[1] The United States fiscal year ends June 30, and receives its
designation from the calendar year in which it terminates. Thus, the
fiscal year 1898 is the year July 1, 1897-June 30, 1898.
[2] Administration transferred to Bureau of Forestry, February 1,
1905.
[3] Woods waste includes tops, stumps, cull logs and butts, but does
not include defective trees left or trees used for road purposes.
[4] Mill waste includes bark, kerf, slabs and edgings.
FOREY, ELIE FREDERIC (1804-1872), marshal of France, was born at Paris
on the 5th of January 1804, and entered the army from St Cyr in 1824. He
took part in the earlier Algerian campaigns, and became captain in 1835.
Four years later he was given command of a battalion of _chasseurs a
pied_ and in 1844 he became colonel. At the Revolution of 1848 Cavaignac
made him a general of brigade. He took an active part in the _coup
d'etat_ of the 2nd of December 1851, and Napoleon III. made him a
general of division shortly afterwards. He held a superior command in
the Crimean War, and in the Italian campaign of 1859 distinguished
himself very greatly in the action of Montebello (20th May). In 1862
Forey was placed in command of the French expeditionary corps in Mexico,
with the fullest civil and military powers, and he crowned a successful
campaign by the capture of Mexico city in May 1863, receiving as his
reward the marshal's baton. From December 1863 to 1867 he held high
commands in France, but in the latter year he was struck with paralysis
and had to retire. Marshal Forey died at Paris on the 20th of June 1872.
FORFAR, a royal, municipal and police burgh, and capital of the county
of Forfarshire, Scotland. Pop. (1901) 12,117. It lies at the east end of
the Loch of Forfar in the valley of Strathmore, and is 13 m. N. by E. of
Dundee by road and 21-1/4 m. by the Caledonian railway. It is also
situated on the same company's main line to Aberdeen and sends off a
branch to Brechin. The principal buildings comprise the court house, the
county hall (with portraits by Raeburn, Romney, Opie and others), the
town hall, the Meffan Institute (including the free library), the
infirmary, poorhouse and the Reid hall, founded by Peter Reid, a
merchant in the burgh who also gave the public park. The burgh unites
with Montrose, Arbroath, Brechin and Inverbervie (the Montrose group of
burghs) in returning one member to parliament. The Loch of Forfar, 1-1/4
m. long by 1/4 m. wide, is drained by Dean Burn, and contains pike and
perch. On a gravel bank or spit in the north-west of the lake stood a
castle which was sometimes used as a residence by Margaret, queen of
Malcolm Canmore. The staple industries are linen and jute manufactures,
but brewing, tanning, bleaching, rope-making and iron-founding are also
carried on.
Forfar is at least as old as the time of Malcolm Canmore, for the first
parliament after the defeat of Macbeth met in the old castle, which
stood on a mound on the northern side of the town. The parliaments of
William the Lion, Alexander II. and Robert II. also assembled within its
walls. The town, which was created a royal burgh by David I., was burnt
down about the middle of the 13th century. Edward I. captured the
castle on one of his incursions, but in 1307 Robert Bruce seized it,
put its defenders to the sword and then destroyed it, its site being now
marked by the town cross. Previous to the reign of James VI. the weekly
market was held on Sunday, but after the union of the crowns parliament
enacted that it should be held on Friday. The town sided with Charles I.
during the Civil War, and Charles II. presented the Cross to it out of
regard for the loyalty shown to his father. Forfar seems to have played
a less reputable part in the persecution of witches. In 1661 a crown
commission was issued for the trial of certain miserable creatures, some
of whom were condemned to be burnt. In the same year one John Ford for
his services as a witch-finder was admitted a burgess along with Lord
Kinghorne. The witches' bridle, a gag to prevent them from speaking
whilst being led to execution, is still preserved in the county hall.
One mile to the E. lie the ruins of Restennet Priory, where a son of
Robert Bruce was buried. For twenty five years after the Reformation it
was used as the parish church and afterwards by the Episcopalians, until
they obtained a chapel of their own in 1822.
FORFARSHIRE, or ANGUS, an eastern county of Scotland, bounded N. by the
shires of Kincardine and Aberdeen, W. by Perthshire, S. by the Firth of
Tay and E. by the North Sea. It has an area of 559,171 acres, or 873.7
sq. m. The island of Rossie and the Bell Rock belong to the shire.
Forfarshire is characterized by great variety of surface and may be
divided physically into four well-marked sections. In the most northerly
of these many of the rugged masses of the Grampians are found; this belt
is succeeded by Strathmore, or the Howe of Angus, a fertile valley, from
6 to 8 m. broad, which is a continuation of the Howe of the Mearns, and
runs south-westwards till it enters Strathearn, to the south-west of
Perth; then come the Sidlaw Hills and a number of isolated heights,
which in turn give way to the plain of the coast and the Firth. The
mountains are all in the northern division and belong to the Binchinnin
group (sometimes rather inexactly called the Braes of Angus) of the
Grampian ranges. Among the highest masses, most of which lie on or near
the confines of the bordering counties, are Glas Maol(3502 ft.), on the
summit of which the shires of Aberdeen, Forfar and Perth meet,
Cairn-na-Glasha (3484), Fafernie (3274), Broad Cairn (3268), Creag
Leacach (3238), Tolmount (3143), Tom Buidhe (3140), Driesh (3105), Mount
Keen (3077) and Mayar (3043), while peaks of upwards of 2000 ft. are
numerous. The Sidlaw Hills--the greater part of which, however, belongs
to Perthshire--are much less lofty and of less striking appearance. They
have a breadth of from 3 to 6 m., the highest points within the county
being Craigowl Hill (1493 ft.), Auchterhouse Hill (1399) and Gallow Hill
(1242). None of the rivers is navigable, and only three are of any
importance. The Isla, rising in Cairn-na-Glasha, flows southwards, then
turns S.E. and finally S.W. till it enters the Tay after a course of 45
m. Its chief tributaries on the right are the Alyth, Ericht and Lunan,
and on the left the Newton, Melgam and Dean. Near Bridge of Craig is the
fall of Reekie Linn (70 ft.), so named from the fact that when the
stream is in flood the spray rises in a dense cloud like smoke (_reek_).
Near old Airlie Castle are the cascades called the Slugs of Auchrannie.
The North Esk, formed by the confluence of the Lee and Mark at
Invermark, after a south-easterly course of 28 m. enters the North Sea 3
m. N. of Montrose. On the right bank it receives the West Water and
Cruick and on the left the Tarf and Luther. It gives the title of earl
of Northesk to a branch of the Carnegie family. The South Esk rises in
the Grampians near Mount Fafernie and not far from its source forms the
Falls of Bachnagairn; after flowing towards the south-east, it bends
eastwards near Tannadice and reaches the North Sea at Montrose, the
length of its course being 48 m. Its principal affluents are the Prosen
on the right and the Noran on the left. It supplies the title of earl of
Southesk to another branch of the Carnegies. The lakes are small, the
two largest being the Loch of Forfar and the mountain-girt Loch Lee (1
m. long by 1/4 m. wide). Lintrathen (circular in shape and about 3/4 m.
across), to the north of Airlie Castle, supplies Dundee with drinking
water. The glens of the Forfarshire Grampians are remarkable for their
beauty, and several of them for the wealth of their botanical specimens.
The largest and finest of them are Glen Isla, in which are the ruins of
Forter Castle, destroyed by Argyll in 1640, and the earl of Airlie's
shooting-lodge of the Tulchan; Glen Clova, near the entrance to which
stands Cortachy Castle, the seat of the earl of Airlie; Glen Esk and
Glen Prosen.
_Geology._--A great earth fracture traverses this county from near
Edzell on the N.E. to Lintrathen Loch on the S.W. Between Cortachy and
the south-western boundary this fault runs in Old Red Sandstone, but
north-east of that place it forms the junction line of Silurian and
Old Red; and in a general way we may say that on the N.W. side of the
fault the metamorphosed Silurian rocks are found, while the remainder
of the county is occupied by the Old Red Sandstone. On the margin of
the disturbance the Silurian rocks are little-altered grey and green
clay slates with bands of pebbly grit; farther towards the N.W. we
find the same rocks metamorphosed into mica schists and gneisses with
pebbly quartzites. Rising up through the schists between Carn Bannock
and Mount Battock is a great mass of granite. The Old Red Sandstone
extends from this county into Perthshire and Kincardineshire; here
some 20,000 ft. of these deposits are seen; an important part being
formed of volcanic tuffs and lavas which are regularly interbedded in
the sandstones and conglomerates. North of Dundee some of the lower
beds are traversed by intrusive dolerites, and Dundee Law is probably
the remains of an old vent through which some of the contemporaneous
lavas, &c., were discharged. The Old Red Rocks have been subjected to
a good deal of folding, as may be seen along the coast. The principal
direction of strike is from N.E. to S.W. A synclinal fold occupies
Strathmore, and between Longforgan and Montrose the northern extension
of the Sidlaw Hills is an anticlinal fold. Two fish-bearing beds occur
in the county; from the lower one many large _Eurypterids_ have been
obtained. The well-known paving flags of Arbroath belong to the lower
part of the formation. The Upper Old Red Sandstone is found only in
one spot about a mile north of Arbroath. During the Glacial period the
ice travelled south-eastward across Strathmore and over the Sidlaw
Hills; abundant evidence of this transporting agent is to be seen in
the form of morainic deposits, the most striking of which is the great
transverse barrier of Glenairn in the valley of the S. Esk, half a
mile in length and about 200 ft. high. Relics of the same period are
found round the coast in the form of raised beaches at 100, 50 and 25
ft. above the present sea-level.
_Climate and Agriculture._--On the whole the climate is healthy and
favourable to agricultural pursuits. The mean temperature for the year
is 47.3 deg. F., for January 38 deg. and for July 59 deg. The average
annual rainfall is 34 in., the coast being considerably drier than the
uplands. In the low-lying districts of the south the harvest is nearly
as early as it is in the rest of Scotland, but in the north it is often
late. The principal wheat districts are Strathmore and the neighbourhood
of Dundee and Arbroath; and the yield is well up to the best Scottish
average. Barley, an important crop, has increased steadily. Oats,
however, though still the leading crop, have somewhat declined. Potatoes
are mostly grown near the seaboard in the higher ground; turnips also
are largely raised. The northern belt, where it is not waste land, has
been turned into sheep walks and deer forests. The black-faced sheep are
the most common in the mountainous country; cross-bred sheep in the
lowlands. Though it is their native county (where they date from 1808),
polled Angus are not reared so generally as in the neighbouring shire of
Aberdeen, but shorthorns are a favourite stock and Irish cattle are
imported for winter-feeding. Excepting in the vicinity of the towns
there are no dairy farms. Horses are raised successfully, Clydesdales
being the commonest breed, but the small native garrons are now little
used. Pigs also are reared. Save perhaps in the case of the crofts, or
very small holdings of less than 10 acres, farm management is fully
abreast of the times.
_Other Industries._--The staple industries are the jute and flax
manufactures. Their headquarters are in Dundee, but they flourish also
at other places. Shipbuilding is carried on at Dundee, Arbroath and
Montrose. The manufactures of jams, confectionery, leather, machinery,
soap and chemicals, are all of great and growing value. Sandstone
quarries employ many hands and the deep-sea fisheries, of which Montrose
is the centre, are of considerable importance. The netting of salmon at
the mouth of the North Esk is also a profitable pursuit.
Two railway companies serve the county. The North British, entering from
the south by the Tay Bridge, follows the coast north-eastwards, sending
off at Montrose a branch to Bervie. The Caledonian runs up Strathmore to
Forfar, whence it diverges due east to Guthrie, where it again resumes
its north-easterly course to Dubton and Marykirk; it reaches Dundee from
Perth by the shore of the estuary of the Tay, and sends branches from
Dundee to Kirriemuir via Monikie and Forfar and to Alyth Junction via
Newtyle, while a short line from Dubton gives it touch with Montrose.
_Population and Government._--The population was 277,735 in 1891, and
284,083 in 1901, when 1303 spoke Gaelic and English, and 13 Gaelic only.
The chief towns are Arbroath (pop. in 1901, 22,398), Brechin (8941),
Broughty Ferry (10,484), Carnoustie (5204), Dundee (161,173), Forfar
(11,397), Kirriemuir (4096), Monifieth (2134) and Montrose (12,427).
Forfarshire returns one member to Parliament. It is a sheriffdom and
there is a resident sheriff-substitute at Dundee and another at Forfar,
the county town, and courts are held also at Arbroath. In addition to
numerous board schools there are secondary schools at Dundee, Montrose,
Arbroath, Brechin, Forfar and Kirriemuir, and technical schools at
Dundee and Arbroath. Many of the elementary schools earn grants for
higher education. The county council and the Dundee and Arbroath town
councils expend the "residue" grant in subsidizing science and art and
technical schools and classes, including University College, the textile
school, the technical institute, the navigation school, and the workshop
schools at Dundee, the technical school at Arbroath, besides cookery,
dairy, dress-cutting, laundry, plumbing and veterinary science classes
at different places.
_History._--In the time of the Romans the country now known as
Forfarshire was inhabited by Picts, of whose occupation there are
evidences in remains of weems, or underground houses. Traces of Roman
camps and stone forts are common, and there are vitrified forts at
Finhaven, Dumsturdy Muir, the hill of Laws near Monifieth and at other
points. Spearheads, battle-axes, sepulchral deposits, Scandinavian
bronze pins, and other antiquarian relics testify to periods of storm
and stress before the land settled down into order, towards which the
Church was a powerful contributor. In the earliest days strife was
frequent. The battle in which Agricola defeated Galgacus is supposed to
have occurred in the Forfarshire Grampians (A.D. 84); the Northumbrian
King Egfrith and the Pictish king Burde fought near Dunnichen in 685,
the former being slain; conflicts with the Danes took place at Aberlemno
and other spots; Elpin king of the Scots was defeated by Aengus in the
parish of Liff in 730; at Restennet, about 835, the Picts and Scots had
a bitter encounter. In later times the principal historical events,
whether of peace or war, were more immediately connected with burghs
than with the county as a whole. There is some doubt whether the county
was named Angus, its title for several centuries, after a legendary
Scottish prince or from the hill of Angus to the east of the church of
Aberlemno. It was early governed by hereditary earls and was made a
hereditary sheriffdom by David II. The first earl of Angus (by charter
of 1389) was George Douglas, an illegitimate son of the 1st earl of
Douglas by Margaret Stuart, who was countess of Angus in her own right.
On the death of the 1st and only duke of Douglas, who was also 13th earl
of Angus, in 1761, the earldom merged in the dukedom of Hamilton.
Precisely when the shire became known by the name of the county town has
not been ascertained, but probably the usage dates from the 16th
century. Among old castles are the roofless square tower of Red Castle
at the mouth of the Lunan; the tower of the castle of Auchinleck; the
stronghold of Inverquharity near Kirriemuir; the castle of Finhaven; the
two towers of old Edzell Castle; the ruins of Melgund Castle, which are
fairly complete; the small castle of Newtyle, and the old square tower
and gateway of the castle of Craig.
See A. Jervise, _Memorials of Angus and Mearns_ (Edinburgh, 1895);
_Land of the Lindsays_ (Edinburgh, 1882); _Epitaphs and Inscriptions_
(Edinburgh, 1879); Earl of Crawford, _Lives of the_ _Lindsays_
(London, 1835); Sir W. Fraser, _History of the Carnegies_ (Edinburgh,
1867); A.H. Millar, _Historical Castles and Mansions_ (Paisley, 1890);
G. Hay, _History of Arbroath_ (Arbroath, 1876); D.D. Black, _History
of Brechin_ (Edinburgh, 1867).
FORFEITURE (from "forfeit," originally an offence, and hence a fine
exacted as a penalty for such; derived through the O. Fr. _forfait_,
from the late Lat. _foris factum_, a trespass, that which is done
_foris_, outside), in English law, the term applied (1) to loss or
liability to the loss of property in consequence of an offence or breach
of contract; (2) to the property of which the party is deprived.
Under the common law, conviction and attainder on indictment for treason
or felony was followed not only by forfeiture of the life of the
offender, but also by forfeiture of his lands and goods. In the case of
treason all the traitor's lands of whomsoever holden were forfeited to
the king; in the case of felony (including _felo-de-se_, or suicide),
the felon's lands escheated (_exceciderunt_) to his immediate lord,
subject to the king's right to waste them for a year and a day. This
rule did not apply to lands held in gavelkind in the county of Kent. The
goods of traitors and felons were forfeited to the king. The desire of
the king and his officers to realize the profits of these forfeitures
was one of the chief motives for instituting the circuits of the king's
justices throughout England; and from time to time conflicts arose from
attempts by these justices to extend the law of treason--under which the
king levied all the forfeitures--at the expense of felony, in which the
lord of the felon benefited by the escheats. As regards theft, the
king's rights overrode those of the owner of the stolen property, until,
in the reign of Henry VIII., provision was made for restitution of the
goods to the owner if he prosecuted the thief to conviction. In Pepys's
_Diary_, 21st of January 1667-1668, will be found an illustration of the
working of the old law. We find that on the suicide of his
brother-in-law, Pepys at once applied to the king personally and
obtained a grant of the brother-in-law's estate in favour of his widow
and children should the inquest find a verdict of _felo-de-se_. It was
common practice for persons anticipating conviction for treason or
felony to assign all their property to others to avoid the forfeiture;
and in some instances the accused refused to plead to the indictment and
endured the _peine forte et dure_, until death supervened, to avoid
these consequences of conviction. The royal rights to forfeitures
arising within particular areas were frequently granted by charter to
corporations or individuals. In 1897 the courts had to interpret such
charters granted to the town of Nottingham in 1399 and 1448. All
forfeitures and escheats with respect to conviction and attainder for
treason and felony were abolished as from the 4th of July 1870, except
forfeitures consequent upon the now disused process of outlawry, and the
forfeitures included in the penalties of praemunire.
The term "forfeit" is also applied to penalties imposed by statute for
acts or omissions which are neither treasonable nor felonious. In such
statutes the forfeiture enures in favour of the crown unless the statute
indicates another destination; and unless a particular method of
enforcing the forfeiture is indicated it is enforceable as a debt to the
crown and has priority as such. The words "forfeit and pay" are often
used in imposing a pecuniary penalty for a petty misdemeanour, and where
they are used the court dealing with the case must not only convict the
offender but adjudicate as to the forfeiture.
Statutory forfeitures in some cases extend to specific chattels, e.g. of
a British merchant-ship when her character as such is fraudulently
dissimulated (Merch. Shipp. Act 1894, ss. 70, 76), or of goods smuggled
in contravention of the customs acts or books introduced in violation of
the copyright acts. Recognisances are said to be forfeited when the
conditions are broken and an order of court is made for their
enforcement as a crown debt against the persons bound by them.
The term "forfeiture" is now most commonly used with reference to real
property, i.e. with reference to the rights of lords of the manor or
lessors to determine the estate or interest of a copyholder or lessee
for breach of the customary or contractual terms of tenure. It is also
applied to express the deprivation of a limited owner of settled
property, real or personal, for breach of the conditions by which his
rights are limited; e.g. by becoming bankrupt or attempting to charge or
alienate his interest. As a general rule, the courts "lean against
forfeitures" of this kind; and are astute to defeat the claim of the
superior landlord or other person seeking to enforce them. By
legislation of 1881 and 1892 there is jurisdiction to grant relief upon
terms against the forfeiture of a lease for breach of certain classes of
covenant, e.g. to pay rent or to insure.
FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin _fabricare_, to
construct), in English law, "the fraudulent making or alteration of a
writing to the prejudice of another man's right," or "the false making,
or making _malo animo_, of any written instrument for the purpose of
fraud or deceit." This definition, it will be seen, comprehends all
fraudulent tampering with documents. "Not only the fabrication and false
making of the whole of a written instrument, but a fraudulent insertion,
alteration or erasure, even of a letter, in any material part of a true
instrument whereby a new operation is given to it, will amount to
forgery,--and this though it be afterwards executed by another person
ignorant of the deceit" (Russell on _Crimes and Misdemeanours_, vol.
ii.). Changing the word Dale into Sale in a lease, so that it appears to
be a lease of the manor of Sale instead of the manor of Dale, is a
forgery. And when a country banker's note was made payable at the house
of a banker in London who failed, it was held to be forgery to alter the
name of such London banker to that of another London banker with whom
the country banker had subsequently made his notes payable. As to the
fraud, "an intent to defraud is presumed to exist if it appears that at
the time when the false document was made there was in existence a
specific person, ascertained or unascertained, capable of being
defrauded thereby; and this presumption is not rebutted by proof that
the offender took or intended to take measures to prevent such person
from being defrauded in fact, nor by the fact that he had or thought he
had a right to the thing to be obtained by the false document"
(Stephen's _Digest of the Criminal Law_). Thus when a man makes a false
acceptance to a bill of exchange, and circulates it, intending to take
it up and actually taking it up before it is presented for payment, he
is guilty of forgery. Even if it be proved as a matter of fact that no
person could be defrauded (as when A forges a cheque in B's name on a
bank from which B had withdrawn his account), the intent to defraud will
be presumed. But it would appear that if A knew that B had withdrawn his
account, the absence of fraudulent intention would be inferred. A
general intention to cheat the public is not the kind of fraud necessary
to constitute forgery. Thus if a quack forges a diploma of the college
of surgeons, in order to make people believe that he is a member of that
body, he is not guilty of forgery.
The crime of forgery in English law has been from time to time dealt
with in an enormous number of statutes. It was first made a statutory
offence in 1562, and was punishable by fine, by standing in the pillory,
having both ears cut off, the nostrils slit up and seared, the
forfeiture of land and perpetual imprisonment. It was made capital,
without benefit of clergy in 1634. The most notable cases of those who
have suffered the extreme penalty of the law are those of the Rev. Dr W.
Dodd in 1777, for forging Lord Chesterfield's name on a bond, and Henry
Fauntleroy, a partner in the banking-house of Marsh, Sibbald & Co., for
the appropriation by means of forged instruments of money entrusted to
the bank, in 1824. "Anthony Hammond, in the title Forgery of his
_Criminal Code_, has enumerated more than 400 statutes which contain
provisions against the offence" (Sir J.T. Coleridge's notes to
Blackstone). Blackstone notices the increasing severity of the
legislature against forgery, and says that "through the number of these
general and special provisions there is now hardly a case possible to be
conceived wherein forgery that tends to defraud, whether in the name of
a real or fictitious person, is not made a capital crime." These acts
were consolidated in 1830. The later statutes, fixing penalties from
penal servitude for life downwards, were consolidated by the Forgery Act
1861. It would take too much space to enumerate all the varieties of the
offence with their appropriate punishments. The following condensed
summary is based upon chapter xlv. of Sir J. Stephen's _Digest of the
Criminal Law_:
1. Forgeries punishable with penal servitude for life as a maximum
are--
(a) Forgeries of the great seal, privy seal, &c.
(b) Forgeries of transfers of stock, India bonds, exchequer bills,
bank-notes, deeds, wills, bills of exchange, &c.
(c) Obliterations or alterations of crossing on a cheque.
(d) Forgeries of registers of birth, &c., or of copies thereof and
others.