she was so constructed, pp. 483-5
----, a fixed number of young and indigent nobles sent with each
ship, p. 494
----, rejoicings at, when a ship was ready to start on its voyage,
p. 500
_Venetian Merchant Ships_, value of their cargoes, p. 495
_Venetians_, in agreeing to carry Crusaders to Holy Land, demand an
exorbitant freight, with leave to establish factories, p. 472
----, complaint against, on part of the troops employed on shore at
siege of Tyre, p. 474
----, the Pope grants the dominion of the Adriatic to the, A.D.
1159, p. 474
----, contract by, to supply ships for Louis of France, A.D. 1268,
pp. 485-486
_Vienne, Sir John de_, with a French fleet, plunders the English
coasts from Rye to Plymouth, p. 432
_Vikings of Scandinavia_, account of, and of their remarkable skill
as seamen, pp. 331-5
----, occupy the Hebrides, sea-lochs of the Highlands, and the
north of Ireland; discover America (Vinland), and cruise along
the Mediterranean to Constantinople, pp. 334-5
----, ancient clinker-built boat of, discovered in Denmark, pp.
335-7
_Vincent, The Rev. Dr._, doubts any circumnavigation of Africa
before that of the Portuguese, p. 84
----, reply to his argument on this subject, pp. 85-6
_Vinisauf, Geoffrey de_, describes the crusading fleet of Richard
I., pp. 376-8
_Vossius’s_ discussion of ancient rowing in his “Construction of
Ancient Ships,” pp. 271-3
_Waghen, John de, of Beverley_, privateering commission granted to,
p. 432
_Warwick, Earl of_, “the King-maker,” piratical attack by, on a
fleet of Genoese merchantmen, p. 454
_Wealth of England_ at the time of the Conquest almost wholly in
the hands of the great ecclesiastics, pp. 367-8
_West, Evidences of land to the_, recognisable in objects washed
upon the western shores of Madeira, p. 563
_Whales_ caught as far south as Biarritz, p. 391, _note_, and
Append. 8, p. 648
_William the Conqueror_, character and number of vessels with which
he invaded England, pp. 362-3
----, his fleet, really of inferior vessels, small in size and
hastily put together—not, perhaps, unlike the present Lerwick
fishing-boats, pp. 363-4
----, state of commerce, &c., in England when he invaded it, and
taxation of different towns unequal, and on no determinate
principle, pp. 365-372
----, remarkable decay of many leading towns during his reign, as
shown by the returns of his “Domesday,” pp. 371-2
---- greatly increases the power of the English fleet mainly by aid
of the Cinque Ports, p. 374
_Winds, periodical_, in Persian and Arabian gulfs and in Indian
Ocean, favourable to early navigation in boats of small
capacity, p. 3
---- the Etesian (or annual), blow steadily from the N. in July,
between the Euxine Sea and Syene, during the period the Nile is
at its highest, p. 103
_Wine-Ships_, return of all that entered at any English ports
(except the Cinque Ports) for A.D. 1299, p. 408
_Wisby_, merchants of, adopt all essential particulars of the
“Rôles d’Oléron,” p. 392
_Xerxes_, ships of, difficulty as to the drawing them up on a lee
shore, with a gale coming on, pp. 75-6
----, ship-canal of, across Mount Athos, confirmed by recent
observations, p. 76
_Yemen_ (Arabia Felix), early notices of its remarkable wealth, and
of the importance of the trade with, pp. 116-18
END OF VOL. I.
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.
Transcriber's Note
[~gg] represents a double gg with a tilde.
[~p] represents a p with a tilde.
[=c] represents a c with a bar.