1. Chandras or the moons;
2. Sûryas or the suns;
3. Grahas or the planets;
4. Nakshatras or the constellations;
5. Târâs or the hosts of stars.
And IV. The Vaimânika gods are of two orders: (1) the Kalpabhavas, who
are born in the heavenly Kalpas; and (2) the Kalpâtîtas, born in the
regions above the Kalpas.
(1) The Kalpabhavas again are subdivided into twelve genera who live in
the Kalpas after which they are named; viz,—
1. Saudharma;
2. Îśâna;
3. Sanatkumâra;
4. Mâhendra;
5. Brahmaloka;
6. Lântaka;
7. Śukra or Mahâśukla;
8. Sahasrâra;
9. Ânata (Âṇaya);
10. Prâṇata (Pâṇaya);
11. Âraṇa;
12. Achyuta.
(2) The Kalpâtîtas are subdivided into—(a) the Graiveyakas, living on the
upper part of the universe; and (b) the Anuttaras or those above whom
there are no others.
(a) The Graiveyakas are of nine species, viz.—
1. Sudarsaṇas;
2. Supratipandhas;
3. Maṇoramas;
4. Sarvabhadras;
5. Suviśâlas;
6. Somaṇasas;
7. Sumaṅkasas;
8. Prîyaṅkaras;
9. Âdityas or Nandikaras.
(b) the Anuttara gods are of five orders: viz.—
1. Vijayas;
2. Vaijayantas;
3. Jayantas;
4. Aparâjitas; and
5. Sarvârthasiddhas.
[Footnote: Conf. _Ratnasâgara_, bh. II, pp. 616, 617; _Jour.
Asiat._ IXme Ser. tome XIX, p. 259; _Sac. Bks. E_. vol. XLV, p.
226 f. See also _Rev. de l'Histoire des Relig_. tom. XLVII, pp.
34-50, which has appeared since the above was written, for "La doctrine
des êtres vivants dans la Religion Jaina".]
These Anuttara gods inhabit the highest heavens where they live for
varying lengths of time as the heavens ascend; and in the fifth or
highest—the great Vimâna called Sarvârthasiddha—they all live
thirty-three Sâgaropamas or periods of unimagiable duration. Still all the
gods are mortal or belong to the _saṁsâra_.
Above these is the paradise of the Siddhas or perfected souls, and the
_Uttarâdhyana Sûtra_ gives the following details of this realm of the
perfected, or the paradise of the Jainas:—[Footnote: See _ante_, p.
11, note 10; The following extract is from _Sac. Books of the East_,
vol. XLV, pp. 211-213.]
"The perfected souls are those of women, men, hermaphrodites, of
orthodox, heterodox, and householders. Perfection is reached by people
of the greatest, smallest and middle size; [Footnote: The greatest
size—_ogâhaṇâ_—of men is 500 dhanush or 2000 cubits, the
smallest is one cubit.] on high places, underground, on the surface of
the earth, in the ocean, and in waters (of rivers, etc.).
"Ten hermaphrodites reach perfection at the same time, twenty women,
one hundred and eight men; four householders, ten heterodox, and one
hundred and eight orthodox monks.
"Two individuals of the greatest size reach perfection
(simultaneously), four of the smallest size, and one hundred and eight
of the middle size. Four individuals reach perfection (simultaneously)
on high places, two in the ocean, three in water, twenty underground;
and where do they go on reaching perfection? Perfected souls are
debarred from the non-world (Aloka); they reside on the top of the
world; they leave their bodies here (below) and go there, on reaching
perfection.
"Twelve _yojanas_ above the (Vimâna) Sarvârtha is the place called
Îshatpragbhâra, which has the form of an umbrella; (there the
perfected souls go). It is forty-five hundred thousand _yojanas_
long, and as many broad, and it is somewhat more than three times as
many in circumference. Its thickness is eight _yojanas_, it is
greatest in the middle, and decreases towards the margin, till it is
thinner than the wing of a fly. This place, by nature pure, consisting
of white gold, resembles in form an open umbrella, as has been said by
the best of Jinas.
"(Above it) is a pure blessed place (called Śîtâ), which is white
like a conch-shell, the _anka_-stone, and Kunda-flowers; [Footnote:
The gourd Lagenaria vulgaris.] a _yojana_ thence is the end of the
world. The perfected souls penetrate the sixth part of the uppermost
_krośa_ of the (above-mentioned) _yojana_. There, at the
top of the world reside the blessed perfected souls, rid of all
transmigration, and arrived at the excellent state of perfection. The
dimension of a perfected soul is two-thirds of the height which the
individual had in his last existence.
"The perfected souls considered singly—_êgattêṇa_ (as
individuals)—have a beginning but no end, considered
collectively—_puhuttêṇa_ (as a class)—they have neither a
beginning nor an end. They have no (visible) form, they consist of
life throughout, they are developed into knowledge and faith, they
have crossed the boundary of the Saṁsâra, and reached the excellent
state of perfection."
* * * * *
Like both the Brâhmaṇs and Buddhists, the Jainas have a series of
hells—Nârakas, numbering even which they name—
1. Ratnaprabhâ;
2. Śarkarâprabhâ;
3. Vâlukâprabhâ;
4. Paṅkaprabhâ;
5. Dhûmaprabhâ;
6. Tamaprabhâ;
7. Tamatamaprabhâ.
[Footnote: _Ratnasâgara_, bh. II, p. 607; _Jour. As_. u.s. p. 263.]
Those who inhabit the seventh hell have a stature of 500 poles, and in
each above that they are half the height of the one below it.
Everything in the system as to stature of gods and living beings, their
ages and periods of transmigration is reduced to artificial numbers.
The Jaina Gachhas.
About the middle of the tenth century there flourished a Jaina high priest
named Uddyotana, with whose pupils the eighty four gachhas originated.
This number is still spoken of by the Jainas, but the lists that have been
hitherto published are very discordant. The following was obtained from a
member of the sect as being their recognised list,—and allowing for
differences of spelling, nearly every name may be recognised in those
previously published by Mr. H. G. Briggs or Colonel Miles.
The Eighty four Gachchhas of the Jainas. [Footnote: Those names marked *
are found in Col. Miles's list _Tr. R. A. S._ vol. III, pp. 358 f.
363, 365, 370. Those marked † are included in H. G. Brigg's
list,—_Cities of Gujarashtra_, p. 339.]
1. ? *† 43. Sopârîyâ*†
2. Osvâla*† 44. Mâṇḍalîyâ*†
3. Âṅchala* 45. Kochhîpanâ*†
4. Jirâvalâ*† 46. Jâgaṁna*†
5. Khaḍatara or Kharatara 47. Lâparavâla*†
6. Lonkâ or Richmati*† 48. Vosaraḍâ*†
7. Tapâ*† 49. Düîvaṅdanîyâ*†
8. Gaṁgeśvara*† 50. Chitrâvâla*†
9. Koraṇṭavâla† 51. Vegaḍâ
10. Ânandapura† 52. Vâpaḍâ
11. Bharavalî 53. Vîjaharâ, Vîjharâ*†
12. Uḍhavîyâ*† 54. Kâüpurî†
13. Gudâvâ*† 55. Kâchala
14. Dekâüpâ or Dekâwâ*† 56. Haṁdalîyâ†
15. Bh nmâl↠57. Mahukarâ†
16. Mahuḍîyâ*† 58. Putaliyâ*†
17. Gachhapâla*† 59. Kaṁnarîsey†
18. Goshavâla† 60. Revarḍi̐yâ*†
19. Magatragagad↠61. Dhandhukâ†
20. Vṛihmânîy↠62. Thaṁbhanîpaṇâ*
21. Tâlârâ*† 63. Paṁchîvâla†
22. Vîkaḍîyâ*† 64. Pâlaṇpurâ*
23. Muñjhîyâ*† 65. Gaṁdhârîyâ*†
24. Chitroḍ↠66. Velîyâ†
25. Sâchorâ*† 67. Sâḍhapunamîyâ
26. Jachaṇḍîy↠68. Nagarakoṭîyâ*†
27. Sîdhâlavâ*† 69. Hâsorâ*†
28. Mîyâṇṇîyâ 70. Bhaṭanerâ*†
29. Âgamîy↠71. Jaṇaharâ*†
30. Maladhârî*† 72. Jagâyana*
31. Bhâvarîy↠73. Bhîmasena*†
32. Palîvâla*† 74. Takaḍîyâ†
33. Nâgadîgeśvara† 75. Kaṁboja*†
34. Dharmaghosha† 76. Senatâ†
35. Nâgapurâ*† 77. Vagherâ*†
36. Uchatavâla† 78. Vaheḍîyâ*
37. Nâṇṇâvâla*† 79. Siddhapura*†
38. Sâḍerâ*† 80. Ghogharî*†
39. Maṇḍovarâ*† 81. Nîgamîyâ
40. Śurâṇî*† 82. Punamîyâ
41. Khaṁbhâvatî*† 83. Varhaḍîyâ†
42. Pâëchaṁda 84. Nâmîlâ.†