RELIGIOUS NOTIONS OF NAPOLEON
In contrast with members of the oligarchy, who threw all moral
restraints to the winds, Napoleon towers above them. Take any
grounds--administrative, strategical, religious, domestic--he was
preeminent above his contemporaries. On religious grounds alone, those
thoughts of his which have been recorded not only disclose the insight
of a man of affairs, but reveal the thinking mind of a deeply
religious being. His conversations with Gourgaud on religious
subjects, some of which are quoted in Lord Rosebery's admirable book,
"The Last Phase," are so contradictory that they cannot be taken as
authentic beliefs. It greatly depended to whom he was talking as to
the line he took.
It is evident that the Emperor took a delight in arguing with and
contradicting the devout Catholic for sheer intellectual exercise. At
one time he declares to his refractory companion, "If I had to choose
a religion, I would worship the sun, because the sun gives to all
things life and fertility." At another time he torments the Count,
after tying him into a knot and exposing his superficial knowledge, by
saying that "the Mohammedan religion is the finest of all." But when
his mind seriously dwells on sacred things, he declares "that religion
lends sanctity to everything." "The remission of sins is a beautiful
idea." "It makes the Christian religion so attractive that it will
never perish. No one can say 'I do not believe and I never shall
believe.'"
Montholon is more to the writer's liking than Gourgaud, even though
Gourgaud's authenticity is backed by Lord Rosebery, and we shall see
later what _he_ says about his Emperor's religious beliefs. It was he
who endeavoured to mitigate his master's mental and physical
sufferings, and it was he whom he desired should close his eyes in
death when the nefarious assassination had been completed. It was he,
too, who got himself locked up in the fortress of Ham for seven years
by adhering steadfastly to the cause of the great exile's nephew.
Gourgaud was loyal and devoted on a sort of sliding scale, which led
him to do great injustice to the stricken hero. Montholon's devotion
was consistent and abiding under all circumstances, while Gourgaud's
fluctuated with his moods.
None of Napoleon's companions in exile were admitted to such close
intimacy with the illustrious warrior-statesman as was Count
Montholon, not even Bertrand or Marchand. It was he who had won
confidence by the most amazing attachment that one human being could
give to another, and it was natural that the big soul of Napoleon
should respond to what amounted to fanatical fidelity. He was the
beloved companion of the Emperor for six years, and during the last
forty-two nights of his life he was with him in the death-chamber, and
at his request he kept vigil and witnessed, his spirit pass away.
It was to him, when the shadow of death was hovering round the smitten
rock, that Napoleon conveyed his most sacred thoughts, domestic,
civil, and religious. He made him one of his executors, bequeathed to
him a fortune, entrusted him with the custody of precious documents,
and to his dying day the recipient of such flattering confidences
never betrayed by word or act the faith that was reposed in him, nor
did he ever falter in his devotion to the martyr's cause. It is from
him we have handed down the famous constitution drawn up by Napoleon
for his son, which is pregnant with democratic wisdom and flows with
the genius of statesmanship. We get, too, a vivid knowledge of the
religious side of Napoleon's versatile character. His talks and
dictations on this controversial subject are unorthodox if you like,
but nevertheless religious; copious in thought and trenchant in
vocabulary, they disclose the magic of a well-stored inspired mind. He
indulges in neither puerilities nor conventionalities. He is a
vigorous student of the Bible and the Koran; he knows his subject, and
speaks his reasonings without reservation, and in the end we see the
vision of the omnipotent God fixed in an enduring belief.
In the first clause of his will he declares: "I die in the Apostolic
Roman religion, in the bosom of which I was born more than fifty years
since." If any other proof were needed that he believed in the
divinity of Jesus Christ, this avowed declaration on the eve of the
great transformation may be confirmed by the fact that the cardinal
doctrine of the Roman religion centres in the divinity of Christ.
Again, in the course of his public and private duties, you frequently
come across passages in his letters and official documents such as
"May God have you in His holy keeping." It may be said that this is a
mere form or figure of speech but then unbelievers do not use such
phrases.
We find in everyday life a lack of courage to do justice and be
generous to one another. But surely, in the interest of political,
historical, and personal rectitude, the dying man's message to the
world should absolve him from having his lucid, succinct
conversations jargoned into a tattered tedium. It is either a
perversion of understanding or a misanthropic egoism that can twist
Napoleon's discourses on religious topics into meaning that he ever
was seriously thinking of giving preference to the worship of the sun,
or contemplating becoming a follower of Mohammed, or that he ever
showed real evidences of being an unbeliever in the God of his race.
He praised many of the virtues of the Mohammedan religion, such as
honesty, cleanliness, temperance, and devoutness, and denounced with
scathing sarcasm, not Christ, but professing Christians whose conduct
towards himself was beneath the dignity of the pagan. But this in no
way detracts from his admiration of the genuine follower of Christ. He
says that "religious ideas have more influence than certain
narrow-minded philosophers are willing to believe; they are capable of
rendering great services to humanity." Again, he says that "the
Christian religion is the religion of a civilised people; it is
entirely spiritual, and the reward which Jesus Christ promises to the
elect is that they shall see God face to face; and its whole tendency
is to subdue the passions; it offers nothing to excite them."
There were frequently heated arguments on religion between Napoleon
and members of his suite during the dreary hours at Longwood, and on
one of these occasions he, Montholon, and Antommarchi are the
debaters. To the former he suddenly flashed out: "I know men well, and
I tell you that Jesus Christ was not a man"; then he curtly attacks
the pretentious doctor by informing him that "aspiring to be an
atheist does not make a man one."
Dr. Alexander Mair published in the _Expositor_, some twenty years
ago, a critical study of the authenticity of the declarations imputed
to Napoleon when at St. Helena on the subject of the Christian
religion, from which I make the following extract:--
"One evening at St. Helena," says M. Beauterne, "the conversation was
animated. The subject treated of was an exalted one; it was the
divinity of Jesus Christ. Napoleon defended the truth of this doctrine
with the arguments and eloquence of a man of genius, with something
also of the native faith of the Corsican and the Italian. To the
objections of one of the interlocutors, who seemed to see in the
Saviour but a sage, an illustrious philosopher, a great man, the
Emperor replied:--
"'I know men, and I tell you that Jesus Christ is not a man.
"'Superficial minds may see some resemblance between Christ and the
founders of empires, the conquerors, and the gods of other religions.
That resemblance does not exist.
"'I see in Lycurgus, Numa, Confucius, and Mahomet merely legislators;
but nothing which reveals the Deity. On the contrary, I see numerous
relations between them and myself. I make out resemblances,
weaknesses, and common errors which assimilate them to myself and
humanity. Their faculties are those which I possess. But it is
different with Christ. Everything about Him astonishes me; His spirit
surprises me, and His will confounds me. Between Him and anything of
this world there is no possible comparison. He is really a Being
apart.
"'The nearer I approach Him and the more clearly I examine Him, the
more everything seems above me; everything continues great with a
greatness that crushes me.
"'His religion is a secret belonging to Himself alone, and proceeds
from an intelligence which assuredly is not the intelligence of man.
There is in Him a profound originality which creates a series of
sayings and maxims hitherto unknown.
"'Christ expects everything from His death. Is that the invention of a
man? On the contrary, it is a strange course of procedure, a
superhuman confidence, an inexplicable reality. In every other
existence than that of Christ, what imperfections, what changes! I
defy you to cite any existence, other than that of Christ, exempt from
the least vacillation, free from all such blemishes and changes. From
the first day to the last He is the same, always the same, majestic
and simple, infinitely severe, and infinitely gentle.
"'How the horizon of His empire extends, and prolongs itself into
infinitude! Christ reigns beyond life and beyond death. The past and
the future are alike to Him; the kingdom of the truth has, and in
effect can have, no other limit than the false. Jesus has taken
possession of the human race; He has made of it a single nationality,
the nationality of upright men, whom He calls to a perfect life.
"'The existence of Christ from beginning to end is a tissue entirely
mysterious, I admit; but that mystery meets difficulties which are in
all existences. Reject it, the world is an enigma; accept it, and we
have an admirable solution of the history of man.
"'Christ speaks, and henceforth generations belong to Him by bonds
more close, more intimate than those of blood, by a union more sacred,
more imperious than any other union beside. He kindles the flame of a
love which kills out the love of self and prevails over every other
love. Without contradiction, the greatest miracle of Christ is the
reign of love. All who believe in Him sincerely feel this love,
wonderful, supernatural, supreme. It is a phenomenon inexplicable,
impossible to reason and the power of man; a sacred fire given to the
earth by this new Prometheus, of which Time, the great destroyer, can
neither exhaust the force nor terminate the duration. That is what I
wonder at most of all, for I often think about it; and it is that
which absolutely proves to me the divinity of Christ!'
"Here the Emperor's voice assumed a peculiar accent of ironical
melancholy and of profound sadness: 'Yes, our existence has shone with
all the splendour of the crown and sovereignty; and yours, Montholon,
Bertrand, reflected that splendour, as the dome of the Invalides,
gilded by us, reflects the rays of the sun. But reverses have come;
the gold is effaced little by little. The rain of misfortunes and
outrages with which we are deluged every day carries away the last
particles; we are only lead, gentlemen, and soon we shall be but dust.
Such is the destiny of great men; such is the near destiny of the
great Napoleon.
"'What an abyss between my profound misery and the eternal reign of
Christ, proclaimed, worshipped, beloved, adored, living throughout the
whole universe! Is that to die? Is it not rather to live?'"
A more beautiful panegyric on the divinity of Christ has never been
pronounced. The thrilling and convincing conclusions evolved from the
mind of a great reader, a great thinker--a man, in fact, who had
studied and knew the human side of life, and could describe it with
flawless accuracy--are a complete refutation of the opinions expressed
either from prejudice or personal and political motives. Napoleon
conversed about religion with other men in a critical way, not always
with orthodox reverence, but certainly with the conviction that he had
a thorough knowledge of every phase of the subject. Perhaps he derived
pleasure from showing that he did not accept the popular doctrine
unreservedly.
His unorthodox view of the Catholic religion is shown by the fact that
in 1797 he endeavoured to get Pius VI. to suppress the Inquisition
throughout Europe. The Pope, in his reply, addressing the General as
his "very dear son," urges him to abandon the idea and assures him
that the charges made against the Holy Office are false. He further
says that the Inquisition is not tyrannical, and that sooner than
remove the Holy Office he would part with a province. Napoleon for a
time gave way, and it was not until 1808 that he issued a decree
suppressing the institution in France and confiscating its property.
This incident is another proof of Napoleon's humane attitude towards
his people and his abhorrence of religious intolerance.
The basis for such an attitude towards an accepted institution of the
Roman Catholic Church was Napoleon's belief that "Faith is beyond the
reach of the law and the most sacred property of man, for which he has
no right to account to any mortal if there is nothing in it contrary
to social order."
Unquestionably he had pride in impressing his auditors with the
vastness of his information, acquired by reading and study. He had,
moreover, a kind of childlike vanity in making men feel that he was
not only extraordinary, but greatly their superior, even when they got
him to talk on their own subjects. This habit was especially
pronounced at St. Helena.
But this in no way impairs the evidences of his spiritual character.
One of his first acts when his authority was established in France was
to face the most hostile declamation against the Concordat, but
believing that no good government could be assured without religion,
he carried his convictions through in spite of it being a reversion of
one of the cardinal doctrines of the Revolution, and there is
abundance of proof that when he was faced with the last great problem,
he accepted it without a sign of superstitious dread, believing in the
immortality of the soul which should reveal all things.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIST OF SOME OF THE BOOKS REFERRED TO OR CONSULTED BY THE AUTHOR
Correspondence of Napoleon.
Last Letters of Napoleon.
Letters and Despatches of the First Napoleon, by Bingham.
Napoleon's Miscellanies.
Napoleon's Own Memoirs.
Napoleon Anecdotes, Ireland.
Talks of Napoleon at St. Helena, by Count Gourgaud.
Napoleon's Correspondence with King Joseph.
Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, by H.F. Hall.
Letters from the Island of St. Helena.
History of Napoleon, by Lanfrey.
Life of Napoleon, by Sir Walter Scott.
Life of Napoleon, by J.H. Rose.
Napoleon, by Phyfe.
Private Life of Napoleon, by Levy.
Life of Napoleon, by Bourrienne.
Short Life of Napoleon, by J.R. Seeley.
Life of Napoleon the Third, by Blanchard.
Life of Napoleon, by W. Hazlitt.
History of Napoleon, edited by R.H. Horne.
Life of Napoleon, by MacFarlane.
History of Napoleon, by George Moir Bussey.
Life of Napoleon, by W.M. Sloane.
Napoleon, by J.T. Bailey.
Napoleon, by Dr. Max Lenz.
Baron de Meneval, Memoirs.
Memoirs of Count Miot de Melito.
Memoirs of General Count Rapp, written by himself.
Memoirs of the Duke of Rovigo.
Memoirs of Madame Junot, Duchess of Abrantès.
Secret Memoirs of Napoleon, by Charles Doris.
Mallet Du Pan, by B. Mallet.
Madame de Staël.
Recollections of Marshal MacDonald.
Memoirs of the Empress Josephine.
Memoirs of Queen Hortense.
Memoirs of the Court of St. Cloud.
Memoirs of the Empress Marie Louise, by De St. Amand.
Memoirs of Joseph.
Memoirs of Madame de Remusat.
Life of Nelson, by Southey.
Life of Wellington, by George Hooper.
Life of Sir Walter Scott, by Lockhart.
Dumourier Memoirs.
Life of Byron.
William Pitt, by Lord Rosebery.
William Pitt, by Charles Whibley.
Memoirs of the Court of the Empress Josephine, by Ducrest.
The Sailor King, by Fitzgerald Molloy.
Marmont Memoirs.
General Marbot Memoirs.
Marshal Berthier, by General Derrecagaix.
Constant, Memoirs of the Life of Napoleon.
Napoleon and Marie Louise, by Madame Durand.
The Women Napoleon Loved, by Tighe Hopkins.
The Marriages of the Bonapartes, by Bingham.
Napoleon at Home, by F. Masson.
Napoleon et les Femmes, by F. Masson.
Josephine, Imperatrice et Reine, by F. Masson.
Love of an Uncrowned Queen, by Wilkins.
The Love Affairs of Napoleon, by Joseph Turquan.
The Women Bonapartes, by Noel Williams.
Las Cases' Journal.
Napoleon at St. Helena and Sir Hudson Lowe, by Forsyth.
Napoleon's Captivity in Relation to Sir Hudson Lowe, by R.C. Seaton.
The Exile of St. Helena, by Philippe Gonnard.
Napoleon, Last Voyages, by J.H. Rose.
The Last Days of Napoleon, by Dr. F. Antommarchi.
Duke of Reichstadt, by De Wertheimer.
Napoleon, the First Phase, by Oscar Browning.
Napoleon, The Last Phase, by Lord Rosebery.
Talks of Napoleon at St. Helena, by Latimer.
The Surrender of Napoleon, by Rear-Admiral Sir Frederick Maitland.
Napoleon in Exile, by Barry O'Meara.
The Drama of St. Helena, by Paul Frembeaux.
History of a Crime, by Victor Hugo.
History of the Captivity of Napoleon, by Count Montholon.
Warden's Letters from St. Helena.
With Napoleon at St. Helena, by Dr. John Stokoe.
Napoleon's Last Voyages, by Sir Thomas Usher.
Napoleon and His Fellow Travellers, by Clement Shorter.
An Exposition of Some of the Transactions that have taken
place at St. Helena since the Appointment of Sir Hudson
Lowe as Governor of that Island, by B.E. O'Meara.
Facts Illustrative of the Treatment of Napoleon Bonaparte
in St. Helena, by Theodore Hook (?).
History of the Consulate and the Empire, by Thiers.
Napoleon's Expedition to Russia, by Count Philippe de Segur.
Napoleon in Russia, by Verestchagen.
Napoleon, King of Elba, by Paul Gruyer.
Cambridge Modern History, Volume IX., Sections by--
Georges Pariset.
T.A. Walker.
H.W. Wilson.
Anton Guilland.
H.A.L. Fisher.
L.G. Wickham-Legg.
E.M. Lloyd.
J. Holland Rose.
August Keim.
C.W. Oman.
Eugen Stschepkin.
Julius von Pflugk-Harttung.
A.W. Ward.
G.P. Gooch.
Napoleon and His Detractors, by Prince Napoleon.
Heinrich Heine's Essays.
France, by J.E.C. Bodley.
Talleyrand, by Lady Blennerhassett.
Napoleon's Marshals, by R.P. Dunn Pattison.
French Revolution, by Thomas Carlyle.
French Revolution, by Lord Acton.
Bonaparte and the Consulate, by Thibeaudeau.
Napoleonic Studies, by J. Holland Rose.
Biographical Sketches, by Harriet Martineau.
From Howard to Nelson, by Mahan.
The Life of Nelson, by Mahan.
A Mariner of England, 1780-1817, edited by Colonel Spencer
Childers.
Bonapartism, by H.A.L. Fisher.
Bernadotte's Correspondence with Napoleon.
LIST OF EVENTS AND DATES HAVING REFERENCE TO NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
1769. Aug. 15. Napoleon the First born.
1789. July 14. French Revolution breaks out with the
destruction of the Bastille.
1790. July 14. France declared a Limited Monarchy.
July 14. Louis XVI. swears to maintain the Constitution.
1791. June 21. The King, Queen, and Royal family arrested
at Varennes.
Sept. 15. Louis (a prisoner) signs the National Constitution.
1792. July 17. First coalition against France.
Nov. 19. French people declare their fraternity
with all nations who desire to be free
and offer help.
1796. Mar. 9. Bonaparte's marriage with Josephine.
Bonaparte's successful campaign in Italy.
1798. Expedition to Syria and Egypt.
1799. April. European coalition against France.
Nov. 10. Council of 500 deposed by Bonaparte; he
is declared First Consul.
1800. June 14. Bonaparte defeats the Austrians at Marengo.
Dec. 24. Bonaparte's life attempted by an infernal
machine.
Bank of France founded by Napoleon.
1802. Mar. 28. Peace of Amiens (with England, Spain,
and Holland) signed.
1802. May 19. Legion of Honour instituted by Napoleon.
Aug. 2. Napoleon made First Consul for life.
1803. April 14. Bank of France established.
May 22. Declaration of war against England.
1804. Feb. 15. Conspiracy of Moreau and Pichegru against
Napoleon.
Mar. 21. Duc d'Enghien executed.
May 18. Napoleon proclaimed Emperor of France.
Dec. 2. Napoleon crowned by the Pope.
1805. May 26. Napoleon crowned King of Italy.
Aug. Third coalition against France.
Dec. 2. Napoleon defeats the Allies at Austerlitz.
1806. Oct. 14. Napoleon defeats the Prussians at Jena.
1807. Feb. 8. Napoleon defeats the Russians at Eylau.
July 7. Peace of Tilsit signed.
Dec. 17. Napoleon issues his Milan Decree against
British commerce.
1808. Mar. 1. New Nobility of France created.
May 5. Abdication of Charles IV. of Spain and his
son in favour of Napoleon.
July Commencement of the Peninsular War.
1809. April Alliance of England and Austria against
France.
May Napoleon defeats the Austrians and enters
Vienna.
Oct. 14. Peace of Vienna signed.
Dec. 16. Divorce of the Emperor and the Empress
Josephine decreed by the Senate.
1810. April 1. Marriage of Napoleon to Marie Louise of
Austria.
July 9. Holland united to France.
1811. Mar. 20. Birth of the King of Rome (Napoleon II.).
1812. June 22. War with Russia declared.
Oct. The retreat from Moscow.
1813. Mar. Alliance of Austria, Russia, and Prussia
against France.
Oct. 7. British enter France.
1814. Mar. 31. Surrender of Paris to the Allies.
1814. April 5. Abdication of Napoleon negotiated.
May 3. Restoration of the Bourbon dynasty.
Louis XVIII. arrives at Paris.
May 4. Napoleon arrives at Elba.
May 29. Death of Josephine.
1815. Mar. 1. Napoleon escapes from Elba and lands
at Cannes.
Mar. 20. Napoleon arrives at Fontainebleau.
Mar. 22. Napoleon is joined by all the Army.
Mar. The Allies sign a treaty against him.
Mar. 29. Napoleon abolishes the slave trade.
June 12. Napoleon leaves Paris for the Army.
June 18. Battle of Waterloo.
June 20. Napoleon returns to Paris.
June 22. Abdicates in favour of his son.
July 3. He arrives at Rochefort, intending to
embark for America.
July 3. Louis XVIII. re-enters Paris.
July 15. Napoleon surrenders to Captain Maitland,
of the _Bellerophon_, at Rochefort.
Aug. 8. Is transferred at Torbay to the _Northumberland_,
and, with Admiral Sir George Cockburn,
sails for St. Helena.
Oct. 15. Arrives at St. Helena, to remain for life.
Dec. 7. Execution of Marshal Ney.
1816. Jan. 12. Family of Bonaparte excluded _for ever_
from France by the Law of Amnesty.
1821. May 5. Death of Napoleon.
1836. Oct. 29. Attempted insurrection by Louis Napoleon
(afterwards Emperor).
1837. May 8. Amnesty proclaimed for political offences.
1838. "Idees Napoleoniennes" published by
Prince Louis Napoleon.
1840. May 12. The Chambers decree the removal of
Napoleon's remains from St. Helena.
Oct. 15. Exhumation of Napoleon's remains.
Nov. 30. Arrival of _Belle Poule_ frigate at Cherbourg
with remains on board.
1840. Dec. 15. Remains deposited in the Hôtel des Invalides.[33]
Aug. 6. Descent of Louis Napoleon, General Montholon,
and fifty followers at Vimeraux, near Boulogne.
Oct. 6. The Prince captured and sentenced to
imprisonment for life.
1841. Aug. 15. Bronze statue of Napoleon placed on the
column of the Grande Armée, Boulogne.
1846. May 25. Louis Napoleon escapes from Ham.
1847. Oct. 10. Jerome Bonaparte returns to France, after
an exile of thirty-two years.
1848. June 13. Election of Louis Napoleon to the National
Assembly.
Sept. 26. Louis Napoleon takes his seat in the
National Assembly.
1857. Longwood, the residence of Napoleon
Bonaparte at St. Helena, bought for
180,000 francs.
1860. June 24. Jerome Bonaparte (the Emperor's uncle)
dies, aged 76.
1861. Mar. 31. Napoleon's body finally placed in the crypt
of the Hôtel des Invalides.
FOOTNOTES:
[33] The ceremony was witnessed by about 1,000,000 persons and 150,000
soldiers assisted at the obsequies. No relatives of the Emperor were
present, as at this time the various members of the Bonaparte family
were either proscribed and in exile or in prison.
INDEX
Abrantès, Duke and Duchess of, _see_ Junot
Acton, Lord, 115
Aglietti, Dr., 157
Alexander, _see_ Russia, Emperor of
Amherst, Lord, 48
Anne of Russia, Princess, 268
Antommarchi, Dr., 32, 75, 82, 85, 195, 293
Archambaud, 171
Arnott, Dr., 85
Augereau, General, 156, 176
Austria, Commissioner for, 45, 49
Austria, Emperor of, 49, 55, 113, 124, 133, 267, 274
Baranti, M., 217
Barras, "Citizen," 240, 241, 251
Bathurst, Lord, 34, 35, 45, 70, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 103, 181, 184
Beauharnais, Alexandre, 231, 232, 234, 235
Beauharnais, Eugene, 235, 240, 254, 283, 285
Beauharnais, Hortense, 116, 232, 235, 254, 262, 279, 280, 283, 285
Beauharnais, Marquis de, 231, 232
Beauterne, M., 293
Beauvais, Bishop of, 104
Bernadotte, Marshal, 175, 273
Berthier, General, 153, 176
Bertrand, Count, 15, 34, 51, 57, 139, 171, 172, 195, 290
Bertrand, Madame, 72
Bessières, General, 153
Bismarck, Prince von, 166
Blücher, Marshal, 189
Bombelles, M. de, 158
Bonaparte, Caroline, 246
Bonaparte, Joseph, 49, 115, 172, 244, 245, 262
Bonaparte, Leon, 263, 264
Bonaparte, Louis, 262
Bonaparte, Lucien, 254, 262
Bonaparte, Madame Mère, 146 _et seq._
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 15, 19, 32, 35, 37, 40, 44, 48, 50, 58, 73, 75, 83,
84, 85, 105, 106, 108, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 124,
126, 127, 128, 139, 155, 160, 162, 172, 194, 201,
206, 207, 210, 213, 221, 240, 241, 243, 247, 250,
252, 253, 254, 257, 259, 261, 265, 267, 271, 277,
281, 284, 286, 288 _et seq._;
on the Christian religion, 293 _et seq._
Bonaparte, Pauline, 116, 249, 250
Borghesi, Countess Pauline, 83
Bourrienne, M., 113, 128, 129, 162, 177
Browning, Oscar, 117
Brutus, Marcus, 124
Bülow, von, 189
Burton, Dr., 85
Byron, Lord, 191, 199 _et seq._, 216
Cadoudal, 262
Cæsar, Julius, 123
Camerata, Countess Napoleone, 145
Carlyle, Jane, 84
Carlyle, Thomas, 163
Carnot, 241, 244
Cases, Count Las, 34, 64, 65, 68, 70, 75, 171, 195
Castlereagh, Lord, 45, 80, 103, 181
Catherine of Westphalia, 153, 154
Charles, Hippolyte, 249, 250, 251, 252
Charles VII., 105, 106
Charles X., 168
Cipriani, 54
Cockburn, Captain, 27, 34
Collot, 253
Colonna, Count, _see_ Walewska, Alexander
Colonna, Signor Simeon, 82
Commissioners of the Powers, 45, 49
Compoint, Louise, 246
Conquereau, l'Abbé, 171
Constant, Benjamin, 123, 207, 213, 215, 216
Corvisat, Dr., 286
Coulon Brothers, 128
Cromwell, Oliver, 90
Davoust, Marshal, 176
Denuelle, Madame Eleanore, 263
Desaix, General, 153
Dietrichstein, Count, 137
Documents, _see_ Official Documents
Dottot, M., 258
Duroc, Marshal, 126, 153
Editor of _Edinburgh Review_, 50
Eliot, George, 216
d'Enghien, Due, 51, 262
Fesch, Cardinal, 150
Flachats, MM., 261
Forsyth, William, 36, 76, 91, 99, 100, 101, 179, 192, 196
Fouché, M., 128, 129, 176, 206, 261, 263, 277, 284
Fox, Charles James, 92, 93
France, Commissioner for, 45, 49, 72
Francis, _see_ Austria, Emperor of
Frederick of Prussia, 49, 162
Frederick the Great, 163
Freron, M., 250
George I., 162, 287
George IV., 33, 70, 94, 95, 117, 180, 201, 287
Gohier, M., 256
Gorrequer, Major, 99, 100
Gourgaud, General, 29, 53, 65, 75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 112, 139, 171, 179,
193, 194, 195, 207, 288, 289
Granville, Earl, 19
Grouchy, Marshal, 189, 191
Guizot, M., 17
Hanover, Elector of, 162
Henin, General, 190
Henry, Mr., 99, 100
Henry VIII., 287
Hill, General Lord, 189
Hoche, General, 240
Holland, Lady, 49, 57
Holland, Lord, 80, 89
Hooper, 61
Horeau, Dr., 286
Jersey, Lady, 201
Joan of Arc, 104, 106, 153
Joinville, Prince, 26, 171, 173
Josephine, 101, 118, 155, 210, 220, 231 _et seq._
Jourdan, General, 176
Junot, Marshal, 127, 245, 246
Keith, Lord, 21, 65, 66, 120, 121, 122, 124
Kellerman, General, 242, 243
Kleber, General, 153
La Fayette, 156
Lallemand, 65
Las Cases, _see_ Cases, Las
Leclerc, General, 249, 250
Lenz, Dr. Max, 193, 198, 209
Liverpool, Lord, 80, 103, 181
Livingstone, Dr., 85
Louis Philippe, 16, 21 _et seq._, 138, 168, 169, 171, 172
Louis XVI., 126, 270
Louis XVIII., 94, 168
Lowe, Sir Hudson, 27, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51,
57, 62, 63, 64, 65, 72, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 99,
103, 178, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 191, 194, 195,
196
Macaulay, Lord, 162
Macdonald, Marshal, 176
Maceroni, Colonel, 75
Manning, Mr., 57
Mair, Dr. Alexander, 293
Maitland, Captain, 63, 65, 66, 118
Marchand, M., 75, 156, 171, 290
Marie Antoinette, 270
Marie Caroline, Queen, 158
Marie Louise, 49, 85, 131, 137, 146, 151 _et seq._, 267, 270, 274, 276, 286
Marmont, General, 132, 134, 135, 156, 176, 247
Masséna, General, 153, 176
Masson, F., 118, 234, 235, 264
Mecklenburg, Prince of, 284
Melito, Miot de, 128
Meneval, 156, 159, 189, 190, 267, 278
Metternich, Count, 133, 136, 138, 143, 144, 276, 277
Miguel, Dom, 132
Montchenu, Marquis de, 45, 49, 72
Montholon, Count, 15, 34, 39, 40, 43, 50, 51, 65, 75, 82, 83, 88, 139,
172, 195, 289, 290, 293
Montholon, Countess, 58
Moreau, M., 262
Müller, 109, 110, 111
Murat, Marshal, 153, 245, 246, 271
Napoleon, Charles, Prince, 262
Napoleon I., _see_ Bonaparte, Napoleon
Napoleon II., _see_ Rome, King of
Napoleon III., 118, 142, 275, 276
Napoleon, Prince Louis, 132, 135, 146, 172, 265
Neipperg, Count, 49, 133, 137, 152, 156 _et seq._, 274
Ney, Marshal, 153
Noverraz, 171
Obenaus, Baron, 133, 137, 142
Official Documents, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21 _et seq._, 81, 82, 83, 95, 197
O'Meara, Dr. Barry E., 30, 43, 46, 49, 50, 64, 73, 77, 79, 81, 181, 188,
195, 241
Orange, Prince of, 162
Oudinot, Marshal, 176
Pagerie, Joseph Tascher de la, 232
Palmerston, Lord, 17, 20, 169
Peel, Sir Robert, 186
Permon, Madame, 127
Philipon, Jeanne Marie, 236, 237
Pichegru, 267
Pieron, 171
Pitt, William, 93
Pius VII., 148, 150
Plampin, Sir Robert, 195, 196
Poppleton, Captain, 61
Prokesch, Count, 136, 137, 142, 143
Prussia, Commissioner for, 45, 49
Prussia, King of, _see_ Frederick
Radowich, Gunner, 57
Reade, Sir Thomas, 41, 42, 43, 50, 62, 63
Reggio, Duchess of, 279
Remusat, Charles de, 219
Remusat, Madame de, 129, 219 _et seq._, 284
Remusat, M. de, 220, 221
Remusat, Paul de, 219
Robespierre, 213, 235, 237
Rocca, M., 214 _et seq._
Roderer, M., 114
Rome, King of, 49, 57 _et seq._, 131 _et seq._, 278
Rosebery, Lord, 193, 288, 289
Rovigo, Duke of, 65, 139
Ruskin, John, 196
Russia, Commissioner for, 45, 49
Russia, Emperor of, 49, 65, 124, 279, 280, 282
Saint-Denis, 171
Samson (M. de Paris), 237
Santini, 54, 55, 56, 75
Scott, Sir Walter, 28, 90, 91, 122, 182, 184
Seguier, M., 115
Serbelloni, Duke of, 247
Short, Dr., 85
Somerset, Lord Charles, 68, 69
Soult, Marshal, 176, 190
Staël, Madame de, 129, 204 _et seq._, 279
Stokoe, Dr. John, 195, 196
Strange, Sir Thomas, 42
Taine, M., 144
Talleyrand, M., 128, 129, 156, 161, 176, 206, 251, 261, 263
Teynham, Lord, 187
Thiers, M., 17
Vandamme, General, 190
Villemarest, 129
Volney, Senator, 116
Walewska, Alexander (Count Colonna), 269, 278
Walewska, Madame, 118, 267, 269, 278
Wellington, Duke of, 31, 103, 186, 187, 188, 189, 216
Wieland, 108, 111
Whitworth, Lord, 117
Wilhelmina of Prussia, 163
Williams, H. Noel, 148
Wolseley, Lord, 191
Wordsworth, William, 200
End of Project Gutenberg's The Tragedy of St. Helena, by Walter Runciman