with a Badumon in the _Liber Vitae_, is a compound of _bad_, war. Goddam
stands for Godhelm as William for Willihelm. Swears and Swearing are
explained, p. 160. Scamp corresponds with an O.G. Scemphio, derived by
Foerstemann from O.H.G. _scimph_, jocus. This may possibly be the older
sense of the word, and Scamp may have been nothing worse than a wag.
Pagan, with its contracted form Paine, I have referred to p. 118. Bigot,
along with Pigot, Pickett, and probably Beckett, and a Pigota and
Picotus in the _Liber Vitae_, may be the same as an A.S. Picced, p. 101,
which I take to represent the form Pichad or Bighad, from the stem
_big_, with _had_, war. There is, however, another explanation suggested
by our name Bidgood. This name, for which the ancient equivalent has not
turned up, seems to be from _bad_, war, and might have been Bidgod (for
_god_ and _good_ constantly interchange), which would readily contract
into Bigod or Bigot.
_Names apparently from Nationalities._
While we have a number of names derived from nations or races in
accordance with the Teutonic system, there are some others which might
seem more obviously than most others to be from such an origin, and yet
which must I think be referred to some other source. Three of these,
England, Scotland, and Ireland, I have already referred to at p. 9.
ENGLISH, INGLIS, ROMAN, NORMAN, GENESE, TURK, SPAIN.
English I take to be a phonetic corruption of Inglis, which seems to be
the same as an Ingliseus in the _Pol. Irm._, and which I rather suppose
to be a transposition of an Anglo-Saxon Ingils, for Ingisil, from the
stem _ing_, p. 56. Roman, I doubt not, is contracted from Rodman, p. 61,
as Robert is from Rodbert, and Roland from Rodland. I introduce Norman
here as not being, in my view, from "Norman" as we generally understand
the term, but as representing more probably the word in its original
sense of "Northman." Nordman was a Scandinavian name, and hence it is I
think that we have the name, which seems to occur more especially in
Scotland and the Danish districts of England. Genese I take to be most
probably from the old Frankish name Genesius, perhaps from a stem _gan_,
p. 52, with the ending in _es_, p. 33. Turk corresponds with an A.S.
Turca, p. 111, which again is probably the same as a Gothic Turicus of
the fifth century, a diminutive from the stem _dur_ or _tur_ found among
the early settlers, and of uncertain meaning. Spain I take to be from
the A.S. _spanan_, allicere, found in some ancient names, and from which
I take to be our name Spenlove, (_leof_, dear) with the corruption,
Spendlove. The name Spegen, corresponding with our Spain, occurs in the
_Liber Vitae_ more than once--Is its aspirated form due to the
Northumbrian dialect?
Of the names which are truly derived from nationality I will here only
refer to one as an illustration of successive forms built one upon the
other in accordance with the principle referred to in treating of the
ending _en_, p. 27.
BOY, BYE, PYE, BOYER, BYARD, BOYMAN, PYMAN, BEYERMAN, BYRON.
There are three forms, the first representing the form _boi_, as found
in the name of the Boii, who gave the name to Boioaria or Bavaria, the
second representing the extended form found in German _Baviar_, the
third the further extended form as found in _Bavarian_.
SIMPLE FORM BOI.
O.G. Boio, Beio, Peio, ninth century. A.S. Boia (in a charter of Cnut).
Eng. Boy, Bye, Pye. Germ. Boye French, Boy, Boye, Poy, Poye.
_Compounds._
(_Hard_, fortis), Eng. Byard--French Boyard, Poyart--Italian Boiardo.
(_Man_, vir), Eng. Boyman, Pyman.
EXTENDED FORM BOYER.
O.G. Baior, Peior, ninth century. English, Boyer, Byer. French, Boyer,
Boyreau, Poyer.
_Compound._
(_Man_, vir), English Beyerman.
FURTHER EXTENDED FORM--BAVARIAN.
O.G. Beiarin, eighth century. English Byron. French Boiron, Boyron.
_Names apparently from abbreviated Christian names of men._
As I began this chapter with names apparently from women, such as Moll,
Betty, Pegge, so now I propose to conclude it with names of a similar
kind derived apparently from men.
BILL, BILLY, BILLOW, WILL, WILLY, WILLOEE, WILKE, WILKIE, WILKIN,
WILLIS, WILLING, DICK, DICKLE, TICKLE, DICKEN, BENN, BENNEY, BENNOCH,
BENNELL, TOM, TOMB, TOOMEY, TOMEY, DUME, DUMMELOW, DUMBELL, TOMMELL,
TOMLIN, DUMLIN, DUMPLIN, HARRY, JACK, JAGO, JACKLIN, BOBY, BOFFEY, BUBB,
BOBBIN.
No one would take our name Billing to be other than from the Anglo-Saxon
Billing, of which so many traces are to be found in English place
names. And no one, I venture to say, who looks into the subject, would
dispute the ancient compounds formed on the stem, p. 45. Why then should
any one doubt Bill himself, the father of them all, or Billy, ending in
_i_, p. 24, and Billow, ending in _o_ and corresponding with an O.G.
Bilo? Moreover the name is common to all the races who share with us in
a Teutonic ancestry; the Germans have Bille, the Danes have Bille, and
the French have Bille and Billey. The same remarks apply to Will,
Willey, and Willoe, with the diminutives Wilke, Wilkie, Wilkin, Willis,
patronymic Willing, and compounds, p. 66. Dick I take to be the same
word as found in Ticcingas, and suggest for it the meaning of power or
vigour which seems to lie at the root. Hence Dickle and Tickle are the
same as the Diccel found in Diccelingas, and Dicken is the same as an
A.S. Ticcen, p. 102, while Dixie (Dicksie) may be from the ending in
_es_, p. 33. Benn and Benny represent the stem on which are formed the
compounds, p. 45. We have also as diminutives Bennoch, corresponding
with an O.G. Bennico, an A.S. Benoc (in the genealogy of Ida, king of
Bernicia), and a name Bennic (Bennici manu), on Roman pottery; and
Bennell, corresponding with a Gothic [Greek: Benilos], in Procopius,
besides other names in correspondence with ancient forms. Tom has its
vowel shortened, but I take it to be the same as Tomb, Toomey, Tomey,
and Dume, probably from A.S. _dom_, O.H.G. _tuom_, judgment, "doom,"
ancient names in correspondence being Toma, p. 111, Tumma _Lib. Vit._,
and Tomy _Roll. Batt. Abb._ With regard to the last, I may observe that
the French still have corresponding names, as Thome, Tombe, Thom, Dome,
&c. Then, as diminutives, we have Dummelow, Dumbell, and Tommell,
corresponding with O.G. Duomelo, Tomila, Tumila; and we have Tomlin,
Dumlin (whence Dumplin), corresponding with O.G. Domlin, names in
accordance with both of the above being also found in Germany and
France. Harry, along with Harrow, and Harre, I take to represent the
stem from which we have so many compounds, p. 55. Jack, along with Jago,
and corresponding with an O.G. Jacco, I take to be from O.H.G. _jagon_,
to hunt. Hence as a diminutive, we have Jacklin, corresponding with
Jagelinus and Jachelinus (_Domesday_), and with present German Jacklin,
and French Jacquelin. The stem seems to be somewhat better represented
in French names than in English; among others they have Jacquard
(_ward_, guardian), who gave his name to the Jacquard loom. Boby,
Boffey, and Bubb I take to be the same as Boba, in a charter of Egbert,
and Bofa, dux, in a charter of Ceolwulf of Mercia, also as Old German
names, Bobo, Bovo, Boffo, and Bubo, the word concerned being probably to
be found in German _bube_, Dutch _boef_, boy. Kemble has both Bobbingas
and Bovingas, different forms, I take it, of the same name, in his list
of early settlers. Our name Bobbin, which corresponds with an O.G.
Bobin, may be taken as an example of the ending in _en_, p. 27.
I trust that I have succeeded in making it clear, from the definite
place which the foregoing are shown to occupy in the Teutonic system,
that they are not, as they have been generally supposed to be, familiar
contractions of Christian names.
FOOTNOTES:
[57] Cf. also Eng. "e'er" for "ever."
[58] There seems probably an Anglo-Saxon name Crecga in Crecganford, now
Crayford.
[59] Nomen honestissimae familiae Hamburgensis (_Richey_). He evidently
takes it as a sobriquet "beet (_i.e._ make up) the fire."
CHAPTER XI.
CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN.[60]
The names of women, so far as they are of German origin, enter into the
Teutonic system precisely as do the names of men, and there is, as far
as I know, no instance of a stem used exclusively for the names of
women. But in regard to the second part of the compound, which is that
which governs the name, there are certain words which are only used for
women. Some of these are such as from their meaning would not be
suitable for anything else, such as _trud_, from which we have
_Gertrude_ and _Ermentrude_, both of which seem to be of Frankish
origin, and to have come to us through the Normans. The Anglo-Saxon form
appears to be _dryth_ or _thryth_, as in Mildthryth, from which comes
our _Mildred_, the only name, as far as I know, in that form. Another
feminine ending among the Anglo-Saxons was _gith_, which, as elsewhere
noted, I have supposed to mean woman or goddess. The only name we have
with this ending is _Edith_, unless, as seems not impossible, an
Anglo-Saxon _Godgith_ (Godith, _Lib. Vit._) has got mixed up with
_Judith_. Another specially female ending was _fled_, in H.G. _flat_,
the meaning of which seems to be beauty. As a prefix this word enters
into the names of men, and we may have some names from it, as _Flatt_,
_Flattery_, _Flatman_, &c. As an ending there may have been some word
corresponding with O.N. _fliod_, a beautiful woman, which has caused its
special application. Then there are certain words, such as _hild_, war,
and _burg_, in which the meaning (condere, servare) may perhaps imply in
such case modesty or chastity; which, as endings, are used almost
exclusively for names of women. But as a general rule the same range of
words forms indifferently names of men and women, the latter being
distinguished only by having the ending in _a_.
My object in this chapter is only to deal with a few names, in regard to
which I desire to correct some wrong impressions, or to throw some new
light upon the subject. And in the first place I have to refer to the
connection between Isabel and Elizabeth, and to the manner in which I
suppose the former name to have originated.
ISABEL _another form of_ ELIZABETH, _and how it came to be so_.
Miss Yonge in her _History of Christian Names_, is no doubt right in
taking Isabel to be another form of Elizabeth, with which it is
historically shown to have interchanged. But the etymological process by
which this has been brought about has been always somewhat of a puzzle,
and it is upon this point that I have to suggest an explanation. Now the
key to the puzzle is this: that the early Frankish converts in the time
of Charlemagne, introduced the name, not only in its Latin form of
Elizabeth, but also, and indeed more frequently, in its Hebrew form of
Elischeba--it was Elischeba that was made into Isabel and not Elizabeth.
Protected by its strong ending, Elizabeth has retained its form
unchanged. Elischeba has been entirely lost to sight under a cloud of
transformations. Slightly modified to suit Frankish pronunciation, it
was introduced in the first instance as Elisaba, Elisabia, Alisabia, and
Elisavia, all names of women in the _Polyptique de l'Abbe Irminon_ and
the _Polyptique de Saint Remi de Reims_. In the fourteenth century (if,
indeed, it did not take place earlier) we find this old Frankish form
El(isaba) abbreviated into Isabeau, its ending being made to conform to
French ideas of spelling. Isabeau was the name of the wife of Charles
VI. of France, and the name was still recognised as being the same as
Elizabeth. We have got to forge the connecting link between Isabeau and
Isabel, but the process is not a violent one. It would not be difficult
to suppose that the French idea of the fitness of things in the case of
a woman's name would lead them to change this masculine-seeming ending,
_beau_, into what they would conceive to be its appropriate feminine,
and so make Isabeau into Isabelle. We need not suppose that this took
place all at once, or that because one man changed Isabeau into Isabel,
everybody else forthwith proceeded to follow his example. It is more
probable that the two names existed side-by-side, together, for some
time before the struggle for existence terminated in the survival of
(what seemed) the fitter. Throughout all these changes the identity of
the name with Elizabeth had always been recognised; but when Isabel had
finally succeeded in establishing its claim as the representative, the
deposed Isabeau, its origin having been forgotten, might have become a
man's name, and so capable of transmitting surnames, which would account
for Isabeau as a family name in France at the present day.
But these are not the only changes which have come over this unfortunate
name, for we find Elisavia, another of the old Frankish forms before
noted, forthwith abbreviated into Lisvia, and further corrupted into
Lisavir and Lisabir, all names of women in the two old Frankish
chronicles before referred to. And if we can again suppose the name
Lisavir (or rather Elisavir), its origin having been forgotten, to have
become a man's name (towards which its masculine-looking ending, _vir_,
might have assisted) it might well give the origin of the name Elzevir,
of the famous printers at Amsterdam. Not that the name would necessarily
be of Frankish origin, for the Hebrew form seems also to have been
introduced into Germany, where we find the woman's name, Elisba, in the
ninth century; and, it might be also into Holland, while the phonetic
principles which regulate such changes are more or less of general
application. Again, it seems not improbable that the Spanish woman's
name, Elvira, for which no derivation at all satisfactory has been
suggested, might be properly Elzvira, and so again another form derived
from Elischeba. The question might naturally be asked how it is, seeing
the various contractions which Elischeba has undergone, that Elizabeth
has not been treated in the same way. In point of fact it seems probable
that it has, for we find a solitary name Isabeth in the _Liber Vitae_
about the thirteenth century. This was before Elizabeth had come into
use in England, and the name might probably be an importation. But
abbreviate Elizabeth as you will you cannot disguise it, and this is
what I meant in referring to it as "protected by its strong ending." And
now, having dealt with the diversified forms that have grown up around
Elisabeth, I shall have, in a succeeding note, to endeavour to show that
Eliza, which might more certainly than any other form be supposed to be
derived from it, is, in fact, of entirely different origin, and a name
that was in use long before Elizabeth was introduced; though at the same
time we cannot doubt that as soon as ever that potent name came in,
Eliza would be at once appropriated by it.
ANNABELLA, ARABELLA, CLARIBEL, CRISTABEL, ROSABEL.
But in the meantime I may refer to some other names which seem cast in
the same form as Isabel; as for instance, Annabella, Arabella, Claribel,
Christabel, and Rosabel. With regard to these names, I am disposed to
come to the conclusion, that though moulded into the same shape, they
are not by any means all of a similar origin. Annabella would be a very
natural corruption of Amabilla, a name in the _Liber Vitae_ of Durham.
The same record contains, as names of women, Amabilis, Amabel, and
Mabilla, of course from Latin _amabilis_--whence our Mabel, on this
theory the same name as Annabella. Arabella, again, might be a
corruption of the old Frankish Heribolda--_bold_, as an ending often
changing into _bel_, as in our surnames Grimble and Wimble, from
Grimbald and Winibald, and Tremble (most infelicitously), from Trumbald
(A.S. _trum_, firm, strong). So, also, Claribel might be from an old
Frankish Clarebalda, of which, however, we have only on record the
masculine form, Clarebald. This appears to be from Latin _clarus_,
illustrious, and is not the only case in which the old Franks at that
period mixed up Latin and German in the same name. It is possible that
Christabel might be from a similar origin; for the early Frankish
converts at that period freely adopted the name of Christ, and mixed it
up with German compounds, such as Cristhildis, a woman's name, from
_hild_, war. But on the whole I am rather disposed to suggest a
different origin for Christabel. Finding among the Franks at that period
such names as Firmatus, Stabilis, Constabulis,[61] and the woman's name,
Constabilla, in the sense, no doubt, of "established in the faith," it
might not be unreasonable to suggest such a compound as Christabila,
"established in Christ," as the origin of Christabel.[62] As to the last
named, Rosabel, the ordinarily-received expression of "fair rose" would
be a natural and graceful name for women if the French had to form names
at a later period. But there is a woman's name, Rosibia, in the _Pol.
Irminon_, which suggests a possible process like that in the case of
Isabel--viz., a corruption into Rosibeau, and then a change into
Rosibel. However, as in this case the connecting links are wanting, I
can only put this forward as a conjecture.
MAUD _properly a man's name. Its interchange with_ MATILDA _an ancient
mistake_.
As Isabel interchanged in former times with Elizabeth, so did Maud with
Matilda, among other instances being that of the daughter of Henry I.,
who was called by both names. Yet, etymologically, Maud can no more be
derived from Matilda than can Giles from AEgidius, by which it used
formerly to be always Latinized. And the interchange is rendered all the
more curious by the fact that Maud, when traced up to its origin, seems
to be properly a man's name. There has evidently been some ancient
mistake or misappropriation, the origin of which I hope to be able to
account for. The names Mald, Maald, Mauld (all names of women), found in
the _Liber Vitae_ before the introduction of surnames, and the Christian
name Maulde, found in the fifteenth century, show the form from which
our Maud is immediately derived. Then we have the older forms, Mahald,
Mahalt, and Maholt, all also apparently names of women. And in one case,
about the twelfth or thirteenth century, the name stands as "Mahald vel
Matilda." Now no one who has given attention to the subject can doubt
that Mahald, Mahalt, and the French form, Mahault, are the same as an
Old Frankish Magoald, eighth century, from Gothic _magan_, posse,
valere, and _wald_ power. This is distinctly a man's name; indeed,
_wald_, as an ending, is almost exclusively confined to men's names, as
the ending _hild_, as in Matilda, is to those of women. There is but one
way that I can see out of the difficulty, and it is this. There is in
the _Liber Vitae_ another name, Mahild, which is no doubt the same as an
Old Frankish Mahilda, which Foerstemann (_Altdeutsches Namenbuch_) takes
to be a contraction of Matilda. It would seem, then, that some mistake
or confusion has in old times arisen between these two names, and that
Mahild, which really represents Matilda, has been set aside in favour of
Mahald, an entirely different name. The fact, however, of our having
Maude as a surname would rather seem to show that this misappropriation
was not universal, for surnames are not--unless it be in some very
exceptional cases--taken from the names of women.
ALICE, ALICIA, ELIZA, ADELIZA, ALISON.
ALICE _properly a man's name, and_ ELIZA _its proper Feminine_.
I have seen it stated, though I cannot at present recall the authority,
that in one of our ancient families Alice is a name given to the sons
and not to the daughters. This would at any rate be etymologically
correct, for Alice is properly a man's name, and not a woman's. It is,
there seems little doubt, derived from the Anglo-Saxon Adelgis, of which
the female form was Adelgisa. It is clear that Alice (Aliss) represents
Adelgis, and not Adelgisa, and that the proper female form would be
Alisa, or, for euphony, Aliza. I venture to suggest that our Eliza,
generally and very naturally assumed to be an abbreviation of Elizabeth,
is in fact this missing name. Now, for the proofs of Aliza as the
representative of Adelgisa, we must refer to the _Liber Vitae_ of Durham,
in which we can trace the changes that have taken place in Adelgisa
since the first noble lady of that name laid her gift upon the altar.
First we find it contracted into Adeliza, and then, from about the
twelfth century into Aaliza and Aliza, the latter name being
henceforward rather a common one. The former of these two contracted
forms, Adeliza, though not a name in common use, is one still given to
the daughters of certain of our noble families; the latter form, Aliza,
I take to be the origin of our Eliza. (The initial vowel is of no
account, the ancient name beginning indifferently with _a_ or _e_, and
Alice in some families appearing as Ellice). But concurrently with the
above forms in the _Liber Vitae_, we have also Adaliz, Adliz, and Alis,
at an early date, some of them at least being certainly names of women,
so that the misappropriation is at any rate an ancient one.
Towards the close of the record, and about the end of the fourteenth
century, another form, Alicia, begins to make its appearance in the
_Liber Vitae_, and appears to have become at once a very favourite name.
Then, as now, fashion seems to have ruled, and when a new name came in,
there seems to have been a run upon it. But by this time Elizabeth had
come into use, and as soon as ever that took place, the two names, Eliza
and Elizabeth, would begin to get mixed up together as they are now, so
that a new female form would, so to speak, be required for Alice.
Alicia (or more properly Alisia), is an attempt to supply the euphony
which is lacking in Alisa, by supplementing it with a vowel, just as,
for the same reason, Amala has been made into Amelia.
About the beginning of the fifteenth century another Christian name for
women, Alison, begins to make its appearance in the _Liber Vitae_. This
name, however, I take to be from an entirely different origin. There is
an old Frankish woman's name, Alesinda, Elesind, Alesint, of the eighth
century, from which, dropping the final _d_, it would naturally come,
and which is derived by Grimm from Gothic _alja_, alius (in the probable
sense of stranger or foreigner), and _sind_ in the sense of companion or
attendant.
JANET: _Not from_ JANE _or any female form of_ JOHN.
It may seem rather a paradox to suggest that Janet has nothing to do
with Jane, and yet I think that a pretty good case can be made out. We
find Geneta as a woman's name in the _Liber Vitae_ in the thirteenth
century, before Jane or Joan or Johanna were in use. And in the two
following centuries we have Gennet, Janeta, Janette, and Janet, of
common occurrence as Christian names. (One of these cases is a very
curious one. It is that of one Willelmus Richerdson and his wife
Christina, who having a family of eighteen children, seem to have been
so completely at their wits' end for names to give them, that two of the
sons are called Johannes, two Willelmus, after their father, two of the
daughters Christine, after their mother, and no fewer than three called
Janet. Such reduplication of Christian names does not, however, seem to
have been unusual at that time.) Now it seems clear that the above name,
Geneta, is the same as our Janet, and equally clear that it is not
derived from any female form of John. Foerstemann (_Altdeutsches
Namenbuch_) has an old Frankish woman's name, Genida, tenth century,
from a Codex of Lorraine. And I find also the woman's name, Genitia, in
the _Pol. Rem._, one of the old Frankish chronicles before referred to.
These old Frankish names might well leave a woman's name behind in
France, which in after times might get mixed up with Jean, and from
which our name may also have been derived. I may observe that we have
also Gennet and Jennett as surnames, and the Germans have also Genett.
But these, though from the same stem, must be taken to be from another
form of it--viz., from Genad, eighth century, a man's name. From the
same stem Foerstemann derives the woman's name, Genoveva, sixth century;
whence, through the French, our Genevieve. As to the etymology of _gen_,
the Germans are not agreed, Leo suggesting a borrowed Celtic word, with
the meaning of love or affection, while Foerstemann seems to prefer Old
High German _gan_, magic or fascination.
EMMA: _Its Place in the Teutonic System_.
The ordinary derivation of Emma from a Teutonic word signifying
grandmother, or nurse, becomes impossible in face of the fact that among
the Old Franks, from whom, through the Normans, we received it, the
man's name Emmo was quite as common as the woman's, Emma. But in point
of fact the stem, of which the older form seems to have been _im_, was
one common to the whole Teutonic system, including the Low Germans
settled in England. And the Immingas, descendants or followers of Imma,
are ranged by Kemble among the early settlers. But among the
Anglo-Saxons, with whom the ending of men's names (other than compounds)
was generally in _a_, Imma would obviously not be suitable for names of
women; and in point of fact it always appears in England, at that time,
as a man's name. And probably, for this reason, the Frankish princess
Emma, on becoming the wife of Cnut of England, considered it necessary
to assume a Saxon name in addition to her own, and so become known as
AElfgifu Imma. But a few centuries later, when the simple old Saxon names
in _a_ had very much died out, Emma coming in as something quite new,
and with the stamp of Norman prestige, became at once, as appears from
the _Liber Vitae_, a name in favour. As to the etymology, which is
considered by the Germans to be obscure, I have elsewhere ventured to
suggest Old Northern _ymia_, stridere; whence the name of the giant
Ymir, in Northern mythology. The sense is that of a harsh and loud
voice, which suggests huge stature. So, from Gaelic _fuaim_, noise,
strepitus, comes _fuaimhair_, a giant, of which we may possibly have a
lingering tradition in the nursery--"Fee, Fa, _Fum_" representing the
giant's dreaded war-cry. And from what follows, "I smell the blood of an
_Englishman_," one might almost think of the nurse as a Saxon, and the
ogre as one of the earlier Celtic race, who might in those days be
dangerous neighbours.
I give below the stem, with its branches, so far as it forms names of
women. It also enters into some compounds, one of which, Americo,
bequeathed by the Franks or Lombards to Italy, has the honour of giving
the name to America.
Stem _im_ or _em_.
_Names of men._--O.G. Immo, Himmo, Emmo (among others, three bishops in
the seventh and ninth centuries). A.S. Imma, found in Imman beorh,
"Imma's barrow, or grave." Imma, Hemma, Hemmi, about the tenth century
in the _Liber Vitae_. Eama, Anglo-Saxon moneyer.
_Names of women._--O.G. Imma, Emma (among others Emma, daughter of
Charlemagne).
_Present surnames._--Eng. Him (?), Yem (?). Germ. Imm, Ihm. French, Eme,
Emy.
With the ending in _en_, p. 27.
_Names of men._--O.G. Imino, Emino, eighth century. A.S. Immine, a
Mercian general, seventh century. Emino, _Liber Vitae_.
_Names of women._--O.G. Immina, Emmina, eighth century. Early Eng.
Ymana, Ymaine, _Liber Vitae_.
_Present surnames._--Eng. Emeney. Fr. Emmon.
Ending in _lin_, p. 31.
_Names of women._--O.G. Emelina, eleventh century. Emalina, twelfth
century, _Liber Vitae_.
_Present Christian name._--Eng. Emmeline.
ETHEL, ADELA, ADELINE, ADELAIDE.
Ethel and Adela are different forms of the same word, _adal_, _athal_,
_ethel_, signifying noble. But while Adela is a correctly formed
feminine, Ethel can hardly be said to be so. Both as a man's name and as
a woman's it had usually a vowel-ending, and though this was not
invariably the case, yet a name appearing without it would be rather
assumed to be a man's name. Adeline is a diminutive like Eveline and
Caroline; it represents the old name Adalina, eighth century, and
Adalina, about the twelfth century, in the _Liber Vitae_, and comes
probably through the French, the ending in _e_ preserving the feminine
by lengthening the syllable. Adelaide is from _adal_, as above, and H.G.
_haid_, corresponding with Saxon _hood_, as in manhood. Hence the name
seems to contain the abstract sense of nobility. The name must have come
to us through the Normans; indeed, a woman's name could hardly be so
formed among the Anglo-Saxons, for, curiously enough, this ending was a
feminine one among the High Germans, and a masculine one among the
Saxons. Hence perhaps it is that we have as surnames such names as
_Manhood_ and _Mahood_, the latter perhaps signifying boyhood, A.S.
_maeg_, boy.
EDITH.
Edith is the only representative in women's names of A.S. _ead_,
happiness, prosperity, from which we have so many men's names, as
Edward, Edwin, Edmund, Edgar. It represents an A.S. Editha, a
contraction of Eadgitha, and the question, which is not without a little
difficulty, is, What is the origin of _githa_? Is it a phonetic
variation of _gifa_ (A.S. _gifu_, gift), so common in Anglo-Saxon names
of women, as in God-gifa (Godiva), Sungefa (Suneva), &c., or is it a
separate word? I am disposed to come to the conclusion, upon the whole,
that it is a separate word, and though the traces of it as such are not
strong, yet there are some traces. There is a woman's name Githa in the
_Liber Vitae_, and this seems to be the same as an Old Norse woman's name
Gyda in the _Landnamabok_. There was also a Gytha, daughter of Swend,
king of Denmark. Then there are two Old German names of women with the
endings respectively _gid_ and (H.G.) _kid_. And the origin of all I
should take to be found in O.N. _gydia_, goddess, the exalted conception
of womanhood.
EVELYN, EVELINA, EVELINE.
There does not seem to be sufficient ground for Miss Yonge's suggestion
that Eveline, a name which we have from the Normans, was borrowed by
them from the Celts. On the contrary, they seem to have derived it from
their Frankish ancestors, among whom we find it in the eleventh century
in the form Avelina. This appears to be the original form, for we find
it as Avelina in the _Liber Vitae_ about the twelfth century. And again
in the thirteenth century we find that one of the Earls of Albemarle
married a lady named Aveline. It is probably a diminutive from the stem
_av_, which Foerstemann refers to Goth. _avo_, in the probable sense of
ancestor. The names Evelyn and Eveline should be kept sharply distinct,
the former being a man's name, and the latter a woman's, being the
French form of Evelina, as is Louise of Louisa.
From the same stem, _av_, is formed also the female name Avice, now
become very rare. It appears as Auiza and Avicia in the _Liber Vitae_,
and its original form I take to be found in Avagisa, eighth century, in
the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_, from _gis_, hostage. From a similar
origin, but from the masculine form Avagis, may probably be _Avis_,
included by Mr. Lower among Latinized surnames.
Another name from the same stem which seems to have been formerly rather
common, but which now seems quite obsolete, is Avina.
HAVEYS, HAWOISE.
This is another woman's name which has become almost extinct, and,
seeing how uncomfortable a name it is to pronounce, I do not wonder that
it should be so. It appears in the _Liber Vitae_ as Hawysa, and in the
_Pol. Irminon_ as Hauis, but its proper form is to be traced up to the
older name Hathewiza in the _Liber Vitae_, from _hath_, war, and _wisa_,
leader. A surname corresponding, though of course from the masculine
form of the name, may probably be the well-known one of _Haweis_.
_Some other Obsolete or Obsolescent Names._
The name Helwis occurs in the _Liber Vitae_ about the thirteenth century,
and a more perfect form, Helewiza, about two centuries earlier. It seems
rather probable, however, that its proper form would be Hildwisa, from
_hild_, war, and _wisa_, leader. It occurs as Helois in the _Pol. Irm._,
and is the same as the French Heloise (=Helwise). This name I take to be
quite obsolete with us.
A name given by Miss Yonge as still in use is Amice or Amicia. It may
probably be the same as the woman's name Amisa, Ameza, or Emeza of the
eighth century in the _Altd. Nam._, which Foerstemann takes to be from
A.S. _emeta_, quies. In that case it would probably be the same name in
another form as Emmota, formerly not uncommon as a woman's name.
Another name which I rather suppose to be obsolete is Agace, Agaze, or
Igusa, found in the _Liber Vitae_ up to the fourteenth century, and
probably the same as an O.G. Eggiza, eleventh century, from a stem _ag_,
supposed to mean point or edge.
FOOTNOTES:
[60] The principal part of this chapter appeared in the _Antiquary_ for
March, 1882.
[61] Possibly, at least in some cases, the origin of the surname
Constable.
[62] The earliest mention of this name that I have seen, occurs A.D.
1431, in the _Liber Vitae_, when one John Duckett, having died at the
remarkable age of 127, his children, one of whom was called Cristabel,
presented offerings at the shrine of St. Cuthbert. These would seem to
be of the nature of propitiatory offerings on behalf of the dead, of
which there are various instances recorded. One of these is that of one
Maria del Hay, who in a large-hearted spirit, seems to have included in
her offering, not only all who had gone before, but all who were to come
after her. The entry is, "Maria del Hay, cum omnibus suis progenitoribus
et successoribus."
LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED.
FOERSTEMANN.--Altdeutsches Namenbuch.--Vol. I. Personennamen.--Vol.
II. Ortsnamen. London, Williams Norgate.
POTT.--Personennamen. Leipzig, 1853.
STARK.--Beitrage zur kunde Germanischer Personennamen. Vienna,
1857.--Die Kosenamen der Germanen. Vienna, 1868.
WEINHOLD.--Die Deutschen Frauen in dem Mittelalter. Vienna, 1851.
GLUCK.--Die bei C. Julius Caesar vorkommenden Keltischen Namen.
Vienna, 1857.
WASSENBERG.--Verhandeling over de Eigennaamen der Friesen. Franeker,
1774.
Islands Landnamabok. Copenhagen.
Scriptores Rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum, Saec. 6-9. Hanover,
1878.
Polyptique de l'Abbe Irminon, ou denombrement des manses, des serfs,
et des revenus de l'Abbaye de Saint Germain-des-Pres sous le regne
de Charlemagne. Paris, 1844.
Polyptique de l'Abbaye de Saint Remi de Reims, ou denombrement des
manses, des serfs, et des revenus de cette abbaye vers le milieu du
neuvieme siecle. Paris, 1853.
[asterism] The above two Old Frankish records contain a list of the
names of all the serfs and dependants of the respective abbeys, with
the names also of their wives and children.
KEMBLE.--Codex diplomaticus AEvi Saxonici. London, 1845-48.
THORPE.--Diplomatorium Anglicum AEvi Saxonici. London, 1865.
TAYLOR.--Names and Places. London, 1864.
STEPHENS.--The Old Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England.
London.
MISS YONGE.--History of Christian Names. London, 1863.
LOWER.--Patronymica Britannica. London, 1860.
BOWDITCH.--Suffolk Surnames. Boston, U.S.A.
Liber Vitae Ecclesiae Dunelmensis. Published by the Surtees Society,
London, 1841.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
Page 17.
We have also _Tray_ as a man's name, and from the same origin as that
which I have supposed for the dog's name, though the one is from the
German and the other from the Celtic. The stem in men's names is
referred to Goth, _tragjan_, to run, and may probably include also
_Trail_ (=Tragel) and _Train_ (=Tragen), with the respective endings in
_el_ and _en_. Also, from the interchange of _d_ and _t_, we may include
_Dray_ and _Drain_.
Page 20.
Among names of the first century is that of Ingomar, uncle of Arminius,
which is represented in America by the dreadful name _Inkhammer_, though
whether of English or of German origin seems uncertain.
Page 29.
From _Shilling_, as a man's name, is derived _Shillingsworth_, as a name
of local origin (A.S. _weorth_, property), a name like Wordsworth,
Dodsworth, &c.
Page 120.
Some doubt may be thrown upon the derivation I have suggested for
_Pentecost_ by the name Osbern Pentecost, which comes before us in
Anglo-Saxon times. The name seems here to be a surname, and if so would
be derived most naturally from the festival.
Page 159.
From this stem, as found in an A.S. Flogg, may be formed the Anglo-Saxon
name Flohere (_Thorpe_, p. 636), from _hari_, warrior, whence may be our
surnames _Floyer_, _Flower_, and _Flowry_.
Page 171.
Among other names apparently from women are _Ella_, _Eva_, and _Louisa_,
in _Suffolk Surnames_. Of these, the first is a regular Saxon man's
name, and the second is, I doubt not, the same, corresponding with Eafa
found in Eafingas, and with Eafha, the name of a Mercian alderman.
Louisa I should suppose to be the name Louis with a Romanic, perhaps
Spanish, but not female, ending.
INDEX OF NAMES.
[asterism] _All foreign names are printed in italic type, with the
letters distinguishing their nationality within parentheses after them,
thus--(D.) Dutch; (Dan.) Danish; (F.) French; (G.) German; (I.) Italian;
(S.) Spanish_.
A.
Abba, 25
Abbe, 25
Abbey, 25
Abbiss, 32
Abbott, 96, 178, 179
Abingdon, 106
Ablard, 190
_Accolti_ (I.), 147
Ackerman, 115
_Ackermann_ (G.), 115
Ackman, 96
Acres, 79
Adcock, 35
Addicott, 34, 35, 43
Adela, 209
Adelaide, 209, 210
_Adele_ (F.), 123
Adeline, 209
Adeliza, 204, 206
Adier, 43
_Adimari_ (I.), 146
Adlam, 40
Adlard, 40
Adolph, 43
_Adolphe_ (F.), 123
Adolphus, 146
Agar, 40
Ager, 79
Agmondesham, 106
Aikin, 96, 185
Aikman, 40, 96, 185
Ailger, 41
Ailman, 41
_Alamanni_ (I.), 147
Albert, 96
_Albert_ (F.), 123
_Alberti_ (I.), 148
_Alberto_ (I.), 143
Albery, 41, 152
Albutt, 43
Alcock, 34, 35
Alcott, 35
Aldebert, 41
Alder, 41, 96, 98, 185
Alderdice, 115
Alderman, 98, 115, 178, 180
_Aldighiero_ (I.), 148
_Aldobrandini_ (I.), 147
Aldred, 41
Aldrich, 41
Aldritt, 41
_Alfieri_ (I.), 152
_Alfonse_ (F.), 123
Alfred, 41, 96
Alfreton, 106
Algar, 96
_Algardi_ (I.), 148
_Algarotti_ (I.), 147
Alger, 42
Alice, 204-206
Alicia, 204-206
_Alighieri_ (I.), 149
Alison, 204-206
Allard, 42
Allaway, 43
Allcard, 96
Allday, 79
Alley, 26, 79
Allfrey, 42, 96
Allgood, 43
Allnut, 42
Allo, 79
_Alloisi_ (I.), 148
Alloway, 118
Allt, 79
Allward, 42
Allwin, 43
Allwood, 42
Almar, 42
Alment, 42
Almiger, 41
Almond, 42, 98
Alpha, 79
_Alphonso_ (I.), 146
Altman, 41, 98
Altree, 41
Alvary, 41, 96
Alvert, 41
Amabel, 201
_Amalteo_ (I.), 152
_Amalthius_ (I.), 152
_Amalungi_ (I.), 151
Ambler, 41, 180
_Ameling_ (F.), 151
_Americus_ (I.), 147, 208, 209
Amesbury, 106
Amice, 212
Amicia, 212
And, 79
Andoe, 79
Angleman, 42
Angler, 42, 178, 180
Angmering, 71, 105
Anhault, 43
Annabella, 201
Anne, 83, 171
Anning, 83
_Ansaldi_ (I.), 147
Ansell, 30
Anselme, 42
_Anselmi_ (I.), 148
Anser, 42
Anslow, 30
_Ansuini_ (I.), 148
Applin, 30
Arabella, 201
_Arbogast_ (F.), 21
Archard, 16, 42
Archbold, 16, 42
Archbutt, 16, 42
Archer, 42, 137, 138, 178, 180
Ardouin, 55
Argent, 16
Argument, 16, 42, 120
Arkwright, 42, 178, 180
_Armandet_ (F.), 19
Armat, 43
Armgold, 19, 43
Armiger, 19, 43
Armine, 18
Arminer, 19, 44
_Armingaud_ (F.), 19, 34
Arminger, 19, 44
Armor, 181
Armory, 43, 181
Armour, 19, 43
Arms, 19, 183, 184
Arney, 26
Arnold, 44
_Arnolfo_ (I.), 143
Arnulfe, 44
Arnum, 44
Ascough, 44
Ash, 185
Ashbold, 44
Ashbury, 106
Ashe, 79
Asher, 44
Ashkettle, 59
Ashman, 44, 96
Ashmansworth, 106
Ashmore, 44, 96
Ashpart, 44
Ashwin, 44
Ashwith, 44, 148_n_
Ask, 79
Aske, 185
Askey, 185
Aslock, 59
Asman, 59
Asprey, 114
Asquith, 44, 148_n_, 185
Atkiss, 43
Atmore, 43
Attride, 43
Attridge, 43
Auberon, 41
Aubery, 152
Aubrey, 41
_Aucoq_ (F.), 34
_Audevard_ (F.), 124
_Audifredi_ (I.), 147
_Audouard_ (F.), 124
Audrey, 41
Aulph, 79
Auterac, 42
Auther, 42, 178, 180
Autram, 42
Avening, 105
Avina, 211
Avis, 211
Aylard, 41
Aylesbury, 106
Aylesford, 106
Aylesworth, 106
Ayliffe, 41
Aylmar, 13
Aylmer, 41
Aylward, 41, 96
Aylwin, 41
B.
Babb, 79, 171
Bable, 30, 97
Back, 79, 183, 184
Badby, 106
Badder, 44
Badman, 44, 191
Badminton, 106
Bagge, 79
_Balcoq_ (F.), 34
Balder, 44, 97
_Baldi_ (I.), 148
_Baldovinetti_ (I.), 148
Baldridge, 44, 97
Baldry, 44
Baldwin, 44, 97
Balmer, 47
Balton's borough, 106
Banderet, 44
Bann, 79
Banning, 79
Barehard, 45
Barking, 105
Barlavington, 109
Barling, 105
Barmore, 45
Barnacle, 45
Barndollar, 122
Barnwell, 137
Barwise, 45
Baschurch, 6
Basin, 6
Basingstoke, 88
Bass, 4, 79
Bather, 44
Batt, 79
Batting, 79
Batty, 79, 173
_Baudeau_ (F.), 27
Beck, 79
Beckett, 192
Beckley, 106
Bedbug, 114
Beddard, 44, 97
Beden, 105
Bedford, 106
Beeby, 79
Beech, 185
Beenham, 106
Belfry, 45
Bell, 25
Bellmore, 47
Bellow, 25
Bellringer, 116
Belly, 25
Belment, 45
Belmore, 45
_Belzoni_ (I.), 147
Bence, 79
Beneman, 45
Benger, 45
Bengworth, 106
Benn, 85, 194, 195
Bennell, 194, 195
Benner, 45
Bennet, 45
Benney, 194, 195
Bennoch, 194, 195
Bensington, 105
Berger, 45
Bernard, 45, 97
_Bernardo_ (I.), 143
Berner, 45
_Berni_ (I.), 152
_Bernini_ (I.), 152
Bernold, 45, 97
_Beroaldus_ (I.), 152
Berrette, 97
Berrier, 45
Berringer, 45
Bertram, 46
Bertrand, 46
_Bertrandi_ (I.), 147
Berward, 45
Betteridge, 44, 101
Betty, 1, 26, 79, 171
Beyerman, 193, 194
Bibb, 79
Bibby, 79
Biddle, 80
Biddulph, 44
Bigg, 85
Bigot, 191, 192
Bill, 1, 79, 194, 195
Billamore, 45
_Bille_ (F.), 195
_Bille_ (G.), 195
_Bille_ (Dan.), 195
_Billecoq_ (F.), 34
_Billey_ (F.), 195
Billiard, 45
Billing, 79, 194
Billow, 74, 194, 195
Billy, 1, 194, 195
Billyald, 45
Binney, 26, 179
Binning, 79
Birch, 79, 185
Birchenough, 120
Bird, 80
Bishop, 178, 179
_Blacker_ (F.), 188
Black, 80, 188
Blacker, 46, 188
Blackman, 46
Blackwin, 46
Blake, 188
Blakeman, 46
Blaker, 46
Blanchard, 188
Blank, 188
Bledlow, 107
Blunt, 97
Bluntisham, 107
Bobbin, 194, 196
Bobby, 194, 196
Boby, 80
Bodicker, 46
Bodmer, 46
Body, 156, 183, 184
Boffey, 194, 196
Boggis, 46, 118
Bogle, 97
Bognor, 107
_Boiardo_ (I.), 152, 194
_Boiron_ (F.), 194
Bold, 27
Bolden, 27
Boldery, 44
Bolley, 80
_Bompart_ (F.), 145
_Bonaparte_ (F.), 145, 146
Bonbright, 146
Bond, 80
_Boniperti_ (I.), 145
Bookless, 183, 184
Boss, 80
Bossey, 80
_Boetefur_ (L.G.), 190
Botright, 46
Botting, 80
Bottisham, 107
Bowmer, 97
Boy, 193, 194
_Boy_ (F.), 194
_Boyard_ (F.), 152, 194
_Boye_ (F.), 194
_Boye_ (G.), 194
Boyer, 193, 194
_Boyer_ (F.), 194
Boyman, 193, 194
_Boyreau_ (F.), 194
_Boyron_ (F.), 194
Bracken, 157
Brackett, 157
Brackie, 157
Bracking, 157
_Brackmann_ (G.), 158
Bragan, 157
Bragg, 157
Brain, 97, 157
Brakeman, 157
Brand, 25
Brandy, 25
Bransbury, 107
Bransford, 107
_Braquemin_ (F.), 158
Braughin, 105
Bray, 157
Brayman, 157
Braznell, 165
Breakell, 158
Breem, 80
Brewin, 157
Bride, 80
Bridle, 80
Bright, 80
Brighting, 80
Brightland, 46
Brightling, 105
Brightly, 30, 80
Brightmore, 46
Brightwell, 137
Brightwine, 46
Brighty, 80
Brine, 80
Brinney, 80
Brittell, 80
Brocard, 97
Brown, 80, 138, 188, 189
Browning, 28, 80
Bubb, 194, 196
Buck, 80, 175
Buckle, 85
Bucklin, 31
Budd, 24, 80
Budden, 24
Budding, 24
Buddle, 24
Buddrich, 24, 46
Budmore, 24
Bugg, 3, 97
Bulger, 46
Bull, 80
Bullard, 46
Buller, 46
Bulling, 28, 80
Bulmer, 46, 97
Bundle, 97, 101
Bunn, 85
Bunting, 97
Burchard, 46, 97
Burger, 46
Burgwin, 46
Burleston, 107
Burman, 45
Burn, 80
Burness, 33
Burning, 28, 80
Burnish, 33
Burr, 80
Burt, 80
Bussell, 80
Butleigh, 107
Butt, 80
Butter, 46, 181
Butterick, 46
Butterwell, 138
Buttery, 46, 181
Byard, 152
Bye, 193, 194
Byron, 193, 194
C.
Cadman, 50
Cage, 9
Cain, 10, 190
Calderon, 52
Caledonia, 8
Calking, 170
Call, 80
Callow, 80
Calmsden, 107
Camel, 175
Cane, 10
Cann, 80
Canning, 28, 80
Cansick, 168
Cant, 81
Carary, 51
Caravan, 51
Card, 97
Carder, 52
Cardwell, 116
_Carlo_ (I.), 143
Carrier, 51
Cart, 97
Carthen, 52
Cartridge, 52
Cashdollar, 122
Castle, 97
_Castoldi_ (I.), 149
Cat, 97, 175
Cattey, 175
Catty, 97
_Cauche_ (F.), 170
_Cauchy_ (F.), 170
Caulk, 170
Caunce, 168
Chabot, 118, 125, 126
Chad, 97, 125, 126
Chadborn, 125
Chaddleworth, 107
Chaddock, 125, 126
Chadlington, 107
Chadman, 125
Chadshunt, 107
Chadwick, 125, 126
Chadwin, 126
Chaff, 81
Chaffey, 81
Chain, 125
Chalfont, 107
Chalk, 101, 170
Chalkey, 170
Chalklen, 170
Chance, 81, 168
Chancell, 168
Chancey, 168
Chaney, 125
Chantrey, 51
Chard, 97, 125, 126
Charing, 105
Charles, 80
_Charles_ (F.), 123
Charley, 80
Chart, 125, 126
Charter, 125, 126
Chaseley, 107
_Chasseboeuf_ (F.), 139
Chattaway, 126
Chatting, 125, 126
Chatto, 125, 126
Chattoway, 97, 118, 125, 126
Chatwin, 125, 126
Chatwood, 125
Chaucer, 170
_Chaussee_ (F.), 170
_Chaussy_ (F.), 170
Cheape, 97
Cheese, 97, 155
Cheltenham, 107
Chertsey, 107, 126
Chesnut, 155, 185
Chesman, 155
Chesson, 155
Chew, 97
Chewing, 105
Chichester, 107
Chilbolton, 107
Chilcomb, 127
Child, 127
Childar, 125, 126
Children, 125, 126
Chill, 125, 126
Chillmaid, 125, 126
Chillman, 125, 126
Chipman, 155
Chipp, 98, 155
Chippenham, 107
Chipping, 155
Chirnie, 155
Chitty, 155
Cholsey, 107
_Chopard_ (F.), 127
Chope, 81
Choppin, 125, 127
_Choupe_ (F.), 127
Christabel, 201, 202 and _n_
Chubb, 81, 125
Chubback, 125
Churn, 155
Claribel, 201
Claringbold, 135
Claringbull, 135
Claude, 127
_Claude_ (F.), 123
Clean, 160
_Clerambault_ (F.), 135
Cline, 160
Cloade, 127
Clodd, 1, 127
Clothier, 127
_Clotilde_ (F.), 123
Cloud, 97, 127
Cloudman, 127
Clout, 1, 127
Cloutman, 127
Clucas, 127
Clutterbuck, 121
Coate, 81
Cobbett, 118
Cobbold, 53, 118
Cock, 81
Codd, 81
Codford, 107
Coffey, 81
Colbran, 47
Colburn, 47
Coll, 81
Collamore, 47
Collard, 47
Collie, 81
Colling, 81
Collingham, 107
Colman, 47
Colmer, 97
Conder, 54
Congressbury, 107
Cooling, 81, 105
Coppernoll, 165
Corbould, 51
Cory, 82
Cosier, 54
Cossart, 53
Costall, 30
Costello, 30
Costiff, 164
Costly, 30
Cotheridge, 107
Cottiss, 20
Cotton, 97
Coulthred, 52
Craig, 188, 189
Creed, 97, 127
Creedy, 127
Cressy, 81
Criddle, 127
Crimsham, 107
_Crist_ (I. and G.), 135
Croad, 127
Crock, 127
Croger, 127
Croke, 127
Croker, 127
Crooke, 127
Cropthorn, 107
Crotch, 127
Crotty, 127
Crowd, 97, 127
Crowder, 127
Crowdy, 127
Cruden, 127
Crumpecker, 122
Crutch, 127
Crute, 127
Cuckhamstow hill, 107
Cuff, 81
Cuffey, 81
Cull, 81
Cummin, 97
Cumnor, 107
Cunliffe, 56, 98
Curran, 51_n_
Curwen, 51
Custard, 47
D.
Dacker, 47
Dacombe, 47
Dagenham, 108
Dagger, 47
Daggesell, 47
Daisy, 32
Dale, 98
Dalloway, 47, 118
Dalman, 47
Damer, 47
Dana, 25, 81
Dand, 25
_Dandalo_ (I.), 145
Dando, 25
Dandy, 25
Dane, 25, 81
Danger, 48
_Dante_ (I.), 134
Darlaston, 108
Darling, 81
Darnell, 48, 98, 165
Darrell, 81
Darrigon, 48
Darwin, 48
Daunsey, 108
Daybell, 47
Dayer, 47
Daylesford, 108
Daymont, 47
Dearlove, 48, 98
Dearman, 48
Deary, 26
Deller, 47
Demaid, 48
Demon, 48
Denhard, 48, 98
Denolf, 48
Denn, 81
Denning, 81
Dermott, 48, 98
Derwin, 48
_Dettingen_ (G.), 71
Dialogue, 48
Diamond, 48
Dick, 81, 194, 195
Dicken, 194, 195
Dickin, 102
Dickle, 81, 194, 195
Dicksie, 195
Didlington, 108
Dilger, 102, 140
_Dilhac_ (F.), 140
Dilke, 24, 102, 140
Dill, 24, 81, 139
_Dill_ (G.), 139
_Dille_ (F.), 139
_Dillemann_ (G.), 140
Dillen, 24
_Dillen_ (G.), 140
Diller, 140
_Dillery_ (F.), 140
_Dillet_ (F.), 140
Dilley, 139
Dillicar, 140
Dillick, 140
Dillimore, 140
Dilling, 24
_Dilling_ (G.), 140
Dillman, 140
Dillon, 140
_Dillon_ (F.), 140
Dillow, 24, 139
Dillwyn, 24, 140
Dilly, 24
_Dilly_ (F.), 139
Distington, 88
Ditchling, 105
Dixie, 195
Dock, 81
Docking, 81
Dodd, 81, 98
Doddridge, 64
Dodford, 108
Doggett, 49, 98
Dogthorpe, 108
Dollman, 98
Dolman, 48
Dolphin, 48, 175, 176
_Dome_ (F.), 196
Doniland, 108
Doran, 27
_Dorand_ (G.), 150
Dore, 27
Dowdeswell, 108
Drain, 215
Dray, 215
Duck, 86, 175, 176
Duckling, 98, 175, 176
Ducklington, 108
Duckman, 48, 98
Dugmore, 49
Dugood, 49, 98
Dumbell, 194, 196
Dume, 194, 195
Dumlin, 194, 196
Dummelow, 194, 196
Dummer, 48
Dummert, 48
Dumplin, 113, 194, 196
Dunn, 82, 98, 188, 189
Dunning, 82
Durand, 134, 150
_Durand_ (G.), 150
_Durand_ (F.), 150
_Durandard_ (F.), 150
_Durandeau_ (F.), 150
_Durandi_ (I.), 150
Durant, 151
_Durant_ (F.), 150
_Durante_ (I.), 134, 149, 150
_Duranto_ (I.), 150
Durre, 86
Dyce, 81
Dycey, 81
E.
Eager, 40
Eagle, 99
Eames, 83
Earheart, 49, 178, 183, 184
Earl, 25, 178
Early, 25
Earney, 98
Earp, 21, 82
Earwaker, 49, 169, 178
Earwig, 2, 49, 175, 178
Eashing, 105
Easter, 82
Eavestaff, 164
Eckington, 108
Edbrook, 49
Eddiker, 49, 169
Eddy, 82
Edgar, 49, 210
Edgell, 82, 99
Edith, 197, 210
Edlery, 40
Edmond, 49, 210
_Edmond_ (F.), 123
Edmund, 210
Edolph, 49
_Edouard_ (F.), 123, 124
Edridge, 49
Edstone, 108
Edward, 13, 49, 210
Edwick, 49
Effingham, 108
Egg, 82
Egle, 82
Elbow, 183, 184
Elcy, 82
Eldred, 41
Element, 43, 120
Elgar, 43
Elgee, 82
Elgood, 43
Eliza, 204-206
Elk, 82
Ella, 216
Ellard, 43
Ellery, 43
Elliss, 82
Elmore, 43
Else, 82
Elsey, 26, 82
_Elvira_ (S.), 200
Elvy, 79
Elwin, 43
Elwood, 43
_Elzevir_ (D.), 200
_Eme_ (F.), 209
Emeler, 41
Emeney, 209
Emma, 89, 207-209
Emmeline, 209
Emmett, 175, 178
_Emmon_ (F.), 209
Empey, 167
_Emy_ (F.), 209
England, 9
Engleburt, 42
Engleheart, 42
English, 192
Ennor, 166
Enough, 98, 117, 166
_Enrico_ (I.), 143
Enright, 166
Epps, 82
Ermentrude, 19, 197
Ermine, 18
_Ermingcard_ (F.), 19
Erpingham, 108
Esau, 190
Esmond, 99
Ethel, 209
Ethelston, 40, 96
Eva, 216
Evelina, 211
Eveline, 211
Evelyn, 211
Evening, 79
Ever, 82
Everard, 49
Evered, 49
Everett, 49
Every, 49, 82
Evesham, 108
Ewald, 68
Ewart, 68
Ewe, 2, 68_n_
Ewer, 68
Ewing, 68_n_
Exhall, 108
F.
Fairfoot, 183, 185
Fairfoul, 120
Fairless, 183
Fairman, 49
Falstaff, 119
_Falsteuf_ (F.), 119
Faragut, 34
_Farcot_ (F.), 34
Farragut, 49
Farre, 27, 82
Farren, 27
Farrier, 178, 180
Farrimond, 49
Farrow, 82
Farthing, 28
Fearn, 82
Feckenham, 108
_Federigo_ (I.), 143
Ferdinand, 50
_Ferdinand_ (F.), 123
Ferrand, 49
Ferrier, 49, 180
Few, 159
Field, 113
Fielder, 113
Fielding, 113
Filbert, 50
Fileman, 50
Filldew, 50
Fillmer, 50
Fillmore, 99
Fin, 89
Finbow, 50
Finch, 82
Finger, 50, 183
Finn, 82
Finney, 82
Fish, 175, 177
Fiske, 177
Flack, 159
Fladbury, 108
Flagg, 159
Flatt, 198
Flatter, 181
Flattery, 181, 198
Flattman, 198
Flea, 3, 159, 175, 178
Fleck, 159
Flew, 99, 159
Flower, 216
Flowry, 216
Floyer, 216
Fluck, 159
Fly, 159, 175, 178
Fogg, 99, 159
Foggo, 99, 159
Folkstone, 108
Foote, 183, 184
Forder, 50
Fordred, 50
Forget, 49
Fortyman, 50
Forward, 49
Fowl, 99
_Francesco_ (I.), 143
Franklin, 31
_Fredeau_ (F.), 27
Frederic, 13
Frederick, 50
Freebody, 50, 156
Freeborn, 50, 99
Freebout, 50
Freeland, 50
Freestone, 50
_Frescobaldi_ (I.), 149
Friday, 99, 182
Froude, 82
Fudge, 159
Fuggle, 99
Fulke, 82
Fullagar, 50
Fullalove, 50, 191
G.
Gaffery, 52
Gage, 9, 10
Gain, 10, 99, 118, 190
Galland, 51
Gallant, 51
Gallard, 51
Galloway, 51, 118
Galt, 82
_Gambetta_ (F.), 153
Gamble, 113
Gambler, 180
Gambling, 2, 28
Gander, 51, 99, 175
Gandy, 81
Gant, 81
Ganter, 51
Garbett, 51
Garbrand, 51
Garbutt, 51
Garden, 28
Garforth, 51
_Garibaldi_ (I.), 145
Garlick, 51
Garman, 51
Garment, 51, 120
Garnett, 51
Garrard, 51
Garrod, 51
Garrold, 51
Garroway, 51, 118
Garstin, 51
Garter, 52
Garvey, 51
Garwood, 51, 148_n_
Gasting, 82
Gatliffe, 50
Gatling, 99
Gatty, 175
Gay, 9, 10, 99
Gedge, 9, 10
Genese, 192, 193
_Genett_ (G.), 207
Genevieve, 207
_Gennari_ (I.), 148
Genner, 52
Gennett, 52, 207
Gentery, 51
Gentry, 51
Geoffry, 50_n_, 51
_Gerard_ (F.), 23
_Gerbault_ (F.), 145
_Gerbet_ (F.), 153
Gerloff, 51
Gertrude, 19, 197
_Geu_ (G.), 10
_Gey_ (G.), 10
_Gherardini_ (I.), 148
_Ghibellines_ (I.), 146
_Ghiberti_ (I.), 148
_Ghirlandaio_ (I.), 148
Gidding, 108
Giddy, 155
Giffard, 52
Giffen, 82
Gilbert, 52
Gildawie, 52
Gilder, 52
Gildert, 52
Gill, 82
Gillard, 53
Giller, 53, 99
Gillett, 53
Gillford, 53
Gilliam, 53
Gillibrand, 52
Gillman, 53
Gilmore, 53
Gimbert, 52
Gippert, 52
Gipsy, 33
Gislingham, 108
Goad, 81
Godalming, 71, 105
Godbold, 53
Godbolt, 53
Goddam, 191
Goddard, 53
Goddier, 53
Godding, 81, 99
Goddiss, 20
_Godeau_ (F.), 27
Godfrey, 50_n_, 53
Godhead, 53
Godiso, 20
Godiva, 172
Godizo, 20
Godkin, 31
Godliman, 191
Godman, 53
Godmersham, 108
Godmund, 53, 99
Godrick, 53
Godsell, 53
Godskall, 53
Godsoe, 20, 32
Godward, 191
Godwin, 53, 99
Gold, 82
Goldbourne, 52
Golding, 82
Goldrick, 52
Goldwin, 52
Goodacre, 170
Goodbody, 156
Goodenough, 120, 191
Goodeve, 171
Goodheart, 53, 191
Goodlake, 53
Goodland, 53
Goodliffe, 53, 191
Goodnow, 53
Goodram, 53
Goodred, 53
Goodwright, 53, 178, 180
Goodyear, 53
Goose, 175
Gorbold, 51
Gore, 82
Gorebrown, 51
Gosbell, 53
Gosland, 54
Gosling, 175
Gosmer, 54
_Gosselin_ (F.), 175, 176
_Gosselini_ (I.), 147
Goswold, 54
_Goettingen_ (G.), 71
_Gousse_ (F.), 175, 176
Gozar, 54
Gozzard, 53
_Grau_ (G.), 189
Gray, 138, 188, 189
Greenwell, 138
Gregg, 188, 189
Grimbald, 54
Grimble, 54, 202
Grimerd, 54
Grimmer, 54
Grimmond, 54
Grimstone, 108
_Grobe_ (G.), 187
Grote, 99
Grove, 99, 186, 187
_Grove_ (G.), 187
_Grub_ (F.), 187
Grubb, 99, 186, 187
_Grubi_ (F.), 187
_Guala_ (F.), 133
_Gualdo_ (I.), 144, 147
_Gualtier_ (F.), 130
_Guardi_ (I.), 144, 148
_Guarini_ (I.), 152
_Guarnerius_ (I.), 144, 149
Guelpa, 131
_Guelph_ (I.), 131, 146
_Gueneau_ (F.), 133
_Guenin_ (F.), 133
_Guerin_ (F.), 152
_Guermain_ (F.), 132
_Guernier_ (F.), 149
Guest, 82
_Guglielmo_ (I.), 149
_Guicciardini_ (I.), 144, 147
_Guiche_ (F.), 132
_Guide_ (F.), 132, 148
_Guido_ (I.), 144, 148
_Guidubaldi_ (I.), 148
_Guillaume_ (F.), 123, 130, 133
Guille, 131, 132
_Guille_ (F.), 132
_Guillemain_ (F.), 133
Guily, 131, 132
Guinan, 131
_Guinery_ (F.), 133
Guiney, 131, 133
_Guinier_ (F.), 133
_Guiscard_ (F.), 130
_Guiteau_ (F.), 148
Gumboil, 2, 54
Gundey, 99
Gundry, 54
Gunn, 99
Gunner, 181
Gunnery, 181
Gunston, 54
Gunter, 54
Gunthorp, 108
Guttwein, 122
Gwillam, 131, 133
Gwilt, 131
Gwyer, 131, 132
Gye, 9, 10
H.
Hack, 83
Hacking, 83
Hackstaff, 164
Haddenham, 108
Haddock, 175