Those who fancy reading the present to the past, will be pleased to meet

in those two last writers a quaint account of the theological feud

agitating the Rock in 1629. Religious controversies were then, as now, the

order of the day. But bluff Commander Kirke had a happy way of getting rid

of bad theology. His Excellency, whose ancestors hailed from France, was a

Huguenot, a staunch believer in John Calvin. Of his trusty garrison of 90

men a goodly portion were calvinists, the rest, however, with the chaplain

of the forces, were disciples of Luther. The squabble, from theology,

degenerated into disloyalty to the constituted authorities, a conspiracy

was hatched to overthrow the Governor's rule and murder Kirke. His

Reverence the Lutheran minister was supposed to be in some way accessory

to the plot, which Kirke found means to suppress with a high hand, and His

Reverence, without the slightest regard to the cut of his coat, was

arrested and detained a prisoner for six months in the Jesuit's residence

on the banks of the St. Charles, near Hare Point, from which he emerged,

let us hope, a wiser, if not a better man. History has failed to disclose

the name of the Lutheran minister.

Elsewhere [332] we have furnished a summary of the French families who

remained in Quebec in 1629, after the departure of Champlain and

capitulation of the place to the British. Students of Canadian history are

indebted to Mr. Stanislas Drapeau, of Ottawa, for a still fuller account,

which we shall take the liberty to translate.

"Over and above the English garrison of Quebec, numbering 90 men, we can

make out that twenty-eight French remained. The inmates of Quebec that

winter amounted to 118 persons, as follows:

1. GUILLAUME HOBOU--Marie Rollet, his wife, widow of the late Louis

Hébert, Guillaume Hébert son of Louis Hébert.

2. GUILLAUME COUILLARD, son-in-law of the late Louis Hébert.--Guillemette

Hébert, his wife, Louise, aged four years, Marguerite, aged three years,

Louis, aged two years, their children.

3. ABRAHAM MARTIN.--Marguerite Langlois, his wife; Anne, aged twenty-five

years; Marguerite, aged five years; Hélène, aged two years, their

children.

4. PIERRE DESPORTES.--Francois Langlois, his wife; Hélène Langlois.

5. NICHOLAS PIVERT.--Marguerite Lesage, his wife; Marguerite Lesage, his

little neice; Adrien du Chesne, Surgeon.

NICOLET; FROIDEMOUCHE; LE COQ., carpenter; PIERRE ROY, of Paris, coach-

builder; ETIENNE BRUSLÉ, of Champigny, interpreter of the Hurons; NICOLAS

MARSOLAIS, of Rouen, interpreter of the Montagnais; GROS JEAN, of Dieppe,

interpreter of the Algonquins.

ENGLISH GARRISON.--Louis Kirke, Commandant and Governor;... Minister of

Religion; Le Baillif, of Amiens, clerk to Kirke; 88 men, officers, and

soldiers."

_THE ARMS OF THE DOMINION._

THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE COLONIES TO THE GOVERNOR GENERAL.

DOWNING STREET, October 14, 1868.

My Lord,--I have the honour to enclose a certified copy of 26th May, Her

Majesty's Warrant of Assignment of 1868, Armorial Bearings for the

Dominion and Provinces of Canada, which has been duly enrolled in Her

Majesty's College of Arms, and I have to request that your Lordship will

take such steps as may be necessary for carrying Her Majesty's gracious

intentions into effect.

I have, &c,

(Signed) BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS.

TO THE GOVERNOR, THE RIGHT HON. VISC. MONK, &c., &c.

VICTORIA R.

VICTORIA, by the grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and

Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith, &c.

To our right trusty and well-beloved councillor Edward George Fitzalan

Howard, (commonly called Lord Edward George Fitzalan Howard), deputy to

our right trusty and right entirely beloved cousin, Henry, Duke of

Norfolk, Earl Marshal, and our Hereditary Marshal of England--Greeting:

Whereas, etc,... We were empowered to declare after a certain day therein

appointed, that the Provinces of Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick should

form one Dominion under the name of Canada, etc.,... and after the first

day of July, 1867, the said Provinces should form and be one Dominion

under the name of Canada accordingly.

And forasmuch as it is Our Royal will and pleasure that for the greater

honour and distinction of the said Provinces, certain Armorial Ensigns

should be assigned to them;

Know Ye, therefore, that We, of Our Princely Grace and special favour have

granted and assigned, and by these presents do grant and assign the

Armorial Ensigns following, that is to say:

FOR THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO

Vert a sprig of three Leaves of Maple slipped, or on a chief Argent the

Cross of St. George.

FOR THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC

Or on a Fess Gules between two Fluer de Lis in chief Azure, and a sprig of

three Leaves of Maple slipped vert in base, a Lion passant guardant or

FOR THE PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA

Or on a Fess Wavy Azure between three Thistles proper, a Salmon Naiant

Argent

FOR THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK

Or on Waves a Lymphad, or Ancient Galley, with Oars in action, proper on a

chief Gules a Lion passant guardant or, as the same are severally depicted

in the margin hereof, to be borne for the said respective Provinces on

Seals, Shields, Banners, Flags or otherwise, according to the Laws of Arms

And we are further pleased to declare that the said United Province of

Canada, being one Dominion under the name of Canada, shall, upon all

occasions that may be required, use a common Seal, to be called the "Great

Seal of Canada," which said seal shall be composed of the Arms of the said

four Provinces quarterly, all of which armorial bearings are set forth in

our Royal Warrant

Our Will and Pleasure is that you, Edward George Fitzalan Howard,

(commonly called Lord Edward George Fitzalan Howard) Deputy to our said

Earl Marshal, to whom the cognizance of matters of this nature doth

properly belong, do require and command that this Our Concession and

Declaration be recorded in our college of arms, in order that Our Officers

of Arms and all other Public Functionaries whom it may concern may take

full notice and knowledge thereof in their several and respective

departments. And for so doing this shall be your Warrant, given at our

Court at St James, this twenty-sixth day of May, in the thirty-first year

of Our Reign

By Her Majesty's command,

(Signed) BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS

"SEAL OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA--Messrs J. G. and A. B. Wyon have now on

view, at 287 Regent Street, impressions from the seals of the four

provinces of Canada and the Great Seal of the Dominion, just completed,

with the gold medal that has been struck in commemoration of the union of

the provinces. They are all designed and executed in a very high style of

art. Of the seals, that for the Dominion is, of coarse, the largest. It

represents the Queen seated under a Gothic canopy and holding the ball and

sceptre, while the wings of the canopy contain the shields of the

Provinces--two on either side--hanging on the stem of an oak. These Gothic

canopies occupy nearly the whole of the middle space of the seal, the

ground between them and the border is covered with a rich diaper, and a

shield bearing the Royal Arms of England fills the space beneath the

centre canopy. The border of the seal bears the inscription, "Victoria,

Dei Gratia, Britanniae Regina, F. D. In Canada Sigillum." This work would

add to the reputation of any other seal engraver, though it can hardly do

so to that of the Messrs Wyon, whose productions have long enjoyed a high

and deserved celebrity. The seal is well filled, as it should be in a

Gothic design, but it is not crowded, the ornaments are all very pure in

style, and the whole is in the most perfect keeping. The execution is not

less remarkable, the relief is extremely high in parts (although it does

not at first appear to be so, owing to the breadth of the composition),

but, in spite of this difficulty, the truth, sharpness, and finish of

every part have been preserved as well as they could possibly be on a

medal, or even on a coin. The smaller seals for the provinces are engraved

on one general design. The crown surmounts a central shield bearing the

Royal Arms, below which is a smaller shield bearing the arms of the

particular province--New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, or Nova Scotia. The

Royal motto on a flowing ribbon fills up the space at the sides; a border

adapted to the outline of the design runs outside this, and touches the

circular border of the seal containing the legend. These seals are no less

remarkable for carefulness of execution than the one to which we have

referred. The medal which has been struck to commemorate the confederation

of the provinces is in solid gold, and is so large and massive that its

value in metal alone is £50. On the obverse there is a head of the Queen,

for which Her Majesty recently gave Mr. Wyon sittings; the reverse bears

an allegorical design--Britannia seated and holding the scroll of

confederation, with figures representing the four provinces grouped around

her. Ontario holds the sheaf and sickle; Quebec, the paddle; Nova Scotia,

the mining spade; and New Brunswick the forest axe. Britannia carries her

trident and the lion crouches by her side. The following inscription runs

round a raised border: "Juventas et Patrius Vigor Canada Instaurata 1867."

The relief on this side is extremely bold, and the composition, modelling

and finish are such as to leave little to be desired. The treatment of the

head on the obverse is broad and simple; the hair is hidden by a sort of

hood of flowing drapery confined by a plain coronet, and the surface is

but little broken anywhere. The ornaments are massive rather than rich;

there is a plain pendant in the ear, and a miniature of the Prince Consort

is attached to a necklace of very chaste design."--_Morning Chronicle,

Quebec._

[_See page_ 148.]

_MILITIA UNIFORMS._

Canadian militiamen will be interested in the following letter which

appeared in the Toronto _Globe_.

SIR,--I observe in your "Notes from the Capital" a paragraph to the effect

that Major-General Luard has taken exception to the gold lace worn by

certain arms of the active militia. I am aware that this point has been

raised before, and perhaps it is not a very material issue; but there is a

feature--an historical one--in connection with the subject that deserves

attention, and I remember when the militia was more active than now, in

the face of danger to the peace of the country, this historical point was

brought into prominence. I simply suggest that a certain warrant signed by

the King after the war of 1812 be unearthed. I believe it lies somewhere

in the militia archives, having been transferred from the Public Record

Office. According to an old officer, now dead, who was familiar with it,

this warrant authorises the Canadian militia--a royal force, by the way--

to wear the same uniform as His Majesty's "Royal Regiments." Hence it is

that the characteristic features of the royal livery has been assumed by

the artillery and the other arms of the service. My informant, who had

served in 1812, also stated that it was owing to an accident that silver

was assumed in 1862, the contractor in London, who supplied, in great

haste, uniforms for the militia at the time of the Trent affair, assuming

that "militia" uniforms must be after the style of the English force,

which bears silver ornaments. The Canadian militia is, of course, on a

different footing, and takes precedence after the regular army. I think,

therefore, that for the sake of history and the prominent position of the

Canadian militia in a warlike sense, and in view of services rendered,

such as no other militia in the British service ever rendered, this point

is worthy of revival and investigation. Apart from this there is the fact

that a change of dress is a source of expense and embarrassment to

officers. I have served in various corps for seventeen years, and I know.

L. A. M. L.

[_See page_ 24.]

_HORSES._

"L'un des premiers soins du Monarque fut d'y faire passer (au Canada), à

ses frais, des chevaux, tant pour faciliter aux colons les travaux de

l'agriculture, que pour leur procurer leur commodité particulière, attendu

que jusque-là ils n'avaient pu marcher qu'à l'aide de raquettes pendant

l'hiver. Le 16 juillet 1665 on débarqua à Québec douze chevaux, les

premiers envoyés de France par le Roi. Il était naturel que les sauvages,

à qui ces animaux étaient entièrement inconnus, témoignassent une grande

surprise en voyant ces _orignaux de France_: c'est ainsi qu'ils les

appelaient, par comparaison avec ces animaux du pays, n'ayant pas de mots

dans leur langue pour les désigner. Ce qu'ils admiraient surtout,

c'étaient qu'ils fussent si traitables et si dociles sons la main de leurs

cavaliers, qui les faisaient marcher à leur fantaisie. [333] Sa Majesté a

encore envoyé des chevaux, écrivait en 1667 la mère Marie de

l'Incarnation, et on nous a donné pour notre part deux belles juments et

un cheval, tant pour la charrue que pour le charroi. [334] "L'année 1670,

le Roi envoya pareillement un étalon et douze juments, et les fit

distribuer aux gentilshommes du pays, les plus zélés pour la culture des

terres: une jument à M. Talon, deux juments à M. de Chambly avec un

étalon, une à M. de Sorel, une à M. de Contrecoeur, une à M. de Saint-

Ours, une à M. de Varenne, deux juments à M. de Lachesnaye, une à M. de

Latouche, une à M. de Repentigny, enfin la douzième à M. Le Ber. Voici les

conditions auxquelles le Roi faisaient ces sortes de dons aux

particuliers, ils devaient les nourrir pendant trois ans: et si par leur

faute, quelqu'un de ces animaux venaient à mourir, celui à qui il avait

été donné était obligé de donner au receveur du Roi la somme de deux cents

livres. Dans l'autre cas, il pouvait le vendre après les trois ans

expirés, ainsi que les poulains qu'il aurait pu avoir; mais avec charge au

bout de trois ans, de donner au receveur de Sa Majesté un poulain d'un an

pour chaque cheval, ou la somme de cent livres. Il était pareillement

ordonné que, lorsque ces poulains que le Roi faisait élever et nourrir

seraient parvenus à leur troisième année, on les distribuer ait à d'autres

particuliers, et toujours aux mêmes conditions. [335] Comme on le voit,

ces conditions ne pouvaient être plus avantageuses aux particuliers, ni au

pays en général; aussi Colbert, qui avait tant à coeur de voir fleurir la

colonie, écrivait à M. Talon, le 11 février 1671. "Je tiendrai la main à

ce qu'il soit envoyé en Canada des cavales et des ânesses, afin de

multiplier ces espèces si nécessaires à la commodité des habitants." [336]

De tous les animaux domestiques envoyés par le Roi dans la Nouvelle-

France, les chevaux furent, en effet, ceux qui s'y multiplièrent le plus,

quoique le nombre des autres y augmentât d'une manière étonnante. [337]--

(_L'Histoire de la Colonie Française en Canada_, Faillon, Vol. III, p.

222.)

_EXPORTATION OF CANADIAN CATTLE TO EUROPE._

According to the statistics furnished by Mr. McEachran, V.S., and

Government Inspector of live stock, the total shipments for 1879 from

Montreal and Quebec from toe opening to the close of navigation, as

compared with the two previous years, are as follows:--

1879 1878 1877

Cattle... 24,823 18,665 6,940

Sheep.... 78,792 41,250 9,500

Hogs..... 4,745 2,078 430

The great majority of animals shipped from Quebec were forwarded by sail

from Montreal, and large as the increased shipments of cattle, sheep and

hogs this year are over 1878 and 1877, the exports next year will

doubtless show a still large increase as compared with those of 1879--

[Quebec _Mercury_, 18th Nov., 1879.]

Mr. J. A. Couture, veterinary surgeon, the officer in charge of the Point

Levi cattle quarantine, furnishes the following figures regarding the

Canadian Cattle Trade during the season of 1879. The total number of live

stock shipped at Montreal was 17,101 head of cattle, 59,907 sheep, and

3,468 hogs. From this port the shipments were 4,000 head of cattle, 17,274

sheep, and 188 hogs; or a grand total from the two shipping ports of

21,112 head of cattle; 77,181 sheep and 3,656 hogs. The estimated value of

this live stock is--cattle, $1,111,200; sheep, $771,810; and hogs,

$52,720; or a grand total of $2,935,730. The value of the forage exported

with this stock for food, averaging the trip of each steamship at ten

days, is placed at $92,690; and the estimated sums paid to the various

steamship lines for freight is $583,900.--[Quebec _Mercury_, 24th Nov.,

1879.]

[_See page_ 200.]

_SHIP-BUILDING AT QUEBEC UNDER FRENCH DOMINATION._

"La construction des vaisseaux était une autre branche d'industrie que

Louis XIV avait à coeur d'introduire en Canada; et dans ce dessin, il eut

soin d'y faire passer tous les ouvriers nécessaires, ainsi que d'autres,

pour préparer des bois propres à cette construction et les transporter en

France. Peu après son arrivée en Canada, M. Talon donna tous ses soins à

un objet de si grande importance. "Il faut couper des bois de toute sorte,

lit-on dans la Relation de 1667, qui se trouvent par tout le Canada, et

qui donnent facilité aux Français et aux autres, qui viennent s'y

habituer, de s'y loger dès leur arrivée. Il fait faire des matures, dont

il envoie cette année des essais à la Rochelle pour servir à la marine. Il

s'est appliqué, de plus, aux bois propres à la construction des vaisseaux,

dont l'épreuve a été faite en ce pays par la bâtisse d'une barque, qui se

trouve de bon service, et d'un gros vaisseau tout prêt à être mis à

l'eau." [338] Dans l'état de la dépense du Roi pour l'année 1671, nous

lisons cet article remarquable: "Quarante-mille livres pour être employées

à la construction des vaisseaux qui se font en Canada, comme aussi à la

coupe et à la façon des bois envoyés de ce pays pour les constructions qui

se font dans les ports du royaume." [339] Le premier de ces vaisseaux,

auxquels on travaillait l'année 1672, devait être du poids de quatre a

cinq cents tonneaux; et, dans le même temps, on se disposait à en

construire un autre plus considérable encore, dont tous les matériaux

étaient déjà prêts. [340] L'un de ces bâtiments étant enfin achevé, on

demanda au Roi qu'il voulût bien le laisser dans la colonie, ce qui

pourtant n'eut pas lieu." [341]--_Histoire de la Colonie Française en

Canada_, Faillon, Vol. III, p. 256.

Extract from "_Mémoires et Relations sur l'Histoire Ancienne du Canada_

d'après des Manuscrits récemment obtenus des Archives et Bureaux Publics,

en France."

(Publiés sous la direction de la Société Littéraire et Historique de

Québec, 1840. (1748.))--"Il y a une Construction royale établie à Québec;

le Roy y entretient un Constructeur-en-chef, et tous les ouvriers

nécessaires; mais cette construction est aujourd'hui décriée, et l'on dit

que le Roy va la faire cesser pour les raisons suivantes:

En premier lieu, on prétend que les vaisseaux bâtis à Québec coûtent

beaucoup plus que ceux bâtis dans les ports de France; mais on n'ajoute

pas que ce n'est qu'en apparence, attendu qu'il passe sur le compte de la

construction beaucoup de dépenses qui n'y ont aucun rapport.

En second lieu, que ces vaisseaux jusqu'a présent ont été de très-peu de

durée; d'où l'on conclut que les bois du Canada ne valent rien.

Pour juger sainement de la qualité de ces bois, il faut entrer dans le

détail de ce qui en regarde la coupe, le transport à Québec, et l'employ à

la construction.

Premièrement: Ces bois du Canada sont extrêmement droits, ce n'est qu'avec

beaucoup de peine qu'on trouve dans leurs racines des bois tords, propres

à la construction.

Deuxièmement: Jusqu'à présent on n'a exploité que les Chênières les plus

voisines des rivières, et conséquemment situées dans les lieux bas, a

cause de la facilité de transport.

Troisièmement: Les bois sont coupés en hiver; on les traîne sur la neige

jusques au bord des rivières et des lacs; lorsque la fonte des neiges et

des glaces a rendu la navigation libre, on les met en radeaux pour les

descendre à Québec, où ils restent longtems dans l'eau, avant d'être tirés

à terre, et où ils en contractent une mousse qui les échauffe; encore

imbibés d'eau, ils sont exposés dans un chantier à toute l'ardeur du

soleil de l'été; l'hiver qui succède les couvre une seconde fois de neige,

que le printems fait fondre, et ainsi successivement jusqu'a ce qu'ils

soient employés; enfin, ils restent deux ans sur les chantiers, où de

nouveau ils essuyent deux fois l'extrémité du froid et du chaud qu'on sent

dans ce climat.

Voilà les causes du peu de durée de ces vaisseaux:

Si on coupoit les bois sur les hauteurs; s'ils étoient transportés à

Québec dans des barques; si on les garantissoit des injures du tems dans

des hangars, et si les vaisseaux ne restoient qu'une année sur les

chantiers il est évident qu'ils dureroient plus longtems. Dans la

démolition de ceux qui ont été condamnés en France, on a reconnu que les

bordages s'etoient bien conservés, et qu'ils étoient aussi bons que ceux

qu'on tire de Sède; mais que les membres en étoient pourris. Est-il

étonnant que les bois tords pris à la racine d'arbres qui avoient le pied

dans l'eau qu'on n'a pas eu attention de faire sécher à couvert,

s'échauffent quand ils se trouvent enfermés entre deux bordages?

Je ne vois donc pas que les raisons alléguées centre les vaisseaux de

Québec soient suffisantes pour en faire cesser la construction. Je dis

plus, que le Roy fait en Canada, celle de la construction me paroit la

plus nécessaire, et celle qui peut devenir la plus utile. Tout esprit non

prévenu sera forcé de convenir qu'on y fera construire des vaisseaux avec

plus d'économie que dans les ports de France, toutes les fois qu'on ne

confondra pas d'autres dépenses avec celles de la construction.

D'ailleurs, il est important qu'il y ait à Québec un certain nombre de

charpentiers et de calfats; il en manque aujourd'hui, malgré ceux que le

Roy entretient; et lorsque les particuliers en ont besoin au printems, ils

n'en trouvent point; un calfat se paye six francs pour une marée. J'avoue

qu'alors tous les travaux de cette espèce sont pressés; mais ordinairement

un charpentier gagne trois à quatre francs par jour avec les particuliers.

Indépendamment de l'intérêt des particuliers, les vaisseaux qui viennent à

Québec, ont quelques fois besoin d'un radoub, et dans le nombre des

navires marchands, il y en a toujours quelqu'un qu'il est nécessaire de

radouber par des accidents arrivés dans la traversée. Si le Roy faisoit

cesser ici la construction de ses vaisseaux, tous les ouvriers qui y sont

employés seroient forcés d'aller chercher du travail ailleurs.

Enfin, on a besoin en Canada de petits bâtiments pour les postes de la

pêche, pour le commerce de Québec, à Montréal, pour le cabotage de la

rivière, pour la traite à Gaspé et à Louisbourg; et cette partie de la

construction est si fort négligée ici, que les Anglois de ce continent

fournissent une partie des bâtimens pour la navigation dans l'intérieur de

notre Colonie. Ce n'est pas que leurs bois sont meilleurs, ou leurs

bâtimens mieux construits que les nôtres, mais ils les donnent à meilleur

marche. Aussi voyons-nous dans toutes nos places maritimes des navires

marchands construits dans la Nouvelle-Angleterre.

Loin donc de prendre le parti d'abandonner la Construction royale, parti

préjudiciable à la Colonie, et j'ose dire à l'État, il seroit nécessaire

non-seulement que le Roy continuât à faire construire des vaisseaux en

Canada, mais encore qu'il encourageât des entrepreneurs pour la

construction de bâtimens marchands. La gratification de vingt francs par

tonneau, accordée aux particuliers qui feroient passer en France des

bâtimens construits en Canada, ne suffroit pas aujourd'huy pour les

engager à cet égard dans des entreprises d'un certaine considération; la

main d'oeuvre est hors de prix, et les entrepreneurs seraient forcés de

faire venir de France les voiles, cordages et autres agrès.

Il faudroit, indépendamment de la gratification, que le Roy fît passer à

Québec une partie de ses agrès, et qu'il les donnât aux entrepreneurs à un

prix raisonnable: il faudroit en outre qu'il leur procureroit un frêt pour

les bâtimens qu'ils envoyeroient en France, et il le leur procureroit en

ordonnant qu'on reçut dans ses ports les planches, bordages, merrains,

plançons de chêne, mâtures et autres articles de cette espèce, dont ces

bâtimens seroient chargés, au même prix qu'il les paye aux fournisseurs

qui tirent tous ces articles de l'étranger; en prenant ces mesures, le

Canada fourniroit les bâtimens nécessaires pour le commerce intérieur de

la Colonie, dispenseroit la France d'avoir recours aux Anglois pour les

navires qui manquent à son commerce en Europe, et que les Anglois

construisent dans le même continent où nous avons de si vastes

possessions; les mâtures du Canada, estimées autant que celles que nous

tirons du Nord à grands frais, ne seroient pas pour nous en pure perte;

ces exploitations devenant considérables, faciliteroient la culture des

terres, en désertant des cantons qui, peut-être, ne le seront jamais;

enfin cette construction, établie sur le pied où on le propose, coûteroit

sans doute, au Roy; mais cette dépense, sagement économisée, feroit partie

de celles que nous avons dit être nécessaires pour la balance du commerce

de cette Colonie avec la France."

I have furnished elsewhere, a sketch and a tabular statement showing the

gradual progress in ship-building, under French Rule and under English

Rule, from 1787 down to 1875.--_Vide_ QUEBEC PAST AND PRESENT, page 434-9.

[_See page 219._]

_THE CONQUEST OF NEW YORK._

"Louis XIV," says Parkman, "commanded that eighteen thousand unoffending

persons should be stripped of all they possessed, and cast out to the

mercy of the wilderness. The atrocity of the plan is matched by its folly.

The King gave explicit orders, but he gave neither ships nor men enough to

accomplish them; and the Dutch farmers, goaded to desperation, would have

cut his sixteen hundred soldiers to pieces." [342]

"Si parmy les habitans de la Nouvelle-York il se trouve des Catholiques de

la fidélité desquels il croye se pouvoir asseurer, il pourra les laisser

dans leurs habitations, après leur avoir fait prester serment de fidélité

à Sa Majesté.... Il pourra aussi garder, s'il le juge à propos, des

artisans et autres gens de service nécessaires pour l'a culture des

terres, ou pour travailler aux fortifications, en qualité de

prisonniers.... Il faut retenir en prison les officiers et les principaux

habitans desquels on pourrat retirer des rançons. A l'esgard de tous les

autres estrangers (_ceux que ne sont pas Français_), hommes, femmes

et enfans, sa Majesté trouve à propos qu'ils soient mis hors de la Colonie

et envoyez a la Nouvelle Angleterre, a la Pennsylvanie ou en d'autres

endroits qu il jugera à propos par mer ou par terre, ensemble ou

séparément le tout suivant qu il trouvera plus seur pour les dissiper et

empescher qu en se réunissant ils ne puissent donner occasion à des

entreprises contre cette Colonie. Il envoyera en France les Français

fugitifs qu'il y pourra trouver et particulièrement ceux de la Religion

Prétendue-Reformée (_Huguenots_)--(New York Col. Docs. IX 422)

_Vide--Le Roy à Denonville, 7 juin 1689 le Ministre à Denonville, même

date, le Ministre à Frontenac, même date ordre du Roy à Vaudreuil, même

date le Roy au Sieur de la Coffinère; même date, Champagny au Ministre, 16

Nov. 1689_

_COPY OF THE EPITAPH PREPARED BY THE ACADÉMIE DES INSCRIPTIONS AT PARIS

FOR THE MARQUIS OF MONTCALM'S TOMB._

Leave was asked by the French Government to have the marble tablet, on

which this epitaph was inscribed, sent out to Quebec, and granted by the

English Government (_Vide_ William Pitt's Letter, 10th April, 1761).

This inscription, from some cause or other, never reached Quebec.

EPITAPH

Hic jacet

Utroque in orbe aeternum victurus,

LUDOVICUS JOSEPHUS DE MONTCALM GOZON

Marchio Sancti Verani, Baro Gabriaci,

Ordinis Sancti Ludovici Commendator,

Legatus Generalis Exercituum Gallicorum

Egregius et Civis et Miles,

Nullius rei appetens praeterquam verae laudis

Ingenio felici et literis exculto

Omnes Militiae gradus per continua decora emensus,

Omnium Belli Artium, temporum, discriminum gnarus,

In Italia, in Bohemia, in Germania

Dux industrius

Mandata sibi ita semper gerens ut majoribus par haberetur,

Jam clarus periculis

Ad tutandam Canadensem Provinciam missu

Parva militum manu Hostium copias non semel repulit,

Propugnacula cepit viris armisque instructissima

Algoris, mediae, vigiliarum, laboris patiens,

Suis ucice prospiciens immemor sui,

Hostis acer, victor mansuetus

Fortunam virtute, virium inopiam peritia et celeritate compensavit,

Imminens Coloniae fatum et consilio et manu per quadriennium sustinuit

Tandem ingentem Exercitum Duce strenuo et audaci,

Classemque omni bellorum mole gravem,

Mulitiplici prudentia diu ludificatus

Vi pertractus ad dimicandum,

In prima acie, in primo conflictu vulneratus,

Religioni quam semper coluerat innitens,

Magno suoram desiderio, nec sine hostium moerore,

Extinctus est

Die XIV. Sept, A. D. MDCCLIX. aetat. XLVIII.

Mortales optimi ducis exuvias in excavata humo,

Quam globus bellicus decidens dissiliensque defoderat,

Galli lugentes deposuerunt,

Et generosae hostium fidei commendarunt

_The Annual Register for 1762._

_THE FRENCH REFUGEES OF OXFORD, MASS._

An elegantly printed volume has just issued from the press of Noyes, Snow

and Co., Worcester, Mass, from the pen of George F. Daniels, containing a

succinct history of one of the earliest Massachusetts towns--the town of

Oxford; we think we cannot introduce it to the reader more appropriately,

than in the words of Oliver Wendell Holmes, whose graceful introduction

prefaces the volume.

Oliver Wendell Holmes to George F. Daniels:--"Of all my father's

historical studies," says the Autocrat of the Breakfast-table, "none ever

interested me so much as his 'Memoir of the French Protestants who settled

at Oxford, in 1686,'--all the circumstances connected with that second

Colony of Pilgrim-Fathers, are such as to invest it with singular

attraction for the student of history, the antiquary, the genealogist. It

carries us back to the memories of the massacre of Saint Bartholomew, to

the generous Edict of Nantes, and the gallant soldier-king, who issued it;

to the days of the Grand Monarque, and the cruel act of revocation which

drove into exile hundreds of thousands of the best subjects of France--

among them the little band which was planted in our Massachusetts half-

tamed wilderness. It leads the explorer who loves to linger around the

places consecrated by human enterprise, efforts, trials, triumphs,

sufferings, to localities still marked with the fading traces of the

strangers who, there found a refuge for a few brief years, and then

wandered forth to know their homes no more. It tells the lovers of family

history where the un-English names which he is constantly meeting with--

Bowdoin, Faneuil, Sigourney--found their origin, and under what skies were

moulded the type of lineaments, unlike those of Anglo-Saxon parentage,

which he finds among certain of his acquaintance, and it may be in his own

family or himself. And what romance can be fuller of interest than the

story of this hunted handful of Protestants leaving, some of them at an

hour's warning, all that was dear to them, and voluntarily wrecking

themselves, as it were, on this shore, where the savage and the wolf were

waiting ready to dispute possession with the feeble intruders. They came

with their untrained skill to a region where trees were to be felled, wild

beasts to be slain, the soil to be subdued to furnish them bread, the

whole fabric of social order to be established under new conditions. They

came from the sunny skies of France to the capricious climate where the

summers were fierce and the winters terrible with winds and snows. They

left the polished amenities of an old civilization, for the homely ways of

rude settlers of another race and language. Their lips, which had shaped

themselves to the harmonies of a refined language, which had been used to

speaking such names as Rochefort and Beauvoir and Angoulême, had to

distort themselves into the utterances of words like Manchaug and

Wabquasset and Chaubunagungamang. The short and simple annals of this

heroic and gentle company of emigrants are full of trials and troubles,

and ended with a bloody catastrophe.

'After Plymouth, I do not think there is any locality in New England more

interesting. This little band of French families, [343 ] transported from

the shore of the Bay of Biscay to the wilds of our New England interior,

reminds me of the isolated group of Magnolias which we find surrounded by

the ordinary forest trees of our Massachusetts town of Manchester. It is a

surprise to meet with them, and we wonder how they came there, but they

glorify the scenery with their tropical flowers, and sweeten it with their

fragrance. Such a pleasing surprise is the effect of coming upon this

small and transitory abiding-place of the men and women who left their

beloved and beautiful land for the sake of their religion. The lines of

their fort may become obliterated, 'the perfume of the shrubbery may no

longer be perceived but the ground they hallowed by their footsteps is

sacred and the air around their old Oxford home is sweet with their

memory.'

This exclusiveness in the selection of settlers for Canada, ever since the

days of the DeCaens, to render the population homogeneous and prevent

religious discord, was extended to Frenchmen, whose only disability, was

their faith, and who did not belong to the national Church, and though the

colony, more than once was at its last gasp, for want of soldiers and

colonists to defend it, it was forbidden ground to the 500,000 industrious

Frenchman, whom the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1682, drove to

England, Holland and Germany, and the English and Dutch colonies in

America. This policy of exclusiveness, was vigorously denounced by the

leading historian of Canada, F. X. Garneau, in 1845.

"The poorly expressed request, for fifteen hundred colonists to take the

place of those who had joined the army, remained unanswered--unattended

to. Though at the very time the Huguenots solicited as a favour permission

to settle in the New World, where they promised to live peaceably under

the shadow of their country's flag--which they could not cease to love--it

was just when they were denied a request, which had it been granted would

have saved Canada and permanently secured it to France. But Colbert's

influence," says Garneau, "at Court had fallen away; he was on his death-

bed. So long as he was in power he had protected the Calvinists, who had

ceased to disturb France and who then were enriching it. His death which

took place in 1684, handed them over to the tender mercy of the Chancellor

Le Tellier and of the fierce Louvois. The _dragonnades_ swept over

the protestant strongholds, awful heralds of the revocation of the edict

of Nantes. The king, said a celebrated writer, exhibited his power by

humbling the Pope and by crushing the Huguenots. He wished the unification

of the Church and of France--the hobby of the great men of the day,

presided over by Bossuet. Madame de Maintenon, a converted Calvinist, and

who had secretly become his wife (1685) encouraged him in this design and

suggested to him the cruel scheme of tearing away children from their

parents, to bring them up in the Roman Catholic faith. The vexatious

confiscations, the galleys, the torture of the wheel, the gibbet,--all

were successively but unsuccessfully resorted to as a means to convert

them. The unhappy Protestants' sole aim was to escape from the band which

tortured them, in vain were they prohibited from quitting the kingdom, and

those who aided them in their flight sent to the galleys--five hundred

thousand escaped to Holland, to Germany, to England, and to the English

colonies in America. They carried thither their wealth, their industry,

and after such a separation--ill blood and thirst for revenge, which

subsequently cost their native country very dear. William III, who more

than once charged the French troops at the heads of French regiments, and

Roman Catholic and Huguenot regiments, were seen, when recognising one

another on the battle-field, to rush on one another with their bayonets,

with an onslaught more ferocious than soldiers of different nationalities

exhibit to one another. How advantageous would not have been an

emigration, strong in numbers and composed of men, wealthy, enlightened,

peaceful, laborious, such as the Huguenots were--to people the shores of

the St. Lawrence, or the fertile plains of the West? At least, they would

not have borne to foreign lands the secret of French manufactures, and

taught other nations to produce goods which they were in the habit of

going and procuring in the ports of France. A fatal policy sacrificed

these advantages to the selfish views of a party--armed by the alliance of

the spiritual and temporal power with an authority, which denied the

breath of life to conscience as well as to intellect. 'If you and yours

are not converted, before such a day, the king's authority will ensure

your conversion,' thus wrote Bossuet to the dissenters. We repeat it, had

this policy not been resorted to, we should not be reduced, we Canadians,

to defend every foot of ground, our language, our laws, and our

nationality, against an invading hostile sea. How will pardon be granted

to fanaticism, for the anguish and suffering inflicted on a whole people,

whose fate has been rendered so painful, so arduous--whose future has been

so grievously jeopardized.

"Louis XIV, who had myriads of dragoons to butcher the Protestants, and

who by his own fault was losing half a million of his subjects--the

monarch who dictated to Europe, could only spare two hundred soldiers to

send to Quebec, to protect a country four times larger than France, a

country which embraced Hudson's Bay, Acadia, Canada, a large portion of

Maine, of Vermont, New York, and the whole Mississippi valley"--

_Garneau's History of Canada_, (Vol. I. p. 492-96--1st edition.)

[See page 107.]

_VENERABLE MOTHER OF THE INCARNATION._

"In one of the many works which the philosopher of Chelsea has given to

the world, we find the assertion of a great truth that history is but the

biography of leading men. The poet of Cambridge also tells us that the

lives of the great are so many models, and that as they have left their

footprints on the sands of time, so may we by following their noble

example render our lives illustrious. These reflections of the philosopher

and poet extend no doubt to those of the fairer sex, in whom exalted

virtue was manifested, and whose devotion in the pursuit of noble deeds

awakens the spirit of emulation in all hearts. From the earliest period of

time heroic women have appeared. The mother of the Maccabees, the mother

of the Gracchi, the grand prophetesses whose actions are recorded in that

sublimest of books, the Bible--these and many others adorn the pages of

history, whether sacred or profane, and afford living, ever-present

proofs, that the pathway of glory and honour may be pursued by even the

weaker members of the human race.

In Canada, youthful though her record may be, there have appeared

actresses on the great stage of humanity, whose virtues appeal for

admiration, whose nobility of soul provokes general reverence, and whose

impress upon the future destinies of the country is of a more profound

nature than may be imagined at first sight.

Foremost among such heroic women, may be regarded the foundress of the

Ursuline Convent in Quebec, the Venerable Mother Mary of the Incarnation.

Gifted by nature, burning with zeal for the welfare of souls, imbued with

the greatest confidence in the mercies of a bountiful Creator, she fully

realized the great idea of Blessed Angela de Merici, that the preservation

of the world from innumerable evils, largely depended upon the correct

training of youth. Born in sunny France, she braved the dangers of the

deep, so that on our virgin soil she might plant the pure, untainted flag

of Christian education; and, now that the Province of Quebec has emerged

from the lowliness of its early condition--now that the settlers by the

banks of the St. Lawrence have become a great people, with a literature

all their own, rich in its very youthful exuberance, with their language

preserved, and the free exercise of their religion guaranteed no less by

the faithful adherence to treaty obligations, than by their own hardy

devotion, we can calmly review the past, and gratefully acknowledge the

blessings bestowed on the country through the instrumentality of that lady

who founded that holy sisterhood in our midst, which daily labours to

honour the Intelligence of God, by the cultivation of intellectual graces.

Few, indeed, are the families in Quebec which have not experienced the

value of the Ursuline community in our city. One of the crowns of

womanhood is gained in Christian education--an education which falls upon

the soil of the soul, like freshening dew, and adorns the heart and mind

with the flowers of virtue. Hence the life of the Venerable Mother Mary

should be carefully studied and pondered over; hence her deeds should be

proclaimed and her saintly legacies preserved, and therefore, it is, that

the writer humbly calls attention to a new work, written by a daughter of

Erin, written lovingly and sweetly in the quiet precincts of the Ursuline

Convent, Blackrock, Cork, and in which may be found the story of the

devoted French woman, whose name is now inseparably linked with that of

Canada, told in chaste language worthy alike of the virtuous theme, and of

the ability which marks the narration. The earlier days of the French

Colony are depicted therein; and with an accuracy no less commendable than

useful. In fact the book is eminently a readable one, the object of the

publication being to extend the knowledge which all of us ought to possess

of one whose life glorified God, and whose advent to our shores was a very

benediction."

JAMES JOSEPH GAHAN.

Quebec, 27th January, 1881.

We copy the following from the _Quebec Gazette_, 10th October, 1793:--

THE VARIATION OF THE NEEDLE AT QUEBEC.

"For the information of the curious, the particular benefit of Land

Surveyors, and safety of seafaring people, please to insert in your

_Gazette_, that from critical observation on the variation of the

needle at Quebec, it is found to be on the decrease, or in other words to

be again returning to the Eastward,--a proof of which is, that in 1785,

when the Meridian line on Abraham's Plains was ascertained by me, the

variation was found to be 12 degrees, 35 minutes West; whereas at present

the variation is no more than 12 degrees, 5 minutes West, having in the

space of eight years diminished half a degree.

I am sir,

Your most obedient humble servant.

(Signed,) SAMUEL HOLLAND.

Quebec, 8th October, 1793.

How do matters now stand, Commander Ashe?

"VARIATION OF THE NEEDLE AT QUEBEC."

(_To the Editor of the Morning Chronicle._)

DEAR SIR,--"For the information of the curious, the particular benefit of

Land Surveyors, and safety of sea-faring people," I will endeavor to

explain how our compass variation stands.

With regard to the reprint from the _Quebec Gazette_ of 1793, in the

Chronicle of the 23rd instant, in which Major Samuel Holland observes that

he had passed our Maximum Westerly Variation, it is very likely that such

was the case, as I find that Major Sabine in 1818, found the Variation for

London to be 24° 30' West, and in 1822 to have retrograded to 24° 12':

this was not only the case in England, but all over Europe where

observations were taken, so that there is no doubt that the same

disturbing influence was affecting the needle here in 1793. Whatever that

influence is, it must shortly alter. Major Samuel Holland's observations

have affected us in the opposite direction, for in 1860 Captain Bayfield

found the variation for Quebec to be 15° 45' West, with an annual increase

of 5', which would give the present variation as about 17° 0' West. This

agrees very closely with observations taken here last November for

deviation, which with range of only 7° 30', gave a mean result of 17° 3'

9" West. I am, &c,

E. D. ASHE,

Commander R. N.

Observatory, Quebec, Feb. 23rd, 1876.

_OUR CITY BELLS--THEIR NAMES._

1st. Bell, Louise; 2nd, Olivier Geneviève; 3rd, Pierre Marie; 4th, Marie-

Joseph-Louise-Marguerite; 5th, Jean-Olivier, &c.

"Now, on the gentle breath of morn,

Once more I hear that _chiming_ bell,

As onward, slow, each note is borne,

Like echo's lingering, last farewell."

(_The Evening Bells_, of the General Hospitals:

by ADAM KIDD.--1829.)

"Quebec Bells are an institution of the present and of the past:" so says

every Tourist. To the weary and drowsy traveller, steeped at dawn in that

"sweet restorer, balmy sleep," under the silent eaves of the St. Louis or

Stadacona hotel, this is one of the features of our city life, at times

unwelcome. We once heard a hardened old tourist savagely exclaim,

"Preserve me against the silvery voice of Quebec Evening _Belles_, I

rather like your early Morning Bells." Another tourist, however, in one of

our periodicals closes a lament over Quebec "Bell Ringing," with the

caustic enquiry "Should not Bell Bingers be punished?"

Being more cosmopolitan in our tastes, we like the music of our City Bells

in the dewy morn, without fearing the merry tones of our City _Belles_,

when the silent shades of evening lends them its witchery. There is

certainly as much variety in the names as there is in the chimes of our

Quebec Bells.

Though the Bells of the "ancient capital" are famous in history and song,

Quebec cannot boast of any such monsters of sound as the "Gros Bourdon" of

Montreal--weighing 29,400 lbs., dating from 1847, "the largest bell in

America." The R. C. Cathedral in the upper town, raised in 1874, by His

Holiness, Pius IX to the high position of _Basilica Minor_, the only one

on the continent--owns two bells of antique origin; the Parish Register

traces as follows, their birth and christening. "1774--9th October. The

Churchwardens return thanks to His Lordship Jean 0. Briand, Bishop, for

the present he made of the big bell, which, exclusive of its clapper,

weighs 3,255 lbs. Name, LOUISE, by Messieur Montgolfier, _Grand Vicaire_,

and Mdlle de Léry, representing its Matron. Blessed by Monsigneur Louis

Masriacheau D'Esgley, coadjutor."

"1778. 28th July. Christening of the bells by M. Noel Voyer, on the 22nd

July. Blessed by _Sa Grandeur_, Monseigneur Briand; the first weigh

1,625 lbs.--named OLIVIER GENEVIÈVE--Godfather, _Sa Grandeur_, with

Madame Chanazard wife of M Berthelot 7 yards of white damask given as a

(christening) dress. The second, was called PIERRE MARIE, by M. Panet,

Judge of the Court, and his wife Marie Anne Rottot; said bell weighing

1,268 lbs."

A halo of poetry hovers over some of our bells. About 1829, Adam Kidd, a

son of song, hailing from Spencer Wood,--a friend of the Laird of the

Manor--Hon. H M Percival, wrote some graceful lines on the _Church

Bells_ of the General Hospital Convent. This poem was published at the

_Herald_ and _New Gazette_ office, in Montreal. In 1830, with the _Huron

Chief_, and other poems by Kidd, and by him inscribed to Tom Moore, "the

most popular, most powerful and most patriotic poet of the nineteenth

century, whose magic numbers have vibrated to the heart of nations," says

the Dedication.

A delightful volume has recently been put forth by a Ursuline Nun,

entitled "GLIMPSES OF THE MONASTERY," in which the holy memories of the

cloister blend with exquisite bits of word painting; we find in it a

glowing sketch of the Convent Bells, and of the objects and scenery,

surrounding the "Little World" of the Ursulines. "Marriage Bells" are of

course left out.

The writer therein alludes to that short-lived bell of Madame de la

Peltrie, melted in the memorable fire of the 31st December, 1650, which

the pious lady used to toll, to call "the Neophytes to the waters of

baptism, or the newly made Christians to Holy Mass."

(_See page 113._)

(_From "Trifles from my Diary."_)

"_GENERAL WOLFE'S STATUE," CORNER PALACE STREET_

BY THE AUTHOR OF "MAPLE LEAVES."

Olim truncus eram ficulnus, inutile lignum,

Cum faber, incertus scamnum faceretne Priapum

Maluit esse Deum.

Horace, Sat I. 8.

Henry Ward Beecher begins an amusing sketch of our city with the words,

"Queer old Quebec,--of all the cities on the Continent of America, the

quaintest." He concludes his humorous picture by expressing the wish that

it may remain so without being disturbed by the new-fangled notions of the

day. Some one has observed that its walls, streets, public places,

churches and old monasteries, with the legends of three centuries clinging

to them, give you, when you enter under its massive gates, hoary with age,

[344] the idea of an "old curiosity shop," or, as the name Henry Ward

Beecher well expresses it, "a picture book, turning over a new leaf at

each street." It is not then surprising that the inhabitants should have

resorted not only to the pen of the historian to preserve evergreen and

fragrant the historical ivy which clings to its battlements, but even to

that cheap process, in use in other countries, to immortalize heroes--

signboards and statues--a process recommended by high authority. We read

in that curiously interesting book, "History of Signboards--"

"The Greeks honored their great men and successful commanders by erecting

statues to them; the Romans rewarded their popular favorites with

triumphal entries and ovations; modern nations make the portraits of their

celebrities serve as signs for public-houses:

Vernon, the Butcher Cumberland, Wolfe, Hawke,

Prince Ferdinand, Granby, Burgoyne, Keppel, Howe,

Evil and good have had their tithe of talk,

And filled their signpost then, like Wellesley now."

If Wolfe served as a signboard recently in Britain, he has filled the same

office now close on a century in Canada, and still continues to do so. He

has defied wind and weather ever since the day when the Cholette Brothers

affixed to the house at the north-west corner of St. John and Palace

streets a rough statue of the gallant young soldier in the year 1771, with

one arm extended in the attitude of command, and pointing to the Falls of

Montmorency.

Nor has Mr. de Gaspé, the author of the "Canadians of Old," thought it

beneath his pen to indite an able disquisition on its origin, brimful of

wealth for our antiquaries and a great deal more practical in its bearings

than even Jonathan Oldbuck's great Essay on Castrametation. A Three Rivers

antiquarian had attempted to establish that it was Ives Cholette who had

been the sculptor of the statue in question, but our old friend (through

the church registers--and through ancient and irrefutable records) showed

it could neither be Ives Cholette, aged, in 1771, 10 years, nor his

younger brother Hyacinthe, aged then but 8 years, who had designed this

great work of art, but Cholette of another ilk. [345]

In these halycon days of old Quebec, free from municipal taxes, Fenian

scares and labor strikes, when the practical joker [346] and _mauvais

sujets_, bent on a lark, would occasionally take possession, after

night-fall, of some of the chief city thoroughfares, and organize a

masquerade, battering unmercifully with their heavy lanterns. Captain

Pinguet's _hommes de guêt_,--the night patrol--long before Lord Durham's

blue-coated "peelers" were thought of, the historic statue would disappear

sometimes for days together; and after having headed a noisy procession,

decorated with _bonnet rouge_ and one of those antique camloteen cloaks

which our forefathers used to rejoice in, it would be found in the morning

grotesquely propped up, either in the centre of the old Upper Town market,

or in the old Picote cemetery in Couillard street [347], in that fanciful

costume (a three-storied _sombrero_, with eye-glass and _dudeen_) which

rendered so _piquant_ some of the former vignettes on the Union Bank

notes. I can yet recall as one of the most stirring memories of my

childhood, the concern, nay, vexation, of Quebecers generally when the

"General" was missing on the 16th July, 1838, from his sacred niche in

Palace street, and was subsequently triumphantly replaced by the grateful

citizens,--rejuvenated, repainted, revarnished, with the best materials

Halifax could furnish, the "General" having been brought there by the

youngsters of the "Inconstant" frigate, Captain Pring, from Quebec. It

would appear the roystering middies, having sacrificed copiously to the

rosy god, after rising from a masonic dinner in the Albion Hotel, in

Palace street, had noticed the "General" by the pale moonlight, looking

very seedy, and considering that a sea voyage would set him up, had

carried him on board. The General was driven down in a calèche by Colvin

of St. Louis street--a carter--through Palace Gate, standing erect; the

sentry presenting arms, as if he were saluting the officer of the night.

He was safely introduced through a port-hole, the seaman of the watch,

shaking his head knowingly, saying--"One of our swells pretty tight, I

guess." From Halifax "General Wolfe" sailed for Bermuda--thence to

Portsmouth, at both of which places he was jauntily set up as a signboard;

a short time after he was re-shipped to Halifax, packed in a box, with his

extended arm sawn off lying by his side. Fearing, however, the anger of

the Quebec authorities, the "General" was painted afresh and returned by

the "Unicorn" steamer, "Cape Douglas," which plied between the Lower

Ports,--with the "Inconstants'" best regards to their Quebec friends, and

best wishes for the General's health and safety.

The following extract from the journal of the venerable Jas. Thompson, the

last survivor of Wolfe's army, who expired at the ripe age of 98 years--in

1830, throws light on this matter. This anecdote was reduced to writing,

and by request forwarded by him to His Excellency the Earl of Dalhousie,

through his A.D.C. and brother Col. Ramsay. "We had a loyal fellow in

Quebec, one George Hipps, a butcher, who owned that house at the corner of

Palace and John streets, still called 'Wolfe's Corner,' and as it happened

to have a niche, probably for the figure of a saint, [348] he was very

anxious to fill it up, and he thought he could have nothing better than a

statue of General Wolfe; but he did not know how to set about getting one.

At last he found out two French sculptors, who were brothers--of the name

of Cholette, and asked me if I thought I could direct them how to make a

likeness of the General in wood. I said I would, at all events, undertake

it, and accordingly the Cholettes tried to imitate several sketches I gave

them; but they made but a poor job of it after all; for the front face is

no likeness at all, and the profile is all that they could hit upon. The

body gives but a poor idea of the General, who was tall and straight as a

rush. So that after my best endeavors to describe his person, and I knew

it well, for which purpose I attended every day at their workshop which

was in that house in St. Louis street where the Misses Napier are now

(1828) residing, [349] and which is somewhat retired from the line of the

street, the shop itself being on the projecting wing--I say that we made

but a poor "General Wolfe" of it. It has been several times--the house

being only one storey high--pulled down by mischievous persons and broken,

and as often repaired by the several owners of the house; and, much to

their credit be it spoken, it still keeps its ground, and I hope it will

do so until the monument is finished. [350]

"I suppose that the original parts of the statue must be as rotten as a

pear and would be mouldered away if it was not for their being kept so

bedaubed with paint."

Note.--Officers of H.B.M. frigate "Inconstant," Capt. Pring: 1st Lieut.

Hope; Lieutenants and other officers,--Sinclair, Erskine, Curtis,

Connolly, Dunbar, McCreight, Sharpe, Stevens, Hankey, Shore, Barnard,

West, Tonge, Prevost, Amphlett, Haggard, Tottenham, Maxfield, Paget, Kerr,

Herbert, Jones, Montgomery. Mr. James was purser. L. de Tessier Prevost is

now high in command, having distinguished himself in the Indian seas,

capturing pirates: West and others are admirals, (1870).

[_See page 197_.]

_2 Sept_, 1796. VENTE D'UNE NEGRESSE PAR FRANCIS BELLET A TH. LEE

Pardevant le Notaire Public en la Province du Bas Canada, résidant à St-

Denis sur la rivière et comté Richelieu, soussigné et témoins enfin

nommés, fut présent Messire Louis Payet prêtre, Curé de la paroisse de St-

Antoine au nord de la rivière Richelieu, lequel a constitué pour son

procureur spécial M. François Bellet, capitaine de bâtiment, résidant en

la ville de Québec, pour vendre pour et au nom du dit constituant et à son

plus grand avantage qu'il pourra faire, une négresse d'environ trente et

une années, appelée Rose, appartenant au dit constituant par achat devant

M. J. Pierre Gautier, notaire à Montréal, en date du mois mars 1795, dont

il s'oblige remettre l'expédition si besoin est à la première Réquisition,

pour le prix et somme que le dit procureur en trouvera du reçu donner

toute quittance valable et raisonable, approuvant d'avance comme alors,

tout ce que ce dit procureur aura fait concernant la dite vente, ce fut

ainsi fait et passé à St-Denis, étude du notaire soussigné, l'an mil sept

cent quatre-vingt seize le deux de septembre avant midi présence des Srs.

Charles Gariépy et Jean-Baptiste Gosselin au dit lieu, témoins à ce

appellé, qui ont signé avec Messire Louis Payet et notaire soussigné,

ainsi signé Charles Gariépy, Jean-Bte. Gosselin, L. Payet, Chs. Michaud

Nre. Pc. à la minute des présentes demeurée en la Garde et possession du

dit notaire soussigné.

CHS. MICHAUD.

Nre. Pc.

Par devant les notaires publics en la province du Bas Canada résidens à

Québec soussignés.

Fut présent M. Francis Bellet demeurant en sa maison, rue sous le Fort, en

cette ville, lequel en vertu de la procuration ci-dessus et précédentes

pages reconnaît et déclare avoir vendu et vendre à M. Thomas Lee du dit

Québec, la nommée Rose, négresse, dénommée et désignée en la dite

obligation, pour prix et somme de cinq cents livres de vingt sols et de la

lui délivrer incessement le dit Sieur acquéreur déclarant la connaître et

l'accepter, et a payé les dites cinq cents livres au dit Sieur vendeur en

billet de la dite somme, ordre du dit sieur Bellet, lequel acquitté, la

présente vente le sera aussi, Québec, neuvième septembre en l'office de M.

Dumas, Notaire, l'an mil sept cent quatre-vingt seize et ont signé,

lecture faite avec les dits notaires

FRANCOIS BELLET

THOMAS LEE.

CHS. VOYER,

N. Public.

A. DUMAS.

Not. Pub.

[_See page_ 200.]

THE ICE-SHOVE. APRIL, 1874

WHOLESALE DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY--A SAD SPECTACLE

"At the very moment of its departure, and when the entire city was

rejoicing in the longed-for event--at the very time when the glad news was

flashing over the wires to Montreal and the West, that Nature's barrier to

the uninterrupted navigation of the St. Lawrence was so slowly floating

away--we regret to say that the ice-bridge of 1874 was making itself

memorable yesterday to Quebec in a shape more formidable than its perverse

tenacity or its injurious effects upon trade. It was rioting in a perfect

orgie of destruction, crushing man's handwork in its passage like so much

frail glass in the grasp of a giant. At 3.20 p.m., when the glad

announcement passed from mouth to mouth that the ice was moving, it began

its destructive work. The scene was at Blais Booms and the immediate

neighborhood, where the Government steamers _Napoleon III_ and _Druid_,

the Gulf Ports steamers _Georgia_, _Miramichi_ and _Hadji_ and a large

number of tug steamers and other craft belonging to the St. Lawrence Tow

Boat Company and other parties were in winter quarters and have been in

the habit of so doing for years on account of the superior facilities and

safety offered by the place. Nearly a hundred craft of all kinds,

steamers, ships, schooners, and barges, were here congregated, moored in

many instances together and extending over a line of nearly 300 yards. The

floating ice as it came down, struck the outside craft--a sailing vessel,

we believe--driving it against its neighbor, the _Georgia_, and then

hurrying both of them against the others, jamming them against each other

and against the wharves in inextricable confusion and causing a tremendous

amount of damage, if not irreparable loss. Some were stove in, filled with

water and sunk, only leaving their bows or masts above water to mark where

they had gone down, while others disappeared from view altogether.

Fortunately no lives were lost. The loss and damage to property cannot

fall far short, we believe, of a million of dollars. The following is a

summary of the accident:

Government steamer _Napoleon III_ driven against the Mariner's Chapel

wharf had her side completely stove in; full of water and almost keeled

over, very badly damaged, and will cost a heavy sum to repair. She had

steam up at the time, but could not move out. Broke her cables and lost

her anchors.

Gulf Ports steamer _Georgia_--Hole stove in her side; hold, full of

water. Damage easily repaired.

Gulf Ports SS. _Hadji_--Singular to say, though the boat was in the

very middle of the confused mass, it received no damage worth mentioning.

Gulf Ports SS. _Miramichi_--very slightly damaged. Will be extricated

to-day and proceed to her wharf, to sail for below on Tuesday next.

Government steamer "Druid,"--on her beam ends, slightly damaged.

Steamboat "Napoleon,"--keeled over,

Steamboat "Mersey,"--on her side.

Steamboat "Canada,"--sunk.

Steamboat "Beaver,"--sunk, completely disappeared.

Steamboat "Castor"--disappeared.

Steamboat "Rival"--badly damaged.

Steamboat "Shannon,"--badly damaged.

Steamboat "Rescue,"--sunk, lies under the bows of the "Miramichi."

Steamboat "Conqueror No. 1,"--badly damaged.

A schooner, owned by Mr. Kennedy, of Gaspé, laden with provisions, and

which was detained here last fall, was also sunk and lies near the

"Georgia." In addition two of Mr. H. H. Hall's blocks or piers were

completely carried away by the crushing weight of the ice."--(Quebec

Budget.)

[_See page 317_.]

_THE PISTOLS AND SASH OF GENERAL WOLFE_, 1759.

(_To the Editor of the Morning Chronicle_.)

DEAR SIR,--Would you allow me to supply in your columns additional

information on an incident relating to the siege of Quebec in 1759. By the

following documents, which come to me with every guarantee of reliability

in the writer, it would appear that the gallant General Wolfe, before

expiring on the Plains of Abraham, on the 13th of Sept, 1759, bequeathed

his pistols and sash to one of the surgeons who attended him. Dr. Elihu or

Edward Tudor was a Welshman, born in 1733. He graduated at Yale College,

1750, joined the English army in 1755, was present at the taking of

Quebec, and left the service about 1767, receiving a pension and grant of

land from the English Government. These relics are now in the possession

of Dr. Tudor's grand daughter, Mrs. Strong, at Monkton, awaiting farther

particulars.

I remain, Dear Sir,

Yours, &c.

J. M. LeMoine.

_STATE OF VERMONT_,

SENATE CHAMBER,

MONKTON, April 26th, 1875.

J. M. LeMoine, Esq., Literary and Historical Society, Quebec.

SIR,--Please find enclosed statement of Mrs. Strong relative to the

pistols and sash of Gen. Wolfe. You will undoubtedly remember that I wrote

to you last winter, and that you answered asking for something more

authentic. Consequently I drew up a set of questions, leaving after each

question space for answer. Now I return them to you. There is no question

in the minds of people here about the facts as stated by Mrs. Strong. The

authority of the matter is as established here as that Mr. Harrower is

proprietor of Gen. Montgomery's sabre. I should be very happy to receive

one of the books that are being prepared of that era in the history of

Quebec.

I have the honor, sir, of being at your service, G. E. SMITH.

STRONG AND MIDDLEBROOKE,

VERGENNES, Vt., 1875.

Dr. Elihu or Edward was descended from Owen Tudor, who came from Wales

with the Puritans, was born 1733, graduated at Yale College 1750, joined

the army 1755, was at the taking of Quebec and the Havana; about 1767; he

was discharged and returned to his native place; he received a pension

during his life, and also a grant of land from the English Government.

The above statement is made by C. W. Strong, of the above firm.

C. E. SMITH

Will Mrs. Strong please answer the following questions:--

What is your maiden name?--Sarah Tudor.

What was your father's name in full and profession?--Edward Tudor,

educated at Philadelphia as Physician, Surgeon and Dentist.

What was your grandfather's name and profession?--Elihu Tudor, Physician

and Surgeon,--generally wrote it _Edward_, as he disliked the name of

_Elihu_.

When and where was he born?--Feb. 1733, Windsor, Conn.

When and where did he die?--East Windsor, Conn., 1826.

Was he Surgeon on Gen. Wolfe's staff's at Quebec in 1759?--He was.

How do you know that your grandfather Tudor attended upon Gen. Wolfe when

he was wounded on the 13th Sept., 1759, at Quebec?--I have often heard my

grand father relate the circumstances and other interesting reminiscences

of the General.

What is the history or tradition as you have it that Gen. Wolfe gave your

grandfather his pistols?--The history he (my grandfather) gave was only,

that they were given him at the death of Gen. Wolfe.

Describe them--They are rifle breech-loaders, London maker, Flint Locks,

silver mounted, with English coat of arms on butt; the sash was cut up;

Dr. Strong has a piece; it is stained.

Have you them in your possession?--My son, Dr. Edward Strong, of Crown

Point, N. Y., has them.

Have you the sash worn by Surgeon Tudor at the time the General was

killed?--The sash was three yards long, Crimson silk. It was Gen. Wolfe's

sash given to my grandfather.

What is said of stains of blood upon it from the wound that caused Wolfe's

death?--It was rent with the shot, and stained with his blood.

MRS. SARAH TUDOR STRONG.

_THE POST OFFICE.

"In a recent issue of the _Journal des Trois Rivières_ appeared a

somewhat interesting paper on the Canadian postal system. From this paper

we learn that on the cession of this country to Great Britain a regular

mail courier was established between the cities of Montreal and Quebec.

The celebrated Benjamin Franklin was the Deputy Postmaster General for the

English colonies from 1750 to 1774. In 1776 this functionary, while giving

evidence before a committee of the British Parliament, stated that, as a

rule, the mail courier kept the route by the water highways, seldom

penetrating into the interior. From his evidence, also, we learn that the

mail communication between Quebec and Montreal was not more frequent than

once a month. For not having established intermediate post-offices between

the two towns, Franklin alleged the great distance between the settlers on

the banks of the St. Lawrence, the isolation of the Canadian villages, and

the excessive difficulty of intercommunication in his day. The fact is,

however, that Benjamin Franklin was a great enemy to Canadian prosperity,

and always looked with aversion upon the people of the newly-acquired

colony. In 1774, war having broken out between the mother-country and the

English colonies, Franklin was deprived of his office, and Mr. Hugh

Finlay, a subordinate of the great republican philosopher, was appointed

Deputy Postmaster General for Canada. Mr. Finlay had been given great

proofs of capacity under the previous _régime_, and being a man of

very high character and probity, he was armed with large discretionary

powers to put the mail system of Canada on a better footing, and to make

its operations more extended and regular. Until 1790, there were added but

two intermediate post-offices between Quebec and Montreal; in the year

following, offices were opened at Three Rivers and Berthier. Every month,

however, a mail messenger was sent by way of Halifax to England. At this

date the local mail betwixt Quebec and Halifax was bi-weekly in summer,

and once a week in winter; the local mail between Quebec and Montreal had

increased to twice a week. In 1800, Mr. Hugh Finlay was succeeded in

office by Mr. George Heriot. This gentleman, being also commissioned as

Deputy Postmaster General for New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, as well as

for the two Canadas, had to oversee the service throughout all these

provinces and to visit them from time to time. In the four first years of

his administration he opened but one new post-office in Lower Canada, and

five in the Upper Province. Matters progressed slowly enough until 1816,

when Mr. David Sutherland succeeded Mr. Heriot. In 1817 be opened six

additional offices of delivery in Lower Canada which made the total number

of offices in operation thirteen. Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island

were placed under the management of independent offices, and in that year

the mails were still expedited but weekly to New Brunswick. In 1824, Mr.

Sutherland was succeeded by Mr. Thomas Allen Stayner, and it was in this

year that New Brunswick was endowed with an independent postal department.

Mr. Stayner administered his important office for the space of twenty-

seven years, with great zeal and giving entire satisfaction to the public.

He greatly increased the number of local offices, and inaugurated many of

the reforms which have since developed into that vast and safe system of

communication with which our people are so familiar. On the 6th of April,

1851, the Canadian Mail Department was transferred from the Imperial to

Provincial control, the first Postmaster General being the Hon. John

Morris. Some idea of the progress made from 1760 to 1851, a period of

ninety years, may be obtained by contrasting the department under Benjamin

Franklin and that over which Mr. Morris was called to preside. The

courier, who made monthly journeys on horseback between the military posts

of Quebec and Montreal, and whose safe arrival at either of those then

distant cities would no doubt cause the utmost satisfaction to the King's

lieges, male and female, had been replaced by the steamboat and soon would

be by the railway; and the two primitive post offices of Canada had

expanded into a network of 601 local offices, transmitting among them

letters to the number of 2,132,000 annually. In 1861 these figures had

attained to 1775 offices, and the number of letters transmitted to

9,400,000; in addition to a weekly line of ocean mail steamers to Europe,

over 1200 miles of railway doing mail service from one end of Canada to

the other, and a magnificent network of telegraphic wire supplementing the

postal system. What the number of offices and of letters carried may have

been for the last year ending July 1867, when the postal systems of the

Dominion were again placed under one head, we have not at hand, but we may

state that during the official term of Hon. Mr. Langevin, now Secretary of

State, the revenue from this source attained almost $900,000.

In the year 1851, the system of cheap postage was tried in Canada, the

rate being reduced from an average one of fifteen cents to a uniform rate

of five cents for prepaid and seven cents for unpaid letters. In the

following year this reform resulted in doubling the number of letters

carried, with the reduction of only one-third of the previous revenue; and

in a short time the receipts not only increased to the former figure but

greatly exceeded it. Under the new system we expect this reform in the

charge for postage will be greatly extended."--(_Quebec Mercury_.)

[_See page 263._]

_MONUMENT OF THE VICTIMS OF 1837-'38_

"_L'Ordre_ newspaper announces the completion of the monument in the

Côte des Neiges Cemetery to the memory of the victims of 1837-38. It

required many efforts and great energy to bring to a completion a work

which had unhappily encountered many difficulties. For some months,

furnished with sums collected either by a special or general subscription,

or the proceeds of concerts and pleasure excursions, the Committee applied

themselves to the work, and on Sunday they went to take possession from

Mr. T. Fahrland, architect, and Mr. L. Hughes, the constructor of the

monument. The inauguration will take place next summer.

Situated on the highest elevation of the Cemetery, this monument commands

the vast resting place of the dead. It is of octagonal shape, 55 feet in

height, the pyramid reposing on a base of 80 by 90 feet. The architecture,

stern and grand, strikes the beholder at a distance, and his admiration

will not cease as he approaches. On the four sides of the base white

marble tablets are set, having neatly engraved on them these inscriptions

(in French):

On the first stone, facing the road, we read:

To the

Political Victims

of

1837-1838.

Religious Souvenir

The 92 Resolutions adopted by the Assembly of Lower Canada,

March 1st, 1834

Subsidies refused by the Assembly of Lower Canada, Feb 23rd, 1836.

Lord Gosford

Disposes of the Public Money notwithstanding the refusal to grant it.

This religious and historical monument has been erected under the auspices

of the _Institut Canadien_ in 1858.

L. HUGHES, T. FAHRLAND,

Contractor. Architect

On the second stone:

BATTLES OF ST. DENIS AND ST. CHARLES,

23rd and 25th Nov., 1837.

Charles Ovide Perrault, Advocate, M.P.P.

Charles St. Germain Benjamin Bouthillier Olivier L'Escaut

François Dufaux Romain dit Mandeville Joseph Comeau

André Mandeville Moïse Pariseau Henri Chaume

Eusèbe Phaneuf Pascal Delisle Louis Dauphinais

Pierre Minet Marie Anne Martel Gabriel Lusignan

Joseph Dudevoir Amable Hébert Toussaint Paquet

Antoine Amiot J. Bte. Hébert Marc Jeannotte

J. Bte. Patenaude Toussaint Loiselle François Dubuc

Cléophas Bourgeois François Dumaine Hypolite Sénécal-Lamoureux

Pierre Emery-Coderre,

And eleven other victims not identified.

On the third stone, facing the city:

EXECUTED AT MONTREAL;

By the order of the Court Martial.

The 21st December, 1838,

Joseph Narcisse Cardinal, Notary, M. P. P.

Joseph Duquet, Student at Law.

The 18th January, 1839:

François Marie Thomas Chevalier de Lorimier, Notary.

François Nicholas, Teacher, Amable Daunais, Farmer.

Pierre Rémi Narbonne, Painter. Charles Hendelang, Soldier.

And on the fourth side we read:

BATTLE OF ST. EUSTACHE,

15th December, 1837:

Jean Olivier Cherrier, M.D.

(His ashes repose here.)

Joseph Payette Amable Lauzon Alexis Lachance

J. B. L. Lanze Jean Morin Joseph Leduc

Nazaire Filion Jean Doré Eustache Lafleur

Séraphine Doré Joseph Guitard Augustin Doré

François Dubé Pierre Dabeau Pierre Gatien

J. Gauthier dit Larouche Joseph Bonviette J. B. Lebrun

J. B. Campeau J. B. Toupin Louis Robert dit Faché

Their remains as well as those of several other persons, not identified,

rest in the cemeteries of St. Eustache and Ste. Scholastique.

Engagement at Odelltown,

_November_, 1838;

To the Number of Victims found:

BOYER, LANCTÔT.

Of St. Philippe.

It is a holy and salutary thought, to pray for the dead:

M. LII, Ch. 12, v. 46.

The fine monument has cost $3,000 to $4,000, and many efforts were

required to realize this sum. The execution does great credit to Messrs.

Fehrland and Hughes. The names of the committee who contributed to produce

this result, are as follows: Dr. Coderre, chairman; Mr. R. Trudeau,

treasurer; Mr. C. O. Perrault, secretary; Messrs. L. A. Dessaulles, Henry

Lacroix, A. H. Morin, Joseph Doutre, N. Bourbonnière and Gonzalve

Doutre."--(_Quebec Mercury_.)

_FINE FOR DUELLING GIVEN TO BUREAU DES PAUVRES._

(Sentence du Conseil Souverain du Samedy, septième avril 1691.)

(Extrait par T. P. Bédard, archiviste provincial--Québec.)

Le Conseil assemblé ou estoient;

Monsieur le gouverneur et Monsieur l'intendant

Maistres Louis Rouer de Villeray, primier conseiller -+

" Mathieu Damours Deschampen |

" Nicolas Dupont de Neuville + Conseillers

" Jean Baptiste Depeiras |

" Charles Denys de Vitray -+

Et François de la Magdeleine Ruette d'Auteil, procureur général du Roy.

Veu par le Conseil le procès criminel extraordinairement fait et instruit

à la requête du procureur général du Roy, demandeur et accusateur

allencontre de Pierre de Noyan et Guillaume de Lorimier, capitaine dans le

détachement de la marine que sa majesté entretient en ce pays, défendeurs

et accusés. Information faite contre les dits accusés, les 25, 27 et 28

février dernier, décrets d'ajournement personel allencontre deux donné le

cinq mars ensuivant; exploits de signification faite à leur auberge le

neuvième ensuivant; autres exploits de signification faite au quartier où

est la compagnie du dit de Lorimier le 16 ensuivant, et en la ville des 3

R. au domicile du dit de Noyan quartier de sa compagnie du 15 du mesme

mois, arrest du 27 ensuivant rendu sur requête du dit de Lorimier,

certificat du chirurgien major du dit détachement sur réquisitoire du dit

procureur général, le dit arrest portant que le dit sieur Noyan seroit

incessamment interrogé, et ensuite le dit sieur de Lorimier en son

domicile où le conseiller commissaire se transportera à cet effet.

Interrogatoires des dits de Noyan et de Lorimier du 29 du dit mois,

contenant leurs reconnaissances, confessions et dénégations. Conclusions

du dit procureur général, ouy le rapport de Mtre. Jean Baptiste Peiras

conseiller et tout considéré. Le conseil a déclaré et déclare les dits de

Noyan et de Lorimier deument atteints et convaincus de s'estre querellés

et battus sur le champ, l'épée à la main, et s'estre entreblessés.

Pourquoy les a condamnés et condamne à aumosner chacun la somme de

cinquante livres, aplicable moytié à l'Hostel Dieu de cette ville, et

l'autre au bureau des pauvres d'icelle, et aux dépens du procès à taxer

par le conseiller raporteur; deffenses à eux de récidiver, sous telle

peine qu'il apartiendra.

(Signé) Bochart Champigny, Depeiras.

_MEMORABILIA.

Jacques Cartier landed on the banks of the Saint Charles .. Sept. 14, 1535

Quebec founded by Samuel de Champlain ..................... July 3, 1608

Arrival of the Franciscan Friars (Récollets, Denis Jamay,

Jean Dolbeau, Joseph LeCaron) at Tadousac, in the ship St.

Etienne, Capt. Pontgravé .................................. May 25, 1615

First Mass said in the Lower Town Chapel, by Father Dolbeau. June 26, 1615

Fort St. Louis built at Quebec ............................ 1620-4

Arrival of the First Jesuits .............................. 1625

Quebec surrendered to Admiral Kirk ........................ 1629

Quebec returned to the French ............................. 1633

Death of Champlain the first Governor ..................... Dec. 25, 1635

Settlement formed at Sillery .............................. 1637

A Royal Government formed at Quebec ....................... 1663

Quebec unsuccessfully besieged by Admiral Phipps .......... 1690

Count de Frontenac died ................................... Nov. 28, 1698

Sir Hovenden Walker's armada shipwrecked on Egg Island .... Aug. 23, 1711

Battle of the Plains of Abraham ........................... Sept. 13, 1759

Capitulation of Quebec .................................... Sept. 18, 1759

Battle of Ste. Foye--a French Victory ..................... April 28, 1760

Canada ceded by treaty to England ......................... Feb. 10, 1763

Blockade of Quebec by Generals Montgomery and Arnold ...... Nov. 10, 1775

Death of General Richard Montgomery ....................... Dec. 31, 1775

Retreat of Americans from Quebec .......................... May 6, 1776

Division of Canada into Upper and Lower Canada ............ 1791

First Cholera, (3,500 deaths) ............................. 1832

Second do. 2,500 " ................................. 1834

Destruction by fire of Château St. Louis .................. Jan. 23, 1834

Insurrection in Canada .................................... 1837

Second Insurrection ....................................... 1838

Union of the two Provinces in one ......................... 1841

Great Fire in St. Roch's suburb ........................... May 28, 1845

" " in St. John " ............................. June 28, 1845

Dominion of Canada formed ................................. July 1, 1867

Departure of English troops ............................... 1870-1

Second Centenary of Foundation of Bishopric of Quebec by

Monseigneur Laval Oct. 1, 1674, ........................... 1874

Centenary of Repulse of Arnold and Montgomery before

Quebec, on 31st Dec., 1775 ................................ Dec. 31, 1875

Dufferin Plans of City embellishment, promulgated Christmas day 1875

Departure of the Earl of Dufferin ......................... Oct. 18, 1878

Arrival of the Marquis of Lorne and Princess Louise ....... June 4, 1879

Dufferin Terrace named by " " ........... July 9, 1879

" City Gates--St. Lewis and Kent founded ........... 1879

_DEATH SENTENCES CARRIED INTO EFFECT AT THE QUEBEC GAOL FROM THE

YEAR_ 1814 _to_ 1876, _INCLUSIVE.

a-PRISONER'S NAME AND DESCRIPTION

b-COMMITTED WHEN AND HOW, BY WHAT AUTHORITY AND FOR WHAT CAUSE

c-RECOMMITTED, WHEN, HOW, BY WHAT AUTHORITY, AND FOR WHAT CAUSE

d-REMARKS

1

a-PATRICK MURPHY, an Irishman, in height, 5 feet, 8 inches, fair

complexion, sandy hair, and blue eyes, and mark in the head.

b-On the 5th of March, 1814, by warrant from Henry Blackstone, (Coroner

Blackstone was a son of the celebrated English Jurist, Sir Wm Blackstone),

Coroner for the District of Quebec, for the wilful murder of Marie Anne

Dussault, of the Parish of Les Ecuriels, on the 1st of March, 1814.

c-On the 6th of May, 1814 by order of the Court of Oyer and Terminer and

General Gaol Delivery, being on this day convicted of wilful murder of

Marie Anne Dussault, and on 9th of May, 1814, by further order of the

Court of Oyer and Terminer and General Gaol Delivery, being on this day

attained, sentenced to be hanged on Friday, the 20th of May.

d-Executed on Friday, the 20th May, 1814.

2

a-JAMES WELSH, an Irishman, in height, 5 feet, 10 inches, dark complexion,

black hair, and brown eyes, and no nose.

b-On the 27th of December, 1814, by virtue of a warrant from Henry

Blackstone, Esq., Coroner for the district of Quebec, charged with the

wilful murder of Robert Stephens.

c-On the 16th May, 1815, by order of the Court of Oyer and Terminer and

General Gaol Delivery, held for the District of Quebec, being on this day

convicted of murder, and further ordered by the same court attained,

sentenced to be executed on the 18th of May.

d-On the 18th of May, 1815, executed, according to his sentence.

3 4

a-GABRIEL MIRON,

*CHARLES ALARIE,

*THOMAS THOMAS

+THOS CHAMBERLAIN,

+_JAMES MARTIN_,

+JOHN CALLOW.

b-On the 12th day of September, 1818, by John Fletcher, Esq., charged

before me with suspicion of having feloniously stolen from on board a

vessel in the harbour of Quebec, several chests of Tea of the value of one

hundred pounds, sterling, of the goods and chattels of James Owen.

c-*On the 30th of September, 1818, by the Court of Oyer and Terminer, for

stealing to the value of forty shillings in a vessel on a navigable river,

sentenced to death. Suspended in consequence of former sentence of death.

d-*On the 23rd Oct., 1818, sentence put in execution. +Delivered by the

September Court, 1818.

5

a-JOHN MULKAHEY

b-On the 3rd day of July, 1821, by A. Caron, Esq., charged with suspicion

of felony and murder.

c-On the 5th of July, by H. Blackstone, Esq., Coroner, charged with the

wilful murder of Moses McAllister, at the parish of St. Michel, in the

county of Hertford.

c-On the 29th of September, by the Court of King's Bench, convicted of

murder. Sentence: That he be taken to the place from whence be came, and

that he be taken from thence, on Wednesday, the 26th day of September

instant, to the place of execution, and he be then hanged by the neck

'till he be dead; and that his body, when dead, be taken down and

dissected and anatomised.

Respited till the 5th Oct, 1821.

The above sentence of the court executed on the 5th October, 1821.

6

a-WILLIAM POUNDER, an Irishman; aged 28, height, 5 feet, 6 inches; sallow

complexion.

b-On the 31st of May, 1823, by virtue of a warrant from T. Fletcher, Esq.,

charged with suspicion of felony and murder.

c-On the 7th of June, 1823, by order of H. Blackstone, Esq., Coroner, and

sentenced to be hanged by the neck until he be dead.

d-Executed on the 10th Oct., 1823 Body given to Dr Fargues.

7

a-JOHN HART, a Nova Scotian, aged 34, height 5 feet, 9 inches, dark

complexion.

b-On the 7th of October, 1825, by virtue of a warrant from N.

D'Estimauville, Esq., charged with suspicion of larceny.

c-March term (1826) Six months' imprisonment, and to be whipt, May 6,

between 10 and 12, in the market-place.

d-On the 14th of Jan, 1826, escaped, and was re taken on the 17th, charged

with another offence, for which he was condemned and executed 10th

November, 1826.

8

a-JOHN BTE MONARQUE, a Canadian, aged [sic]

b-On the 29th of September, 1826, by virtue of a warrant from J. F.

Taschereau, Esq., charged with suspicion of burglary.

c-March term Sentenced to be hanged at Pointe Levi, on the 24th April,

1827.

d-Sentence carried into execution on the 24th April, 1827.

9 10

a-BENJAMIN JOHNSON,

ROBERT MESSENGER

b-On the 12th of November, 1826, by virtue of a warrant from T. A. Young,

Esq., charged with suspicion of burglary.

c-March term. Sentenced to be hanged on the 21st of April, 1827.

d-Sentence executed.

11

a-PIERRE DUCHARME,

+MICHAEL MORNEAU,

+JOHN DOHARTY, _alias_ John Dougherty

b-On the 15th of September, 1828, by virtue of a warrant from A. G. Chenet

and J. G. Boisseau, Esqrs., charged with stealing a quantity of

merchandize from Jacques Oliva, of St. Thomas.

c-Sentenced to be hanged by the neck, on the 24th October next ensuing, by

the Court of King's Bench, September term, 1828.

+18th of October, 1828, ordered for transportation.

d-24th Oct, 1828, sentence carried into execution.

12

a-J. M. DESJARDINS

b-On the 13th of June, 1829, by virtue of a warrant from R. Christie,

Esq., charged with suspicion of burglary.

c-By the Court of King's Bench September term, 1829, sentenced to be

executed on the 31st day of October, 1829.

d-Sentence carried into execution.

13

a-FRS. MALOUIN, _dit_ FRS. Marois _dit_ Frs. Lafaye, a Canadian.

b-On the 23rd August, 1829, by virtue of a warrant from R. Harrower, Esq.,

charged with murder.

c-26th August, François Malouin _dit_ Marios _dit_ Lafaye, recommitted for

murder under coroner's inquest.

Court of King's Bench, September term, 1829, sentence of death on 30th

September, 1829.

d-Sentence carried into execution.

14

a-WILL SHUTER

b-On the 14th of January, 1824, by virtue of a warrant from J. J. Reny,

Esq., charged with inflicting a gunshot wound on Living Lane.

c-By Court of King's Bench, March term, 1834. Sentence, death.

d-4th April, 1834, sentence carried into execution.

15

a-EDWARD DEVELIN, _alias_ Harvicker

b-On the 30th of November, 1835, by virtue of a warrant from the Coroner,

charged with murder.

c-By Court of King's Bench, March term, 1836. Sentence, death.

d-8th April, 1836, executed pursuant to sentence.

16

a-JOHN MEEHAN, an Irishman, aged 22

b-On the 12th of Sept., 1863, by virtue of a warrant from C. E. Panet,

charged with murder.

c-Convicted January term, 1864, Queen's Bench. Sentenced to be executed on

Friday, the 22nd of March, 1864, between the hours of 10 and 11 o'clock

A.M.

d-Sentence carried into execution

QUEBEC GAOL, February 7, 1877.

_QUEBEC GOLF CLUB._

The members of this Club had their annual meeting on Saturday last to

compete for their "Handicap Medal" over the Cove Field, or Quebec links.

The "Ancient game of Golf" having only recently been introduced into the

country it may not be uninteresting for the information of the uninitiated

to give a general idea of the game. It is played with a ball, weighing 1-

3/4 oz., made of "gutta percha" and a set of clubs of various construction

suitable for the different stages of the game; the play is over an

extended grass common or "Links." At St. Andrew in Scotland, for instance,

the ground "Links" over which the game is played, extends in length about

two miles and the circuit "out and home" is about four miles; over this

space, circular holes of about four inches in diameter are placed, in all

eighteen holes, from a quarter of a mile to one-half or one-third of the

distance apart. The game is interspersed with what in golfing language are

called "hazards," that is sand bunkers and whins, and all the skill

required is to avoid these, reach each hole, and hole the ball in the

fewest possible number of strokes. Of course the distance and number of

holes varies according to the extent of ground available for play in

different localities; at Quebec, for instance, the "round" consists in 14

holes, extending from the racquet court westward to Perrault's Hill, and

making a circuit back to the "home hole" or the point from which the game

started. The game is played by two persons or by four (two of a side)

playing alternately. They commence by each party playing off from a place

called a "tee" near the first hole; the ball must afterwards be played

from wherever it lies and the hole is won by the party holing in fewest

strokes; hereafter the balls are again teed and so on at each hole over

the whole course. All golf clubs as a rule have an annual competition for

a medal or other trophy; sometimes the rule is that all must compete on

equal terms; at others the players are handicapped, that is odds are given

according to the player's supposed skill or want of skill, and in awarding

the prize the odds thus given are deducted from the aggregate score made

by the player--thus, say a player is handicapped or receives the odds of

ten strokes and holes the round in 80, his odds being deducted makes him

stand 70 in the competition; he therefore wins as against another

competitor whose aggregate score is 71, but who received no odds.

LIST OF MEMBERS--QUEBEC GOLF CLUB.

PATRON:

His Excellency, the MARQUIS OF LORNE, Governor-General of Canada.

_Captain_:

C. Farquharson Smith.

_Committee:_

James Stevenson. H. Stanley Smith.

Peter MacNaughton. Herbert M. Price.

_Secretary-Treasurer:_ William P. Sloane.

Beckett, Thos. Macpherson, William M.

Campbell, Colin. MacEwen, Peter.

Cook, William. MacKay, John.

Denistoun, A. Roberts, Jos.

Dobell, Richard R. Ruthven, Hon. E.

De Winton, Lt.-Col., F. W. Richardson, D. B. C.

Foote, John J. Smith, C. Chaloner.

Griffith, W. A. Smith, R. H.

Gibb, James. Stikeman, H.

Gilmour, John D. Scott, T. M.

Hale, E. I. Scott, A. P.

Irvine, Hon. Geo. Scarth, James L.

Irvin, Lt.-Col., D. T., R.A. Sheppard, H. C., A.D.C., Lt.-Gov.

Laird, Thomas U. Thomson, Andrew.

Lindsay, Crawford. Thomson, Geo. H.

Machin, H. T. Taylor, John.

Moffat, W., jun. Hussey, George.

Meredith, Hon. Chief Justice W. C. Young, G. B. Symes.

We may add that a certain historical interest attaches to the Game of

Golf. It was played in early times by two Kings of Scotland, hence the

prefix "Royal;" hence also, perhaps, the custom of players wearing red

coats while at play. In the "Memorials of Edinburgh in the olden time," by

Dr. Daniel Wilson, President of the University College, Toronto, and

Professor of History, we read that King Charles I was engaged in the game

of Golf on Leith links when, in November, 1641, a letter was handed to him

which gave the first news of the Rebellion in Ireland. On reading the

letter, he suddenly called for his coach, and leaving a few of his

attendants in great agitation, he drove to Holyrood palace, from whence he

set out next day for London. This was undoubtedly his last game in

Scotland, and probably the last game of Golf he played.

It will he observed that His Excellency the Marquis of Lorne is Patron of

the Quebec Club. His Excellency is not on the list as a mere figurehead;

he is a golfer, and plays an excellent game, as shewn in the Reports of

medal day games.

_QUEBEC SNOW-SHOE CLUB._

Founded In 1876.

Colours: RED and BLACK.

This Club, which counts upwards of 60 members in its ranks, meets weekly

during the snow-shoe season; it has three rendezvous, viz., at Hamels on

the Cap Rouge Road, at Belleau's, on the St. Foye Road, and at

Chamberlain's near Beauport. At these tramps the members amuse themselves

with chess, cards, draughts, singing, &c, to 11 P.M., when supper is

served. The club is conducted on strictly temperance principles.

The Annual Concert of the Club, usually held in the Music Hall, is looked

for by the Quebec public with pleasure In 1881, one of the largest

audiences ever collected in the Music Hall, attended the annual concert.

The Hall was decorated with flags, devices, wreaths, snow-shoes most

ingeniously arranged. It was a most brilliant and enjoyable _soirée._

The various LaCrosse, the Golf and the Snow-shoe Clubs, tend very much to

develop the muscle of our city youths, combining healthy exercise, with

pleasure and health.

Subjoined will be found the names of the Q. S. S. C, for 1881

QUEBEC SNOW-SHOE CLUB

Ashe, H. Fraser, D. Peters, J. B.

Ashe, F. Gingras, J. Peters, A. H.

Bell, J. L. Green, J. A. Phillips, C. W.

Buchanan, A. H. Holloway, A. Oliver, F.

Boswell, V. Holloway, F. Richardson, J. 0.

Boswell, J. Holt, C. Roche, J, Jr.

Buchanan, N. H. Hurst, H. Rawson, Rev. C. W

Brown, J, Jr. Hague, L. Ramsay, W. T.

Bruneau, L. Hemming, H. Scott, W. B.

Bruneau, J. Harrison, R. M., Jr. Scott, W.

Burroughs, W. Irvine, G. H. Scott, A.

Campbell, B. Joly, E. Smith, R. H., Jr.

Campbell, W. W. Judge, H. E. Scwartz, E.

Campbell, W. N. Jones, E., Jr. Sewell, R. L.

Colley, A. W. King, Wm. Woods, W. C.

Dunn, C. Laird, J., Jr. Woods, H.

Dunn, T. Lelièvre, S. Wilson, E.

Dunbar, J, Jr. Montizambert, W. Welch, R. C.

Doucet, R. E. B. Meredith, F. Whitehead, B.

Fry, H., Jr. Mountain. A. H. Wurtele, C. F.

Forrest, S. Mountain, H. H.

Forrest, H. Myles, P.

OFFICERS

R. H. Smith, Jr., President, A. Holloway, Vice-President; H. Woods,

Secretary-treasurer.

_Committee_:

W. B Scott, A. H. Buchanan, P. Myles.

On the 24th March, 1881, a handsome gold locket and chain was presented to

one of the most energetic promoters of the Club, Mr. A. Holloway, with the

following address:--

_To Alfred Holloway, Esquire, from the members of the Quebec Snow-shoe

Club._

DEAR SIR,--We, your fellow-members of the Quebec Snow-Shoe Club,

acknowledging the indefatigable zeal yon have always shewn for the

prosperity of the club, beg to offer for your acceptance the accompanying

locket and chain as a small token of regard. It is the spontaneous tribute

of the members in recognition of your many fine qualities as a companion,

and to mark our appreciation of your efforts to make our meetings

agreeable.

The success and pleasure of the many winter tramps were in no small

measure due to the bright and cheerful manner you always displayed in

encouraging and enlivening the journey, and thus your impromptu songs at

our place of meeting, on the route, were inimitable, and were, we assure

you, thoroughly enjoyed. These pleasant and invigorating snow-shoe rambles

and entertainments will ever remain a green spot in our memories.

That the Quebec Snow-Shoe Club may long continue to enjoy the benefit and

influence of your agreeable company is the heartfelt desire of us all.

R. HARCOURT SMITH,

President.

HARRY WOODS,

Secretary.

14th March, 1881.

The locket and chain which were presented to Mr. A. Holloway were made by

Mr. G. Seifert, the locket having upon it a pair of crossed snow-shoes and

tuque with a monogram of the club beautifully raised on the one side, and

on the back, were engraved the following words: "Presented to Mr. Holloway

by the members of Q. S. S. C., 24th March, 1881." The address was

handsomely illuminated by the Nuns of the Good Shepherd Convent, and

reflects great credit upon them for the artistic manner in which it is got

up.

_FRENCH GOVERNORS OF CANADA_.

(LIST PREPARED BY FRED A. MCCORD)

Date of

Commission From To

CHAMPLAIN, Samuel de Oct 15, 1612 Oct 15, 1612 July 20, 1629

CHAMPLAIN, Samuel de (a) ---- --- ---- May 23, 1633 Dec 25, 1635

Châteaufort, Marc

Antoine Bras-de-fer (b) ---- --- ---- Dec 25, 1635 June 11, 1636

MONTMAGNY, Charles

Huault de ---- --- ---- June 12, 1636 Aug 19, 1648

D'AILLEBOUST de Coulonge,

Louis ---- --- ---- Aug 20, 1648 Oct 12, 1651

LAUZON, Jean de Jan 17, 1651 Oct 13, 1651 ---- --- 1656

Lauzon-Charny, Charles de ---- --- ---- ---- --- 1658 Sep 12, 1657

D'Ailleboust de Coulonge,

Louis ---- --- ---- Sep 13, 1657 July 10, 1658

D'ARGENSON, Pierre de

Voyer, Vicomte Jan 26, 1657 July 11, 1658 Aug 30, 1661

D'AVAUGOUR, Pierre Dubois,

Baron ---- --- ---- Aug 31, 1661 July 28, 1663

MEZY, Augustin de Saffray May 1, 1663 Sep 15, 1663 May 5, 1665

COURCELLES, Daniel de Remy

de (c) Mar 23, 1665 Sep 12, 1665 ---- --- 1672

FRONTENAC, Louis de Buade,

Comte de Palluau et de Apr 7, 1672 Sep --- 1672 ---- --- 1683

LA BARBE, Le Fèbvre de (d) May 1, 1682 Oct 9, 1682 ---- --- 1685

DENONVILLE, Jacques Rene

de Brisay, Marquis de Jan 1, 1685 July 30, 1685 Oct 14, 1689

FRONTENAC, Louis de Buade,

Comte de Palluau et de May 15, 1689 Oct 15, 1689 Nov 28, 1698

Callières, Louis Hector de ---- --- ---- Nov 29, 1698 Sep 13, 1699

CALLIÈRES, Louis Hector Apr 20, 1699 Sep 14, 1699 May 26, 1703

de (d)

Vaudreuil, Philippe de

Rigaud, Marquis de ---- --- ---- May 27, 1703 Sep 16, 1705

VAUDREUIL, Philippe de

Rigaud, Marquis de (d) Aug 1, 1703 Sep 17, 1705 Oct

10, 1725

Ramesay, Claude de ---- --- ---- ---- --- 1714 ---- --- 1716

Longueuil, Charles LeMoyne,

(1st) Baron de ---- --- ---- ---- --- 1725 ---- --- 1726

BEAUHARNOIS, Charles,

Marquis de (d)

La Galissonnière, Rolland Jan 11, 1726 Sep 2, 1726 ---- --- 1747

Michel Barrin, Comte

de (e) June 10, 1747 Sep 19, 1747 Aug 14, 1749

LA JONQUIÈRE, Jacques Pierre

de Taffanel, Marquis de Mar. 15, 1746 Aug 15, 1749 May 17, 1752

Longueuil, Charles

LeMoyne, (2nd) Baron de ---- --- ---- May --- 1752 July --- 1752

DUQUESNE-DE MENNEVILLE,

Marquis de Mar 1, 1752 July --- 1752 June 24, 1755

VAUDREUIL-CAVAGNAL, Pierre

de Rigaud, Marquis de Jan. 1, 1755 June 25, 1755 Sep. 8, 1760

_ENGLISH GOVERNORS._

From To

AMHERST, General Jeffrey (f) Sep. 8, 1760 ---- -- ----

MURRAY, General James Aug. 10, 1764 June 28, 1766

Irving, Paulus Aemilius June 30, 1766 Sep. 23, 1766

Carleton, Lt. Gov. Guy Sep. 24, 1766 Oct. 25, 1768

CARLETON, Guy (g) Oct. 26, 1768 June 26, 1778

Cramahé, Hon. Hector Theophilus Aug. 9, 1770 Oct. 10, 1774

HALDIMAND, Frederick June 27, 1778 Nov. 15, 1784

Hamilton, Lt. Gov. Henry Nov. 16, 1784 Nov. 1, 1785

Hope, Lt. Gov. Henry Nov. 2, 1785 Oct. 22, 1786

DORCHESTER, Baron (h) Oct. 23, 1786 July 11, 1796

Clarke, Lt. Gov. Alured Aug. 17, 1791 Sep. 24, 1793

Prescott, Lt. Gov. Robert July 12, 1796 Apr. 26, 1797

PRESCOTT, Robert Apr. 27, 1797 July 30, 1799

Milnes, Lt. Gov. Robert Shore (i) July 31, 1799 July 30, 1805

Dunn, Hon. Thomas July 31, 1805 Oct. 23, 1807

CRAIG, Sir James Henry Oct. 24, 1807 June 19, 1811

Dunn, Hon. Thomas June 20, 1811 Sep. 13, 1811

Prevost, Sir George Sep. 14, 1811 July 15, 1812

PREVOST, Sir George July 15, 1812 Apr. 4, 1815

ROTTENBURG, Major Gen. Francis de May 12, 1813 June 13, 1813

GLASGOW, Major Gen. George June 14, 1813 Sep. 25, 1813

Drummond, Sir Gordon Apr. 5, 1815 May 21, 1816

Wilson, Major Gen. John May 22, 1816 July 11, 1816

SHERBROOKE, Sir John Coape (j) July 12, 1816 July 29, 1818

RICHMOND, Charles, Duke of July 30, 1818 Aug. 28, 1819

Monk, Hon. James Sep. 20, 1819 Feb. 7, 1820

Maitland, Sir Peregrine (k) Feb. 8, 1820 Feb. 8, 1820

Monk, Hon. James Feb. 9, 1820 Mar. 16, 1820

Maitland, Sir Peregrine Mar. 17, 1820 June 18, 1820

DALHOUSIE, George, Earl of June 19, 1820 Sep. 7, 1828

Burton, Lt. Gov. Sir. Francis Nathaniel June 7, 1824 Sep. 16, 1825

Kempt, Sir James Sep. 8, 1828 Oct. 19, 1830

Aylmer, Matthew Whitworth Aylmer, Baron Oct. 20, 1830 Feb. 3, 1831

AYLMER, Matthew Whitworth Aylmer, Baron Feb. 4, 1831 Aug. 23, 1835

GOSFORD, Archibald Acheson, Earl of Aug. 24, 1835 Feb. 26, 1838

Colborne, Sir John Nov. 1, 1838 Jan. 16, 1839

DURHAM, John George Lambton, Earl of May 29, 1838 Oct. 31, 1838

Colborne, Sir John Nov. 1, 1838 Jan. 16, 1839

COLBORNE, Sir John Jan. 17, 1839 Oct. 18, 1839

SYDENHAM, Chs Ed. Poulett Thomson, Lord (l) Oct. 18, 1839 Sep. 19, 1841

_Clitherowe_, Major Gen. John (m) Sep. 18, 1841 Sep. 18, 1841

Jackson, Sir Richard Downes Sep. 24, 1841 Jan. 11, 1842

BAGOT, Sir Charles Jan. 12, 1842 Mar. 29, 1843

METCALFE, Sir Charles Theophilus (n) Mar. 30, 1843 Nov. 25, 1845

Cathcart, Charles Murray, Earl of Nov. 26, 1845 Apr. 23, 1846

CATHCART, Charles Murray, Earl of Apr. 24, 1846 Jan. 29, 1847

ELGIN, James Bruce, Earl of Jan. 30, 1847 Dec. 18, 1854

_Rowan_, Major Gen. William (m) May 29, 1849 May 30, 1849

Rowan, Lieut. Gen. William Aug. 23, 1853 June 10, 1854

HEAD, Sir Edmund Walker Dec. 19, 1854 Oct. 24, 1861

Eyre, Sir William June 21, 1857 Nov. 2, 1857

Williams, Sir William Fenwick Oct. 12, 1860 Feb. 22, 1861

Monck, Charles Stanley, Viscount Oct. 25, 1861 Nov. 27, 1861

MONCK, Charles Stanley, Viscount (o) Nov. 28, 1861 Nov. 13, 1868

Michel, Sir John Sep. 30, 1865 Feb. 12, 1866

Windham, Sir Charles Ash Nov. 14, 1868 Nov. 30, 1868

Young, Sir John Dec. 1, 1868 Feb. 1, 1869

YOUNG, Sir John (p) Feb. 2, 1869 June 21, 1872

Doyle, Sir Charles Hastings June 22, 1872 June 24, 1872

DUFFERIN, Sir F. T. Blackwood, Earl of June 25, 1872 Oct. 18, 1878

O'Grady Haly, Lieut. Gen. William Oct. 12, 1874 Nov. 2, 1874

O'Grady Haly, Lieut. Gen. William May 15, 1875 Oct. 22, 1875

O'Grady Haly, Sir William Jan. 21, 1878 Feb. 6, 1878

Macdougall, Sir Patrick L. Oct. 19, 1878 Nov. 24, 1878

LORNE. Sir John D. S. Campbell, Marquis of Nov. 25, 1878 ---- -- ----

_NOTES_.

Names indented are those of administrators.

Except in the case of administrators, the date of the arrival at Quebec,

wherever I have been able to ascertain it, is that given in the second

column in the list of French Governors.

(a) Quebec was held by the English, under Louis Kirke, from July 20, 1629,

to July 13, 1632, when it was restored to France. The colony was then

governed by Emery de Caen and Duplessis Bochart, until Champlain's return,

May 23, 1633.

(b) The date given in the second column is that of Champlain's death.

Châteaufort's administration began on the day of the interment, probably

the 28th.

(c) The Marquis de Tracy, the King's _Lieutenant-Général_ in America,

arrived at Quebec, June 30, 1665, and was virtually the Governor of Canada

till his departure, August 28, 1667.

(d) The date here given in the second column is that of the registration

of the Governor's commission at Quebec.

(e) La Galissonnière was sent out to administer the Government during the

captivity of La Jonquière, who, on his way from France, had been made

prisoner by the English.

(f) Although Amherst is usually placed first on the list of English

Governors, it is well known that after the capitulation of Montreal be

divided the province into three governments or districts, to each of which

he appointed a Governor, and that he himself very shortly afterwards left

the country and did not return. The Governors of these three districts,

during what is commonly called the period of military rule, from Sept. 8,

1760, to Aug. 10, 1764,

were as follows:

District of Quebec,

Gen. James Murray Sep. 1760 to Aug. 1764.

District of Three Rivers,

Col. Ralph Burton Sep. 1760 to May 1762.

Col. Fred. Haldimand May 1762 to Mar. 1763.

Col. Ralph Burton Mar. 1763 to Oct. 1763.

Col. Fred. Haldimand Oct. 1773 to Aug. 1764.

District of Montreal,

Gen. Thomas Gage Sep. 1760 to Oct. 1763.

Col. Ralph Burton Oct. 1763 to Aug. 1764.

(g) Guy Carleton was made a Knight of the Bath on the 6th of July, 1776.

(h) Sir Guy Carleton was named Lord Dorchester on the 21st of August,

1786.

(i) Created a Baronet on the 14th of February, 1801.

(j) On the 12th of July, 1816, Sir John Sherbrooke took the oaths of

office at Quebec, although he had previously, on the 8th of June, been

sworn in at Halifax.

(k) Sir Peregrine Maitland, Governor of Upper Canada, was sworn in at

Quebec, as Administrator of the Government of Lower Canada, on the 8th of

February. He returned to Upper Canada next day; but came back to Quebec

in March, and was again sworn in on the 17th.--_Quebec Mercury_.

(l) The Hon. C. Poulett Thomson was created Baron Sydenham and

Toronto in 1840. The date given in the first column is that of his

assuming the Governorship of Lower Canada, of which province he was the

last Governor. He was sworn in as Governor of the Province of Canada, on

the 10th of February, 1841, when Upper and Lower Canada were united.

(m) Acted merely as Deputy of the Governor for the prorogation of

parliament. The name is retained because it appears on other lists.

(n) Sir Charles Metcalfe was created Baron Metcalfe in January, 1845.

(o) Lord Monck was Governor of the Province of Canada until the first of

July, 1867. On that day, the Dominion of Canada was proclaimed, and he

was sworn in as the first Governor.

(p) Sir John Young was elevated to the peerage, with the title of Lord

Lisgar, on the 8th of October, 1870.

INDEX.

Abenaquis Indians, march with Arnold to Quebec.

Abercrombie, General, defeated by Montcalm.

Abraham, see Plains of.

Agariata, Mohawk chief hanged by De Tracy.

Agricultural society founded, names of members.

Americans, invade Canada;

attack Quebec;

anniversary celebration of;

repulse of;

centenary celebration;

plan of attack upon Quebec;

taken at Detroit and sent to Quebec;

defeated at Detroit.

American flag, historical notice of.

Arms of the Dominion described.

Arnold, Benedict, wounded;

centenary of defeat of;

carried to General Hospital;

account of his assault on Quebec;

anniversary of his defeat;

accompanied by Abenaquis Indians;

imprisoned in Récollet Convent;

his head quarters near the St. Charles;

in possession of environs of Quebec.

Arnoux, A French surgeon, Montcalm carried to his house.

Ashe, Comr. E. D., on variation of Compass at Quebec.

Asylum, Female Orphan;

Finlay;

St Bridget's.

Audubon, visits Quebec.

Aylmer, Lord, erects monument to Wolfe;

his tablet and epitaph to Montcalm.

Baines, Lieut., monument erected to;

verses by Mrs. Campbell.

Banks--Merchants';

Montreal;

Nationale;

Quebec;

Union;

British North America.

Baron de Longueuil, title recognized by England.

Basilica, the, notice of;

oldest church in North America.

Battlefield Park, a project.

Beatson, Lt. Col, cited;

details of battle of the Plains.

Beauport, occupied by Americans;

entrenchments constructed by Montcalm;

first seigneur of;

Huron Indians move to;

early settlement of;

monument at;

to DeSalaberry;

several Quebecers retire to;

in 1775.

Beauport Flats, why called La Canardière.

Beauport Manor, when built;

said to have been Montcalm's head quarters;

burnt;

oldest seignioral manor in Canada;

meaning of the inscription discussed.

Bédard, T. P., cited.

Bédard, Mr., imprisoned by Sir Jas. Craig.

Beecher, Henry Ward, description of Quebec.

Bégon, Intendant, arrival of.

Belleau, Sir N. F., Lieut.-Governor.

Bellew, Major Patrick, Lieut. Governor of Quebec, death of.

Bells, of Quebec churches;

"Gros Bourdon," of Montreal, largest in America.

Belmont Retreat.

Berthelot, Amable, cited.

Bigot, Intendant, arrival at Quebec;

character of;

members of his ring;

residence at Charlesbourg;

acquires and enlarges Château Bigot;

notice of;

extent of his frauds;

confined in the Bastille and exiled;

fate of his confederates.

_Bigot, L'Intendant_, a novel, plot of.

Bishop, Roman Catholic, of Quebec, his power threatened.