That _Homer_ excels _Virgil_ in the latter of These, is generally taken
for granted. That he invented _before_ him, and invented _more_, is an
undoubted Truth: But it does not from thence follow that he invented
_better_, or that he had a _better Invention_. For to say that _Virgil_
betrays a Barrenness of Genius, or Scantiness of Imagination, (even in
comparison with _Homer_) is a most groundless, and unjust Reflection
upon him. It is his exact Judgment which makes both his Fancy, and his
Fire seem less to Some, than they really are. And then we must consider
that it was the Fashion among the _Romans_ to adopt all Learning of the
_Greeks_ into their own Language: It was so in Oratory, and Philosophy,
as well as in Poetry. And therefore it is no Consequence that _Virgil_
was of a narrower Invention than _Homer_ himself, because in many things
he copied from him: And yet That Inference is continually made, and
those things unreasonably confounded. And after all; _Virgil_ did not
copy so much from _Homer_, as some would make us believe; from whose
Discourse, if we had no other Evidence, one would imagine the Latin to
be little more than a Translation, and an Abridgment of the Greek. The
admirable Choice of his Subject, and Heroe, for the Honour of his
Country; his most artfully interweaving the _Roman_ History, especially
at those three remarkable Divisions in the First, the Sixth, and the
Eighth Books; his Action, and the Main of his Fable; the exquisite
Mechanism of his Poem, and the Disposition of it's Parts, are entirely
his own; as are most of his Episodes: And I suppose it will be allowed
that his Diction and Versification were not taken from _Homer_. To pass
over many other things which might be mentioned, and some of which I
shall mention in my Notes; Why must _Dido_ and _Æneas_ be copied from
_Calypso_ and _Ulysses_? The Reason is plain: _Dido_ and _Calypso_ were
Women, (if the latter, being a Goddess, may be called so;) and _Ulysses_
and _Æneas_ were Men; and between those Men and Women there was a
Love-Adventure, and a Heroe detained by it. That is all the Resemblance
between the Persons immediately concerned. _Jupiter_'s Message by
_Mercury_ indeed is plainly taken from _Homer_ by _Virgil_: But _Virgil_
might very well think of that Imitation, after he had laid the Plan of
_Dido_'s Episode; which is quite of another Nature from _Calypso_'s, and
introduced with a quite different Design. For the same Reason, I
suppose, the Conversation between _Venus_ and _Jupiter_ in the First
_Æneid_ must be taken from _Homer_; because _Thetis_ has a Conference
with that God (in favour of her Son too) in the First _Iliad_. _Virgil_
mentions Sea and Land, Heaven and Earth, Horses and Chariots, Gods and
Men; nay he makes use of Hexameter Verse, and the Letters of the
Alphabet; and _Homer_, tho' in a different Language, had I confess, done
all This before him. But where _Virgil_ really does (as he often does)
imitate _Homer_; how does he at the same time _exceed_ him! What
Comparison is there between the Funeral Games for _Patroclus_, and those
for _Anchises_? Between the Descent of _Ulysses_ into Hell, and that of
_Æneas_? Between the merely ornamental Sculptures upon _Homer_'s
_Vulcanian_ Shield, and the _Roman_ History, and the Triumphs of
_Augustus_ upon _Virgil_'s? In my Notes I shall be more particular: At
present, I cannot forbear saying, that to be _such_ an Improver is at
least almost as much Glory, as to be the original Inventer.[14]
As the Case is stated between these two great Poets by the most moderate
Criticks; _Homer_ excelled in Fire, and Invention; and _Virgil_ in
Judgment. _Invention_ has been already enough considered: _Judgment_,
and _Fire_ are farther to be discoursed of. That _Virgil_ excelled in
Judgment, we all allow. But _how far_ did he excel? Did he not _very
much_? Almost beyond Comparison? I shall here say very little of
_Homer_'s Errours, and _Virgil_'s Excellencies in that Respect. The
latter I shall speak of in my Notes; And the former I have no mind to:
Both, because it has been so frequently, and largely done already; and
also, because it is an uneasy Task; and I had much rather remark upon
Beauties, than upon Faults; especially in one of the greatest Men that
ever lived; and for whom I have an exceeding Love, and Veneration. I
think he is unjustly censured by my Lord _Roscommon_, and Others, for
his _Railing Heroes, and Wounded Gods_. The one was agreeable to the
Manners of those Ages, which he best knew: And as to the other, Those
who are thus wounded are subordinate Deities, and supposed to have
Bodies, or certain Vehicles equivalent to them. Indeed, as _Jupiter_ is
invested with Omnipotence, and other Attributes of the supreme God; I
know not how to account for his being bound and imprisoned by his
Subjects, and requiring the Assistance of a Giant to release him: And
tho' the _Wound_ of _Mars_ may be no Impropriety; yet his _Behaviour_
upon it is very strange: He roars, and runs away, and tells his Father;
and the God of War is the veriest Coward in the Field. Nor can I forbear
thinking, notwithstanding all the Refinements of Criticks, and
Commentators, that the Figure which _Vulcan_ makes in the Synod of the
Gods is a little improper, and unheroical. But, as I said, I care not to
insist upon these Things; nor do I deny that _Virgil_ has Faults, and
that too in his first Six Books, which are most correct, and least
liable to Exception. I shall in my Remarks take Notice of some Passages,
which I think to be such. No _Mortal_ was ever yet the Author of a Work
absolutely perfect: There are but _Two_ such in the World; if we may
properly say so: For the _World_ it self is one of them.
_Virgil_ then greatly excelled _Homer_ in Judgment: So much, that had he
been greatly excelled by him in Fire, the Advantage, upon the Comparison
in these two Respects, would have been on his Side. But I shall not
consider, on the other hand, how far _Homer_ exceeded _Virgil_ in Fire;
because I utterly deny that he exceeded him in it at all.
This, I am sensible, will seem a bold Assertion. Many who, upon the
Whole, prefer _Virgil_, give him up here: Many, I say; for Some do not.
And never was any Author more injured, than he has been, by some
Criticks, especially _Modern ones_, in the Article of Genius, and
Poetical Fire. What do these Gentlemen call Fire? Or how much Fire would
they have? It is impossible to instance in Particulars here; I shall do
That in my Notes: I can now only refer to some general Heads, among a
Multitude more, which I cannot so much as mention. In the First Book,
_Juno_'s Speech, _Æolus_, the Storm, the Beginning of _Dido_'s Passion:
Almost the whole Second Book throughout: _Polyphemus_, and _Ætna_ in the
Third: The Sports, and the Burning of the Ships, in the Fifth: The
Sibyl's Prophetick Enthusiasm, and the Descent into Hell in the Sixth:
_Juno_'s Speech again, the Fury _Alecto_, the Occasion of the War, and
the Assembling of the Forces in the Seventh: The Story of _Cacus_ in the
Eighth, the _Cyclops_, and the Shield: In the Ninth, the Beginning of
warlike Action; at
_Hic subitam nigro glomerari pulvere nubem
Prospiciunt Teucri, & tenebras insurgere campis,_ &c.
_Nisus_ and _Euryalus_; and the amazing Exploits of _Turnus_ in the
Enemy's City: In the Tenth, the Arrival of _Æneas_ with his Fleet and
Forces, at
_Ardet apex capiti, cristisque à vertice flamma
Funditur, & vastos umbo vomit aureus ignes,_ &c.
It is needless, and would be almost endless, to recite the Rapidity of
the War in the Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Books; _Mezentius_;
_Camilla_; the Speeches of _Turnus_, to _Drances_, to _Latinus_, to his
Sister _Juturna_; and lastly, the single Combat between _Æneas_ and Him:
_At Pater Æneas, audito nomine Turni,
Deserit & muros, & summas deserit arces;
Præcipitatque moras omnes, opera omnia rumpit,
Lætitia exultans, horrendumque intonat armis:
Quantus Athos,_ &c.
Which reminds me, by the way, that the same Persons, who blame _Virgil_
for want of Fire, blame his Heroe for want of Courage; and with just as
much Reason. I agree, that each of these Poets in his Temper and Spirit
extremely resembles his Heroe: And accordingly, _Homer_ is no more
superior to _Virgil_ in _true Fire_, than _Achilles_ is to _Æneas_ in
_true Courage_. But what necessarily supposes the Poetical Fire, and
cannot subsist without it, has not been yet mentioned upon this Head;
tho' it was taken Notice of upon another: I mean, _Moving the Passions_,
especially those of Terrour and Pity. The Fourth Book throughout I have
above referred to: The Death of _Priam_; The Meeting of _Æneas_ and
_Andromache_; _Nisus_ and _Euryalus_ again: _Evander_'s Concern for his
Son before his Death, and his Lamentation after it; The Distress of
_Juturna_, and the Fury in the Shape of an Owl flapping upon the Shield
of _Turnus_, are some Instances selected out of many. The Truth is, (so
far as it appears from their several Works) the _Greek_ Poet knew little
of the Passions, in comparison of the _Roman_.
It must be observed, that tho' most of the Instances, which I have now
produced out of _Virgil_, are taken from warlike Adventures; yet it is a
great Errour to think (as some do) that all Fire consists in Quarrelling
and Fighting: as do nine Parts in ten of _Homer_'s, in his _Iliad_. The
Fire we are speaking of, is _Spirit_ and _Vivacity_; _Energy_ of
_Thought_, and _Expression_; which way soever it _affects us_; whether
it fires us by _Anger_, or _otherwise_; nay, tho' it _does not fire us
at all_, but even produces a _quite contrary Effect_. However it may
sound like a Paradox; it is the Property of this Poetical Flame to chill
us with Horrour, and make us weep with Pity, as well as to kindle us
with Indignation, Love, or Glory: It is it's Property to cool, as well
as to burn; and Frost and Snow are it's Fuel, as much as Sulphur.
_----Jamque volans, apicem, & latera ardua cernit
Atlantis duri, cœlum qui vertice fulcit;
Atlantis, cinctum assidue cui nubibus atris
Piniferum caput, & vento pulsatur, & imbri:
Nix humeros infusa tegit, tum flumina mento
Præcipitant senis, & glacie riget horrida barba._
In these Lines we have the Images of a hoary old Man, a vast rocky
Mountain, black Clouds, Wind and Rain, Ice and Snow; One shrinks, and
shivers, while one reads them: And yet the World affords few better
Instances of Poetical Fire; which is as much shewn in describing a
Winter-piece, as in describing a Battle, or a Conflagration. However, as
it appears from the Examples before cited, _Virgil_ was not deficient
even in That sort of Fire which is commonly called so, the fierce, the
rapid, the fighting: And where he either shews not That, or none at all,
'tis not because he _can't_, but because he _w'on't_; because 'tis not
proper. To explain my self, I refer the Reader to my Remark upon V. 712
of the First Book. Excepting some uncorrect Verses, _Virgil_ never
flags: Or when he appears to do so, it is on purpose; according to that
most true Opinion of my Lord _Roscommon_:
_For I mistake; or far the greatest Part
Of what some call Neglect, was study'd Art.
When_ Virgil _seems to trifle in a Line;
'Tis like a Warning-piece, which gives the Sign,
To wake your Fancy, and prepare your Sight
To reach the noble Height of some unusual Flight._
His very Negligences are accurate, and even his Blemishes are Beauties.
Besides; a considerable Number of Verses together may have little, or no
Fire in them; and yet be very graceful, and deserve great Praise.
_Virgil_ (which I think is not so observable in _Homer_) can be elegant,
and admirable, without being in a Hurry, or in a Passion. He is
sometimes higher indeed, and sometimes lower: but he always flies; and
that too (as Mr. _Segrais_ judiciously observes) always at a Distance
from the Ground: He rises, and sinks, as he pleases; but never flutters,
or grovels. Can the same be as truly said of _Homer_? His Fire in the
main is divine; but as I think he has too much of it in some Places, has
he not too little in others? Mr. _Dryden_ says, [15]_Milton runs into a
flat Thought, sometimes for a hundred Lines together_. Which, I think,
is not true: He sometimes flags in many Lines together; and perhaps the
same may be as truly said of his Greek Master. In _Homer_ methinks I see
a Rider of a noble, generous, and fiery Steed; who always puts him upon
the Stretch, and therefore sometimes tires him: _Virgil_ mounted upon
the same, or such another, gives him either the Reins, or the Curb, at
proper times; and so his Pace, if not always rapid, as it should not be,
is always stately, and majestick; and his Fire appears by being
suppressed, as well as by being indulged. For the Judgment of this
incomparable Poet, in alternately suppressing, and indulging his Divine
Fury, puts me in mind of his own _Apollo_ overruling and inspiring his
own _Sibyl_; which whole Passage, by the way (for I shall cite but Part
of it) is it self one of the noblest Instances of Poetical Fire this Day
extant in the whole World. My Application a little perverts it: But That
is a small Circumstance in Allusions.
_At Phœbi nondum patiens immanis in antro
Bacchatur vates, magnum si pectore possit
Excussisse Deum_; tanto magis ille fatigat
Os rabidum, fera corda domans, fingitque premendo.
But afterwards;
_Talibus ex adyto dictis Cumæa Sibylla
Horrendas canit ambages, antroque remugit,
Obscuris vera involvens_; ea fræna furenti
Concutit, & stimulos sub pectore vertit Apollo.
What was my Lord _Roscommon'_s Precept, was _Virgil_'s Practice,
_To write with Fury, but correct with Phlegm:_
Things very consistent in their own Nature. And therefore I must insist
that _Virgil_ was no way deficient in Poetical Fire; and that _Homer_
excelled him not in that Particular. By which last I always mean, that
either _Homer_ had not _more_ of it, or if he had _more in the Whole_,
he had _too much_ in _some_ Instances, and _too little_ in _others_. If
His were _more_ than _Virgil_'s, (tho' even That I question) it was not
_better_; no nor _so good_: considering how their Fire was disposed, or
(if I may so speak) situated in their several Constitutions; and what
use they severally made of it in their Writings. And therefore upon this
Article I must take the Liberty to say, Mr. _Pope_ is not just to
_Virgil_, as well as to some other Poets, in the Preface to his
admirable Translation of _Homer_. "This Fire (says he) is discerned in
_Virgil_; but discerned as through a Glass, reflected, and rather
shining than warm, but every-where equal and constant: In _Lucan_, and
_Statius_, it bursts out in sudden, short, and interrupted Flashes: In
_Milton_, it glows like a Furnace, kept up to an uncommon Fierceness by
the Force of Art: In _Shakespear_, it strikes before we are aware, like
an accidental Fire from Heaven: But in _Homer_, and in Him only, it
burns every where clearly, and every where irresistibly." Supposing his
Account of _Lucan_ and _Statius_ to be true: I no more know how to
distinguish it from his Account of _Shakespear_, than I agree with him
in the Character he gives of that great Man. For Fires from Heaven do
not _often_ strike; and when they do, are of no long Continuance: And so
_Shakespear_'s, like That of the other Two before mentioned, is supposed
to _burst out in short, sudden, and interrupted Flashes_: For Instance,
like Lightning; which is the only Fire from Heaven that we ordinarily
see, or hear of, and even That not very frequently. For if any other
Celestial flashes are here meant, they indeed may be more Divine; but
they are much more rare, and short, than Those of _Statius_ and _Lucan_.
Whereas _Shakespear_, in my Judgment, has more of the Poetical Fire,
than either of those Poets. _Milton_ indeed had more of it than He: and
therefore I am no less suprized at the Character here given of his Fire,
that _it glows like a Furnace, kept up to an uncommon Fierceness by the
Force of Art_: Because, tho' his Art, Learning, and Use of Books,
especially of _Homer_, be very great; yet he is most distinguished by
natural Genius, Spirit, Invention, and Fire; in all which perhaps he is
not very much inferiour to _Homer_ himself. Whose Fire again does not, I
conceive, _burn every where clearly, and irresistibly_: Or if it did, it
would be no Commendation. For the small Praise here given to _Virgil_,
is, in my Opinion, no true Praise at all: His Fire is not every where
equal: and it would be a Fault in him, if it were; as I have above
observed. But waving That; Surely such an Account of _Virgil_'s Fire was
never given by any Critick before. _It is discerned_: As faint, and
lessening an Expression, as could have been thought of. And how is it
even _discerned_? Only _through a Glass_: And lest we should imagine
That Glass to be a _Burning-Glass_; it is _reflected_, and _rather
shining, than warm_. Now I desire to be informed, what truer Idea any
one can have of the coldest, and most spiritless Writer in the World;
supposing him only to be a good Judge, and a Man of tolerable Parts. If
I am my self a little warm upon this Subject, I hope it may be pardoned
upon such an Occasion; when so great a Genius as _Virgil_'s is unjustly
censured by so great a Genius as Mr. _Pope_'s. However it be; _Homer_,
according to this Account, remains the Sun of Poetry: For I know of no
other Luminary (to which he may be compared) whose Fire _burns every
where clearly, and every where irresistibly_. Whereas, if we must pursue
these Similes of Light, and Fire, (tho', like other Similes, they do not
answer in every Particular) I should rather say, as I hinted in the
Beginning of this Preface, that the Fire of Poetry arose in _Homer_,
like Light at the Creation; shining, and burning, it is true, but
enshrined in a Cloud: But was afterwards transplanted into _Virgil_, as
into the Sun; according to the Account which _Milton_ gives of Both:[16]
_Let there be Light, said God; and forthwith Light
Ethereal, first of Things, Quintessence pure,
Sprang from the Deep; and from her native East
To journy thro' the airy Gloom began,
Sphear'd in a radiant Cloud: For yet the Sun
Was not; She in a cloudy Tabernacle
Sojourn'd the while.----_
Afterwards:
_Of Light by far the greater Part he took,
Transplanted from her cloudy Shrine, and plac'd
In the Sun's Orb, made porous to receive
And drink the liquid Light; firm to retain
Her gather'd Beams, great Palace now of Light._
If it be said, that according to this Account, _Homer_ has the
Advantage; because _all_ the Light is supposed to have been first in
him, and only a _Part_ of it (tho' the greatest) transferred to
_Virgil_: it must be remembered that we are only making a _Comparison_:
For if it were an exact _Parallel_, we must conceive (which we are far
from doing) that the _very individual_ Fire of the _Greek_ Poet was
transferred into the _Roman_; and that the one ceases to exist
separately from the other. But besides; admitting _Homer_ to have the
Advantage _so far_ as this Objection supposes; yet still _Virgil_ has it
_upon the Whole_, even with respect to Fire, of which we are now
discoursing. Tho' the Light in the cloudy Shrine were _more_ than That
in the Sun; yet in the Sun it is placed in a _higher_, and more
_regular_ Sphere; more _aptly disposed_ for _warming_ and
_illuminating_, and more _commodiously situated_ for the Delight and
Benefit of Mankind. "The _Roman_ Author (we are told) seldom rises into
very astonishing Sentiments, where he is not fired by the _Iliad_.[17]"
Tho' I absolutely deny the Matter of Fact yet supposing it were true,
still _fired he is_: The Poetical Spirit is in him, however he came by
it; and that too _better_, if not _more_, than in him from whom he is
imagined to have received it. How far the Reader will be of my Opinion
upon this Head I know not: But to me the Truth of what I have urged
resembles the _Things_ of which I have been speaking: It _shines_ like
the _Light_, and _burns_ like the _Fire_.
As to _Similes_, _Homer_ is supposed to have the full Propriety of
_Them_; and even the greatest Part of _Virgil_'s must be His. That a
great Number of _Virgil_'s are taken from him, I deny not; but most of
them are exceedingly improved by being transplanted: Tho' I believe if
he had taken fewer from _Homer_, and given us more of his own, his Poem
would have been so much the better. Not that he really has copy'd from
_Homer_ in this Instance, near so much as some Criticks pretend; and he
has more Similes entirely his own; than the aforesaid Criticks will
allow him. In my Remarks I shall mention some Particulars.
Generally speaking, _Homer's Descriptions_ are admirable. But even in
this View, I think Those are unjust to _Virgil_, who do not allow that
he excels his Master. Consider the several Instances already cited, upon
the Article of Poetical Fire; for most of them may be equally applied to
This. What Images! what Paintings! what Representations of Nature! what
Nature it self, do we find and feel in them! Besides a Multitude of
others, which cannot now be so much as mentioned: I must here again
refer to my Notes for Particulars.
For _Style_, _Diction_, and _Verification_, _Homer_, I acknowledge, is
allowed the Triumph, even by the Generality of _Virgil_'s Party:
particularly by _Rapin_; as he is likewise by him in the Instances of
_Fire_, and _Description_, above-mentioned. However, that I may not be
thought singular in my Opinion, a Character which I by no means desire;
it may be considered that I agree with _Scaliger_ in his express
Assertions, and with my Lord _Roscommon_ in his Hints and Insinuations,
not to mention other Authorities; when I frankly declare my Sentiments,
that the _Roman_ Poet is superiour to the _Grecian_ even in this
Respect. The _Greek_ Language, it is true, is superiour to the _Latin_,
in This, as well as in every thing else; being the most expressive, the
most harmonious, the most various, rich, and fruitful, and indeed, upon
all Accounts, the best Language in the World. But if notwithstanding
this great Advantage, _Virgil_'s Diction and Versification be preferable
to _Homer_'s; his Glory for That very Reason will be so much the
greater. _Homer's Epithets_, for the most part, are in _Themselves_
exceedingly beautiful; but are not many of them _superfluous_? Whether
many, nay all, of those Particles which are commonly (and indeed, I
think, falsly enough) called Expletives, be significant or no, I do not
now dispute: But admitting them to be so; are not too many little Words,
whether _Expletives_, nay whether _Particles_, or not, often crouded
together? Ἤ εἰ δή ποτέ τοι κατὰ, _&c._ and Ἦ ῥὰ νύ μοί ποτὲ καὶ σὺ,
_&c._ are not, I own, very agreeable Sounds to my Ears; and many more of
the same Kind are to be met with. Moreover, does not _Homer_ make an ill
use of one great Privilege of his Language, (among many others) I mean
That of dissolving Diphthongs, by so very frequently inserting a Word of
five, or six Syllables, to drag his Sense to the End of a Verse, which
concludes with the long Word aforesaid? Those Words, even at the End of
a Verse, are sometimes indeed very agreeable: But are they not often
otherwise? Especially at the Close of a Paragraph, or Speech; when for
the most part too they are Epithets: and yet more especially, when those
Epithets are of little Significancy? I shall give but one Instance,
tho' it were very easy to produce many; and That shall be the last Line
of the _Iliad_: Upon which, compared with the last of the _Æneis_, I
cannot but think that
_Vitaque cum gemitu fugit indignata sub umbras_,
is a nobler Conclusion of an Heroic Poem, than
Ὣς οἲ γ' ἀμφίεπον τάφον Ἕκτορος ἱπποδάμοιο.
A thousand things of the same, or of the like Nature, might be
mentioned: And I am aware that such Observations will by some Criticks
be called _modern Criticisms_. But be That as it will; I am for Truth
and Reason, whether it be called Ancient, or Modern.
To display the Excellence of _Virgil_'s Style, Diction, and
Versification, cannot be the Business of this Preface: Here again I must
refer to my Notes. I only observe, that nothing can be more sublime, and
majestick, than some Parts; nothing more sweet, and soft, than others;
nothing more harmonious, flowing, numerous, and sounding than both his
Soft, and his Sublime. As to which latter, when he describes the Fury,
Noise, and Confusion of War, I recollect That of my Lord _Roscommon_;
_Th'_ Æneian _Muse, when she appears in State,
Makes all_ Jove's _Thunder on her Verses wait._
And That of _Virgil_ himself:
_----Quo non præstantior alter
Ære ciere viros, Martemque accendere cantu._
For those Lines may as well be applied to the Trumpet of _Virgil_, as of
_Misenus_. Not but that in this way of Writing, I mean the Martial, and
the Furious, _Homer_, setting aside his Redundancy, is at least equal to
_Virgil_; perhaps superiour. But then he is not comparable to him in the
other Part, the smooth, the soft, and the sweetly flowing. This in
_Virgil_ always puts me in mind of some Verses of his own, which I have
elsewhere cited: Verses, which, in the Sixth Eclogue, the Speakers
apply to each other; and which, above all Writers, are most applicable
to Him, who gives Speech to them both.
_Tale tuum carmen nobis, divine Poeta,
Quale sopor fessis in gramine, quale per æstum
Dulcis aquæ saliente sitim restinguere rivo.
Nam neque me tantum venientis sibilus Austri,
Nec percussa juvant fluctu tam littora, nec quæ
Saxosas inter decurrunt flumina valles._
But the exquisite Art of _Virgil_'s Versification is seen in his varying
the Pauses, and Periods, and Cadence of his Numbers; in being rough or
smooth, soft or vehement, long or short, _&c._ according to the Nature
of the Ideas he would convey to the Mind: in which, I think, he exceeds
all Writers, whether Ancient or Modern; and is in particular the best
Versifier, as well as, upon the whole, the best Poet in the World.