CHAPTER XI.

CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN 197

LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED 213

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 215

INDEX OF NAMES 217

CONTRACTIONS.

A.S. Anglo-Saxon.

O.N. Old Northern.

O.G. Old German.

O.H.G. Old High German.

SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE.

CHAPTER I.

THE ANTIQUITY AND THE UNSUSPECTED DIGNITY OF SOME OF OUR COMMON NAMES.

As some things that seem common, and even ignoble, to the naked eye,

lose their meanness under the revelations of the microscope, so, many of

our surnames that seem common and even vulgar at first sight, will be

found, when their origin is adequately investigated, to be of high

antiquity, and of unsuspected dignity. _Clodd_, for instance, might seem

to be of boorish origin, and _Clout_ to have been a dealer in old rags.

But I claim for them that they are twin brothers, and etymologically the

descendants of a Frankish king. _Napp_ is not a name of distinguished

sound, yet it is one that can take us back to that far-off time ere yet

the history of England had begun, when, among the little kinglets on the

old Saxon shore, "Hnaf ruled the Hocings."[1] _Moll_, _Betty_, _Nanny_,

and _Pegg_ sound rather ignoble as the names of men, yet there is

nothing of womanliness in their warlike origin. _Bill_ seems an honest

though hardly a distinguished name, unless he can claim kinship with

Billing, the "noble progenitor of the royal house of Saxony." Now

Billing, thus described by Kemble, is a patronymic, "son of Bill or

Billa," and I claim for our Bill (as a surname) the right, as elsewhere

stated, to be considered as the progenitor. Among the very shortest

names in all the directory are _Ewe_, _Yea_, and _Yeo_, yet theirs also

is a pedigree that can take us back beyond Anglo-Saxon times. Names of a

most disreputable appearance are _Swearing_ and _Gambling_, yet both,

when properly inquired into, turn out to be the very synonyms of

respectability. _Winfarthing_ again would seem to be derived from the

most petty gambling, unless he can be rehabilitated as an Anglo-Saxon

Winfrithing (patronymic of Winfrith.) A more unpleasant name than

_Gumboil_ (_Lower_) it would not be easy to find, and yet it represents,

debased though be its form, a name borne by many a Frankish warrior, and

by a Burgundian king fourteen centuries ago. Its proper form would be

Gumbald (Frankish for Gundbald), and it signifies "bold in war." Another

name which wofully belies its origin is _Tremble_, for, of the two words

of which it is composed, one signifies steadfast or firm, and the other

signifies valiant or bold. Its proper form is Trumbald, and the first

step of its descent is _Trumbull_. A name which excites anything but

agreeable associations is _Earwig_. Yet it is at any rate a name that

goes back to Anglo-Saxon times, there being an Earwig, no doubt a man

of some consideration, a witness to a charter (_Thorpe_, p. 333). And

the animal which it represents is not the insect of insidious repute,

but the sturdy boar so much honoured by our Teuton forefathers, _ear_

being, as elsewhere noted, a contraction of _evor_, boar, so that Earwig

is the "boar of battle." Of more humiliating seeming than even Earwig is

_Flea_ (vouched for by Lower as an English surname). And yet it is at

all events a name of old descent, for Flea--I do not intend it in any

equivocal sense, for the stem is found in Kemble's list of early

settlers--came in with the Saxons. And though it has nothing to do with

English "flea," yet it is no doubt from the same root, and expresses the

same characteristic of agility so marvellously developed in the insect.

Even _Bugg_, if he had seen his name under this metaphorical microscope,

might have felt himself absolved from changing it into Howard, for Bugg

is at least as ancient, and etymologically quite as respectable. It is a

name of which great and honourable men of old were not ashamed; there

was, for instance, a Buga, minister to Edward of Wessex, who signs his

name to many a charter. And there was also an Anglo-Saxon queen,

Hrothwaru, who was also called Bucge, which I have elsewhere given

reasons for supposing to have been her original name. There are moreover

to be found, deduced from place-names, two Anglo-Saxons named

respectively Buga and Bugga, owners of land, and therefore respectable.

In Germany we find Bugo, Bugga, and Bucge, as ancient names of men and

women in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_. And Bugge is at present a name

both among the Germans and the Scandinavians, being, among others, that

of a distinguished professor at Christiania. As to its origin, all that

we can predicate with anything like confidence is that it is derived

from a word signifying to bend, and of the various senses thus derived,

that of ring or bracelet (O.N. _baugr_) seems to me the most

appropriate. The bracelet was of old an honourable distinction, and the

prince, as the fountain of honour, was the "bracelet-giver."[2]

My object then at present is to show that many of our short and

unpretending names are among the most ancient that we have, being such

as our Saxon forefathers brought with them when they first set foot upon

our shores, and such as we find whenever history gives us a yet earlier

glimpse of the Teuton in his home. _Bass_, for instance, whose red

pyramid to-day stamps authenticity on many a bottle, was in ancient

times a well-known potter's name on the beautiful red Samian ware of the

Romans. The seat of this manufacture was on the banks of the Rhine, and

in the long list of potters' names, mostly of course Roman, there are

not a few that are those of Germans or of Gauls. And there is one

interesting case, that of a lamp found along the line of the Roman wall,

in which the German potter, one Fus, has asserted his own nationality by

stamping his ware with the print of a naked human foot, within which is

inscribed his name, thus proving, by the play upon his name, that _fus_

meant "foot" in the language which he spoke. Little perhaps the old

potter thought, as he chuckled over his conceit, that when fifteen

centuries had passed away, his trade-mark would remain to attest his

nationality.

But to return to Bass, let us see what can be done to bridge the gulf

between the princely brewers of to-day and the old potter on the banks

of the Rhine. And first, as to Anglo-Saxon England, we find Bass as a

mass-priest, and Bassus as a valiant soldier of King Edwin in the

Anglo-Saxon _Chronicle_, as also a Bassa in the genealogy of the Mercian

kings. Basing, the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, "son of Bass," occurs about

the twelfth century, in the _Liber Vitae_. And Kemble, in his list of

Anglo-Saxon "marks," or communities of the early settlers, finds

Bassingas, _i.e._ descendants or followers of Bass, in Cambridgeshire

and in Notts, while Mr. Taylor finds offshoots of the same family on the

opposite coast in Artois. In Germany we find many instances of Bass, and

its High German form Pass, from the seventh century downwards. And in

the neighbourhood of the Wurm-See, in Bavaria, we find, corresponding

with our Bassings, a community of Pasings, _i.e._ descendants or

followers of Pass. We may take it then that our name _Pass_ is only

another form of _Bass_, both names being also found at present in

Germany. As to the origin of the name, for which no sufficient

explanation is to be found in the Old German dialects, Foerstemann has

to turn to the kindred dialect of the Old Northern, where he finds it in

_basa_, anniti, to strive contend.

Thus far we have had to do with Bass as a name of Teutonic origin. But

it appears to have been a Celtic name as well, for Bassa, a name

presumably Welsh, occurs in the pathetic lament of Llywarch, written in

the sixth century, the name being, on the authority of the late Dr.

Guest, still retained in Baschurch near Shrewsbury. The name Bass, then,

or Pass, on Roman pottery might be either that of a German or of a Gaul,

but more probably the former, especially as we find also Bassico, a form

more particularly German, and some other forms more probably Teutonic.

Before parting with Bass, I may refer to one in particular of his

progeny, the name _Basin_, formed from it by the ending _en_ or _in_,

referred to in a subsequent chapter. The original of our Basin has been

supposed to have been a barber, the mediaeval leech, but I claim for him

a different origin, and connect his name, which is found as Basin in

Domesday, with the name Basin of a Thuringian king of the fifth century.

Let us take another of our common surnames, _Scott_. This has been

generally assumed to have been an original surname derived from

nationality, and we need not doubt that it has been so in many, perhaps

in most, cases. But Scott, as a man's name, is, not to say older than

the introduction of surnames, but as old probably as the name of the

nation itself. To begin with England, it occurs in the thirteenth

century, in the _Liber Vitae_, where it is the reverse of a surname,

Scott Agumdessune (no doubt for Agemundessune). I do not think,

however, that Agumdessune is here a surname, but only an individual

description, an earnest of surnames that were to be. For there is

another Scott who signs about the same time, and it might be necessary

to distinguish between these two men. There is in the same record yet

another Scott, described as "Alstani filius," who, in the time of

William the Conqueror, "for the redemption of his soul, and with the

consent of his sons and of all his friends," makes a gift of valuable

lands to the Church. Scott again occurs in an Anglo-Saxon charter of

boundaries quoted by Kemble, "Scottes heal," _i.e._ "Scot's hall." And

Scotta occurs in another in "Scottan byrgels," _i.e._ "Scotta's burial

mound." In Germany Scot occurs in the ninth century in the Book of the

Brotherhood of St. Peter at Salzburg, where it is classed by Foerstemann

as a German name, which seems justified by the fact that Scotardus, a

German compound (_hard_, fortis), occurs as an Old Frankish name in the

time of Charlemagne. In Italy, where, as I shall show in a subsequent

chapter, the Germans have left many Teutonic names behind them, we find

a Scotti, duke of Milan, in the middle ages, whose name is probably due

to that cause. Scotto is a surname at present among the Frisians, while

among the Germans generally it is most commonly softened into Schott.

Scot however, as a man's name, seems to have been at least as common

among the Celts as among the Teutons; Gluck cites four instances of it

from ancient, chiefly Latin, authors, in only one of which, however,

that of a Gaul, is the particular nationality distinguished. As to the

origin of the name, all that can be said is that it is most probably

from the same origin, whatever that may be, as the name of the nation;

just as another Celtic man's name, Caled, signifying hard, durus, is

probably from the same origin as that of Caledonia, "stern and wild."

Lastly, among the names on Roman pottery, we have Scottus, Scoto, and

Scotni, the last being a genitive, "Scotni manu." Of these three names

the first is the Latinisation of Scott; the second has the ending in _o_

most common for men's names among the old Franks, but also found among

the Celts; the third, as a genitive, presumably represents the form

Scotten, the ending in _en_, hereafter referred to, running through the

whole range of Teutonic names, but being also found in Celtic. Upon the

whole, then, there does not seem anything sufficiently distinctive to

stamp these names as either Teutonic or Celtic. I may observe that all

these three forms, _Scott_, _Scotto_, and _Scotten_, are found in our

surnames, as well as _Scotting_, the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, which

assists to mark the name as in Anglo-Saxon use. We have also _Scotland_,

which has been supposed to have been an original surname derived from

nationality, and so I dare say it may be in some cases. But Scotland

appears as a man's name in the _Liber Vitae_ about the twelfth or

thirteenth century, and before surnames begin to make their appearance.

Scotland again occurs as the name of a Norman in the _Acta Sanctorum_,

where it seems more probably of Frankish origin, and cannot at any rate

be from nationality. The fact seems to be that _land_, terra, was formed

into compounds, like _bald_, and _fred_, and _hard_, without reference

perhaps to any particular meaning. Similarly we find Old German,

apparently Frankish, names, Ingaland and Airland (more properly

Heriland), which might account in a similar way for our surnames

_England_ and _Ireland_.

Let us take yet one more name, _Gay_, a little more complicated in its

connections than the others, and endeavour to trace it up to its origin.

"Nay! but what better origin can we have," I can fancy the reader saying

at starting, "than our own word 'gay', French _gai_?" I would not

undertake to say that our name is not in any instance from this origin,

but what I say is that a proved Anglo-Saxon _name_ is better than any

assumed _word_, however suitable its meaning may seem to be. Moreover,

the same Anglo-Saxon word will account, not only for Gay, but for a

whole group of names, _Gay_, _Gye_, _Gedge_, _Gage_, _Kay_, _Key_,

_Kegg_, _Kedge_, _Cage_,--all variations, according to my view, of one

original name. It must inevitably be the case that a name dating back to

a remote antiquity, and in use over a wide area, must be subject to many

phonetic variations. And it matters nothing to etymology, so long as her

own strict rules are complied with, if some of these names have not a

single letter in common. Given, then, an Anglo-Saxon name Gagg, Gegg,

with its alternative form Cagg, Keg, and we get from it all the forms

that are required. For the English ear is averse, as a matter of

euphony, to a final _g_, and while it most commonly changes it into _y_

(which is in effect dropping it), as in A.S. _dag_, Eng. _day_, A.S.

_caeg_, Eng. _key_, it also not unfrequently changes it into _dg_, as in

A.S. _bricg_, Eng. _bridge_, &c. To come, then, to the Anglo-Saxon

names concerned, Kemble, in his list of original settlers, has both

Gagingas, _i.e._ descendants or followers of Gag, and Caegingas, _i.e._

descendants or followers of Caeg. And the Anglo-Saxon names cited below,

one of them the exact counterpart of Gay, are deduced from place-names

of a later period. The Old German names do not, in this case, throw any

light upon the subject, as, on account of the stem not being so

distinctly developed as it is in Anglo-Saxon, they have been placed by

Foerstemann to, as I consider, a wrong stem, viz. _gaw_, patria.

_Anglo-Saxon names._--Gaecg, Geagga, Geah, Caeg, Ceagga, Ceahha

(Gaeging, Gaing, _patronymics_).

_Old German names._--Gaio, Geio, Kegio, Keyo, Keio.

_Present German._--Gey, Geu.

_Present Friesic._--Kay, Key.

_English surnames._--Gay, Gye, Gedge, Gage, Kay, Key, Kegg, Kedge,

Cage.

As to the origin and meaning of the word, I can offer nothing more than

a somewhat speculative conjecture. There is a stem _gagen_, _cagen_, in

Teutonic names, and which seems to be derived most probably from O.N.

_gagn_, gain, victory. We find it in Anglo-Saxon in Gegnesburh, now

Gainsborough, and in Geynesthorn, another place-name, and we have it in

our names _Gain_, _Cain_, _Cane_. It is very possible, and in accordance

with the Teutonic system, that _gag_ may represent the older and simpler

form, standing to _gagen_ in the same relation as English _ward_ does

to _warden_, and A.S. _geard_ (inclosure), to _garden_.

As in the two previous cases, so also in this case, there is an ancient

Celtic name, Geio, to take into account, and to this may be placed the

names _Keogh_ and _Keho_, if these names be, as I suppose, Irish and not

English. Also the Kay and the Kie in _McKay_ and _McKie_. Lastly, in

this, as in the other two cases, there is also a name on Roman pottery,

Gio, which might, as it seems, be either German or Celtic. Can there be

any connection, I venture to inquire, between these ancient names,

Celtic or Teutonic, and the Roman Gaius and Caius? Several well-known

Roman names are, as elsewhere noted, referred by German writers to a

Celtic origin.

It will be seen then that, in the case of all the three names of which I

have been treating, there is an ancient Celtic name in a corresponding

form which might in some cases intermix. And there are many more cases

of the same kind among our surnames. _Wake_, for instance, may represent

an ancient name, either German or Celtic; for the German a sufficient

etymon may be found in _wak_, watchful, while for the Celtic there is

nothing, observes Gluck, in the range of extant dialects to which we can

reasonably refer it. So _Moore_ represents an ancient stem for names

common to the Celts, the Germans, and the Romans, though at least as

regards the Germans, the origin seems obscure.[3]

Now it is quite possible, particularly in the case of such monosyllabic

words as these, that there might be an accidental coincidence between a

Celtic and a Teutonic name, without their having anything in common in

their root. It is possible, again, that the one nation may have borrowed

a name from the other, as the Northmen, for instance, sometimes did from

the Irish or the Gael, one of their most common names, Niel(sen), being

thus derived; while, on the other hand, both the Irish and the Gael

received, as Mr. Worsaae has shown, many names from the Northmen. So

also the Romans seem to have borrowed names from the Celts, several

well-known names, as Plinius, Livius, Virgilius,[4] Catullus, and

Drusus, being, in the opinion of German scholars, thus derived.

But though no doubt both these principles apply to the present case, yet

there is also, as it seems to me, something in the relationship between

Celtic and Teutonic names which can hardly be accounted for on either of

the above principles. And I venture to throw out the suggestion that

when ancient Celtic names shall have been as thoroughly collected and

examined as, by the industry of the Germans, have been the Teutonic,

comparative philology may--perhaps within certain lines--find something

of the same kinship between them that it has already established in the

case of the respective languages. Meanwhile, I venture to put forward,

derived from such limited observations as I have been able to make,

certain points of coincidence which I think go some way to justify the

opinion expressed above. In so doing I am not so much putting forward

etymological views of my own, as collecting together, so as to shape

them into a comparison, the conclusions which have, in various

individual cases, been arrived at by scholars such as Zeuss. There are,

then, four very common endings in Teutonic names,--_ward_, as in Edward,

_ric_, as in Frederic, _mar_, as in Aylmar, and _wald_, as in Reginald

(=Reginwald). The same four words, in their corresponding forms, are

also common as the endings of Celtic names, _ward_ taking the form of

_guared_ or _guaret_, the German _ric_ taking generally the form of

_rix_ (which appears also to have been the older form in the German, all

names of the first century being so given by Latin authors), _wald_

taking the form of _gualed_ or _gualet_, and _mar_ being pretty much the

same in both. Of these four cases of coincidence, there is only one

(_wald = gualet_) which I have not derived from German authority. And

with respect to this one, I have assumed the Welsh _gualed_, order,

arrangement, whence _gualedyr_, a ruler, to be the same word as German

_wald_, Gothic _valdan_, to rule. But we can carry this comparison still

further, and show all these four endings in combination with one and the

same prefix common to both tongues. This prefix is the Old German _had_,

_hat_, _hath_, signifying war, the corresponding word to which is in

Celtic _cad_ or _cat_. (Note that in the earliest German names on

record, as the Catumer and the Catualda of Tacitus, the German form is

_cat_, same as the Celtic. This seems to indicate that at that early

period the Germans so strongly aspirated the _h_ in _hat_, that the word

sounded to Roman ears like _cat_, and it assists perhaps to give us an

idea of the way in which such variations of tongues arise.)

I subjoin then the following names which, _mutatis mutandis_, are the

same in both tongues, and which, judging them by the same rules which

philology has applied to the respective languages, might be taken to be

from some earlier source common to both races:--

_Ancient German Names._ _Ancient Celtic Names._

Hadaward. Catguaret (_Book of Llandaff_).

Haduric. Caturix (_Orelli_).

Hadamar (Catumer, _Tacitus_). Catmor (_Book of Llandaff_).

Hadold (=Hadwald). Catgualet (_British king of Gwynedd_,

A.D. 664).

Catualda (_Tacitus_). Cadwalladyr (_British king_)

(Catgualatyr, _Book of Llandaff_)

In comparing Catualda with the British Cadwalladyr I am noting an

additional point of coincidence. Catualda is not, like other Old German

names, from _wald_, rule, but from _walda_, ruler. There is only one

other Old German name in the same form, Cariovalda,[5] also a very

ancient name, being of the first century. This then may represent the

older form, though this is not what I wish at present to note, but that

Catualda is the counterpart of the British Cadwalladyr, which also is

not from _gualed_, rule, but from _gualedyr_, ruler.

In suggesting that this coincidence may be confined within certain lines

I mean to guard against the assumption that it would, as in the case of

the language, be found to pervade the whole system, many of the

formations of which may be of a more recent time. There are some other

stems, considered by the Germans to be in coincidence, to only one of

which I will refer at present, the Old Celtic _tout_, Welsh _tud_ = the

Gothic _thiuda_. Hence the name Tudric, of a British king of Glamorgan,

would be the counterpart of that of the Gothic king Theuderic, or

Theoderic. I will take one more instance of a name presumed to be common

to the Germans and to the Celts as an illustration of the manner in

which--men's names being handed down from generation to generation

without, even in ancient times, any thought of their meaning--a name may

survive, while the word from which it was originally derived has

perished out of the language, or is retained in a sense so changed as

hardly to be recognised. The German name in question is that of Sigimar,

the brother of Arminius, dating from the first century of our era, a

name which we still have as _Seymore_, and in its High German form

Sicumar we have as _Sycamore_, intermediate Anglo-Saxon names being

found for both. The prefix _sig_ is taken, with as much certainty as

there can be in anything of the kind, to be from _sig_, victory; the

ending _mar_, signifying famous, is a word to which I have already

referred as common both to the Germans and to the Celts. Segimar was

also an ancient Celtic name, but while the ending _mar_ has a meaning

to-day in Celtic speech, the prefix _seg_ is a word of which they are

hardly able to render any account. Only in the Old Irish (which seems to

contain some of the most ancient elements) Gluck, finding a word _seg_

with the meaning of the wild ox, _urus_, deduces from it the ancient

meaning of strength (Sansc. _sahas_, vis, robor), and infers an original

meaning akin to the German.

It happens, perhaps yet more frequently, that a German name, which

cannot be explained by anything within the range of Teutonic dialects,

may find a sufficient etymon from the Celtic. That is to suppose that a

word originally common to the Teutonic and the Celtic, has dropped out

of the former, and been retained only in the latter. Thus there is a

word _arg_, _arch_, found in many Teutonic names, and from which we have

several names, as _Archbold_, _Archbutt_, _Archard_, _Argent_,

_Argument_, for which the meaning that can be derived from the German

seems very inadequate, but for which the Irish _arg_, hero or champion,

seems to offer as good a meaning as could be desired. So also _all_,

from which, as elsewhere shown, there are a number of names, in its

Teutonic sense of _omnis_, does not seem to give by any means so

satisfactory a result as in its Celtic sense of "great" or,

"illustrious." Many other instances might be adduced on both sides to

show the way in which a word has dropped out of the one language and

been retained in the other.

Before passing from this part of the subject, I may be allowed to adduce

an illustration--a striking one I think, albeit that the name in this

case is not that of a man but of a dog--of the way in which a name may

be retained in familiar use, though the word from which it is derived

has perished out of the language, though the language itself has passed

out of use among us for more than a thousand years, and though the word

itself is only used in a sort of poetical or sentimental sense. Who has

not heard, in verse or in prose, of the "poor dog _Tray_"? And yet who

ever heard, excepting in books, of a dog being called Tray, a word which

conveys no meaning whatever to an English ear? What then is the origin,

and what is the meaning, of the name? It is, I venture to think, the

ancient British name for a dog, which is not to be found in any living

dialect of the Celtic, and which is only revealed to us in a casual line

of a Roman poet:--

Non sibi, sed domino, venatur _vertragus_ acer,

Illaesum leporem qui tibi dente feret.

_Martial._

The British _vertrag_ must have been something of the nature of a

greyhound, though, from the description of his bringing back the game

unmangled to his master, perhaps capable of a higher training than the

greyhound generally attains to. Now the _ver_ in _vertrag_ is in the

Celtic tongues an intensitive, and as prefixed to a word, gives the

sense of preeminence. The ancient British word for a dog in general must

have been _trag_, a word of which we find a trace in the Irish _traig_,

foot, allied, no doubt, to Gothic _thragjan_, Greek [Greek: trechein],

Sanscrit _trag_, to run. The ancient British name then for a dog, _trag_

signified the "runner," and with the intensitive prefix _ver_, as in

_vertrag_, the "swift runner."[6] And _trag_ is, I take it, the word

from which, _g_ as usual in English becoming _y_, is formed our word

Tray.

It may be of interest, in connection with the antiquity of our names, to

take a few of the oldest Teutonic names of which history gives us a

record, and endeavour to show the relationship which they bear to our

existing surnames. It will be seen that not only have we the

representatives of these ancient names, but also in certain cases names

which represent a still more ancient form of the word.

And first let us take the name, dating back to the first century of our

era, of the old German hero Arminius, brought before us with such

magnanimous fairness by Tacitus. The old idea, let me observe, that

Armin is properly _herman_, leader or warrior, has long been given up by

the Germans. The name, of which the most correct form is considered to

be Irmin, is formed from one single word of which the root is _irm_, and

the meaning of which is, as Grimm observes, entirely obscure. We have

then as English surnames _Armine_, _Ermine_, and _Harmony_, the last,

no doubt, a slight corruption, though, as far as the prefix of _h_ is

concerned, it is as old as Anglo-Saxon times, for we find "Harmines

den," Harmine's valley, in a charter quoted by Kemble. Then we have

compounded with _gar_, spear, and corresponding with an O.G.

Irminger--_Arminger_, _Irminger_,[7] and again as a corruption,

_Iremonger_. And, compounded with _hari_, warrior, and corresponding

with an O.G. Irminhar, we have _Arminer_. And, as a Christian name of

women, one at least of our old families still retains the ancient name

_Ermentrude_, the ending _trude_, as found also in _Gertrude_, being

perhaps from the name Thrud, of one of the _Valkyrjur_, or

battle-maidens of Odin. The French also, among the many names derived

from their Frankish ancestors, have _Armingaud_, _Armandet_, and

_Ermingcard_, corresponding with the ancient names Irmingaud, Irmindeot,

and Irmingard. And _Irminger_, as I write, comes before me in the daily

papers as the name of a Danish admiral. But Irmin is not the oldest form

of the name,--"the older and the simple form," observes Foerstemann,

"runs in the form Irm or Irim," and with this also we can claim

connection in our family names. For we have the simple form as _Arms_

and _Harme_; and as compounds we have _Armiger_, corresponding with an

O.G. Ermgar; _Armour_, with an O.G. Ermhar; and _Armgold_, with an O.G.

Ermegild. Lastly, I may observe that both Irm and Irmin are found also

by Stark as ancient Celtic names. And certainly there is no stem more

likely than this, of the origin of which all trace is lost in the

darkness of the past, to be one that is older than the Arian separation.

The name Sigimar, of the brother of Arminius, I have already shown that

we have, not only in its own form as _Seymore_, but also in its High

German form as _Sycamore_, the Anglo-Saxon names from which they may be

taken to be more immediately derived being also found in the chapter on

place-names. And I have also shown that we have the name Cariovalda (or

Harwald) of a prince of the Batavi, of the first century, in our

_Harold_.

There was another old hero of the German race, not so fortunate as

Arminius in finding an historian in a generous foe, whose name only

comes before us in a line of Horace:--

Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen.

Cotiso must have been a leader of some High German tribe, perhaps

somewhere on the Upper Danube, and he must have made a gallant stand

against the Roman arms, inasmuch as his final overthrow is deemed by the

Roman poet a worthy subject on which to congratulate his imperial

patron. Cotiso is a High German form of another name, Godiso or Godizo,

elsewhere referred to, and hence may be represented, I venture to think,

in our names _Godsoe_ and _Goddiss_, while Cotiso itself may be

represented in our _Cottiss_, the ancient vowel-ending being in our

names, as I shall show in the next chapter, sometimes dropped and

sometimes retained.

Another name which goes back to the first century of our era is Arpus,

that of a prince of the Catti in Tacitus. The Eorpingas, descendants or

followers of Eorpa, were among the original settlers, and seem to have

confined themselves to Norfolk, where alone we have any traces of them.

The name may perhaps be referred to Anglo-Saxon _eorp_, wolf, though

other derivations have also been proposed. We have the name at present

as _Earp_ (the name of a member of the House of Commons), and also as

_Harp_. Upon this stem is formed the name Arbogastes (_gast_, guest) of

a Frankish general under the Emperor Gratian in the fourth century; and

_Arbogast_ is still a family name among the French.

Lastly, let us take the name of the German king, Ariovistus, brought

before us by Caesar. The proper form of this name, there seems little

doubt, is Arefastus, as found in some other O.G. names. There was also

an Arfast, bishop of East Anglia, in the time of William the Conqueror.

And Arfast is a present name among the Frisians, according to Outzen,

who compares it--rightly, as it seems to me--with the old name

Ariovistus. The corresponding name Arinfast (_aro_, _arin_, eagle) was

also in ancient use among the Danes. It seems to me that our name

_Harvest_ may easily be a corruption of Arfast; it has generally no

doubt been derived from a man's having been born at such a season, but I

distrust, as a general rule, as elsewhere stated, derivations of this

kind.

In connection with the subject of the antiquity of Teutonic names

generally, and of English names as derived from them, I shall have, in a

subsequent chapter, to refer to the names of original settlers in

England as deduced by Kemble from ancient charters, and compare them

with names of a similar kind found in Germany. The coincidence that will

be found in these names at that early period, from England and Friesland

in the north to Bavaria in the south, will, I think, be a very strong

argument to show that these names could not have originated within the

Teutonic area itself, and so dispersed themselves over it in its length

and breadth, but that they must have been brought with them by the

Teutonic invaders from their earlier homes.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] From the old Saxon fragment called the "Traveller's Song." Hnaf is

no doubt from the Ang.-Sax. _cnafa_, _cnapa_, son, boy, the Anglo-Saxons

often representing _c_ by a (no doubt aspirated) _h_.

[2] Stark also adduces an instance in the eleventh century of Buggo as a

contraction of Burchard.

[3] So at least Foerstemann seems to think, observing that we can

scarcely derive it from Maur, AEthiops, English "Moor." Nevertheless,

seeing the long struggle between the Teutons and the Moors in Spain, it

seems to me that such a derivation would be quite in accordance with

Teutonic practice. See some remarks on the general subject at the end of

Chapter IV.

[4] So that we may take it that Virgilius, as the name of a Scot who

became bishop of Salzburg in the time of Boniface, was his own genuine

Celtic name, and not derived from that of the Roman poet.

[5] This name, that of a prince of the Batavi, is considered by the

Germans to be properly Hariovalda, from _har_, army, and hence is

another instance of an initial _h_ being represented among the Romans by

a _c_. The name is the same as the Anglo-Saxon Harald, and as our

present name _Harold_.

[6] For this explanation of _vertragus_ I am indebted to Gluck.

[7] There was an English admiral of this name, though I do not know of

it at present.

CHAPTER II.

CLUE TO SOME OF THE ANCIENT FORMS REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH NAMES.

So long as our surnames are treated as if each name were something

standing apart by itself, very little progress can be made in their

elucidation; it is by collation and comparison that, in this as in any

other science, definite results are to be obtained. And a moderate

amount of attention to the forms in which these names appear, and to the

various endings prevalent among them, will enable many names, otherwise

unrecognisable, to be brought within the pale of classification and of

possible explanation. I am of course referring to that portion of our

surnames--a much larger one according to my judgment than is generally

acknowledged--which dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and so forms a part

of the general system by which Teutonic names are governed.

I shall have, in the course of this work, frequently to refer to the

Teutonic system, and to names which do, or do not, according to my

judgment, enter into it. And I will therefore, before going further,

endeavour to explain what I mean by the Teutonic system. There is, then,

a class of words which, at a time of remote antiquity, have been adopted

as stems upon which, in some cases by a sort of phonetic accretion, in

some cases by the addition of a diminutive ending, in some cases by

forming a patronymic, in some cases by taking in another word as a

compound, a number of other names have been formed. Thus, when we find

such a group of names as _Dill_, _Dilly_, _Dillow_, _Dillen_, _Dilling_,

_Dilke_, _Dilwyn_, or as _Budd_, _Budden_, _Buddle_, _Budding_,

_Buddrich_, _Budmore_, we may take it that these are all ancient names,

of which _Dill_ and _Budd_ are respectively the stems. And whenever we

find a group of names with endings such as it is my object in the

present chapter to explain, and in compounds such as will be dealt with

in a succeeding chapter, we shall be warranted in assuming the antiquity

of the group.

The endings in _a_, _ay_, _ah_, _ey_, _ie_, _o_, _oe_, _ow_.

And in the first place, let us take the endings in _a_, _i_, and _o_, of

which the above are nothing more than arbitrary variations of spelling.

Now ancient Teutonic names formed of one single word had commonly,

though not invariably (and the same thing applies also to ancient Celtic

names), a vowel-ending in _a_, _i_, or _o_; this ending is in our names

sometimes dropped and at other times retained. (It is to be observed,

however, that even in Anglo-Saxon times it is not an unfrequent thing to

find the same name variously with and without a vowel-ending, of which

some instances may be noted in Chapter V.) Thus we have _Abbe_, _Abba_,

and _Abbey_, we have _Bell_, _Belly_, and _Bellow_, we have _Earl_ and

_Early_, we have _Dand_, _Dandy_, and _Dando_, we have _Brand_ and

_Brandy_, we have _Todd_ and _Toddy_, we have _Dane_ and _Dana_, we have

_Marr_, _Marry_, and _Marrow_. These are all ancient names, variously

with and without the vowel-ending, and it will be readily seen how apt

the addition is to disguise the name, and to give it the appearance of

something else.

The question now to consider is--What is the value and meaning of this

vowel-ending, which was only given to simple names and never to

compounds? It might be, in some cases, used simply as a sort of euphonic

rounding-off of a name which might seem meagre and insignificant without

something of the sort. We ourselves appear to use _s_ in the same manner

in the case of some very short names, such as Wills and Epps, in which

the final _s_ may perform the same service that was rendered by the

vowel-ending. But there is also another principle which I think obtains,

and which, indeed, may be the guiding principle in such cases. In

Anglo-Saxon (and the same principle applied to other Teutonic dialects),

the addition of _a_ to a word implied connection with it. Thus, from

_scip_, a ship, is formed _scipa_, one connected with a ship, a sailor.

Now, going back to the remote origin of names, there were many cases in

which a man took a name from an abstraction, such as war, peace, glory,

victory, or from a weapon, as the sword or the spear, and it is obvious

that in such cases he required something to connect his name with it,

and this is, as it seems to me, what was effected by the ending in

question. And the principle is still a living one among us, and we form

names daily in accordance with it, though we no longer use the ending in

_a_, which has been superseded by that in _i_.[8] A connection with

anything whatever is expressed by this ending, as when a stupid person

is called "Duncey," one with a remarkable nose "Nosey," or one with a

halting gait "Stumpy." The French seem to have retained their old

ending, and, when they form names of this sort, to do it with the ending

in _o_ (_eau_) which appears to be in accordance with the genius of

their language, as that in _i_ (_ey_) is with that of ours.

Of these three endings, that in _a_ is the one which was in use among

the Goths, in such names as Cniva, Totila, Ulfila. And the same was also

the case among the Saxons, a branch of the same Low German stock, in

such names as Anna, Ella, Penda, Dodda. The ending in _i_ was also

common among the Old Saxons, and, if we may judge by the _Liber Vitae_ of

Durham (which might naturally be supposed to contain a large proportion

of Northern names), was also prevalent in the ancient Northumbria. We

have in that record the names Alli, Arni, Bynni, Betti, Cyni, Diori,

Elsi, Paelli, Tidi, Tilli, Terri, all of which are found in our present

names _Alley_, _Arney_, _Binney_, _Betty_, _Kinney_, _Deary_, _Elsey_,

_Paley_, _Tidy_, _Tilley_, _Terry_. The ending in _o_ was that which

was in favour among the Franks and the High Germans generally, the

oldest instance on record being probably that of Cotiso, p. 20. This is

the usual ending in French names (so far as they are of Old Frankish

origin, and come under this head), the form being generally _eau_, as in

_Baudeau_, _Godeau_, _Fredeau_, representing the ancient names Baldo,

Godo, Fredo. Hence our names ending in _o_ may be taken to be, to some

extent, names of Old Frankish origin come to us through the Normans. But

the number of such names is larger than could reasonably be accounted

for in such a way, and in point of fact, we meet occasionally with such

names at a much earlier period. The Frisians certainly seem to have had

names in this form, and it is a question whether such names may not be

partly due to them. It must be observed, then, that names with these

three various endings represent the stem just the same as those that are

without it.

The ending in _an_, _en_, _in_, or _on_.

This ending runs through the whole range of Teutonic names, and is

common in English surnames. Hence we have _Doran_, _Lingen_, _Bolden_,

_Hannen_, _Farren_, the names on which they are formed being represented

in _Dore_, _Ling_, _Bold_, _Hann_, _Farre_. As to the value and meaning

of this ending, we have nothing more to guide us than its parallel use

in the languages most nearly concerned, where it is what may be called

formative. That is to say, it is a form of speech which is used to form

the endings of words, not adding anything to the meaning, but forming a

kind of euphonic rounding-off of the word. Thus from A.S. _wearda_ is

formed _warden_, from _geard_ (inclosure) is formed _garden_, from

_Brytta_ is formed Briton, from _maegd_, maid, is formed _maiden_. Cf.

also the old word _ratten_ for _rat_, still used in provincial speech.

In many cases in Teutonic names we have words thus formed, and also the

simpler forms on which they have been founded, _e.g._ we have _bero_,

bear, and also _berin_, we have _aro_, eagle, and also _arin_ (=A.S.

_earn_), both forming the stems on which a number of other names have

been built. I take the ending in _en_, then, to be most probably a kind

of phonetic accretion, adding nothing to the sense, but sometimes

representing a secondary word, and starting a stem on its own account.

The ending in _ing_.

This is the Anglo-Saxon and ancient German patronymic, as in _Browning_,

"son of Brown," _Dunning_, "son of Dunn," _Winning_, "son of Winn." It

must have been superseded during, or very soon after, Anglo-Saxon times,

by the patronymic in _son_, inasmuch as no names of Scriptural origin

appear to be formed with it. Hence we have such names as _Bulling_,

_Burning_, _Canning_, _Gambling_, _Halling_, _Harding_, _Hopping_,

_Loving_, _Manning_, _Swearing_, _Telling_, _Walking_, _Willing_, some

of which have been popularly supposed to be from the present participle.

All of the above except two, _Swearing_ and _Gambling_, are found in the

list of early Saxon settlers, and of these two (which are found in after

Anglo-Saxon times) _Swearing_, which corresponds with an Old German

Suaring, finds its stem in an Anglo-Saxon name Sweor, signifying

important, honourable; and _Gambling_ (properly Gamling) is the

patronymic of an A.S. and O.N. name, Gamol, signifying "old," probably

in the honorific sense of old descent. From this origin, I take it, are

also our names _Farthing_ and _Shilling_, the former from the stem

_fard_, or _farth_, signifying "travel," found in several ancient names,

and which I rather take to be the same as _ford_, found in the Fordingas

among the early settlers. And _Shilling_, which corresponds with a

present German _Schilling_, is probably the same as the Scilling in the

"Traveller's Song," a supposed contraction of Scilding, from A.S.

_scyld_, shield, in which case our name _Shield_ would be the parent of

_Shilling_. I have referred at the beginning of this book to the

curious-looking name _Winfarthing_ (quoted from Lower) as perhaps a

corruption of an A.S. Winfrithing, though it is a case in which I do not

feel much certainty, finding one or two other such names as _Turnpenny_,

which may have been sobriquets.

The ending in _el_ or _il_.

This ending in Teutonic names may be taken, as a general rule, to be a

diminutive, though in a few cases it may be more probably, like that in

_en_, formative. Thus in the list of early A.S. settlers we have

Bryd(ingas) and we have Brydl(ingas), representing the words _bride_ and

_bridle_. Now, as German writers have taken the word _brid_ in ancient

names to mean "bridle," comparing it with French _bride_, it would seem

probable that, in the above A.S. name, Brydl is not a diminutive, but

the extended word "bridle." However, as a general rule, it may be

presumed to be a diminutive, and in such sense I take the following,

premising that this, as well as all other diminutives, except _kin_,

_lin_, and _et_, is subject to a vowel-ending just the same as simple

forms. We have _Bable_, corresponding with an A.S. Babel, and an O.G.

Babilo; _Ansell_ and _Anslow_ (Ansilo), corresponding with an O.G.

Ansila; _Mundell_ and _Mundella_, with a Gothic Mundila;[9] _Costall_,

_Costello_, and _Costly_, with an O.G. Costila. _Costly_ is properly

Costili, with the ending in _i_, as also _Brightly_ is Brightili, and

some other names with an adverbial look may be similarly explained.

The ending in _ec_ or _ic_.

This ending, with rare exceptions, may also be taken to be a diminutive.

The oldest instance on record is stated by Stark as that of the Vandal

general Stilicho in the fourth century, though, as found on Roman

pottery (in the names Bassico and Bennicus), it may be still older. It

seems rather singular that, though, according to Grimm, this ending was

more particularly in favour among the Saxons, not a single instance of

it occurs among the names of our early settlers, nor indeed any other

form of diminutive except that in _el_, though the form in question is

not uncommon in after Anglo-Saxon times. This diminutive is still in

living use among us, at least in Scotland, where a "mile and a bittock"

(little bit) has proved a snare to many a tourist. We have _Willock_,

_Wilkie_, and _Wilke_, corresponding with an O.G. Willico, and an A.S.

Uillech; _Lovick_ and _Lubbock_, corresponding with O.G. Liuvicho;

_Jellicoe_, corresponding with O.G. Geliko, Jeliko, and an A.S. Geleca,

some of these examples being with, and some without, the vowel-ending.

The ending in _lin_.

This ending, which is also a diminutive, is probably formed from that in

_el_, by the addition of _en_. It is found in Foerstemann's list as

early as the fifth century, but, as found on Roman pottery, must

probably be still older. We have _Bucklin_, corresponding with a

Buccellin, general of the Alemanni in the sixth century, and with a

Buccellan on Roman pottery. Also _Tomlin_, corresponding with an O.G.

Domlin; _Applin_, with an O.G. Abbilin; _Franklin_, with an O.G.

Francolin; _Papillon_, with an O.G. Babolen, &c. This form of diminutive

never takes a vowel-ending.

The ending in _kin_.

This diminutive ending is formed from that in _ec_ by the addition of

_en_. It is the youngest-born of all, not being found, unless in rare

cases, before the tenth century. And it is one that is still in living

use both in England and in Germany, in the latter country more

especially. We have _Wilkin_, corresponding with an O.G. Williken, and

an O.N. Vilkinr; _Godkin_, with an O.G. Gotichin; _Hipkin_, with an O.G.

Ibikin or Ipcin; and _Hodgkin_, with an A.S. Hogcin.

The ending in _et_.

There is an ending in _d_ or _t_ in O.G. names, which may be taken,

though perhaps not with anything like certainty, to have the force of a

diminutive. Hence might be such a name as _Ibbett_, corresponding with

O.G. names Ibed and Ibet, from an unexplained stem _ib_; also our names

_Huggett_, _Howitt_, and _Hewitt_, corresponding with an Anglo-Saxon

Hocget, and an O.G. Huetus, from the stem _hog_, _hug_, signifying study

or thought. But some other endings are so liable to intermix, and

particularly the common one _had_, war, that there is very seldom

anything like certainty.

The ending in _es_ or _is_.

I take this ending also to be diminutive, and to be possibly akin to our

_ish_, as in blue-_ish_, which, as signifying a "little blue," seems to

have the force of a diminutive. Hence we have _Riches_, corresponding

with an O.G. Richizo, and a present French _Richez_; and _Willis_,

corresponding with an O.G. Willizo. Then we have _Godsoe_, corresponding

with an O.G. Godizo, of which Cotiso, mentioned in Horace (p. 20), is a

High German form; and _Abbiss_, corresponding with the name, Abissa, of

the son of Hengest, from, as supposed, Gothic _aba_, man. And we have

_Prentiss_, corresponding with an A.S. Prentsa (=Prentisa), respecting

which I have elsewhere suggested that the name should be properly

Pentsa. Another name which I take to be from this ending is _Daisy_.

There is an A.S. Daegsa, which as Dagsi, with the alternative ending in

_i_, would give us _Daisy_. We have another name, _Gipsy_, which I take

to be from Gibb or Gipp (A.S. _geban_, to give) with this ending. This

ending in _is_ is naturally very apt to be corrupted into _ish_, and it

is from this source, I take it, that we have such names as _Radish_,

_Reddish_, _Varnish_, _Burnish_, and _Parish_, the two last of which we

have also in their proper form as _Burness_, and _Parez_ or _Paris_.

The ending in _cock_.

This ending is not one that enters into the Teutonic system, unless so

far as it may turn out to be a corruption of something else. I have not

met with it earlier than A.D. 1400, nor do I know of anything to make me

think that it is much older. There has been at different times a good

deal of discussion as to its origin in _Notes and Queries_ and

elsewhere. Mr. Lower has supposed it to be a diminutive, for which I do

not think that any etymological sanction can be found, unless indeed we

can suppose it to be a corruption of the diminutive _eck_ or _ock_

before referred to, which seems not impossible. But on the whole I am

disposed to agree with the suggestion of a writer in _Notes and Queries_

that _cock_ is a corruption of _cot_,--not, however, in the sense which

I suppose him to entertain, of _cot_ as a local word, but of _cot_ as an

ancient ending, the High German form of _gaud_ or _got_, signifying, as

supposed, "Goth." So far as the phonetic relationship between the two

words _cock_ and _cot_ is concerned, we have an instance, among others,

in our word _apricot_, which was originally _apricock_.

I am influenced very much in coming to the above conclusion by finding

_coq_ as a not unfrequent ending in French names, as in _Balcoq_ and

_Billecoq_, also in _Aucoq_, _Lecoq_, _Videcocq_, _Vilcocq_, which

latter seem to be names corresponding with our _Alcock_, _Laycock_,

_Woodcock_, and _Willcock_. They might all be formed on Teutonic stems,

if we suppose _Lecoq_ and _Laycock_ to have lost a _d_, like _Lewis_ and

_Lucas_, from _leod_, people. Now, that the ending _gaud_, with its

alternative forms _got_, _caud_, _cot_, is present in French names as

well as in English will be clearly seen from the following. From the Old

German Faregaud we have _Faragut_, and the French have _Farcot_; from

the O.G. Benigaud they have _Penicaud_, and we have _Pennycad_; from the

O.G. Ermingaud they have _Armingaud_, and from Megingaud they have

_Maingot_; from the O.G. Aringaud we have _Heringaud_, from Wulfegaud we

have _Woolcot_, from Adogoto we have _Addicott_, and from Madalgaud we

have _Medlicott_. I am also disposed on the same principle to take

_Northcott_, notwithstanding its local appearance, to represent the O.G.

name Nordgaud, and in this case we have also the name _Norcock_ to

compare.

Presuming the above derivation to be the correct one, the question then

arises,--Has this ending come to us through the French, or has the

corruption proceeded simultaneously in both countries? That the latter

has been the case, the French _Videcocq_, as compared with our

_Woodcock_, goes some way to show, the one having the High German form

_vid_ or _wid_, and the other the Saxon form _wud_. I may also mention,

as being, so far as it goes, in accordance with the above theory, that

we have a number of names both in the form of _cot_ and _cock_, as

_Adcock_ and _Addicott_, _Alcock_ and _Alcott_, _Norcott_ and _Norcock_,

_Jeffcock_ and _Jeffcott_. I do not, however, desire to come to a

definite conclusion, though, as far as I am able to carry it, the

inquiry seems in favour of the view which I have advocated. But the

whole subject will bear some further elucidation.

FOOTNOTES:

[8] How or when this change took place is a question that awaits

solving, but I observe that, in 1265, the Countess of Montford, giving

names (or sobriquets) to her servants, calls one of her messengers

Treubodi (trusty messenger), and not Treuboda, as the Anglo-Saxon form

would have been.

[9] This name appears as [Greek: Moundilas] in Procopius, but, judging

by the present pronunciation of Greek, it would sound as Mundila.

CHAPTER III.

NAMES REPRESENTING ANCIENT COMPOUNDS.

The subject of the relative antiquity of simple names (_i.e._ those

formed from one single word) and of compound names is one which has

occupied a good deal of the attention of the Germans. And the conclusion

at which some of them at least seem to have arrived, and which perhaps

has been stated the most distinctly by Stark, is that the compound names

are the older of the two. And the principal ground upon which this

conclusion is based seems to be this, that in a very great number of

cases we find that a simple name was used as a contraction of a compound

name, just as we use Will for William, and Ben for Benjamin. Stark, in

particular, has gone into the subject with German thoroughness, and

produced a most complete list of instances of such contractions, such as

Freddo for Fredibert, Wulf for Wulfric, Benno for Bernhard; and among

the Anglo-Saxons, Eada for Edwine, and Siga for Siwerd, &c., from which

he seems to arrive at the general conclusion that simple names are in

all cases contractions of compound names.

Nevertheless, I must say that it seems to me that to assume the compound

to be older than the simple looks very much like something that is

contrary to first principles, and indeed the very fact that simple names

are so often used in place of compounds appears to me to show that they

are more natural to men, and that men would generally adopt them if they

could. I cannot but think then, going back to the far remote origin of

Teutonic names, that the vocabulary of single words must have been

exhausted before men began to take to the use of compounds. When this

period arrived, and when the confusion arising from so many men being

called by the same name could no longer be endured, some other course

required to be adopted. And the course that was adopted was--I put this

forward only as a theory--when the range of single names was exhausted,

to _put two names together_. The number of changes that could be thus

introduced was sufficient for all purposes, and there is, as I believe,

no established case of a Teutonic name being formed of more than two

words. From this point of view Teutonic names would not be translatable,

or formed with any view to a meaning, and this is, as it seems to me,

what was in fact the case, as a general rule, though I should be very

far from laying it down as a universal principle. If names were formed

with a view to a meaning, it does not seem very probable that we should

have a name compounded with two words, both of which signify war; still

less with two words, one of which signifies peace and the other war.

"Bold in war" might have a meaning, but "bold in peace," if it means

anything, seems satirical. In point of fact, there was a certain set of

words on which the changes were rung in forming names without any

apparent reference either to meaning or congruity. Thus we find that the

early Frankish converts in the time of Charlemagne, the staple of whose

names was German derived from their heathen ancestors, adopted not a few

words of Christian import from the Latin or the Hebrew, and mixed them

up with the old words to which they had been accustomed in their names.

Thus a woman called Electa, no doubt meaning "elect," calls her son

Electardus (_hard_, fortis); thus from _pasc_ (passover) is formed

Pascoin (_wine_, friend); from the name of Christ himself is formed

Cristengaudus (_gaud_, Goth.) Now these are three of the common endings

of German names, but no one can suppose that any sense was intended to

be made out of them here, or that they were given for any other reason

than that they were the sort of words out of which men had been

accustomed to form their names. Indeed, the idea present to the minds of

the parents seems to have been in many cases to connect the names of

their children with their own, rather than anything else, by retaining

the first word of the compound and varying the second. Thus a man called

Girveus and his wife Ermengildis give their children the names of

Giroardus, Girfridis, Gertrudis, Ermena, and Ermengardis, three of the

names connecting with that of the father, and two with that of the

mother. In the case of a man called Ratgaudus and his wife Deodata, the

names of four of the children are Ratharius, Ratgarius, Ratrudis, and

Deodatus, the names of two other children being different. Many other

instances might be given of this sort of yearning for some kind of a

connecting-link in the names of a family. Now the people by whom these

names were given were common peasants and serfs, so that the case was

not one like that of the Anglo-Saxon kings of Northumbria, among whose

names the prefix _os_, signifying "semi-deus," and expressive of a claim

to a divine lineage, was of such frequent recurrence. It may be a

question then whether, while the former word of the compound connected

with the father or the mother, the latter part did not sometimes connect

with some other relative whose name it was desired to commemorate,

giving the effect that is now frequently expressed by a Christian name

and a surname. Again, when we look at the remote origin of these names,

when we find in the opening century of our era, and who can tell for how

many centuries before, precisely the same names that have been current

in all these centuries since, we can hardly doubt that some of these

names, derived from words that had long died out from the language, must

have been used even in ancient times without any more thought of their

meaning than parents have now when they call a child Henry or John. I

desire, however, to put forward the above theory as to the origin of

compound names rather with a view of raising the question than of

expressing a definite conclusion.

The vowel ending in _a_, _i_, or _o_, to which I have referred as in

general use in the case of simple names was not used in the case of

compounds, unless indeed it happened to be an original part of the

second word as in Frithubodo, from _bodo_, messenger. Only in the case

of women, to mark the sex, the ending in _a_ was given. And in the case

of some names, such as _Gertrud_, in which the second part is a word

that could only be given to a woman, as no vowel-ending was required, so

none was given.

I now proceed to give a list of the principal compounds occurring in

English names, with the ancient forms corresponding. I have been

obliged, as a matter of necessity, to compare our names more frequently

with Old German than with Anglo-Saxon equivalents, on account of the

former having been collected and collated--a work which it remains for

some one of our well qualified Anglo-Saxon scholars to do with regard to

the latter.

The meanings which I have assigned for these names are such as have been

most generally adopted by the German writers who have made a special

study of the subject. But it must be borne in mind that this study is

one in which there is no context by which conclusions can be verified,

and that in the vast majority of cases we have nothing more to go upon

than a reasonable presumption.

_Adal_, _athel_, _ethel_, "noble."

(_Hard_, fortis), Old Germ. Adalhard--Ang.-Sax. Ethelhard--Eng.

_Adlard_. (_Helm_), O.G. Adalhelm--Eng. _Adlam_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S.

Ethilheri--Eng. _Edlery_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. AEthelstan--Eng.

_Ethelston_.

_Ag_, _ac_, _ec_, "point, edge."

(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Agihard--Eng. _Haggard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.

Agiher, Egiher--Eng. _Agar_, _Eager_. (_Leof_ dear), O.N. Eylifr--Eng.

_Ayliffe_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Egiman--A.S. AEcemann--Eng. _Hayman_,

_Aikman_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Agemund--Eng. _Hammond_. (_Ward_),

O.G. Eguard--A.S. Hayward--Eng. _Hayward_.

_Agil_, _Ail_, of uncertain meaning, but perhaps formed on the previous

stem _Ag_.

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Egilger, Ailger--Eng. _Ailger_. (_Hard_, fortis),

O.G. Agilard, Ailard--Eng. _Aylard_. (_Man_), O.G. Aigliman--Eng.

_Ailman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Agilmar, Ailemar--Eng. _Aylmer_.

(_Ward_, guardian), O.G. Agilward, Ailward--Eng. _Aylward_. (_Wine_,

friend), A.S. Aegelwine--Eng. _Aylwin_.

_Alb_, _Alf_, signifying "elf."

(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Alfhard--Eng. _Alvert_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S.

AElfhere--O.G. Alfheri, Albheri--Eng. _Alvary_, _Albery_, _Aubrey_.

(_Rad_, _red_, counsel), O.G. Alberat--A.S. Alfred--Eng. _Alfred_.

(_Run_, mystery), O.G. Albrun[10]--Eng. _Auberon_.

_Ald_, signifying "old."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Aldebert--Eng. _Aldebert_. (_Hari_, warrior),

A.S. Aldheri--Eng. _Alder_, _Audrey_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. Eldecar

(Moneyer of Edmund)--Eng. _Oldacre_ (?). (_Rad_, _red_, counsel), O.G.

Aldrad--Eng. _Aldred_, _Eldred_. (_Rit_, ride), O.G. Aldarit--Eng.

_Aldritt_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Alderich, Olderich, Altrih--Eng.

_Aldrich_, _Oldridge_, _Altree_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Ealdmann--Eng.

_Altman_.

_Amal_, of uncertain meaning.

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Amalgar--Eng. _Almiger_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.

Amalhari, Amalher--Eng. _Ambler_, _Emeler_.

_Angel_, signifying "hook, barb"(?).

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Engilbert--Eng. _Engleburt_. (_Hard_, fortis),

O.G. Englehart--Eng. _Engleheart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.

Angelher--Eng. _Angler_. (_Man_), O.G. Angilman--Eng. _Angleman_.

(_Dio_, servant), O.G. Engildeo--A.S. Angeltheow--Eng. _Ingledew_.

(_Sind_, companion), O.G. Ingilsind--Eng. _Inglesent_.

_Ans_, High Germ, form of A.S. _os_, "semi-deus."

(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Ansard--Eng. _Hansard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.

Ansher--Eng. _Anser_. (_Helm_), O.G. Anshelm--Eng. _Anselme_, _Hansom_.

_Ark_, _Arch_ (see page 16).

(_Bald_, bold), Eng. _Archbold_. (_Bud_, envoy), O.G. Argebud--Eng.

_Archbutt_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Archard--Eng. _Archard_. (_Hari_,

warrior), O.G. Erchear--Archere, _Roll of Battle Abbey_--Eng. _Archer_.

(_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Archarat--Eng. _Arkwright_(?). (_Mund_,

protection), O.G. Argemund--Eng. _Argument_.

_Aud_, _Aut_, High Germ. form of A.S. _ead_, "prosperity."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Authar--Eng. _Auther_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.

Audricus--Eng. _Auterac_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Audram--Eng. _Autram_,

_Outram_.

_All_ (see page 16).

(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Alufrid--Eng. _Allfrey_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S.

Algar--Eng. _Alger_. (_Hard_, fortis), A.S. Ealhard--Eng. _Allard_.

(_Mar_, famous), O.G. Alamar--Eng. _Almar_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S.

Ealmund--O.G. Alamunt--Eng. _Almond_, _Alment_. (_Noth_, bold), A.S.

AElnoth--Eng. _Allnut_. (_Ward_), O.G. Aloard--A.S. Alwerd--Eng.

_Allward_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Aluid--Eng. _Allwood_. (_Wig_, _wi_,

war), A.S. Alewih--Eng. _Allaway_.[11] (_Wine_, friend), O.G.

Allowin--Eng. _Alwin_.

_Al_, _el_, probably "foreigner."

(_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Ellebod--Eng. _Albutt_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G.

Eligaud--Eng. _Allgood_, _Elgood_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Elger--Eng.

_Elgar_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Eleard--Eng. _Ellard_. (_Hari_,

warrior), O.G. Elier--Eng. _Ellery_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Alimer--Eng.

_Elmore_. (_Mund_, protection), Elmund, _Domesday_--Eng. _Element_.

(_Wine_, friend), Elwin, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Elwin_. (_Wood_), Elwod,

_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Elwood_. (_Gern_, eager), O.G. Aligern--Eng.

_Hallgreen_.

_Ad_, _at_ (Gothic, _atta_), "father."

(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Atgis--Eng. _Atkiss_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G.

Adogoto--Eng. _Addicott_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Adohar--Eng. _Adier_.

(_Mar_, famous), O.G. Adamar--Eng. _Atmore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S.

AEtheric--Eng. _Attridge_. (_Rid_, ride), O.G. Atharid--Eng. _Attride_.

(_Wulf_), A.S. Athulf--Eng. _Adolph_.

_An_, _han_ (O.H.G. _ano_), "ancestor."

(_Fred_, peace), O.G. Enfrid--Eng. _Henfrey_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G.

Anager, Eneger--Eng. _Hanger_, _Henniker_. (_Man_, vir), O.G.

Enman--Eng. _Hanman_, _Henman_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Henred--Eng.

_Hanrot_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Anawalt--Eng. _Anhault_.

_Arm_, of uncertain meaning.

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Ermgar--Eng. _Armiger_. (_Gild_, value?) O.G.

Ermegild--Eng. _Armgold_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Ermhad--Eng. _Armat_.

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Ermhar--Eng. _Armour_, _Armory_. (_Rad_,

counsel), O.G. Ermerad--Eng. _Ormerod_.

_Armin_, of uncertain meaning

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Irminger--Eng. _Irminger_, _Arminger_ (_Hari_,

warrior), O.G. Irminhar--Eng. _Arminer_.

_Arn_, _ern_ (A.S. _earn_), "eagle."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Arnheri--Eng. _Harnor_. (_Helm_), O.G.

Arnhalm--Eng. _Arnum_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Arnoald--Eng. _Arnold_.

(_Wulf_), O.G. Arnulf--Eng. _Arnulfe_.

_Ask_, _ash_, perhaps in the sense of "spear."

(_Bert_, famous), A.S. _AEscbyrht_--Eng. _Ashpart_. (_Hari_, warrior),

A.S. AEschere--Eng. _Asher_. (_Bald_, fortis), Eng. _Ashbold_. (_Man_,

vir), A.S. AEscmann--Aschmann, _Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. _Ashman_. (_Mar_,

famous), A.S. AEscmer--Eng. _Ashmore_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G.

Asquid--Ascuit, _Domesday_--Eng. _Asquith_, _Ashwith_. (_Wine_, friend),

A.S. AEscwine--Eng. _Ashwin_. (_Wulf_), O.G. Ascolf--Eng. _Ascough_.

A.S. _beado_, "war."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Bathari--Eng. _Badder_, _Bather_. (_Hard_,

fortis), A.S. Badherd--Beadheard, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Beddard_. (_Man_,

vir), Badumon, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Badman_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.

Betterich--A.S. Baedric--Eng. _Betteridge_. (_Ulf_, wolf), O.G.

Badulf--Eng. _Biddulph_.

_Bald_, "fortis."

(_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Baldhere--Eng. _Balder_, _Boldery_. (_Ric_,

rule), O.G. Baldric, Baldrih--Eng. _Baldridge_, _Baldry_. (_Wine_,

friend), A.S. Baldwine--Eng. _Baldwin_.

A.S. _band_, _bend_, "crown, chaplet."

(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Pantard--Eng. _Pindard_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S.

Pender--Eng. _Pender_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Bandrad--Eng. _Banderet_,

_Pendered_.

A.S. _ben_, "wound."

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Benegar--Eng. _Benger_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G.

Benegaud--Eng. _Pennycad_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Beniher--Eng.

_Benner_. (_Man_, vir), Eng. _Beneman_, A.D. 1535, _Penman_. (_Nid_,

strife), O.G. Bennid--Eng. _Bennet_.

A.S. _bera_, "bear."

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Bereger[12]--Eng. _Berger_. (_Grim_, fierce), O.G.

Peragrim--Eng. _Paragreen_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Berhard--Eng.

_Barehard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Beriher--Eng. _Berrier_. (_Helm_),

O.G. Perrhelm--Eng. _Perriam_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. Perelant--Eng.

_Purland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Berman--Eng. _Burman_, _Perman_. (_Mar_,

famous), O.G. Bermar--Eng. _Barmore_, _Paramore_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G.

Perratt--Eng. _Perrott_. (_Dio_, servant), O.G. Peradeo--Eng. _Purdue_.

(_Ward_), O.G. Beroward--Eng. _Berward_. (_Wise_, sapiens), O.G. Berois

(=Berwis)--Eng. _Barwise_.

_Berin_, _bern_, "bear."

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Beringar--Eng. _Berringer_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G.

Berinhard--Eng. _Bernard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Bernher,

Pernher--Eng. _Berner_, _Pirner_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Berneold--Eng.

_Bernold_. (_Kel_, for _Ketil_), O.N. Biornkel--Eng. _Barnacle_.

_Bil_, supposed to mean "mildness, gentleness."

(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Bilfrid--Eng. _Belfry_. (_Grim_, fierce), O.G.

Biligrim, Pilgrim--Eng. _Pilgrim_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Belemar--Eng.

_Billamore_, _Belmore_. (_Gard_, protection), O.G. Biligard--Eng.

_Billiard_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Pilimunt--Eng. _Belment_.

(_Wald_, rule), Biliald, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Billyald_.

_Bert_, "bright, illustrious."

(_Ram_, raven), O.G. Bertram--Eng. _Bertram_. (_Land_, terra), O.G.

Bertland--Eng. _Brightland_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Brihtmar--Eng.

Brightmore. (_Rand_, shield), O.G. Bertrand--Eng. _Bertrand_. (_Ric_,

rule), O.G. Perhtric--A.S. Brihtric--Partriche, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng.

_Partrick_, _Partridge_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Brihtwine--Eng.

_Brightwine_.

_Black_, _blake_, signifying "brightness."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Blicher--Eng. _Blacker_, _Blaker_. (_Man_), A.S.

Blaecman (genealogy of the kings of Northumbria), Blacman (Moneyer at

Norwich)--Blaecmon, _Lib. Vit._--Blacheman, _Domesday_--Eng. _Blackman_,

_Blakeman_. (_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Blackwin_.

_Bod_, _bud_, "envoy."

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Baudochar--Eng. _Bodicker_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.

Botthar--Boterus, _Domesday_--Eng. _Butter_, _Buttery_. (_Gis_,

hostage), O.G. Boutgis, Boggis--Eng. _Boggis_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G.

Baudomir--Eng. _Bodmer_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Buttericus, Bauderich--Eng.

_Butterick_, _Buddrich_. (_Rid_, rit, "ride"), O.G. Bodirid,

Buotrit--Eng. _Botright_.

_Boll_, _bull_ (prob. M.H.G. _buole_), "friend."

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Pulgar--Eng. _Bulger_. (_Hard_), Pollardus,

Domesday--Eng. _Bullard_, _Pollard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.

Bolheri--Eng. _Buller_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Bulemaer--Eng. _Bulmer_.

_Burg_, signifying "protection."

(_Hard_), A.S. Burghard--Eng. _Burchard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.

Burghar--Eng. _Burger_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Burgoald--Eng. _Purgold_.

(_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Burgwin_.

_Ball_, _bale_, signifying "bale, woe."

(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Palfrid--Eng. _Palfrey_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G.

Ballomar, Belimar--Eng. _Balmer_, _Bellmore_.

_Coll_, signifying "helmet."

(_Brand_, sword), A.S. Colbrand--Eng. _Colbran_. (_Biorn_, bear), O.N.

Kolbiorn--Eng. _Colburn_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Colman--Eng. _Colman_.

(_Mar_, famous), A.S. Colomor--Eng. _Collamore_. (_Hard_), A.S.

Ceolheard--Eng. _Collard_.

_Cost_, _cust_, "skill, science" (Germ, _kunst_).

(_Hard_), O.G. Custard--Eng. _Custard_.

_Dag_, "day," in the sense of brightness, glory.[13]

(_Bald_, bold), O.G. Tagapald--Daegbald, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Daybell_.

(_Bern_, bear), O.G. Tagapern--Eng. _Tayburn_. (_Burg_, protection),

O.G. Tagabirg--Eng. _Tackabarry_. (_Gisil_, hostage), O.G.

Daigisil--Eng. _Daggesell_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Daiher--Dacher,

_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dagger_, _Dacker_, _Dayer_. (_Helm_), O.G.

Dachelm--Eng. _Dacombe_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Dagamund--A.S.

Daiemond--Eng. _Daymont_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Dagemar--Dagemar on

Roman pottery--Eng. _Damer_.

_Dall_, _dell_, as supposed, "illustrious."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Dalbert--Talbercht, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Talbert_.

(_Fare_, travel), O.G. Dalferi--Eng. _Telfer_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.

Dealher--Eng. _Deller_. (_Man_), O.G. Dalman--Eng. _Dalman_, _Tallman_.

(_Wig_, _wi_, war), Daliwey, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Dalloway_.

_Dan_, _den_, of uncertain meaning, perhaps, "Dane."

(_Hard_), A.S. Daeneheard--Eng. _Denhard_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G.

Thangar--Eng. _Danger_. (_Wulf_), A.S. Denewulf--Eng. _Denolf_.

_Dar_, signifying "spear."

(_Nagel_, nail), A.S. Dearnagel--Eng. _Darnell_. (_Gund_, war), O.G.

Taragun--Eng. _Darrigon_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Daroin--- Eng.

_Darwin_.

_Dear_, "carus."

(_Leof_, dear), A.S. Deorlaf--Eng. _Dearlove_. (_Man_, vir), Dereman,

_Domesday_--Eng. _Dearman_. (_Mod_, courage), A.S. Deormod--Eng.

_Dermott_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Deorwyn--Eng. _Derwin_.

Gothic, _thius_ (O.H.G. _dio_), "servant."

(_Log_, _loh_, clean?), O.G. Thioloh--Eng. _Dialogue_. (_Mad_,

reverence), O.G. Deomad--Eng. _Demaid_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Dioman--Eng.

_Demon_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Thiomunt--Eng. _Diamond_.

Old North. _dolgr_, "foe."

(_Fin_, people's name), O.N. Dolgfinnr--Eng. _Dolphin_. (_Man_, vir),

A.S. Dolemann--Eng. _Dolman_.

A.S. _dom_ (O.H.G. _tuom_), "judgment."

(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Domigis, Tomichis--Eng. _Tomkies_. (_Hard_,

fortis), O.G. Domard--Eng. _Dummert_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.

Domarius--Domheri, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dummer_.

A.S. _dugan_, to be "doughty."

(_Man_, vir), O.G. Dugiman, Tugeman--A.S. Ducemann--Eng. _Tugman_,

_Duckman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Daumerus--Eng. _Dugmore_. Probably from

the noun, _duguth_, virtue, A.S. Dogod--Eng. _Doggett_, _Dugood_.

_Erl_, supposed same as "earl."

(_Bad_, war), O.G. Erlebad--Eng. _Hurlbat_ (_Bert_, famous), O.G.

Erlebert--Eng. _Hurlburt_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Erleher--Eng.

_Hurler_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Erliwin, A.S. Herlawine--Eng. _Urlwin_.

_Evor_, "boar."

(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Everhard--Eng. _Everard_, _Earheart_. (_Rad_,

counsel), O.G. Eburrad--Eng. _Evered_, _Everett_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.

Eburicus--Eng. _Every_. (_Wacar_, watchful), O.G. Eburacar--Eureuuacre,

_Domesday_--Eng. _Earwaker_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Eberwic--A.S.

Earwig--Eng. _Earwig_.

Anglo-Saxon _ead_, "prosperity."

(_Burg_, protection), A.S. Eadburh--Eng. _Edbrook_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S.

Eadgar--Eng. _Edgar_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Eadmund--Eng. _Edmond_.

(_Ric_, rule), A.S. Eadric--Eng. _Edridge_. (_Ward_), A.S.

Eadweard--Eng. _Edward_. (_Wig_, war), A.S. Eadwig--Eng. _Edwick_.

(_Wulf_), A.S. Eadwulf--Eng. _Edolph_. (_Wacar_, watchful), O.G.

Odoacer--A.S. Edwaker--Eng. _Eddiker_?

_Far_, _fare_, signifying "travel."

(_And_, life, spirit), O.G. Ferrand, Eng. _Ferrand_. (_Gaud_, Goth),

O.G. Faregaud--Eng. _Farragut_, _Forget_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.

Feriher--Eng. _Ferrier_. (_Man_), O.G. Faraman--Fareman, _Hund.

Rolls_--Eng. _Fairman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Faramund--Eng.

_Farrimond_. (_Ward_), O.G. Faroard--Eng. _Forward_.

_Fard_, also signifying "travel."

(_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Forthere--Eng. _Forder_. (_Man_), O.G.

Fartman--Eng. _Fortyman_. (_Nand_, daring), O.G. Ferdinand--Eng.

_Ferdinand_. (_Rad_, counsel), Forthred, _Lib. Vit._,--Eng. _Fordred_.

_Fil_, _ful_, signifying "great."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Filibert--Eng. _Filbert_. (_Gar_, spear),--Eng.

_Fullagar_. (_Leof_, dear), O.G. Filuliub--Eng. _Fullalove_. (_Man_),

O.G. Filiman--Eng. _Fileman_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Fealamar, O.G.

Filomor--Eng. _Fillmer_, _Phillimore_. (_Dio_, _thius_, servant), O.G.

Filethius--Eng. _Filldew_.

_Frid_, _free_,[14] signifying "peace."

(_Bad_, war), O.G. Fridibad--Eng. _Freebout_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G.

Fridubern--Friebern _Domesday_--Eng. _Freeborn_. (_Bod_. envoy), O.G.

Frithubodo--Eng. _Freebody_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Fridulind--Frelond

_Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. _Freeland_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Frithuric--Eng.

_Frederick_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. Frithestan--Eng. _Freestone_.

_Fin_, supposed from "the nation."

(_Bog_, bow), Old Norse, Finbogi--Eng. _Finbow_. (_Gar_, spear), Old

Norse, Finngeir--Eng. _Finger_.

_Gad_, of uncertain meaning, perhaps "friend."

(_Man_, vir), A.S. Caedmon--Eng. _Cadman_. (_Leof_, dear),--Eng.

_Gatliffe_.

_Gal_, signifying "spirit, cheerfulness."

(_And_, life, spirit), Galaunt, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Galland_,

_Gallant_. (_Frid_, peace), A.S. Galfrid, Gaufrid--Eng. _Geoffry_.

(_Hard_), Gallard _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Gallard_. (_Wig_, war), O.G.

Geilwih--Galaway, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Galloway_.

_Gand_, signifying "wolf."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Ganthar--A.S. Gandar--Eng. _Gander_, _Ganter_.

(_Ric_, rule), O.G. Gendirih, Cantrih--Eng. _Gentery_, _Gentry_,

_Chantrey_.

_Gar_, signifying "spear."

(_Bad_, war), O.G. Kerpat--Eng. _Garbett_. (_Bald_), O.G. Garibald,

Kerbald--Eng. _Gorbold_, _Corbould_. (_Brand_, sword), O.G.

Gerbrand--Eng. _Garbrand_. (_Brun_, bright), O.G. Gerbrun--Eng.

_Gorebrown_. (_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Gaerbod--Gerbode _Lib. Vit._--Eng.

_Garbutt_. (_Hard_), O.G. Garehard--Eng. Garrard. (Hari, warrior), O.G.

Garoheri, Caroheri--Eng. _Carary_, _Carrier_. (_Lac_, play), O.G.

Gerlac--Eng. _Garlick_. (_Man_), O.G. Garaman--A.S. Jaruman--Eng.

_Garman_, _Jarman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Garimund--Eng. _Garment_.

(_Noth_, bold), O.G. Garnot--Eng. _Garnett_. (_Rod_, red), O.G.

Kaerrod--Old Norse, Geirraudr Eng. _Garrod_. (_Laif_, relic), O.G.

Gerlef--Eng. _Gerloff_. (_Ferhth_, life, spirit), Gerferth, _Lib.

Vit._--Eng. _Garforth_. (_Stan_, stone), O.G. Kerstin--Eng. _Garstin_.

(_Wald_, power), O.G. Garold--Eng. _Garrold_. (_Was_, keen), O.G.

Gervas--Eng. _Jervis_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Gervid--Eng. _Garwood_.

(_Wig_, war), O.G. Garavig, Gerwi--Eng. _Garroway_, _Garvey_. (_Wine_,

friend), O.G. Gerwin, Caroin--Eng. _Curwen_?[15] (_Van_, beauty), O.G.

Geravan--Eng. _Caravan_.

_Gan_, _gen_, supposed to mean "magic, sorcery."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gimbert--Eng. _Gimbert_. (_Had_, war), O.G.

Genad--Eng. _Gennett_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Genear, Ginheri--Eng.

_Genner_, _Jennery_. (_Rid_, ride), O.G. Generid--Eng. _Jeannerett_.

_Gab_, _Geb_, Eng. "give."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gibert--Eng. _Gippert_. (_Hard_), O.G. Gebahard,

Givard--Eng. _Giffard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gebaheri--Eng.

_Gaffery_.

_Gart_, _cart_, signifying "protection."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gardar, Karthar--Eng. _Garter_, _Carder_.

(_Dio_, servant), O.G. Cartdiuha--Eng. _Carthew_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S.

Gyrdhricg--Eng. _Cartridge_.

_Gald_, _gold_, "reddere, valere."

(_Birin_, bear), O.G. Goldpirin--Eng. _Goldbourne_. (_Red_, counsel),

O.G. Goltered--Eng. _Coulthred_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Goldericus--Eng.

_Goldrick_. (_Run_, mystery), O.G. Goldrun, Coldrun--Coldrun _Lib.

Vit._--Eng _Calderon_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Gildewin--Eng. _Goldwin_.

_Geld_, _gild_, probably same as above.

(_Hard_), O.G. Gildard--Eng. _Gildert_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.

Gelther--Eng. _Gilder_. (_Wig_, _wi_, war), O.G. Geltwi--Eng.

_Gildawie_.

_Gisal_, _gil_, "hostage."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gisalbert, Gilbert--Eng. _Gilbert_. (_Brand_,

sword), O.G. Gislebrand--Eng. _Gillibrand_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G.

Gisalfred--Eng. _Gillford_. (_Hard_), O.G. Giselhard--Eng. _Gillard_.

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gisalhar--- A.S. Gislher--Eng. _Giller_,

_Killer_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Gislehad--Eng. _Gillett_. (_Helm_), O.G.

Gisalhelm--Eng. _Gilliam_. (_Man_), O.G. Gisleman--Eng. _Gillman_,

_Killman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Gisalmer--Eng. _Gilmore_.

_God_, supposed to mean "Deus."[16]

(_Bald_), O.G. Godebald--Godebaldus, _Domesday_--Eng. _Godbold_,

_Godbolt_, _Cobbold_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Godafrid--Eng. _Godfrey_.

(_Gisil_, hostage), O.G. Godigisil--Eng. Godsell. (Heid, state, "hood"),

O.G. Gotaheid--Eng. _Godhead_. (_Hard_), O.G. Godehard--Eng. _Goddard_,

_Goodheart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Godehar--Eng. _Goddier_,

_Goodyear_. (_Laif_, relic), O.G. Godolef--Eng. _Goodliffe_. (_Lac_,

play), O.G. Godolec--Eng. _Goodlake_. (_Land_), O.G. Godoland--Godland

_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Goodland_. (_Man_), O.G. Godeman--Godeman _Lib.

Vit._--Eng. _Godman_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Godemund--Eng.

_Godmund_. (_Niu_, young), O.G. Godeniu--Eng. _Goodnow_. (_Ram_, raven),

O.G. Godramnus--Eng. _Goodram_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Gotrat--Eng.

_Goodred_. (_Rit_, ride), O.G. Guderit--Godritius _Domesday_--Eng.

_Goodwright_. (_Ric_, rule), Godricus _Domesday_--Eng. _Godrick_.

(_Scalc_, servant), O.G. Godscalc--Eng. _Godskall_. (_Ward_), O.G.

Godeward--Eng. _Godward_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Godwine--Eng. _Godwin_.

_Goz_, _Gos_, supposed High Germ. form of _gaud_=Goth.

(_Bald_), O.G. Gauzebald--Eng. _Gosbell_. (_Hard_), O.G. Gozhart,

Cozhart--Eng. _Gozzard_, _Cossart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gauzer,

Cozhere--Eng. _Gozar_, _Cosier_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Gauzlind--Eng.

_Gosland_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Gozmar--Eng. _Gosmer_. (_Wald_, power),

O.G. Gausoald--Eng. _Goswold_.

_Grim_, "fierce, terrible."

(_Bald_), O.G. Grimbald--Eng. _Grimbald_, _Grimble_. (_Hari_, warrior),

O.G. Grimhar--Eng. _Grimmer_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Grimund--Eng.

_Grimmond_. (_Hard_), O.G. Grimhard--Eng. _Grimerd_.

_Gund_, _gun_, signifying "war."

(_Bald_), O.G. Gundobald, Gumbald--Eng. _Gumboil_. (_Hari_, warrior),

O.G. Gunther, Cundher--Eng. _Gunter_, _Conder_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.

Gunderih--Eng. _Gundry_. (_Stan_, stone), Old Norse, Gunstein--Eng.

_Gunston_.

_Hun_, probably from "the people."

(_Bald_), O.G. Hunibald--Eng. _Hunibal_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Hunfrid,

Humfrid--Eng. _Humphrey_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hunger--Eng. _Hunger_.

(_Hard_), O.G. Hunard--Eng. _Hunnard_. (_Man_), Huniman _Hund.

Rolls_--Eng. _Honeyman_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Hunewald--Hunewald, _Lib.

Vit._--Eng. _Hunhold_.

_Had_, _hath_, signifying "war."

(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Hadegis--Eng. _Hadkiss_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G.

Hadamar--Eng. _Hattemore_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Hadarat--Eng.

_Hadrott_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Hadaricus--Eng. _Hattrick_. (_Wig_, war),

O.G. Hathuwi--Eng. _Hathaway_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Hadawin--Eng.

_Hadwen_.

_Hard_, _hart_, "strong, hardy."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Hardier--Eng. _Harder_. (_Land_, terra), O.G.

Artaland--Eng. _Hardland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hartman--Eng. _Hardman_.

(_Mund_, protection), O.G. Hartomund--Eng. _Hardiment_. (_Nagel_, nail),

O.G. Hartnagel--Eng. _Hartnoll_. (_Nid_, strife), O.G. Hartnit--Eng.

_Hartnott_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Hartrat--Eng. _Hartwright_. (_Ric_,

rule), O.G. Harderich, Hertrih--Eng. _Hartridge_, _Hartry_. (_Wulf_),

O.G. Hardulf--Eng. _Hardoff_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Hardwic--Eng.

_Hardwick_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Hardwin--Eng. _Ardouin_.

_Har_, _her_, "army" or "soldier."[17]

(_Bad_, war), O.G. Heripato--Eng. _Herepath_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G.

Hariberaht--A.S. Herebritt--Eng. _Harbert_, _Herbert_. (_Bord_, shield),

O.G. Heribord--Eng. _Harboard_. (_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Heribod--Eng.

_Harbud_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hariker--A.S. Hereger--Eng. _Harker_.

(_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Haregaud--Eng. _Hargood_. (_Land_, terra), O.G.

Hariland--Eng. _Harland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hariman--Eng. _Harryman_,

_Harman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Harmar--Eng. _Harmer_. (_Mund_,

protection), O.G. Herimund--Eng. _Harmond_. (_Sand_, envoy), O.G.

Hersand--Eng. _Hersant_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S. Harald--Eng. _Harold_.

(_Ward_), A.S. Hereward--Eng. _Harward_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Erwid--Eng.

_Harwood_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Herewig, Hairiveo--Eng. _Harvey_. (_Wine_,

friend), O.G. Harwin--A.S. Herewine--Eng. _Harwin_.

_Hild_, _hil_, "war."

(_Brand_, sword), O.G. Hildebrand--Eng. _Hildebrand_. (_Gard_,

protection), O.G. Hildegard--Eng. _Hildyard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.

Hildier--Eng. _Hilder_, _Hillyer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hildeman--Eng.

_Hillman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Hildemar--Eng. _Hilmer_. (_Rad_,

counsel), O.G. Hildirad--Eng. _Hildreth_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.

Hilderic--Eng. _Hilridge_.

_Ing_, _ink_, "son, descendant."

(_Bald_), O.G. Ingobald, Incbald--Eng. _Inchbald_. (_Bert_, famous),

O.G. Ingobert--Eng. _Inchboard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Inguheri--Eng.

_Ingrey_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Ingram--Eng. _Ingram_. (_Wald_, power),

O.G. Ingold--Eng. _Ingold_.

_Ise_, signifying "iron."

(_Burg_, protection), O.G. Hisburg--Eng. _Isburg_. (_Man_), O.G.

Isman--A.S. Hysemann--Eng. _Heasman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Ismar--Eng.

_Ismer_. (_Odd_, dart), Old Norse, Isodd--Eng. _Izod_.

_Isen_, signifying "iron."

(_Hard_), O.G. Isanhard--Eng. _Isnard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.

Isanhar--Eng. _Isner_.

_Ken_, _kin_, "nobility."

(_Hard_), A.S. Cyneheard--Eng. _Kennard_, _Kinnaird_. (_Laf_, relic),

A.S. Cynlaf--Eng. _Cunliffe_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Cynemund--Eng.

_Kinmonth_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Cynric--Eng. _Kenrick_. (_Ward_), A.S.

Cyneweard--Eng. _Kenward_. (_Wig_, war), Kenewi, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng.

_Kennaway_.

_Land_, "terra."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Landbert, Lambert--Eng. _Lambert_. (_Burg_,

protection), O.G. Landburg--Eng. _Lambrook_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G.

Landfrid--Lanfrei _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Landfear_, _Lanfear_, _Lamprey_.

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Landar--Eng. _Lander_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.

Landerich--Landric _Domesday_--Eng. _Landridge_, _Laundry_. (_Wig_,

war), O.G. Lantwih--Eng. _Lanaway_. (_War_, defence), O.G. Landoar--Eng.

_Lanwer_. (_Ward_), O.G. _Landward_--Eng. _Landlord?_

_Laith_, _let_, "terrible."

(_Hara_), O.G. Lethard--Eng. _Leathart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.

Lethar--Eng. _Leather_. (_Ward_), O.G. Lethward--Eng. _Lateward_.

_Led_, _lud_, "people."

(_Burg_, protection), O.G. Luitburc--Eng. _Ludbrook_. (_Gar_, spear),

O.G. Leodegar--Eng. _Ledger_. (_Gard_), O.G. Liudgard--A.S.

Lidgeard--Eng. _Ledgard_. (_Goz_. Goth), O.G. Luitgoz, Luikoz--Lucas

_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Lucas_. (_Hard_), O.G. Luidhard--Eng. _Liddard_.

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Liuthari--A.S. Luder--Eng. _Luther_. (_Man_),

O.G. Liudman--A.S. Ludmann--Eng. _Lutman_. (_Ward_), O.G. Liudward--Eng.

_Ledward_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Liudwig--Eng. _Lutwidge_.

Anglo-Saxon _leof_, "dear."

(_Dag_, day), O.G. Leopdag--Luiedai, _Domesday_--Eng. _Loveday_.

(_Hard_), O.G. Luibhard, Leopard--A.S. Lipperd--Eng. _Leopard_. (_Hari_,

warrior), O.G. Liubheri, Libher--A.S. Leofer--Eng. _Lover_. (_Lind_,

gentle), O.G. Liublind--Eng. _Loveland_. (_Man_), O.G. Liubman--A.S.

Leofmann--Eng. _Loveman_.[18] (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Liubmar--Eng.

_Livemore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Leofric--Eng. _Loveridge_. (_Drud_,

friend), O.G. Lipdrud--Eng. _Liptrot_.[19] (_Gaud_, _goz_, Goth), O.G.

Liobgoz--Eng. _Lovegod_, _Lovegood_.

_Mal_, signifying to "maul."

(_Hard_), O.G. Mallard--Maularde, _Roll. Batt. Abb._--Eng. _Mallard_.

(_Ric_, rule), O.G. Malarich--Eng. _Mallory_. (_Thius_, servant), O.G.

Malutheus--Eng. _Malthus_. (_Wulf_), O.G. Malulf--Eng. _Maliff_.

_Man_, as the type of "manliness."

(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Manfrit--Eng. _Manfred_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G.

Mangar--Eng. _Manger_. (_Leof_, dear), A.S. Manlef--Eng. _Manlove_.

(_Gald_, value), O.G. Managold--Eng. _Manigault_.

_Mar_, signifying "famous."

(_Gaud_, Goth), Merigeat _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Margot_. (_Gild_, value),

O.G. Margildus--Eng. _Marigold_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Merovecus,

Maroveus--Eng. _Marwick_, _Marvey_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G.

Maruin--Mervinus _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Marvin_.

_Mag_, _may_, Goth. _magan_, "valere."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Magher--Eng. _Mager_, _Mayer_. (_Had_, war),

O.G. Magodius--Magot _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Maggot_. (_Ron_, raven), O.G.

Megiran--Eng. _Megrin_.

_Main_, also signifying "strength, vigour."

(_Hard_), O.G. Mainard--Eng. _Maynard_.

_Mad_, _med_, Anglo-Saxon _math_, "reverence."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Mather--Eng. _Mather_. (_Helm_), O.G.

Madelm--Eng. _Madam_. (_Lac_, play), O.G. Mathlec--Eng. _Medlock_.

(_Land_), O.G. Madoland--Eng. _Medland_. (_Man_), O.G. Medeman--Eng.

_Maidman_, _Meddiman_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Meduald--Eng. _Methold_.

(_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Medwin_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Medoveus--Eng.

_Meadway_.

_Madel_, _medal_, "discourse, eloquence."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Madalhar--Eng. _Medlar_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G.

Madalgaud--Eng. _Medlicott_.

_Mil_, _mel_, of uncertain meaning.

(_Dio_, servant), O.G. Mildeo--Eng. _Mellodew_, _Melody_, _Melloday_.

(_Hard_), O.G. Milehard--Eng. _Millard_.

_Mald_, Anglo-Saxon _meald_, "strife, friction."

(_Wid_, wood), O.G. Maldvit--Maldwith, _Domesday_--Eng. _Maltwood_.

Ang.-Sax. _mod_. O.H.G. _mot_, "courage."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Muatheri, Modar--Eng. _Mutrie_, _Moder_. (_Ram_,

_ran_, raven), O.G. Moderannus--Eng. _Mottram_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.

Moderich--Eng. _Mudridge_.

_Mark_, of uncertain meaning.

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Marcher--A.S. Marker--Eng. _Marcher_, _Marker_.

(_Leif_, relic), O.G. Marcleif--Eng. _Marklove_. (_Wig_, war), O.G.

Marcovicus--Eng. _Markwick_.

Old North. _as_, Ang.-Sax. _os_, "semi-deus."

(_Beorn_, bear), A.S. Osbeorn--Eng. _Osborn_. (_Got_, goth), A.S.

Osgot--Eng. _Osgood_. (_Lac_, play), A.S. Oslac--O.N. Asleikr--Eng.

_Aslock_, _Hasluck_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Asman, Osman--Asseman _Hund.

Rolls_--Eng. _Asman_, _Osman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Osmer--Osmer,

_Domesday_--Eng. _Osmer_. (_Ketil_), O.N. Asketil--Eng. _Ashkettle_.

(_Mund_, protection), A.S. Osmond--Eng. _Osmond_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S.

Oswald--Eng. _Oswald_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Oswin--Eng. _Oswin_.

_Rad_, _red_, signifying "counsel."

(_Brand_, sword), O.G. Redbrand--Eng. _Redband_. (_Geil_, elatus), O.G.

Ratgeil--Eng. _Redgill_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Rathere, Rateri--Eng.

_Rather_, _Rattray_. (_Helm_), O.G. Rathelm--Eng. _Rattham_. (_Leif_,

relic), O.G. Ratleib--Eng. _Ratliffe_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Redman--Eng.

_Redman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Radmar, Redmer--Eng. _Radmore_,

_Redmore_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Redemund--Eng. _Redmond_. (_War_,

defence), O.G. Ratwar--Eng. _Redwar_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Redwi--Eng.

_Reddaway_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Redwin--Eng. _Readwin_. (_Bald_,

fortis), O.G. Ratbold--Eng. _Rathbold_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G. Ratborn,

Ratbon--Eng. _Rathbone_.

_Rag_, _ray_, signifying "counsel."

(_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Ragibald--Eng. _Raybauld_, _Raybolt_. (_Hari_,

warrior), O.G. Racheri--Eng. _Rarey_ (=Ragheri). (_Helm_), O.G.

Rachelm--Eng. _Rackham_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Raimond--Eng.

_Raymond_, _Rayment_. (_Ulf_, wolf), A.S. Rahulf--Raaulf, _Lib.

Vit._--Eng. _Ralph_.

_Ragin_, _rain_, same as above.

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Raginbert, Reinbert--Eng. _Rainbird_. (_Bald_,

fortis), O.G. Raginbald--Eng. _Raynbold_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G.

Rainfred--Eng. _Rainford_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Raingar, Reginker--Eng.

_Ranger_, _Ranacre_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Regnard, Rainhard--Eng.

_Regnard_, _Reynard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Reginhar--A.S.

Reiner--Eng. _Reyner_. (_Helm_), O.G. Rainelm--Eng. _Raynham_, (_Wald_,

rule), O.G. Reginold--A.S. Reinald--Eng. _Reynolds_.

_Ric_, _rich_, signifying "rule."

(_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Richbold--Eng. _Richbell_. (_Gard_, protection),

O.G. Richgard--Eng. _Ridgyard_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Ricohard--Eng.

_Riccard_, _Richard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Richer--Richerus,

_Domesday_--Eng. _Richer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Ricman--Eng. _Rickman_,

_Richman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Richmund--Eng. _Richmond_.

(_Wald_, rule), O.G. Ricoald--Eng. _Richold_. (_Wig_, war), O.G.

Ricwi--Eng. _Ridgway_.

_Ring_, perhaps signifying "armour."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Rincar--Eng. _Ringer_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S.

Hringwold--Eng. _Ringold_.

_Rod_, signifying "glory."

(_Bero_, bear), O.G. Hruadbero--Eng. _Rodber_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G.

Roudbirn--Eng. _Rodbourn_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Hrodebert--Eng.

_Robert_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hrodgar--Eng. _Rodger_. (_Gard_,

protection), O.G. Hrodgard--Eng. _Rodgard_, _Rodyard_. (_Hari_,

warrior), O.G. Hrodhari, Rotheri, Rudher--Eng. _Rothery_, _Rudder_.

(_Land_), O.G. Rodland--Eng. _Rolland_. (_Leik_, play), O.G.

Rutleich--Eng. _Rutledge_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Rothram--Eng.

_Rotheram_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hrodman--Eng. _Rodman_, _Roman_. (_Niw_,

young), O.G. Hrodni--Eng. _Rodney_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Hrodric--Eng.

_Rodrick_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Hrodwig--Eng. _Rudwick_. (_Ulf_, wolf),

O.G. Hrodulf--Roolf, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Rolfe_.

_Ros_, perhaps signifying "horse."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Rospert--Eng. _Rosbert_. (_Kel_, contraction of

Ketel),[20] Old Norse Hroskel--Eng. _Roskell_.

_Rum_, O.H.G. hruam, "glory."

(_Bald_, bold), A.S. Rumbold--Eng. _Rumbold_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.

Rumhar--Eng. _Rummer_.

_Sal_, perhaps meaning "dark."[21]

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Salaher--Eng. _Sellar_. (_Man_, vir), O.G.

Salaman--Eng. _Salmon_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Selwich--Eng. _Salloway_.

_Sar_, signifying "armour" or anything used for defence.

(_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Sarabot--Eng. _Serbutt_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G.

Saregaud--Eng. _Sargood_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Saraman--Eng. _Sermon_.

(_Had_, war), O.G. Sarratt--Eng. _Sarratt_.

_Sig_, signifying "victory."

(_Bald_, bold), A.S. Sigebald--Eng. _Sibbald_. (_Bert_, famous), A.S.

Sigiberht, Sibriht--Eng. _Sibert_. (_Fred_, peace), A.S. Sigefred--Eng.

_Seyfried_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. Siggaer--Eng. _Segar_. (_Man_), O.G.

Sigeman--Eng. _Sickman_. (_Suff._, _Surn._). (_Mar_, famous), O.G.

Sigimar, Sicumar--A.S. Simaer, Secmaer--Eng. _Seymore_, _Sycamore_.

(_Mund_, protection), O.G. Sigimund--Eng. _Simmond_. (_Wig_, war), O.G.

Sigiwic--Eng. _Sedgewick_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Sigiwin--Seguin, _Roll

Batt. Abb._--Eng. _Seguin_.

_Sea_, "mare."

(_Bera_, bear), Sebar, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Seaber_. (_Bern_, bear), Old

Norse Saebiorn--Sberne, _Domesday_--Eng. _Seaborn_. (_Bert_, famous),

A.S. Saeberht--Eng. _Seabright_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G. Seburg,

Seopurc--Seaburch _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Seabrook_, _Seabury_. (_Rit_,

ride), O.G. Seuerit--Eng. _Searight_, _Sievewright_. (_Wald_, rule),

O.G. Sewald--Eng. _Seawall_. (_Ward_), O.G. Saeward--Eng. _Seaward_,

_Seward_. (_Fugel_, fowl), A.S. Saefugl--Eng. _Sefowl_.

_Stain_, "stone," in the sense of firmness or hardness.

(_Biorn_, bear), O.N. Steinbioern--Eng. _Stainburn_. (_Burg_,

protection), O.G. Stemburg--Eng. _Steamburg_. (_Hard_), O.G.

Stainhard--Stannard _Domesday_--Eng. _Stonard_, _Stoneheart_. (_Hari_,

warrior), O.N. Steinhar--Eng. _Stainer_, _Stoner_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G.

Stainold--Eng. _Stonhold_, and perhaps _Sternhold_ as a corruption.

_Tank_, perhaps "thought."

(_Hard_), O.G. Tanchard--Eng. _Tankard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.

Thancheri--Eng. _Tankeray_, _Thackeray_ (Scandinavian form). (_Rad_,

counsel), O.G. Tancrad--Eng. _Tancred_.

_Tad_, supposed "father."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Tether--Eng. _Tedder_, _Teather_. (_Man_, vir),

A.S. Tatmonn--Eng. _Tadman_.[22] (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Daduin--Eng.

_Tatwin_.

_Thor_, supposed from the name of the god, a stem specially Danish.

(_Biorn_, bear), O.N. Thorbiorn--Thurbern _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thorburn_.

(_Gaut_, Goth), O.N. Thorgautr--Turgod _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thurgood_,

_Thoroughgood_. (_Geir_, spear), O.N. Thorgeir--Eng. _Thorgur_. (_Fin_,

nation), O.N. Thorfinnr--Thurfin _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Turpin_. (_Mod_,

courage), O.N. Thormodr--Eng. _Thurmot_. (_Stein_, stone), O.N.

Thorsteinn--Turstin _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thurstan_. (_Wald_, rule), O.N.

Thorvaldr--Eng. _Thorold_. (_Vid_, wood), O.N. Thorvidr--Eng.

_Thorowood_. (_Ketil_[23]) O.N. Thorketil--Eng. _Thirkettle_. (_Kel_,

contraction of _ketel_), O.N. Thorkel--Turkillus _Lib. Vit._--Eng.

_Thurkle_. (Hence is borrowed as supposed the Gaelic Torquil.)

Ang.-Sax. _theod_, "people."

(_Bald_, fortis), A.S. Theodbald--Tidbald _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Theobald_,

_Tidball_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Theodahar, Tudhari--A.S.

Theodhere--Eng. _Theodore_, _Tudor_. (_Ran_, raven), O.G. Teutran--Eng.

_Teuthorn_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Tiadman--Eng. _Tidman_. (_Mar_, famous),

O.G. Thiudemer--A.S. Dydemer--Eng. _Tidemore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S.

Theodric--Eng. _Todrig_, _Doddridge_.

_Wad_, _Wat_, "to go," in the sense of activity?

(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Watgis--Eng. _Watkiss_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G.

Waddegar--Eng. _Waddicar_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Vadomar--Eng.

_Wadmore_. (_New_, young), O.G. Wattnj--Eng. _Watney_.

_Wald_, signifying "power" or "rule."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Waldhar--A.S. Wealdhere--Eng. _Walter_. (_Man_)

O.G. Waldman--Eng. _Waldman_. (_Ran_, raven), O.G.

Walderannus--Walteranus _Domesday_--Eng. _Waldron_.

_Wal_, "stranger" or "foreigner."

(_And_, life, spirit), O.G. Waland--Eng. _Waland_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G.

Walahfrid--Eng. _Wallfree_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Walaheri,

Walher--Eng. _Wallower_, _Waller_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wallod--Eng.

_Wallet_. (_Raven_), Gothic Valerauan--Walrafan _Lib. Vit._--Eng.

_Wallraven_ (_Suffolk Surnames_). (_Rand_, shield), O.G.

Walerand--Walerandus _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Walrond_.

_War_, perhaps signifying "defence."[24]

(_Bald_, bold), O.G. Warbalt--Eng. _Warbolt_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G.

Warburg--Eng. _Warbrick_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Weriger--Eng. _Warraker_.

(_Goz_, Goth), O.G. Werigoz--Eng. _Vergoose_ (_Suffolk Surnames_).

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Warher--Eng. _Warrior_. (_Laik_, play), O.G.

Warlaicus--Warloc _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Warlock_. (_Man_), O.G.

Warman--A.S. Wearman--Eng. _Warman_. (_Mar_, famous). O.G. Werimar--Eng.

_Warmer_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Waralind--Eng. _Warland_.

_Wern_, in the sense of "nationality."

(_Burg_, protection), O.G. Warinburg--Eng. _Warrenbury_. (_Frid_,

peace), O.G. Warnefrid--Eng. _Warneford_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.

Warenher, Warner--Eng. _Warrener_, _Warner_. (_Had_, war), O.G.

Warnad--Eng. _Warnett_.

_Wag_, _way_, to "wave, brandish."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Wagher--Eng. _Wager_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G.

Wagpraht--Eng. _Weybret_.

_Wid_, _wit_, of uncertain meaning.[25]

(_Brord_, sword), A.S. Wihtbrord, Wihtbrod--Witbred _Hund. Rolls_--Eng.

_Whitbread_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Witker--A.S. Wihtgar--Eng.

_Whittaker_, _Whitecar_. (_Hard_), O.G. Witart--Eng. _Whitehart_.

(_Ron_, raven), O.G. Widrannus--Eng. _Witheron_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.

Withar, Wither _Domesday_--Eng. _Wither_, _Whiter_. (_Ring_, armour),

O.G. Witering--Eng. _Wittering_. (_Lag_, law), A.S. Wihtlaeg,--Eng.

_Whitelegg_, _Whitlaw_. (_Laic_, play), O.G. Widolaic,--A.S.

Wihtlac--Eng. _Wedlake_, _Wedlock_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Wideman,

Witman--Eng. _Wideman_, _Whiteman_. (_Mar_, famous), Goth.

Widiomar--Uitmer _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Whitmore_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G.

Widerad, Witerat--A.S. Wihtraed--Eng. _Withered_, _Whitethread_,

_Whiterod_. (_Ric_, rule), Goth. Witirich--A.S. Wihtric--Eng.

_Witherick_, _Whitridge_.

_Will_, in the sense of "resolution"?

(_Bern_, bear), O.G. Wilbernus--Eng. _Wilbourn_. (_Gom_, man), O.G.

Willicomo--Uilcomae _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wilcomb_, _Welcome_. (_Frid_,

peace), A.S. Wilfrid--Eng. _Wilford_. (_Gis_, hostage), A.S.

Wilgis--Eng. _Willgoss_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Willard--A.S.

Willeard--Eng. _Willard_. (_Heit_, state, "hood") O.G. Williheit--Eng.

_Willett_. (_Helm_), A.S. Wilhelm--Eng. _Williams_. (_Mar_, famous),

O.G. Willemar--Eng. _Willmore_. (_Mot_, courage), O.G. Willimot--Eng.

_Willmot_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Wilmund--Uilmund, _Lib.

Vit._--Eng. _Willament_.

_Wind_, _Wend_, supposed "from the people."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Winidhar--Eng. _Winder_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G.

Winidram--Eng. _Windram_. (_Rad_, counsel)--Eng. _Windred_.

_Wine_, "friend."

(_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Winebald--Eng. _Winbolt_. (_Cof_, strenuous),

A.S. Wincuf--Eng. _Wincup_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Winegaud--Eng.

_Wingood_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Wineger, Vinegar--A.S. Winagar--Eng.

_Winegar_, _Vinegar_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Wyner--Eng. _Winer_.

(_Laic_, play), O.G. Winleich--Uinlac _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Winlock_.

(_Man_, vir), O.G. Winiman--A.S. Winemen--Eng. _Wineman_, _Winmen_.

(_Stan_, stone), A.S. Wynstan--Eng. _Winston_.

_Wig_, _Wick_, "war."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Wigbert, Wibert--Eng. _Vibert_. (_Burg_,

protection), O.G. Wigburg--Wiburch _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wyberg_, _Wybrow_.

(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Wighard, Wiart--A.S. Wigheard--Uigheard _Lib.

Vit._--Eng. _Wyard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Wigheri, Wiccar,

Wiher--Uigheri _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wicker_, _Vicary_, _Wire_. (_Helm_),

A.S. Wighelm--Uighelm _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Whigam_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G.

Wigram--Eng. _Wigram_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Wigmar, Wimar--Wimar _Lib.

Vit._--Eng. _Wymer_.[26] (_Gern_, eager), O.G. Wicchern--A.S.

Weogern--Eng. _Waghorn_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wicod, Wihad--A.S.

Wigod--Eng. _Wiggett_, _Wichett_, _Wyatt_. (_Man_, vir), O.G.

Wigman--Eng. _Wigman_, _Wyman_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Wigirich--Eng.

_Vickridge_.

Ang.-Sax. _wulf_, "wolf."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Wolfbert--Eng. _Woolbert_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S.

Wulfgar--Eng. _Woolgar_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Wulfegaud--A.S.

Wulfgeat--Eng. _Woolcot_. (_Hard_, fortis), A.S. Wulfheard--Eng.

_Woollard_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wolfhad--Eng. _Woollat_. (_Helm_), A.S.

Wulfhelm--Eng. _Woollams_. (_Heh_, high), A.S. Wulfheh--Eng. _Woolley_.

(_Mar_, famous), A.S. Wulfmer--Eng. _Woolmer_. (_Noth_, bold), A.S.

Wulfnoth--Eng. _Woolnoth_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Wulfric--Eng. _Woolrych_.

(_Sig_, victory), A.S. Wulfsig--Eng. _Wolsey_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S.

Wulfstan--Eng. _Woolston_.

Ang.-Sax. _ju_, O.H.G. _ewa_ "law."[27]

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Euhar--Eng. _Ewer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G.

Eoman--perhaps Iman and Iiman on Roman pottery--Eng. _Yeoman_, _Yeaman_.

(_Ric_, rule), O.G. Eoricus--Eng. _Yorick_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G.

Ewald--Eng. _Ewald_. (_Ward_, guardian), O.G. Euvart--Eng. _Ewart_,

_Yeoward_. (_Wolf_), O.G. Eolf--Eng. _Yealfe_.

The foregoing is not put forward as by any means an exhaustive list of

the ancient compounds represented in our names, but only of the more

common and more important. And there are some ancient stems well

represented in other forms, such as those referred to in Chapter II.,

from which I have not been able to trace any compounds. It will be

observed that I have in two or three instances assigned a place to an

English name, without finding an ancient form to correspond. This indeed

I might have done to a greater extent than I have done, for when we have

such a well-defined system, with the same forms of compounds regularly

recurring, we may in many cases assign a place to a name even though the

ancient equivalent may not yet have come to light.

FOOTNOTES:

[10] Hence I take to be the name of the fairy king Oberon. Albruna was

also the name of a "wise woman" among the ancient Germans referred to by

Tacitus.

[11] Probably also A.S. Haluiu--Eng. _Halloway_.

[12] Here probably the name Biracrus, on Roman pottery, corresponding

with an O.G. form, Berecar.

[13] Or perhaps of beauty, like a Celtic stem _tac_, found in names of

men, and perhaps a corresponding word.

[14] As an ending also _frid_ commonly becomes _free_, as in Humphrey

from Humfrid, Godfrey from Godfred, Geoffry from Galfrid.

[15] This name might perhaps be from the Irish Cwaran, whence probably

the present _Curran_. This name appears also to have been sometimes

borrowed by the Northmen, as in the case of Olaf Cwaran.

[16] But not in a Christian sense, the stem being much older than

Christian times. There is another stem _gaud_, supposed to mean Goth,

very liable to intermix.

[17] As a prefix this may mean "army," but as an ending, where it is

often _hari_ or _heri_ (and perhaps was originally always so), it may be

taken, as suggested by Grimm, to mean warrior.

[18] Also as a contracted form, Ang.-Sax. Leommann (=Leofmann, Eng.

_Lemon_).

[19] This seems to be a name of an exceptional kind, the ending _drud_

being a female one. That our name Liptrot (which I take from Lower), is

really from the above origin is rendered the more probable by the

corresponding name Liebetrut as a present German name, similarly derived

by Foerstemann. But it may well be that the ending in this case is from

a different word to that which, see p. 19, forms the endings of women's

names, viz. O.H.G. _trut_, amicus, which, as a prefix, enters into

several men's names.

[20] From the mythological kettle of the gods, which enters into many

Old Norse men's names.

[21] "The Anglo-Saxons seem to have used sallow in the sense of dark.

The raven is called sallow both by Caedmon and the author of Judith,"

_Skeat_. It seems to me, however, a question whether, seeing how

frequently the names of nationalities enter into Teutonic men's names,

the word contained in the above stem may not be "Salian." This, however,

still leaves open the question as to what is the origin of Salian.

[22] A corresponding name may be the Dutch Tadema, if _ma_, as is

supposed, stands for _man_.

[23] Probably from the mythological kettle of the AEsir.

[24] So many different words might be suggested in this case that the

meaning must be left uncertain. It is most probable that there may be an

admixture.

[25] Three different words found in ancient names intermix so as to be

hardly separable, viz., Anglo-Saxon _wiht_, strength or courage; _wid_,

wood; and _wit_, wisdom.

[26] The name of Wigmore Street seems to imply a man's name _Wigmore_,

but I do not know of it at present.

[27] Hence probably the name of the Eows, a tribe or family mentioned in

the "Traveller's Song." Also probably the name Eawa, in the genealogy of

the Mercian kings. The stem is represented in our names by _Ewe_, _Yeo_,

and _Yea_, and we have also the patronymic _Ewing_ (Euing in

_Domesday_).

CHAPTER IV.

THE MEN WHO CAME IN WITH THE SAXONS.

The researches of Mr. Kemble, supplemented by those of Mr. Taylor, in

connection with the early Saxon settlements in England, have an

important bearing upon the subject of our existing surnames. Mr. Kemble

was the first to call attention to the fact that very many of the names

of places in England, as disclosed by the forms in which these names

appear in ancient charters, consist of a personal name in a patronymic

form. Some of these names consist simply of a nominative plural in

_ingas_, as AEscingas, the sons or descendants of AEsc, others of a

genitive plural in _inga_, with _ton_, _ham_, &c., appended, as in

Billingatun, the town of the Billings, _i.e._ sons or descendants of

Billa. These he takes to denote tribal or family settlements, forming

the Anglo-Saxon "mark," consisting of a certain area of cultivated land,

surrounded by a belt of pasture land enjoyed by all the settlers in

common, the whole inclosed by the forest.

Of these names he has made two lists, the one derived from the names

found in ancient charters, and so perfectly trustworthy, the other

inferred from existing names of places which appear to be in the same

form. The latter list is of course subject to considerable correction

and deduction, inasmuch as it depends entirely upon the ancient forms in

which these names would appear whether they would come under this

category or not. Thus, if a name were anciently Billing_a_ham, it would

be "the home of the Billings," while if it were Billingham, it would

simply be the home of an individual man called Billing. And in looking

through this list, a few names will be found, which a comparison with

his own index of place-names shows to be incorrectly assigned. Thus he

infers Impingas from Impington in Cambridgeshire, and Tidmingas from

Tidmington in Worcester, whereas it appears from his index that the

ancient name of the one was Impintun, and of the other Tidelminctun,

both being thus from the name of an individual and not of a tribe or

family. Sempringham again in Lincolnshire, whence he derives Sempringas,

I find to have been Sempingaham, and so used already for Sempingas. I

also feel very great doubt about names taken from places ending in _by_,

_thorp_, and _toft_, in Lincolnshire and the ancient Denelaga, as being

Scandinavian, and given at a distinctly later period. Indeed I have a

certain amount of distrust of all names taken from the North of England,

in the absence, as far as I know, of any distinct proof in any one case.

Northumberland would perhaps be the county to which, as containing the

greatest number of such forms, any such doubt would the least strongly

apply. Moreover, I do not feel at all sure that _ing_ is not in some

cases simply a form of the possessive, and that Dunningland, for

instance, is not simply Dunn's land. This doubt is considerably

strengthened when the name is that of a woman, as in Cyneburginctun (now

Kemerton in Glouc). Cyneburg is certainly a woman's name, and as such

could not, I should suppose--though the question is one for more

experienced Anglo-Saxon scholars--form a patronymic, in which case

Cyneburginctun can only be "Cyneburg's tun." And if it be so in one

case, it may of course be so in others. Mr. Kemble's second list, then,

requires to be used with a certain amount of caution, though in the main

his deductions may be taken as trustworthy.

The corresponding forms in Germany have since been collected by

Professor Foerstemann from ancient charters up to the eleventh century,

and must all be considered therefore as trustworthy. His list contains

upwards of a thousand different names, but inasmuch as many of these

names are found in different parts of Germany, the total number of such

names must amount to many thousands. These consist sometimes of a form

in _ingas_, same as in England, and this obtains more particularly in

Bavaria, sometimes of a form in _inga_, which he takes to be also a

nominative plural, but most commonly of a dative plural, in _ingen_, as

in Herlingen, "to the Harlings." This dative plural explains the origin

of many existing names of places in Germany, as Goettingen, Dettingen,

Tuebingen, &c. A dative plural also occurs occasionally in England in the

corresponding Anglo-Saxon form _ingum_, as in Godelmingum, now

Godalming, Angemeringum, now Angmering, &c.

Meanwhile Mr. Taylor has instituted a detailed and very important

comparison between the names contained in Mr. Kemble's two lists, and

those of a corresponding kind in Germany, not indeed from ancient

records, but from existing place-names. And he has further supplemented

this by a list of similar forms disclosed by his own very interesting

discovery of a Saxon area in France opposite to the shore of England,

and which we can hardly doubt to be, as he considers it to be, the

result of a Saxon emigration from England. He has, moreover, given some

similar instances of German occupation in the north of Italy, and it can

hardly be doubted that a more detailed examination would add to their

number.

The question now to be considered is--what is the value of these various

forms in _ingas_, _inga_, and _ingen_, in England and in Germany? In

Anglo-Saxon and other Teutonic dialects _ing_ is a patronymic, as in

Bruning, son of Brun. But it has also a wider sense implying any

connection with a person or thing, and in certain of the names under

consideration both in England and in Germany, it seems very clear that

it is used simply in a geographical sense. Thus we cannot doubt that

Madelungen and Lauringen, in Germany, signify, as Foerstemann suggests,

the people of the Madel and of the Lauer, on which two rivers the places

in question are respectively situated. Also that Salzungen signifies the

people of the salt springs, in the neighbourhood of which the name is

found.[28] So in England it seems clear that the Leamingas found in

Leamington signifies the people of the Leam, on which river the place is

situated. So also the Heretuningas, the Hohtuningas, and the

Suthtuningas, must mean simply the people respectively of Heretun, of

Hohtun, and of Suthtun, the Beorganstedingas the people of Beorgansted,

the Eoforduningas the people of Eofordun, and the Teofuntingas, the

people dwelling by the two fountains. But with these and perhaps one or

two other exceptions, the word contained is simply a personal name, and

the question is--in what connection is it used? Does Billingas mean the

descendants of the man Bill or Billa, under whose leadership the

settlement was made, or does it, as Mr. Kemble seems to think, refer to

some older, perhaps mythical ancestor from whom the Billings claimed a

traditional descent? Now, considering the great number of these names,

amounting to more than a thousand in England alone, seeing the manner in

which they are dispersed, not only over different counties of England,

but as the annexed table will show, over the length and breadth of

Germany, it seems to me utterly impossible to consider them as anything

else than the every-day names of men common to the great German family.

I am quite in accord then with the view taken by Sir J. Picton

(Ethnology of Wiltshire).[29] "When the Saxons first invaded England,

they came in tribes and families headed by their patriarchal leaders.

Each tribe was called by its leader's name, with the termination _ing_,

signifying family, and where they settled they gave their patriarchal

name to the _mark_ or central point round which they clustered." This

is also the view taken by Foerstemann with regard to the German names,

and I cannot doubt that Mr. Kemble, if he had had the opportunity of

extending his survey over this wider area, would have come to the same

conclusion. I take it then that the name contained in these forms is

simply that of the leader under whose guidance these little settlements

were made, and that, inasmuch as members of the same family would

generally keep together, it is in most cases that of the patriarch or

head of the family. Each man would no doubt have his own individual

name, but as a community exercising certain rights in common, from which

outsiders were excluded, they would require some distinctive

appellation, and what so natural as that of their leader.

I now come to consider some points of difference between the Anglo-Saxon

settlements and the German. While all the settlements in England must be

taken to have been made by a Low German race, a large proportion of

those in Germany must be taken to have been made by a High German

people. Thus when we find Baebingas in England represented by Papinga in

Austria, Bassingas by Pasingas, and Baedingas by Patinga in Bavaria, we

have the distinction between High and Low German, which might naturally

be expected. So when we find Eastringas represented by Austringa in

Baden, we have again a High German form to compare with a Low German.

But this distinction is by no means consistently maintained throughout,

and we seem to have a considerable mixture of High and Low German forms.

Thus we have both Baecgingas and Paeccingas, Dissingas and Tissingas,

Garingas and Coringas, Edingas and Odingas (representing as it seems the

Anglo-Saxon _ead_ or _ed_, and the High German _aud_ or _od_). And even

in some cases the rule seems to be reversed, and we have the High German

in England, as in Eclingas against Egilinga in Bavaria, Hoppingas

against Hobinga in Alsace, Ticcingas against Dichingen, &c. It would

seem as if our settlements were made, at least in part, by a people who

if not High German, had at any rate considerable High German affinities.

To what extent the speech of the Angles which I suppose to have been the

main element in the Northumbrian dialect, would answer these conditions,

I would rather leave to our higher Anglo-Saxon scholars to decide. But

it seems to me, so far as I may venture to give an opinion, that

Lappenberg's theory, that the Saxons were accompanied by Franks,

Frisians, and Lombards, would perhaps better than any other meet all the

requirements of the case. Whence for instance could come such a form as

Cwichelm for Wighelm, apparently a rather strongly marked Frankish form?

Or Cissa (Chissa) for, as I suppose, Gisa, which would be apparently in

conformity with a Frisian form? I have endeavoured to go into this

subject more fully in a subsequent chapter, more particularly with

regard to the Franks, and to show that there are a number of names in

Anglo-Saxon times which might be of Frankish origin, and which perhaps

it would be difficult to account for on any other theory. And it must be

borne in mind that the earlier date now generally assigned for the first

Teutonic settlements, naturally tends to give greater latitude to the

inquiry as to the races by whom those settlements were made.

Another difference to be noted is that whereas all our settlements seem

to have been made in heathen times, those of Germany extend into

Christian times, as shown by such names as Johanningen, Jagobingen, and

Steveningen, containing the scriptural names John, Jacob and Stephen.

There is another and a curious name, Satanasinga, which, the place to

which it is applied being a waste, seems to describe the people who

lived in it, or around it, perhaps in reference to their forlorn

condition, as "the children of Satan." The adoption of scriptural names

seems to have taken place at a later period in England than either in

Germany or in France. And we have not, as I believe, a single instance

in our surnames of a scriptural name in an Anglo-Saxon patronymic form,

as the Germans, judging from the above, might--possibly may--have.

Another point of difference between the Anglo-Saxon and the German

settlements would seem to be this, that while the German list contains a

considerable proportion of compound names, such as Willimundingas and

Managoldingas, the Anglo-Saxon list consists almost exclusively of names

formed of a single word, and the exceptions may almost be counted upon

the fingers. With this I was at first considerably puzzled, but on

looking more carefully into the lists, it seemed to me apparent that

many of the names assumed by Mr. Kemble from names of places were in

reality compound names in a disguised and contracted form. And as

Tidmington, whence he derives Tidmingas, was properly Tidhelmingtun, so

I conceive that Osmingas derived from Osmington, ought properly to be

Oshelmingas, and Wylmingas, found in Wilmington, to be Wilhelmingas. So

also I take it that Wearblingas, found in Warblington, ought to be

Warboldingas, that Weomeringas, deduced from Wymering, ought to be

Wigmeringas, and that Horblingas, found in Horbling, ought to be

Horbaldingas. There are several other names, such as Scymplingas,

Wramplingas, Wearmingas, Galmingas, &c., that seem as they stand, to be

scarcely possible for names of men, and which may also contain compounds

in a corrupted or contracted form. In addition to this, I note the

following, found in ancient charters, which Mr. Kemble seems to have

overlooked, AEgelbyrhtingas, found in AEgelbyrtingahyrst, No. 1041,

Ceolredingas, found in Colredinga gemerc, 1149, and Godhelmingas found

in Godelmingum, 314. If all these were taken into account, the

difference, though it would still exist, might not be so great as to be

unaccountable, considering that our settlements were made to a

considerable extent at an earlier date, and by tribes more or less

differing from those of Germany. It raises, moreover the question, dealt

with in a very thorough manner by Stark, as to the extent to which these

short and simple names may be contractions of compound names. I have

referred to the subject in another place, and I will only observe at

present that from the instances he cites the practice seems to have been

rather specially common among the Frisians. Now it will be found on

comparing the names of our ancient settlers with the Frisian names past

and present cited by Outzen and Wassenberg, that there is a very strong

family likeness between them, though we need not take it to amount to

more than this, that the Frisian names may be taken as a type of the

kind of names prevalent among the other neighbouring Low German tribes,

until it can be more distinctly shown that there were settlements made

by the Frisians themselves. And I have brought these names into the

comparison simply as being the nearest representatives that I can find.

Notwithstanding the complete and valuable tables drawn up by Mr. Taylor

for the purpose of comparing the Anglo-Saxon settlements with those of

Germany, I have thought it useful to supplement them by another confined

exclusively to the names drawn from ancient German records, and

therefore, so far as they go, entirely trustworthy. And I take the

opportunity to compare our existing surnames with these ancient names

thus shown to be common to the great Teutonic family.

In the following table I have given then, first the Anglo-Saxon names

from Kemble's lists, then the corresponding Old German from that of

Foerstemann, with the district in which it is found, and, wherever

identified, the existing name of the place, then names corresponding

from the _Liber Vitae_ or elsewhere to show continued Anglo-Saxon use,

with also Frisian names as already mentioned, and finally, the existing

English surnames with which I compare them. It will be seen that these

surnames in not a few cases retain an ancient vowel-ending in _a_, _i_,

or _o_, as explained in a preceding chapter.

_THE EARLY SAXON SETTLEMENTS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF GERMANY._

Anglo-Saxon. German. Locality (L.V.), Liber Vitae. English

in Germany. (F.), Frisian. Surnames.

Aldingas} Aldinge {Now Aldingen,} {Alda (L.V.),} {_Allday_, _Allt_,

Oldingas} {in Wuertemburg} { Alte (F.) } { _Old_, _Olding_.

AEceringas[30] Aguringas {Now Egringen} Aker (L.V.) _Ager_, _Acres_.

{ in Bavaria}

AElingas Allingen Bavaria {Alli (L.V.),} _Alley_, _Allo_.

{ Alle (F.) }

AElfingas} Albungen Hesse Cassell Alef (F.) {_Aulph_, _Alpha_,

AElpingas} { _Elvy_.

AEfeningas {Heveningare Appenzell Afun (L.V.) _Heaven? Evening_.

{ marca

Antingas Endinga {Now Endingen,} Anta (A.S.) {_And_, _Andoe_,

{ in Baden } { _Hand_.

AEscingas Esginga ..... AEsc (A.S.) _Ask_, _Ashe_.

AEtingas Adinga Pruss. Saxony {Atta (A.S.),} _Hatt_.

{ Atte (F.) }

Baebingas Papinga {Now Pabing, } {Babba (A.S.),} _Babb_.

{ in Austria} { Babe (F.) }

Baningas Boninge ..... {Beana (L.V.),} {_Bann_,

{ Banne (F.) } { _Banning_.

Baedingas } {Now Beddingen, } {Bada, } {_Batt_, _Batty_,

} Patinga { in Brunswick; } { Betti (L.V.)} { _Betty_,

Beadingas} { also Baden, } { _Batting_.

{ Prussia, Austria}

Bassingas Pasingas Bavaria Bass (A.S.) _Bass_, _Pass_.

Baecgingas} Bachingen Wuertemburg } {Baga, } {_Bagge_, _Back_,

Beccingas} Beckinga Rhenish Prussia} {Backa (L.V.)} { _Beck_, _Peck_.

Paeccingas}

Bensingas Pinsinga Bavaria Benza (L.V.) _Bence_.

Bircingas Biricchingen ..... ..... _Birch_.

Bebingas Bebingun Bavaria, Wuertg. Bebba (A.S.) {_Bibb_, _Bibby_,

{ _Beeby_.

Billingas Bilinga {Hess., Wuert.,} ..... {_Bill_, _Billow_,

{ Friesland } { _Billing_.

Binningas Binnungen {Now Bingen, } {Bynni (L.V.),} {_Binney_,

{ on Rhine } {Binne (F.) } { _Binning_.

Bydelingas Budilingen {Luxembg.,} Botel (F.) _Biddle_.

{ Austria}

Briningas ..... ..... Bryni (L.V.) {_Brine_,

{ _Brinney_.

Beorningas Pirninga Wuertemburg Beorn (L.V.) {_Burn_,

{ _Burning_.

Bondingas ..... ..... Bonde (L.V., F.) _Bond_.

Beormingas Bermingahem ..... ..... _Breem_.

Brydingas Breidinge {Hesse Cass., } ..... _Bride_, _Bird_.

{ Pruss. Sax.}

Bridlingas Britlingi {Now Bruetlingen,} ..... _Bridle_.

{ in Hanr. }

Blaecingas ..... ..... Blaca (L.V.) _Black_.

Bruningas Brunninga Austria {Bron (L.V.),} {_Brown_,

{Bruyn (F.) } { _Browning_.

Beorhtingas} Perhtingen Bavaria {Bercht (L.V.),} {_Burt_,

Byrtingas } { Berti (F.) } { _Bright_,

{ _Brighty_,

{ _Brighting_.

Brihtlingas Bertelingas Rhen. Prussia ..... {_Brightly_,

{ _Brittell_.

Buccingas Puchinga ..... {Bocco, } _Buck_, _Puck_.

{ Buco (F.)}

Bullingas Bollinga {Bullingen, in } Bolle (F.) {_Bull_, _Bolley_,

{ Rh. Pruss. } { _Bulling_.

{Also Tyrol and}

{ Westphal. }

Byttingas} Buddinga {Baden, Wuert.,} Bota (L.V.) {_Budd_, _Butt_,

{ Friesland } { _Botting_.

Potingas } Potingin {Baden, Aust.,} Botte (F.) {_Pott_, _Potto_.

{ Friesland }

Bobingas } Bobinga {Bobingen,} {Bofa (L.V.),} {_Boby_, _Poppy_.

Bofingas } { in Bav.} { Poppe (F.)}

Bosingas Bosinga Austria, Wuert. Bosa (L.V.) {_Boss_, _Bossey_.

Buslingas Buselingen {Buessling, } ..... _Bussell_.

{ by Schaffhausen}

Burringas Buringen Wuertemburg. {Burra (L.V.),} _Burr_.

{ Bore (F.) }

Caegingas Cachinga ..... Kay, Key (F.) {_Kay_, _Key_

{ (see p. 10).

Callingas Callinge Holland Kalle (F.) _Call_, _Callow_.

Ceaningas Conninge Wuertemburg {Canio (L.V.),} {_Cann_,

{ Keno (F.) } { _Canning_.

Cearlingas Chirlingen {Kierling, } {Karl (L.V.),} {_Charley_,

{ in Austria} { Carl (F.) } { _Charles_.

Cifingas Cheffingin Wuertemburg Ceefi (L.V.) {_Chaff_,

{ _Chaffey_.

Ceopingas Chuppinga Wuertemburg ..... {_Chope_, _Chubb_.

Copingas Cofunga Hesse Cassel {Cufa, Coifi } {_Coffey_, _Cuff_,

{ (Ang.-Sax.)} { _Cuffey_.

Codingas } Cuttingas Near Metz {Goda, (L.V.) } {_Goad_, _Codd_,

Cotingas } Gotinga Bavaria { Gode (F.) } { _Coate_,

{ _Godding_.

Colingas Cholinga Ceolla (L.V.) ..... {_Coll_, _Collie_,

{ _Colling_.

Cocingas Gukkingin {Gugging, } ..... _Cock_.

{ in Austria}

Cressingas Chresinga Wuertemberg ..... _Cressy_.

Cnottingas Knutingen ..... Cnut (L.V.) _Knott_.

Cnudlingas Cnutlinga Baden ..... _Nuttall_.

Cenesingas[31] {Kenzinga Kenzingen, }

in Baden } ..... _Chance?_

{Gensingen Gensungen, }

Hess. Cass.}

Centingas Gandingen Friesland Kaenta (L.V.) {_Cant_, _Gant_,

{ _Gandy_.

Culingas ..... ..... ..... {_Cull_,

{ _Cooling_.

Denningas Daningen Baden Dene (L.V.) {_Dane_, _Dana_,

{ _Denn_,

{ _Denning_.

Dillingas Dilinga {Dillengen,}

{ in Bav. } {Tilli (L.V.),} {_Dill_, _Till_,

{ Tilo (F.) } { _Tilly_.

Deorlingas} Darlingin Brunswick ..... {_Darrell_,

Teorlingas} { _Darling_.

Dissingas} Tisinga Bavaria Tisa, Disa (F.) {_Dyce_, _Dicey_,

Tissingas} { _Tisoe_.

Ticcangas Dichingen Friesland, Bav. Tycca (A.S.) _Dick_.

Dyclingas Tuchilingen Now Tuchling ..... {_Dickle_,

{ _Tickle_.

Doccingas Dockinga Friesland {Tocki (L.V.),} {_Dock_,

{ Tocke (F.) } { _Tocque_,

{ _Docking_.

Dodingas ..... ..... Doda (F.) _Dodd_, _Todd_.

Dunningas Tuningas ..... Duna (L.V.) {_Dunn_, _Dunning_.

Eastringas Austringa {Oestringen,} ..... _Easter_.

{ in Baden }

Edingas } Edinga {Holland, } {Ede (L.V.),} _Eddy_.

{ Baden, Bav.} { Edde (F.)}

Oddingas} Odinga {Westphal., } {Oda (L.V.),} _Oddy_.

{ Bav. } Odde (F.) }

Elcingas ..... ..... ..... {_Elk_, _Elcy_,

{ _Elgee_.

Ecgingas Eginga {Schaffhausen,} {Ecga (L.V.),} _Egg_.

{ Bav. } {Egga (F.) }

Eclingas Egilinga Bavaria Ecgel (A.S.) {_Edgell_, _Egle_.

Elsingas Elisingun Hesse {Elsi (L.V.),} {_Else_, _Elsey_,

{ Ealse (F.)} { _Elliss_.

Eppingas} Ebinga Baden, Austria Ebbi (L.V.) {_Epps_.

Ippingas} Ippinga {Ippingen, } Eppe (F.) {_Hipp_.

{ on Danube}

Everingas } Eburingen Pruss. Silesia ..... {_Ever_, _Every_,

Eoforingas} { _Heber_.

Eorpingas Arpingi ..... {Earbe (L.V.),} _Harp_, _Earp_.

{ Arpe (F.) }

Fearingas Faringa {Upper Bav. ..... {_Farre_,

{ & L. Constance { _Farrow_.

Fearningas ..... ..... Forne (L.V.) _Fearn_.

Finningas Finninga ..... Finn (A.S.) {_Finn_, _Finney_.

Fincingas ..... ..... {Finc (A.S.),} _Finch_.

{ surname }

Folcingas Fulchingen ..... Folco (L.V.) _Fulke_.

Frodingas ..... ..... Frode (L.V.) _Froude_.

Garingas} Geringen Wuertemberg ..... _Gore_, _Cory_.

Coringas}

Gestingas ..... ..... ..... {_Guest_,

{ _Gasting_.

Geofuningas Gebeningen Austria _Giffen_.

Gisilingas} Gisilinga Bavaria {Gisle, } _Gill_.

Gillingas } { Gille (L.V.)}

Gealdingas} Geltingen {Gelting, } {Golde (A.S.),} {_Gold_, _Galt_,

Goldingas } { in Bav.} { Giolt (F.) } { _Golding_.

Hallingas Halinge Bavaria Halle (L.V.) {_Hall_,

{ _Halling_.

Haeglingas Hegelinge Bavaria Hagel (A.S.) {_Hail_,

{ _Hailing_.

Hanesingas Anzinga Bavaria ..... _Hance_.

Heardingas} Hardinghen Pas de Calais Hart (F.) {_Hard_, _Hardy_.

Heartingas} Hertingen Bavaria ..... {_Hart_,

{ _Harding_.

Haeslingas} Hasalinge Near Bremen {Esel (L.V.), } _Hasell_.

AEslingas } { Hessel (F.)}

Hanningas} Heninge ..... {Anna (L.V.),} {_Hann_, _Hanning_,

Heningas } { Hanne, } { _Henn_,

Anningas } { Enno (F.) } { _Anning_,

{ _Anne_.

Hillingas} Illingun {Illingen, {Ylla (L.V.),} _Hill_.

Illingas } { in Baden { Hille (F.)}

Honingas Oningas {Oeningen, } {Ona (L.V.),} _Hone_.

{ on L. } {Onno (F.) }

{ Constance}

Horningas ..... ..... Horn (A.S.) _Horne, Horning_.

Herelingas Herlingun Austria Harrol (F.) {_Harle_, _Harley_,

{ _Harling_.

Hoppingas Hobinga Near Metz {Obbe, } {_Hopp_, _Hoby_,

{ Hobbe (F.)} { _Hopping_.

Haecingas Hahhinga {Haching, {Hacci (L.V.),} {_Hack_,

{ near Munich { Acke (F.) } { _Hacking_.

Hafocingas Hauechingas Rhen. Pruss. Hauc (L.V.) _Hawke_.

Hocingas Hohingun {Near Cologne} Hoco (F.) _Hockey_.

{ and Zurich}

Hucingas Huchingen Friesland ..... _Hook_.

Huningas Huninga {Hueningen, } {Una (L.V.), } _Hunn_, _Honey_.

{ near Basle} { Hunne (F.)}

Huntingas Huntingun Baden ..... _Hunt, Hunting_.

Ifingas ..... ..... Ivo (L.V.) _Ive, Ivy_.

Immingas Eminga {Emmingen, } {Imma (L.V.),} {_Eames_, _Yems_,

{ in Wuert.} { Emo, } { _Hime_.

{ Imme (F.) }

Laeferingas Livaringa Near Salzburg ..... _Laver_.

Lullingas Lolinga {Lullingen, in} Lolle (F.) _Lull_, _Lully_.

{ Rh. Pruss. }

Luddingas Liutingen Baden {Lioda (L.V.),} _Lyde_, _Lutto_.

{ Ludde (F.) }

Lofingas Luppinge ..... {Lufe (L.V.),} {_Love_,

{ Lubbe (F.)} { _Loving_.

Lidelingas Lutilinga Wuertemburg ..... _Liddle_.

Locingas ..... ..... Locchi (L.V.) {_Lock_,

{ _Lockie_.

Leasingas Lasingi ..... Leising (L.V.) _Lees_, _Lessy_.

Manningas Meningen ..... {Man (L.V.), } {_Mann_, _Manning_.

{ Manno (F.)}

Massingas Masingi ..... Maessa (A.S.) {_Massey_,

{ _Messing_.

Madingas Madungen Sax-Weimar ..... _Maddey_.

Maegdlingas[32] ..... ..... Maedle _Madle_.

{Maching, in } {

{ Bavaria } Mecga (A.S.) {_Maggy_, _May_.

Maeccingas Maginga {Mechingen, by } {

{ L. Constance} Mekke (F.) {

Mycgingas ..... ..... ..... {_Mico_, _Michie_.

Merlingas Marlingen Bavaria ..... {_Merrill_, _Marl_,

{ _Marling_.

Mundlingas Mundilinga Bavaria ..... {_Mundell_.

Marringas Maringen Baden, Wuert. Mar (A.S.) _Marr_.

Meringas Meringa Hanover ..... _Merry_.

Millingas Milinga {Bav., Rhen.} Milo (L.V.) {_Millie_, _Milo_,

{ Pruss. } { _Millinge_.

Myrcingas[33] Mirchingen Lower Austria Murk (F.) {_Murch_,

{ _Murchie_.

Nydingas } Nidinga {Neidingen, in} {Nytta (L.V.),} _Need_, _Neate_.

Neddingas} { Rh. Pruss. } { Nette (F.) }

Nottingas Notingen Upper Bavaria Noedt (F.) {_Nott_,

{ _Nutting_.

Ossingas Ossingen Rh. Bavaria Hosa (L.V.) _Hose_.

Palingas ..... ..... Paelli (L.V.) {_Palev_,

{ _Paling_.

Pegingas Biginga Westphalia Pega (L.V.) _Pegg_, _Bigg_.

Penningas Penningin North Germany Benna (A.S.) _Penn_, _Benn_.

Puningas Buninga ..... Buna (A.S.) _Bunn_.

Pitingas Pidingun Austria ..... _Pitt_.

Poclingas Puchilinga {Pueckling, } ..... {_Puckle_,

{ on Danube} { _Buckle_.

Piperingas ..... ..... ..... _Piper_.

Readingas Radinga {Reding, Reid (F.) _Read_.

{ in Luxembg.

Riccingas ..... ..... Riki (F.) {_Rich_, _Richey_.

Ridingas Ridingin {Rieding, } ..... {_Riddy_, _Rita_,

{ in Upp. Bav.} { _Ridding_.

Riclingas Richilinga {Reichling,} Rykle (F.) {_Regal_,

{ on Rhine} { _Wrigley_.

Riplingas Rupilinga Upper Bavaria ..... _Ripley_.

Rollingas Roldingen {Rolingen, } Rolle (F.) _Rolle_.

{ in Luxembg.}

Raefningas Ravininge Bavaria Reuen (L.V.) _Raven_.

Rodingas Hrotthingun {Rh. Pruss.,} {Rudda (L.V.),} {_Rodd_, _Rudd_,

{ Bav. } { Rode (F.) } { _Rudding_.

Rossingas Rossunga ..... Russe (F.) _Ross_.

Ruscingas ..... ..... Rosce (L.V.) _Rush_.

Rocingas Roggingun Bavaria {Rogge, } _Rock_.

{ Rocche (F.)}

Rucingas ..... ..... Rouke (F.) {_Rugg_, _Ruck_.

Sandringas Sinderingum Wuertemburg Sander (F.) _Sander_.

Swaningas Swaningun {Schwanningen, }

{ near } Suan (L.V.) _Swan_.

{ Schaffhausen}

Syclingas Sikilingin {Sittling,} ..... {_Sickle_,

{ in Bav.} { _Sickling_.

Seaxlingas Saxlinga ..... ..... _Satchell?_

Sceardingas Scardinga Bavaria ..... {_Scard_, _Scarth_.

Scytingas Scithingi ..... Scytta (A.S.) {_Skitt_, _Skeat_,

{ _Shute_.

Surlingas ..... ..... Serlo (L.V.) {_Sarle_, _Searle_.

Scyrlingas Skirilinga Schierling, in Bav. ..... _Shirley_.

Saelingas ..... ..... Salla (L.V.) _Sale_, _Sala_.

Sceafingas Sceuinge ..... ..... _Sheaf_.

Scealingas Scelinga ..... Sceal (L.V.) {_Scally_,

{ _Scales_.

Snoringas {Snoringer} Rh. Bav. Snearri (L.V.) _Snare_.

{ marca }

Snotingas Snudinga ..... Snod (A.S.) _Snoad_.

Sealfingas Selvingen ..... ..... {_Self_, _Selvey_.

Stubingas Staubingen {Staubing, } Stuf (A.S.) {_Stubbs_,

{ in Bavaria} { _Stubbing_.

Secgingas Siggingahem Belgium Sigga (L.V.) {_Siggs_, _Sick_.

Specingas Speichingas {Spaichengen, Spech (Domesday) _Speck_.

{ in Westph.

Sceaflingas Schuffelinga {Schiflingen, } ..... _Shovel_.

{ in Luxembg.}

Staeningas ..... ..... {Stean (L.V.),} {_Stone_,

{ Steen (F.) } { _Stenning_.

Sinningas Siningas ..... Sinne (F.) {_Siney_, _Shinn_.

Stellingas ..... ..... ..... _Stell_.

Taedingas Tattingas {Dettingen,} Tade (F.) {_Tadd_, _Taddy_.

{ in Bav. }

Taelingas Telingen Bavaria {Tella (L.V.),} {_Tall_,

{ Tiele (F.) } { _Telling_.

Dorringas Torringun {Toerring, } Tori (L.V.) _Torr_.

{ in Austria

Tutlingas Tutlingun Dutling, in Bav. ..... _Tuttle_.

Trumpingas[34] ..... ..... ..... {_Trump_,

{ _Trumpy_.

Thorningas Thurninga {Duerningen, } ..... {_Thorne_,

{ in Alsace} { _Thorning_.

Terringas ..... ..... Terri (L.V.) _Terry_.

Tucingas Tuginga Switzerland {Tuk (A.S.), } _Tuck_, _Duck_.

{ Duce (L.V.)}

Duringas Turinga Wuertemburg ..... {_Turr_, _Durre_,

{ _Turing_.

Uffingas Uffingen {Oeffingen, } Offa (L.V.) {_Ough_, _Hough_,

{ in Wuertemburg} { _Huff_.

Wearningas Warningas ..... Warin (L.V.) {_Warren_, _Warne_.

Waceringas Wacheringa Friesland and Bav. ..... _Waker_.

Wealdringas Waltringen ..... Wealdere (A.S.) {_Walder_,

{ _Walter_.

Wasingas Wasunga {Wuertg., Sax.} Wasso (A.S.) _Wass_.

{ Mein. }

Wippingas ..... ..... ..... _Whipp_.

Wittingas Wittungen Pruss. Sax. {Uitta (L.V.),} _Whit_.

{ Witte (F.) }

Willingas Willinga Bavaria Wille (F.) {_Will_, _Willow_,

{ _Willing_.

Winingas Winninge {Winningen,} {Wynna, } {_Wine_, _Winn_,

{ on Rhine} { Uini (L.V.)} { _Winning_.

Wealdingas Waltingun Austria {Wald (A.S.),} {_Waldie_, _Waldo_.

{ Walte (F.)}

Waelsingas Walasingas ..... ..... _Walsh_.

Watingas Waddinga {Weddingen, } {Uada (L.V.),} {_Watt_, _Waddy_.

{ in Rh. Pruss.} { Uatto (F.)}

Wellingas Wellingen Baden ..... _Well_.

Wigingas } Wikinka Bavaria {Uicga (L.V.),} {_Wigg_,

Wiccingas} { Wigge, } { _Wicking_.

{ Wicco (F.)}

Wylfingas Vulfinga ..... Wulf (A.S.) _Wolf_.

Wrihtingas Wirtingen Austria ..... _Wright_.

Watringas Wateringas {Wettringen, } ..... _Water_.

{ in Westph.}

Wendlingas Wenilinga Near Strasburg Windel (A.S.) {_Windle_,

{ _Wintle_.

Wrihtlingas Riutilinga {Reutlingen, ..... _Riddle_.

{ in Wuertg.

Wealcingas ..... ..... {Walch (L.V.),} {_Walk_, _Walkey_,

{ Walke (F.) } { _Walking_.

Wealcringas ..... ..... Wealcere (A.S.) _Walker_.

Wealingas {Walanger } On the Lahn Walls (F.) _Wall_.

{ marca }

Waplingas Waplinga ..... ..... _Waple_.

Wraeningas ..... ..... ..... {_Wren_, _Rennie_.

Wilrincgas Williheringa {Willering, Wyller (A.S.) _Willer_.

{ on Danube

I may observe with regard to the Anglo-Saxon names in the above lists

that there is occasionally a little corruption in their forms. The

English trouble with the letter _h_ seems to have been present even at

this early day. We have Allingas and Hallingas, Anningas and Hanningas,

Eslingas and Haslingas, Illingas and Hillingas, in all of which cases

the analogy of Old German names would show the _h_ to be in all

probability an intruder. And the same applies to the Hanesingas, the

Honingas, and the Hoppingas. There is also an occasional intrusion of

_b_ or _p_, thus the Trumpingas, whence the name of Trumpington, should

be properly, I take it, Trumingas, A.S. _trum_, firm, strong. Stark

suggests a Celtic word, _drumb_, but the intrusion of _p_ is so easy

that I think any other explanation hardly necessary. The Sempingas,

found in Sempingaham, now Sempringham, should also, I take it, be

Semingas, which would be in accordance with Teutonic names, whereas

_semp_ is a scarcely possible form. Basingstoke, the original of which

was Embasingastoc, owes its name to a similar mistake. It would be

properly I think Emasingastoc, which would correspond with a Teutonic

name-stem. A similar intrusion of _t_ occurs in the case of

Glaestingabyrig (now Glastonbury), which should I think be

Glaessingabyrig; this again would correspond with an ancient name-stem,

which in its present form it does not. So also I take it that Distingas,

found in Distington in Cumberland, is only a phonetic corruption of

Dissingas, if indeed, (which I very strongly doubt) Distington is from a

tribe-name at all. Both of these intrusions are natural from a phonetic

point of view, tending as they do to give a little more backbone to a

word, and they frequently occur, as I shall have elsewhere occasion to

note, in the range of English names.

My object in the present chapter has been more especially to show the

intimate connection between our early Saxon names, and those of the

general Teutonic system. But now I come to a possible point of

difference. All the names of Germany would tend to come to England, but

if Anglo-Saxon England made any names on her own account, they would not

go back to Germany. For the tide of men flows ever west-ward, and there

was no return current in those days. Now there do seem to be certain

name-stems peculiar to Anglo-Saxon England, and one of these is _peht_

or _pect_, which may be taken to represent Pict. The Teutonic peoples

were in the habit of introducing into their nomenclature the names of

neighbouring nations even when aliens or enemies. Thus the Hun and the

Fin were so introduced, the latter more particularly by the

Scandinavians who were their nearest neighbours. There is a tendency

among men to invest an enemy upon their borders, of whom they may be in

constant dread, with unusual personal characteristics of ferocity or of

giant stature. Thus the word _Hun_, as Grimm observes, seems to have

become a synonym of giant, and Ohfrid, a metrical writer of the ninth

century, describes the giant Polyphemus as the "grosse hun." Something

similar I have noted (in a succeeding chapter on the names of women, _in

voce_ Emma) as possibly subsisting between the Saxons and their Celtic

neighbours. The Fins again, who as a peculiarly small people could not

possibly be magnified into giants, were invested with magical and

unearthly characteristics, and the word became almost, if not quite,

synonymous with magician. This then seems to represent something of the

general principle, upon which such names have found their way into the

Teutonic system of nomenclature.

While then England received all the names formed from peoples throughout

the Teutonic area, the Goth, the Vandal, the Bavarian, the Hun, and the

Fin, in the names of men, there was one such stem which she had and

which the rest of Germany had not, for she alone was neighbour to the

Pict. Perhaps I should qualify this statement so far as the Old Saxons

of the seaboard are concerned, for they were also neighbours, though as

far as we know, the Pict did not figure in their names of men. From the

stem _pect_ the Anglo-Saxons had a number of names, as Pecthun or

Pehtun, Pecthath, Pectgils, Pecthelm, Pectwald, Pectwulf, all formed in

accordance with the regular Teutonic system, but none of them found

elsewhere than in Anglo-Saxon England. Of these names we may have one,

Pecthun, in our surname _Picton_, perhaps also the other form Pehtun in

_Peyton_ or _Paton_. The Anglo-Saxons no doubt aspirated the _h_ in

Pehtun, but we seem in such cases either to drop it altogether, or else

to represent it by a hard _c_, according perhaps as it might have been

more or less strongly aspirated. Indeed the Anglo-Saxons themselves

would seem to have sometimes dropped it altogether, if the name Piott,

in a will of Archbishop Wulfred, A.D. 825, is the same word (which

another name Piahtred about the same period would rather seem to

indicate). And this suggests that our name _Peat_ may be one of its

present representatives. We have again a name _Picture_, which might

represent an Anglo-Saxon Pecther (_heri_, warrior) not yet turned up,

but a probable name, the compound being a very common one.