_Shaiva, Saiva_.--(A worshipper of Siva.) The term Shaiva Brahman is

applied to Guraos.

_Shandilya, Sandilya_.--An eponymous _gotra_ or section of Brahmans. A

section of Darzi, Raj-Gond, Rawat (Ahir) and Sunar.

_Shegudi_.--See Segidi.

_Shendia_.--A section of Teli and Otari (Kasar).

_Shenvi_.--A subcaste of Maratha Brahmans in Hoshangabad.

_Sheohare_ or _Sivahare_.--Subcaste of Kalar.

_Shiah_.--One of the two great sects of Muhammadans.

_Shikari_.--(A hunter.) A synonym for Pardhi or Bahelia.

_Shimpi_.--(A tailor.) Synonym for Darzi in the Maratha country.

_Shishi ke Telwale_.--Subcaste of Pardhi. They sell oil obtained from

the bodies of crocodiles.

_Siddi, Sidi, Habshi._--The name given to Africans, whether Abyssinians

or Negroes. Habshi means one coming from El Habish, the Arabic name for

North-East Africa. Siddi is a corruption of Saiyad, the designation

of a descendant of the Prophet, and is commonly used as a term of

respectful address in North Africa, like Sahib in India. The _Bombay

Gazetteer_ states [498] that about the middle of the fifteenth century,

when the Bahmani dynasty became independent of Delhi and intercourse

with Northern India ceased, the fashion arose of bringing to Western

India large numbers of Abyssinians and other East Africans. Though

most of the Habshis came to India as slaves, their faithfulness,

courage and energy often raised them to positions of high trust in

the Bahmani court. According to Orme, the successful Abyssinians

gathered round them all of their countrymen whom they could procure

either by purchase or invitation, including negroes from other parts

of Africa, as well as Abyssinians. From their marriages, first with

natives of India and afterwards among their own families, there arose

a separate community, distinct from other Muhammadans in figure,

colour and character. As soon as they were strong enough they formed

themselves into an aristocratic republic and produced some of the

most skilful and daring soldiers and sailors of Western India. The

rulers of Janjira and Sachin States in Bombay are Siddis by descent.

They are now employed as stokers and firemen on steamers and as

fitters and mechanics in the dockyards of Bombay, and are described

[499] as "A hardy race with muscular frames, thick lips and crisp

black hair--the very last men whom you would wish to meet in a

rough-and-tumble, and yet withal a jovial people, well-disposed

and hospitable to any one whom they regard as a friend." In other

parts of India the Siddis are usually beggars and are described as

'Fond of intoxicating drinks, quarrelsome, dirty, unthrifty and

pleasure-loving, obstinacy being their leading trait.' They worship

Baba Ghor, an Abyssinian saint. [500]

It is recorded that the medicine called Silajit, a nervine tonic for

the generative power, was formerly believed to be prepared from the

flesh of Abyssinian boys. Mr. Hooper writes: "Silajit is allied to

another ancient drug named Momiayi which has long been employed in

the East. The original drug is said to have been made from Egyptian

mummies, and subsequently to have been prepared by boiling down and

extracting the essence of Abyssinian boys. Since the last source of

supply has become scarce, several bituminous exudations are reported

to have been substituted." [501] The drug is now said to be made from

the gum of some stone in Hardwar, and this must be the bitumen referred

to by Mr. Hooper. The virtue ascribed to the flesh of Abyssinian boys

was no doubt based on their superior bodily strength and perhaps

partly on the prolificacy of the negroes. In the case of mummies,

as the body of the mummy was believed to have retained life or the

capacity of life for many ages, its material would naturally possess

extraordinary vitality and should be capable of imparting this quality

to others when assimilated into their bodies.

_Sidhira_, _Sithira_.--A small occupational caste of Sambalpur and

the Uriya States. The caste is not found elsewhere in India. They

are braziers by trade, and in spite of their small numbers say they

have three subcastes, one of which, the Luhura, works in iron. They

are an impure caste, whose touch conveys pollution in Sambalpur. They

accept alms from a Munda or Oraon on the occasion of a death in the

latter's family, and have totemistic septs. They eat fowls and rats

and consume much liquor. They also admit outsiders into the caste. It

may be concluded, therefore, that they are an occupational caste

formed from the tribes above mentioned or others, through adopting the

calling of brass-workers. The adultery of a Sidhira woman with a man

of any higher caste is looked upon as an absolutely trifling offence,

and this is a common feature of low castes of mixed origin. As among

many primitive tribes, one particular sept performs the ceremony of

readmitting offenders to caste intercourse by sprinkling a little

Ganges water over them. The man fulfilling this office is known as the

Baikar, and after a wedding the bridal pair go to the Baikar's house

and he pours two jars full of water over their heads and bodies. They

go inside the house, and the bridegroom then comes out and gives the

wet clothes to the Baikar with a small present. This appears to be

a sort of purificatory ceremony at marriage.

_Sidi_.--Synonym of Siddi.

_Silpi_.--(A stone-mason.) Subcaste of Kammala.

_Sindhi_.--(Performers of dramas.) Subcaste of Madgi.

_Sindhupushkar_.--A subcaste of Brahmans in Khairagarh State, perhaps

the same as the Marwari Pushkama Brahmans. It is said that Sindhu

has the meaning of a lake.

_Singade_.--(From _singh_, horn, and _gadna_, to bury.) Subcaste of

Koli. The members of this group, when their buffaloes die, bury the

horns in their compound.

_Singar_.--(A fish.) A totemistic sept of Kawar. A section of Agharia.

_Singaria_.--Those who cultivate the _Singara_ nut. Subcaste of Dhimar.

_Singh_.--(A lion.) The usual suffix to the names of Rajputs, Sikhs

and castes which claim Rajput rank, such as Lodhis.

_Singh, Singhi_.--(Horn.) A totemistic sept of Dhanwar. A section of

Kurmi, and of Oswal and Maheshri Bania.

_Singhal_.--(Ceylon.) A section of Brahmans in Damoh.

_Singrore_.--Subcaste of Kunbi and Lodhi.

_Sikligar_, _Bardhia_, _Saiqalgar_. [502]--A small caste of armourers

and knife-grinders. The name Saiqalgar comes from the Arabic _saiqal_,

a polisher, and Bardhia is from _bardh_, the term for the edge of a

weapon. They number only about 450 persons in the Central Provinces

and Berar, and reside mainly in the large towns, as Jubbulpore

and Nagpur. The caste is partly Hindu and partly Muhammadan, but

very few members of it in the Central Provinces profess the latter

religion. In Bombay [503] the Muhammadan Sikligars are said to be

Ghisaris or tinkers who were forcibly converted by Aurangzeb. The

writer of the Belgaum Gazetteer [504] says that they are scarcely more

than Muhammadans in name, as they practically never go to the mosque,

keep Hindu gods in their houses, eschew beef, and observe no special

Muhammadan rites other than circumcision. The Hindu Sikligars claim

to be Rajputs and have Rajput sept names, and it is not unlikely

that in old times the armourer's calling should have been adopted

by the lower classes of Rajputs. The headquarters of the caste is in

Gwalior, where there is probably still some scope for their ancient

trade. But in British territory the Sikligar has degenerated into a

needy knife-grinder. Mr. Crooke [505] describes him as "A trader of

no worth. His whole stock-in-trade is a circular whetstone worked by

a strap between two posts fixed in the ground. He sharpens knives,

razors, scissors and sometimes swords."

_Sirdar_.--Title of the Kawar caste.

_Siriswar_.--(From _siris_, a tree.) A section of Gadaria.

_Sirnet_.--A clan of Rajputs.

_Sirwa_.--(A resident of the ancient city of Sravasti in Gonda

district.) Subcaste of Teli.

_Sita Padri_.--Title of Vaishnava mendicants.

_Sithira_.--Synonym of _Sidhira_.

_Solaha_. [506]--A very small caste numbering less than a hundred

persons in the Raipur District. The caste only deserves mention as

affording an instance of an attempt to rise in the social scale. The

Solahas are certainly of Gond origin. Their name appears to be a

corruption of Tolaha, from _tol_, which means leather in Gondi or

Telugu. Their exogamous sections, as Markam, Warai, Wika, Sori, Kunjam,

are also Gond names, and like the Agarias they are an occupational

offshoot of that great tribe, who have taken to the special profession

of leather-curing and primitive carpentry. But they claim to belong to

the Barhai caste and say that their ancestors immigrated from Benares

at the time of a great famine there. In pursuance of the claim some

of them employ inferior Brahmans as their priests. They also say

that they accept food only from Brahmans and Rajputs, though they eat

fowls, pork and even rats. Women of any other caste can be admitted

into the community, but not men. The fact that they are not Barhais

is sufficiently shown by their ignorance of carpentering tools. They

do not even know the use of a rope for turning the drill and do it by

hand with a pointed nail. They have no planes, and smooth wood with a

chisel. Their business is to make musical instruments for the Gonds,

which consist of hollow pieces of wood covered with skin to act as

single or double drums. They use sheep and goat-skins, and after

letting them dry scrape off the hair and rub them with a paste of

boiled rice and powdered iron filings and glass.

_Solanki, Solankhi_.--A well-known clan of Rajputs, also called

Chalukya. The name is perhaps derived from _Sulakshana_, one bearing

an auspicious mark. A section of Pardhi and Gujar.

_Sompura_.--A subdivision of Gujarati Brahmans in Jubbulpore. They

take their name from Somnath in Kathiawar.

_Somvansi_.--(Children of the Moon.) Subcaste of Mahar. A clan

of Rajputs.

_Sonar_.--Synonym for Sunar in the Maratha country.

_Sonbarha_.--(Gold pig.) A section of Teli in Khairagarh, so named

as they presented a golden pig to their king Bharam Deo.

_Sonboyir_.--(Gold plum.) A section of Teli in Nandgaon, so called

because their ancestor presented a gold plum to their Raja.

_Sonbukra_.--(Yellow goat.) A totemistic sept of Kawar.

_Sondi_.--(_Sondi_, tiger.) A sept of Gonds in Raipur. It is said to be

of mixed descent from all the septs, and can intermarry with any other.

_Sondhi_.--Synonym for Sundi.

_Songainda_.--(Gold unicorn.) A section of Teli in Khairagarh, so

named because they presented a golden unicorn to their king Bharam Deo.

_Sonha_; _Sonkutta_.--(Wild dog.) A sept of Dhanwar, Kawar, Saonta

or Santal, and Chero.

_Soni_.--Synonym for Sunar.

_Sonjhara, Sonjharia_.--(One who washes for gold in the beds of

streams.) A caste. Subcaste of Binjhwar, Injhwar and Dhimar.

_Sonkar_.--A small caste found in the Chhattisgarh country, and also

in Saugor and Damoh. The name Sonkar is said to be a corruption of

Chunkar or lime-dealer, and the Sonkars of Saugor make their living

by carrying clay and lime on donkeys for building and whitewashing

walls. In Saugor they are also known as Beldar (navvy) and Gadhera

(donkey-driver), and occupy a despised position. Possibly on this

account a few of them in the northern Districts and the whole

community in Chhattisgarh have abandoned their traditional calling,

and have taken to growing vegetables like the Malis and Marars. Here

their status is better, and they rank as a gardening caste. Their

customs resemble those of the lower castes of Chhattisgarh. They

obtain auspicious dates for their marriages and different ceremonies

from Brahmans, but otherwise these are not employed, and the caste

headman, known as Kurha or Sethia, officiates as priest. At their

weddings the sacred post round which the couple walk must consist

of a forked bough of the mahua tree divided in a V shape, and they

take much trouble to find and cut a suitable bough. They will not

take cooked food from the hands of any other caste, even from Brahmans.

_Sonkarasaria_.--(Impure gold.) A section of Bhona or Bhulia.

_Sonkutri_.--(Bitch of the wild dog.) A totemistic sept of Kawar.

_Sonpakar_.--(A tree.) A totemistic sept of Kawar and Chero.

_Sonratan_.--(Gold jewel.) A section of Chandnahu Kurmi.

_Sonthaga_.--(Gold-cheat.) A subdivision of Pardhans in Kawardha. They

cheated people by passing false gold, and hence were so named.

_Sonthal_.--Synonym for Santal.

_Sonwani_.--(_Sona-pani_, gold-water.) This is a common sept among the

primitive tribes and castes derived from them. The members of this sept

occupy a quasi-priestly position, and readmit offenders into caste by

giving them water to drink in which gold has been dipped. They also

purify those who have got vermin in a wound by sprinkling this water

over them. A section of Ahir and of Rawat or Chhattisgarhi Ahir;

a sept of Dhoba, Dhanwar, Gond and Kawar; a section of Kalanga,

Kumhar, Panka and Teli.

_Sori_.--A sept of Gond and Pardhan. Sori and Khusro are the two

subsepts of the Markam sept.

_Soyam_.--(Worshipper of seven gods.) A division of Gond in Chanda.

_Sravaka_.--A Jain layman.

_Sri Gaur Mala_.--(A resident of Malwa.) Subcaste of Barhai.

_Srimali_.--(From the old city of Srimal in Rajputana.) A subcaste

of Gujarati Brahman and Bania.

_Srivastab, Sriwastab_.--(From the old city of Sravasti in the north

of Oudh.) A well-known subcaste of Kayasth. A subcaste of Bharbhunja,

Darzi and Teli.

_Sua_.--(Parrot.) A section of Chadar, Khangar and Kasar. A sept of

Bhatra and Kawar.

_Suda_.--Synonym of Sudh.

_Sudh_.--A caste. A subcaste of Kolta and Lohar.

_Sudha_.--Synonym of Sudh.

_Sudho_.--Synonym of Sudh.

_Sudra_.--The lowest of the four traditional castes. See

Introduction. There is no Sudra caste at present in the Central

Provinces. A subcaste of Barai.

_Suibadiwa_.--(_Sui_, porcupine.) A totemistic sept of the Dhurwa

Gonds in Betul.

_Suji_.--(From _sui_, a needle.) Synonym for Darzi.

_Sukul, Shukul_.--(White.) A surname of Kanaujia Brahmans.

_Sulankhi_.--Subcaste of Mahli.

_Sunar_.--A caste of goldsmiths. Subcaste of Bishnoi.

_Sundhi_.--Synonym of Sundi.

_Sungaria_.--(One who keeps pigs.) Subcaste of Kumhar.

_Sunni_.--One of the two principal sects of Muhammadans who follow

the orthodox traditions, Sunni meaning traditionist.

_Sunri_.--Synonym of Sundi.

_Surait_.--A name signifying persons of impure or mixed descent. A

subcaste of Dhakar and Halba. A subcaste of Jharia Rawat (Ahir)

in Bastar, being the offspring of Jharia Rawat fathers by women of

other Rawat subcastes. A subcaste of Sonkar in Kanker, consisting of

the offspring of illegitimate unions. A subcaste of Jhadi Telenga,

Kumhar and Marar (Mali).

_Suraj, Surya_.--(The sun.) A section of Binjhwar, Gond, Khangar,

Marar, Mowar, Rawat (Ahir) and Sansia (in Sambalpur).

_Surajdhwaja_.--A subcaste of Kayasth.

_Surajvansi_.--(Descendants of the Sun.) Name of one of the two

great divisions of Rajputs. A clan of Rajputs. A subcaste of Barai,

Khairwar and Kalar. A section of Chamar, Dhanwar, Gond and Koli.

_Suratha_.--A subdivision of Valmiki Kayasth.

_Sureyam_.--A Gond sept named after the _sui_ or porcupine, because,

it is said, a porcupine passed by when they were worshipping their god.

_Surkhi_.--(Red.) A clan of Surajvansi Rajputs.

_Sutar_.--The name of a carpenter in the Maratha Districts. Synonym

of Barhai.

_Suthra Shahi_.--Synonym for Nanakpanthi.

_Sutsale_.--(A thread-weaver.) Subcaste of Koshti.

_Suvarha_.--Named after the _suar_ or pig. Subcaste of Dhimar.

_Swami_ or _Aiya (Iyer)_.--(Master.) A title given to leaders of the

religious orders. A title of Sanadhya Brahmans in Saugor. A subcaste

of Jangam.

_Swetambari_.--A sect of Jains who put clothes on their images.

_Tadvi_.--A name for Muhammadan Bhils.

_Tak, Takshac_.--A clan of Rajputs, now extinct.

_Takankar, Takari_.--(From _takna_, to tap, to roughen the face of a

mill-stone.) A synonym or subcaste of Pardbi. A synonym for the Pathrot

or Pathrawat stone-workers in Berar, who are classed with Beldars.

_Takle_.--(Fallen.) A subcaste of Kasar, said to consist of the

descendants of persons excommunicated for sexual offences.

_Tamashawala_.--(Showman.) A name given to Nats.

_Tambatkar_.--(A coppersmith.) Synonym for Tamera.

_Tamboli, Tamoli_.--(A seller of the prepared betel-leaves.) Synonym

for Barai.

_Tandan_.--A subdivision of Saraswat Brahmans in Hoshangabad, perhaps

so called from their being priests of the Tandan Khatris.

_Tankiwala_.--(A sharpener of grindstones.) Subcaste of Dhimar.

_Tanti_.--(_Tanta_, weaver's loom.) A caste. A subcaste of Bhulia

and Mahli.

_Tanti, Tatwa_ (from Sanskrit _tantu_, a fibre).--The great weaver

caste of Bengal and Bihar. A few Tantis were enumerated in Raipur

District in 1911. Sir H. Risley is of opinion that the Tantis are

probably a functional group developed under the pressure of the natural

demand for fine woven cloth. [507] One tradition of their origin is

that the first ancestor of the caste was begotten by the celestial

architect Viswakarma on a low Sudra woman. Viswakarma is regarded

as the tutelary deity of the caste, and is worshipped twice a year

with offerings of flowers, rice and sugar. Images are sometimes made

of him, but more commonly the weaver's loom or some of the tools

of the craft are regarded as the dwelling-place or symbol of the

god. In past times the Tantis made the famous fine cotton cloth,

known as _abrawan_ or 'running water,' which was supplied only to

the imperial zenana at Delhi. Sir H. Risley relates the following

stories illustrating its gossamer texture. On one occasion a daughter

of Aurangzeb was reproached on entering the room for her immodest

attire, through which her limbs could be seen, and excused herself by

the plea that she had on seven folds of cloth over her body. Again

in the reign of Alivardi Khan (1742-56), a Dacca Tanti was flogged

and banished from the city for not preventing his cow from eating up

a piece of _abrawan_ cloth which had been laid out to bleach on the

grass. The famous female spinners who used to wind the fine native

thread were still to be found in 1873, but their art has now died

out. In illustration of their delicate touch it is told that one of

them wound 88 yards of thread on a reel, and the whole weight of the

thread was only one _rati_ or two grains. Nowadays the finest thread

spun weighs 70 yards to the _rati_. The best cloths were woven by

the Dacca Tantis, to whom the Koshtis of Burhanpur in the Central

Provinces stood second. The Bamanmara tank in the old village of

Dhanpur in Pendra zamindari of Bilaspur is so named from the fact

that about a century ago some Brahman traders were murdered on its

bank for the sake of the fine cloths they were carrying rolled up

in hollow bamboo sticks. In Bengal the Tantis are included among

the castes from whom a Brahman can take water. Sir H. Risley is

of opinion that they have to some extent raised themselves to this

position by their own influence, their trade being prosperous and

lucrative, and having long ago attained to the development of an

urban industry. The ordinary status of the weaving castes being at

the bottom of the social scale, the superior position of the Bengal

Tantis is an interesting exception. It is analogous to that of the

Koshtis in the Central Provinces, also a class of urban weavers,

who rank above the impure castes, though they have not attained to

the position of the Tantis, as Brahmans will not take water from them.

_Tanwar_.--A subcaste of Kawar, to which zamindars belong.

_Tanwat, Tanwatkari_.--A synonym for Panchal Sunar.

_Tarane_.--Synonym of Dobaile Teli.

_Tasa_.--Synonym of Chasa.

_Tatwa_.--Synonym for Tanti. (From Sanskrit _tantu_, a fibre.)

_Tawaif_.--(A prostitute.) Synonym for Kasbi.

_Tekam_.--(The teak tree.) One of the commonest clans of Gonds. A

sept of Baiga, Bharewa, Binjhwar and Pardhan. A subdivision of Majhwar.

_Telenga Dora_.--(Telugu Lord.) A designation used by the Velama caste.

_Telenge_.--A Telugu name used by Balijas and other Telugu

castes. Subcaste of Nai.

_Telha_.--Subcaste of Nagasia. The members of this subcaste mark the

forehead of the bride with _tel_ or oil at the marriage ceremony.

_Teli_.--A caste of oil-pressers. Subcaste of Barhai, Dangri and

Gondhali.

_Teli-Bania._--A group of the Teli caste who have taken to

shopkeeping. Subcaste of Teli.

_Teli-Kalar._--A mixed group of the Kalar and Teli castes. Subcaste

of Teli.

_Teli-Marar._--A subcaste of Marar.

_Telkala_.--Subcaste of Gandli.

_Terah-hazar_ or _Birbandhi_.--(Thirteen thousand.) Subcaste of Chero.

_Thakur_.--(Lord.) The common title of Rajputs. This title is also

used by Lodhis, Raj-Gonds and other landowning castes. A surname of

Karhara Brahmans in Saugor. A section of Ahir, Marar (Mali), Panwar

Rajput and Sudh.

_Thakuria_.--(Lordling.) A subcaste of Murao. A subcaste of Kol and

Parja. A section of Darzi and Katia.

_Thanapati_.--(Master of the sacred place.) Synonym for Gandhmali.

_Thapak_.--A surname of Sanadhia Brahmans in Saugor. (From Sthapak,

the consecrator of idols.)

_Thapatkari_.--Synonym of Beldar.

_Thathari_.--A caste of coppersmiths in Sambalpur.

_Thatia_.--A subtribe of Gonds, also called Gaiki or Mahato in Betul.

_Thethwar_.--(One who follows the straight path.) A subcaste of Rawat

(Ahir) in Chhattisgarh.

_Thotia, Thothia_.--(Maimed.) A subdivision of Gonds and Pardhans,

who live by begging from the Gonds.

_Thuria_.--Subcaste of Banjara in Sambalpur.

_Tilokchandi_.--(Bais.) A subdivision of the Bais clan of Rajputs.

_Tirelle_.--(Tirole.) Subcaste of Are.

_Tirgam_.--A subsept of the Uika clan of Gonds in Betul. A sept

of Pardhan.

_Tirmale, Tirmalle_.--A small caste of wandering Telugu beggars. Nearly

400 were returned in the Central Provinces and Berar in 1911. Tirmales

take about performing bulls. The animal is decorated with brass

ornaments and bells, and his back is covered with a patched quilt of

different colours. The Tirmale has a red turban with a scarf round

his neck, and a follower carries a drum. The bull is cleverly trained

and performs various tricks. The caste do this in the mornings, but

in the afternoon they appear as Bairagis or ordinary beggars, and in

the evening as sellers of various sacred articles, such as sandalwood,

Ganges water and rudraksha beads. They take water from the Ganges in

small phials and go down to the south of India selling it. On this

account they are known in Poona as Kashi Kawadi or those who carry

banghys from Kashi (Benares). In Telugu they are called Gangeddulu and

in Tamil Endandi, both words meaning people who beg with bulls. They

may properly be considered as a subcaste of Dasaris. [508] The Tirmales

travel with their families like the Banjaras, and live in tents or

sheds outside the village. Their marriages are generally celebrated

in the month of Shrawan in the rains, when they return from their

wanderings. They speak a corrupt Telugu among themselves, but Marathi

to outsiders. They eat flesh and drink liquor. The dead are buried.

_Tirmalle_.--Synonym of Tirmale.

_Tirtha_.--Name of one of the ten orders of Gosains.

_Titha_.--(From _titahri_, a sandpiper.) A section of Basor.

_Tiwari_.--(Learned in three Vedas.) A family name of Kanaujia and

Gaur Brahmans.

_Tiyar_.--A boating and fishing caste of Sambalpur and Bengal. In

the Central Provinces they numbered 700 in 1911. The caste is a

numerous one in Bengal and has been fully described by Sir H. Risley,

[509] so that no detailed notice of it is necessary here. The name

is derived from the Sanskrit _tivara_, a hunter, the Tiyars styling

themselves the hunters of the sea. They came to the Central Provinces

from Angul in Orissa, and they offer to the goddess Durga in Angul

an oblation of 60 to 100 _jian_ fish and a headload of lotus flowers

on her special festival. In honour of Durga they observe a fast

on the four Tuesdays of the months of Chait and Kunwar (March and

September). In Chait they also worship their hooks and nets. At their

marriages when a father has selected a bride for his son he consults

an astrologer to compare their horoscopes. If the conjunction is

unsatisfactory he will change the boy's name to suit the astrological

calculations. The wedding is celebrated in the common fashion of the

Uriya castes. If a bachelor marries a widow he first goes through the

form of wedlock with a bunch of flowers. Among their caste penalties,

that imposed for the killing of a cow may be mentioned. It is called

the Gocharan Brit, and the offender is required to consort with cows

for twenty-one days. He must mix and take his meals in the cowshed,

and must copy the behaviour of the cows, lying down when they lie down,

standing up when they stand up, following them when they walk about,

and so on. At the expiration of this period he makes a pilgrimage to

a certain village, and on his return partakes of the five products

of the sacred cow and gives a feast to the caste. The Tiyars are a

low caste, and eat fowls and drink liquor. They will admit a member

of any higher caste on his giving a feast to the community. In the

Central Provinces they have exogamous sections within which marriage

is prohibited; these generally have titular names, as Padhan chief,

Das slave, Guru preceptor, and so on. They catch fish with the _ghani

benda_, a large bamboo basket covered with palm-tree bark, which is

sunk under water and secured in the bed of the stream.

_Todasai_.--(Worshipper of six gods.) A section of Raj-Gond.

_Tomara, Tuar, Tawar_.--(_Tomar_, a club.) A well-known clan of

Rajputs. A sept of Gond.

_Toriya_.--A name given to Gonds who worship twelve gods in Chanda.

_Tumram_.--(_Tumria_, a pumpkin.) A clan of Gond, said to be those

who worship six gods.

_Turi_.--A caste. A synonym for Basors or bamboo-workers. A section

of Kalanga.

_Turk_.--(Muhammadan.) A section of Panwa Rajput in Balaghat.

_Turkan_.--A subcaste of Bahna, so called because their forefathers

are said to have been soldiers in the army of the king of Delhi.

_Turkia, Kurkanya_.--A Muhammadan group. Subcaste of Banjara, Chamar.

_Uchla_.--(A lifter.) Title for Bharota.

_Uchle_.--(Pickpocket.) Subcaste of Mang.

_Uchodia_.--A subcaste of Bhand.

_Ud_.--Subcaste of Chasa. See Odde.

_Udainath_.--A subdivision of Jogi.

_Udaiputria_.--(One belonging to Udaipur.) Subcaste of Dhobi.

_Udasi_.--A class of religious mendicants. See Nanakpanthi.

_Uika, Oika_.--A very common clan of Gonds, who are said to be

worshippers of six gods.

_Ukas_.--A subcaste of Barhai.

_Ulluka_.--(An owl.) A totemistic sept of Sudh and Dumal.

_Umre_.--A subcaste of Bania. See subordinate article to Bania. A

subcaste of Kalar, Nai and Teli.

_Unayo, Unnaya_.--(From Unan in Oudh.) A subdivision of Nigam

Kayasth. It is also sometimes considered as a half subcaste, in

addition to the twelve proper subcastes.

_Unewal_.--A subdivision of Rhedawal Brahmans found in Jubbulpore. They

take their name from Una, a village in Kathiawar.

_Upadhya_.--(A teacher.) A surname of Kananjia and Sanadhya Brahmans. A

title of Manbhao.

_Upmanyu_.--An eponymous section of Brahmans.

_Uraon_.--Synonym of Oraon.

_Uriya_,--(A native of Orissa.) A synonym for the Sansia caste of

masons in Sambalpur. A subcaste of Ganda, Ghasia, Gond, Karan, Kewat,

Koshti, Savar, Sundi and Sunar.

_Urkara, Urkare_.--(From Warkora, a wild cat in Gondi.) A section of

Sunar and Gond.

_Usrete_.--A subcaste of Kurmi and Nai.

_Uthaigira_.--(A picker-up of that which has fallen.) Synonym of

Sanaurhia.

_Utkala_.--(A resident of Orissa.) One of the five orders of Panch

Gaur Brahmans inhabiting Orissa.

_Vadar or Wadewar_.--(A stone-cutter.) Synonym of Beldar.

_Vade, Wade_.--(A carpenter.) A sept of Maria Gonds.

_Vadra_.--(A carpenter.) Subcaste of Kammala.

_Vaghe_.--(From _vagh_, a tiger.) See Waghya.

_Vaidika_.--(Reciter of the Vedas.) A title of Brahmans.

_Vaishnava_.--(A worshipper of Vishnu.) A name for the mendicant

orders of Vishnuite devotees and Bairagis.

_Vaishnava Sunar_.--A group of Sunars who claim to be Brahmans. See

Panchal.

_Vaishya_.--Name of the third of the four classical castes. See

Introduction. There is no Vaishya caste at present, but the Bania caste

are considered, perhaps incorrectly, to be descended from the Vaishyas.

_Vajantri, Wajantri_.--(Musician.) A subcaste of Gurao. A synonym

and section of Mang.

_Vallabkacharya_.--A Vishnuite sect and order of religious

mendicants. See article Bairagi.

_Valmika, Valmiki_.--A subdivision of Khedawal Brahmans who take

their name from the sage Valmika. A subcaste of Kayasths.

_Vamachari Sect_.--Synonym for Vam-Margi.

_Vani_.--Synonym for Bania.

_Varade, Warade_.--(A resident of Berar, a variant of Berari, _q.v._)

A subcaste of Simpi or Maratha Darzi. A subcaste of Dhangar and Nai.

_Varendra or Barendra_.--A subcaste of Bengali Brahmans.

_Vartati_.--(Pure.) Subcaste of Andh.

_Vasishta or Vashishta_.--Name of a famous saint in classical

literature. An eponymous section of Brahmans.

_Vellala_.--The great cultivating caste of the Tamil country, to

whom by general consent the first place in social esteem among the

Tamil Sudra castes is awarded. They have a strength of more than 2

1/2 millions in India; in the Central Provinces there were in 1911

about 700 in Chanda, Nagpur and other Districts. In the _Madras Census

Report_ of 1901, Mr. Francis gives an interesting description of the

structure of the caste and its numerous territorial, occupational

and other subdivisions. He shows also how groups from lower castes

continually succeed in obtaining admission into the Vellala community

in the following passage: "Instances of members of other castes

who have assumed the name and position of Vellalas are the Vettuva

Vellalas, who are really Vettuvans; the Puluva Vellalas, who are

only Puluvans; the Illam Vellalas, who are Panikkans; the Karaiturai

(lord of the shore) Vellalas, who are Karaiyans; the Karukamattai

(palmyra leaf stem) Vellalas, who are Balijas; the Guha (Rama's

boatman) Vellalas, who are Sembadavans; and the Irkuli Vellalas, who

are Vannans. The children of dancing girls also often call themselves

Mudali, and claim in time to be Vellalas, and even Paraiyans assume

the title of Pillai, and trust to its eventually enabling them to pass

themselves off as members of the caste." The Vellalas will not touch

the plough with their own hands. Some of them abstain from flesh and

liquor, and prohibit the remarriage of widows with a view to raising

their social status.

_Vidur_.--A caste. A subcaste of Gondhali, Kasar, Komti, Kunbi,

and Lohar, comprising persons of illegitimate descent.

_Vir_.--Subcaste of Gopal.

_Virmushti_.--A class of Bairagis or religious mendicants.

_Vishnu Swami_.--A class of Bairagis or religious mendicants.

_Vishwamitra_.--Name of a famous saint in classical literature. An

eponymous section of Brahmans.

_Vyas_.--A section of Brahmans and of Agharia.

_Waddar_.--A name for Telugu Oddes or navvies in Chanda. A subcaste

of Beldar.

_Wadewar_.--Synonym of Odde or Beldar in Chanda.

_Waghe_.--(_Wagh_ or _bagh_, a tiger.) A section of Koshti and Mana,

a clan of Maratha.

_Waghmare_.--(Tiger-killer.) A clan of Arakh, Gopal and Mahar.

_Wakkaliga, Okkiliyan_.--A Canarese caste of cultivators, of which

a few representatives were returned from Nagpur. They reside mainly

in the Madura and Coimbatore Districts. The name is derived from the

Canarese _okkalu_, [510] which means cultivation or agriculture.

_Wakmar_.--(One who left the _pangat_ or caste feast while his fellows

were eating.) Title of Hatkar.

_Wandhekar_.--Subcaste of Kunbi.

_Wanjari_.--Synonym for Banjara. Subcaste of Kunbi.

_Warade_.--(A resident of Berar.) Subcaste of Gurao.

_Wartki_.--(A washerman.) Synonym for Dhobi in the Maratha country.

_Wasudeo, Wasdeo_.--The name of the father of Krishna, the Hindu

god. Synonym of Basdewa. A subcaste of Joshi.

_Watkari_. See Otari.

_Wika_.--Synonym for Uika, a well-known clan of Gonds.

_Yadu, Yadava_.--A well-known clan of Rajputs.

_Yadubansi_.--(Of the Yadu race.) A subcaste of Ahir.

_Yadu-Bhatti._--Clan of Rajputs. Synonym for Yadu.

_Yajur-Vedi._--A subcaste of Brahmans who follow the Yajur-Veda. They

are also known as Madhyandan and Apastambha.

_Yarande_.--(One who presses the _erandi_ or castor-oil seed.) Subcaste

of Teli.

_Yati_.--(For Jati). A Jain ascetic.

_Yelama_.--Synonym of Velama.

_Yogi_.--Synonym of Jogi.

_Yojna_.--Subcaste of Komti.

SUBJECT INDEX

This Index contains references to general ethnological and other

subjects referred to in the articles, either those on main castes and

tribes in Part II., or those on religions and sects in Part I. These

latter are usually distinguished by the letters R. for religion or

S. for sect. Very occasionally a reference is made to one of the minor

articles in the Glossary. The reference numbers are to the paragraphs

of the articles. In the few cases where no reference number is given

the subject is either treated generally in the article referred to, or

the article itself is so short that further indication is unnecessary.

Abhiras, the--Ahir, 2

Aboriginal tribes, position of, in Hindu society--Bhuiya, 3

Acrobatic performances--Nat, 4, 5

Address, methods of--Bairagi 11, Brahman, 18, Gond, 72, Gosain, 5,

Lodhi, 10, Muhammadan R., 32

Admission of outsiders--Arya Samaj R., 3, Bhaina, 6, Bhamta, 3, Bhil,

11, Dahait, 3, Dhanwar, 11, Gond, 70, Injhwar, 4, Jhadi Telenga, 3,

Kaikari, 4, Kanjar, 8, Khond, 9, Mahli, 2, Mehtar, 5, Panka, 5, Turi,

6, Vellala,

Adoption--Bhamta, 3

Agricultural rites--Gond' 48, Kohli, 4, Kurmi, 32, Oraon, 21, 22

Agricultural superstitions--Kurmi, 33

Akali sect, the--Sikh R., 6

Akti or Akshit tritiya festival--Chitari, 6, Chitrakathi

Alcohol, prohibition of--Kalar 6

Ambagarhia Deo, worship of--Koshti, 3

Amulets--Bhil, 9, Sunar, 12

Ancestors, reincarnation of--Chamar, 7, Dhakar, 2, Gond, 37, 39,

Khond, 5. Oraon, 10

Ancestors, worship of--Badhak, 9, Gond, 38, 42, Gowari, 5, Koshti,

4, Oraon, 14, Sansia, 3, Sundi, Thug, 17, Turi, 4

Angad Guru--Sikh R., 2

Animal hospitals--Jain R., 14

Animal sacrifices, in Greece--Kasai, 17 sacrifice of buffalo--Mahar, 2

Animals, kindness to--Bishnoi, 3, Dohor

Animals, veneration for--Bhil, 8, Gowari, 5, Jain R., 14, Kasai,

Oraon, 20

Animism--Kasai, 4

Anniversaries of the dead--Kurmi, 28

Appearance and mode of life--Baiga, 7, 8, Beria, 1, Bhil, 12, Bhishti,

Bhuiya, 14, Chamar, 1, Khatri, 1, Kirar, 4, Kohli, 5, Kol, 16, Korku,

10, Korwa, 2, Oraon, 23, Panwar Rajput, 13, Velama, 1

Arjun Guru--Sikh R., 2

Arts, origin of the--Mochi, 3

Arya Samaj R., prospects of--Arya Samaj R., 6

Assassination, methods of--Thug, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Astronomical beliefs and stories--Bhatra, 4, Dhuri, 3, Dumal, 4,

Jadua Brahman, Joshi, 1-16, Mahar, 11, Turi, 4

Baigas, a branch of the Bhuiyas--Bhuiya, 6

Balak Das--Satnami S., 4

Banda, worship of--Kharia, 8

Banjari Devi, worship of--Banjara, 10

Bankrupt, going (or Diwala Nikalna)--Bhat, 16

Barber. See article Nai

Barber-surgeon--Nai, 6

Bathing--Gond, 64, Kurmi, 39

Beard, the--Nai, 11

Beggars or religious mendicants. See articles Bairagi, Fakir,

Gosain, etc.

Begging, mode of--Aghori, 1, Basdewa, Gopal, Jogi, 11, Waghya

Bell-metal--Kasar, 4

Betel-vine, account of--Barai, 5

Betrothal--_Passim_. See especially Banjara, 6, Gadaria, 3, Gond,

Kawar, 4, Kolta, 3, Korku, 4, Kunbi, 7, Kurmi, 5, Prabhu, 1, Rajput,

Turi, 3

Bhang--Kalar, 10

Bhanwar ceremony (walking round the sacred post at marriage)--Kirar,

2, Kurmi, 9

Bhats and Charans--Bhat 2

Birth ceremonies--_Passim_, See especially Ahir 10, Chamur 8, Gond 28,

29, Halba 15, Jat 11, Kawar 6, Kunbi 10, 11, Kurmi 15-17, Mehtar 8-11,

Muhammadan R. 7-9, Sonjhara 4; ceremony of second birth--Korku 10

Birthdays--Muhammadan R. 12

Blacksmiths--Lohar 5

Blanket-weaving--Gadaria 7

Blood, smeared on images of gods--Lakhera 5

Blood-covenant--Kewat 2, Khairwar 5

Brahmo Samaj R., veneration of, foundation of, progress of--Brahmo

Samaj Religion 2, 3, 9

Branding the body--Gond 67, Oraon 11

Bride, purchase of--Agaria 2, Audhelia 2, Banjara 6, Dahait 3, Dangi

3, Kawar 4, Khadra, Kharia 5, Khond 4, Kir 2, Kohli 2, Kol 10, Panwar

Rajput 7, Pardhi 3, Rajjhar 3

Bridegroom, dress of a--Daharia 3, Khangar 3, Sansia (Uria) 2

Buddhism compared with Jainism--Jain R. 2

Buffalo, as a corn god--Kumhar 9, Mahar 2

Bullocks, veneration for--Kunbi 24

Buradeo, worship of--Bhunjia 1, Gond 38, 45, Pardhan 4

Burial--Kurmi 23

Calendar, the Hindu--Joshi 1-15

Camel, sacrifice of the--Kasai 15

Cannibalism--Aghori 2, Birhor, Gond 52

Car Festival--Jain R. 11

Carpentering and woodwork--Barhai 6

Caste customs--Badhak 8, Balahi 3, Banjara 19, Chasa 3, Kabirpanthi

S. 9, Panwar Rajput 13, Satnami S. 8. See also _Admission of

Outsiders._

Caste feasts--Kurmi 41, Intro. 82, 84

Caste Panchayat or committee--Alur 17, Brahman 20, Dhoba 5, Gond 73,

Gowari 7, Halba 18, Kadera 3, Kawar 12, Kol 19, Oraon 27, Pardhan 6,

Intro. 93

Caste rules and penalties--_Passim_. See especially Bharia 7, Brahman

20, Dhanwar 11, Dhimar 12, Dohor, Gond 73, 74, Gowari 7, Jat 13, Kamar

9, Kawar 12, Kol 18, Kurmi 44, Mahar 12, Mehtar 4, Panwar Rajput 12,

Pardhi 4, Teli 11

Caste structure--Mehtar 3; origin of--Intro. 3, 4

Cattle, castration of--Chamar 15; slaughter of--Kasai 2; worship

of--Banjara 13, Hatkar 2

Character. See _Moral Character_

Charans--Banjara 2, Bhat 9, 12

Children, devices for procuring--Kunbi 12, Mehtar 8, Muhammadan R. 7;

superstitions about--Gond 31; traffic in--Ganda 2

Choti or scalp-lock--Nai 9

Circumcision--Muhammadan R. 13

Civil marriage act--Brahmo Samaj Religion 6

Clothes. See _Dress_

Cocoanut, legends about--Kabirpanthi S. 5

Conception, miraculous, of children--Dhanwar 1

Coppersmiths--Tamera

Counting, official counter or Medha Gantia--Bhatra 4, Parja 7,

Intro. 60

Courtesans, education of--Kasbi 4

Couvade, practice of--Oraon 9, Sonjhara 4, Verukala, Intro. 60

Cow-killing, penalty for--Tiyar

Cradle songs--Chitari 5

Criminal practices--Badhak 17, Banjara 21, Beldar 6, Beria 2, Bharota

1, Chamar 16, Kanjar 5, Pardhan 6, Pasi 7. See also _Theft_

Crows, beliefs about--Kunbi 15

Cultivating status--Jat 5, Kunbi 4, Kurmi 45, Intro. 21

Cultivation--Gond 79; patch cultivation 80

Dacoity--Badhak 2, 3, 4, Korwa 10, Mang Garori, Mina 3, Pardhi 12,

Pindari 4, 5, 6, Ramosi 2, Sansia 4, 5

Daily life--Maratha 8

Dancing--Gond 76, Gondhali, Kashi 3, 8, Kharia 12, Kol 17, Korwa 8,

Majhwar 7, Oraon 25, 26, Parja 4

Dasahra festival--Kumhar 10, Mahar 2, Sunar 4

Dauwa or wet-nurse--Ahir 7

Dayanand Saraswati--Arya Samaj R. 1, 2

Days--Joshi 9, 16; omens from--Kawar 10, Parja 7

Dead, beliefs about the--Kurmi 29

Death ceremonies--_Passim_. See especially Bedar 3, Binjhwar 6, Bishnoi

8, Brahman 14, Chamar 7, Dhakar 3, Gond 32-38, Gosain 10, Gujar 6,

Gurao 6, Halba 12, Kabirpanthi S. 7, Katia 4, Kawar 7, 8, Kharia 9,

Khatri 4, Khojah, Khond 6, Kirar 3, Kol 14, Koli 6, Korku 9, Kunbi 14,

Kunjra, Kurmi 20, 21, 22, 26, Lingayat, Mahar 6, Muhammadan R. 14,

Panwar Rajput 11, Parsi R. 16, 17, Rajput 6, Sonjhara 5, Intro. 89

Dehendra Nath Tagore--Brahmo Samaj Religion 4

Deo Brahman, ceremony of--Bedar 2

Demeter, the goddess--Kumhar 7

Deshmukh and Deshpandia, offices of--Kunbi, 2

Devi, the goddess--Kumhar, 11

Dhar and Ujjain--Panwar Rajput, 3

Dharam Das, legend of--Kabirpanthi S., 4

Dharna, sitting--Aghori, 2, Bhat, 14, Maratha, 14

Dhatura--Kalar, 10

Digging earth for oven at wedding--Kirar, 2

Diseases--Mehtar, 13 magical cure for--Koshti, 6

Disguises--Badhak, 5, Bhamta, 1, Jadua Brahman, Thug, 7

Divorce--Binjhwar, 5, Chamar, 6, Dewar, 3, Dhanwar, 6, Dhimar, 4,

Gadba, 2, Gond, 25, Halba, 10, Katia, 3, Kohli, 2, Koli, 4, Korku,

10, Koshti, 3, Kunbi, 8, Mahar, 5, Mina, 4, Muhammadan R., 6, Panwar

Rajput, 8, Savar, 4, Taonla

Diwali Festival, the--Ahir, 15, Bania, 15

Dog--Banjara, 20; associated with the god Khandoba--Maratha, 7

Domestic animals, taboos about--Dhangar, 4, Mang, 7, Naoda,

Sonjhara, 6

Doms, the--Kanjar, 4

Donkey, the--Dhobi, 7

Dravidian tribes, their origin and immigration--Kol, 4, 5, Intro.,

37, 39

Dress--Banjara, 18, Bharia, 7, Bohra, 7, Brahman, 22, Darzi, 4, Gadba,

5, Gond, 61, Gosain, 4, Halba, 19, Jogi, 7, Kasbi, 8, Kawar, 11,

Kol, 16, Korku, 10, Koshti, 7, Kunbi, 22, Kurmi, 37, 38, Mahar, 12,

Muhammadan R., 31, Oraon, 23, 24, Pardhi, 5, Parsi R., 18, Rajput 11

Dyeing clothes--Rangrez, Chhipa

Ear, tearing the--Sunar, 10

Ear-piercing--Gond, 62, Kachhi, 5, Muhammadan R., 11, Sunar, 10, 11

Earth, beliefs about the--Bhunjia, 4

Earth-eating--Chitari, 3, Kurmi, 14

Earth-goddess--Kumhar, 11

Eating with relatives, taboos on--Gauria

Eclipse, legends about--Mehtar, 19, Teli, 8

Emasculation. See article Hijra

Eunuchs. See article Hijra

Evil eye--Bhatra, 8, Chitari, 4, Khangar, 3, Mahar, 11

Exogamous septs or clans--_Passim_. See especially Bhaina, 3,

Brahman, 8, Chadar, 1, Dahait, 2, Dangi, 2, Gond, 12, Gowari, 3,

Halba, 4, Jhadi Telenga, 2, Karan, Katia, 2, Kawar, 3, Kewat, 2,

Khond, 3, Korku, 3, Kunbi, 5, Kurmi, 4 and Appendix, Lodhi, 4, Mahar,

5, Maratha, 4, Panwar Rajput, 6, Rajput, 4, Savar, 3, Intro., 48, 69

Extortionate practices of Bards--Bhat, 7

False bride, custom of--Dhobi, 2

Fasting for the crops--Kunbi, 7, Oraon, 22; other fasts--Jain R.,

13, Thug, 18

Female palanquin bearers--Kahar, 3

Festivals--Gadba, 3, Gond, 53, Khond, 10, Maratha, 7, Oraon, 20, 21,

Parja, 7

Fighting, methods of--Gosain, 9, Khond, 7, 8

Fights of animals--Kasai, 21

Fishing--Dhimar, 8

Flowers--Mali, 3, 4, 10

Folktales--Korwa, 11

Food--Baiga, 8, Bania, 17, Bharia, 7, Brahman, 21, Gadba, 5, Gond, 68,

Kawar, 12, Khond, 9, Kol, 18, Kolta, 4, Korku, 10, Kunbi, 21, Kurmi,

40, Lodhi, 9, Mina (or Deswali), 4, Muhammadan R., 30, Parsi R., 18,

Rajput, 8, Tiyar, Intro., 85, 88; leavings of food--Dhimar, 10

Foreign religions, adoption of--Mahar, 10, Mehtar, 16

Forest ascetics--Jogi, 5

Fosterage--Ahir, 7

Funeral priest--Kurmi, 26

Furniture--Baiga, 7, Kunbi, 20, Kurmi, 36

Games and pastimes--Kamar, Mal, Pardhi, 7, 11

Ganja (Indian hemp)--Kalar, 10, 11

Ganpati, worship of--Bania, 14, Koshti, 5; legend about--Kunbi, 16

Gardening--Mali, 10, Intro., 28

Ghasi Das (legends and teachings of)--Satnami S., 2, 3, 4

Ghosts, beliefs about--Bhat, 10, 11

Gipsies, origin of--Kanjar, 2

Girls dedicated to temples--Kashi, 2, Waghya

Goats and sheep--Dhangar, 5, Gadaria, 6

Gods, attitude towards the--Garpagari, 4; making contracts with

the--Mehtar, 8

Going away ceremony (or Gauna)--Halba, 9, Katia, 3, Lodhi, 6, Panwar

Rajput, 8

Gold, sanctity of--Sunar, 7; washing for--Sonjhara, 8

Gondwana--Gond, 2

Govind Singh, Guru--Sikh R., 3

Graveyards--Bohra, 4, Kurmi, 23

Grazing cattle--Ahir, 19

Greeting--See _Address, methods of_

Grinding grain--Kanjar, 9

_Gur_ or sugar, the sacred--Thug, 16

_Guru_ or spiritual preceptor--Bairagi, 13, Daharia, 3

Hailstorms, averting--Garpagari, 1, 4

Hair--Gond, 63, Jogi 7, Manbhao 3, Nai _passim_

Hair-cutting--Nai 3

Halal (sacrifice) rites of Muhammadan,--Atari 4, Kasai 3

Hanuman, the god--Garpagari 3, 4, Kunbi 12

Haveli, meaning of--Kurmi, 3

Heber, Bishop--Swami Narayan S. 3

Hindu R., aversion to--Satnami S. 7. See _Religious Beliefs_

Holi Festival--Bania 16, Gond 54, Khairwar 9, Mannewar

Homosexual practices--Hijra

Horoscopes--Prabhu 1

Horse--Maratha 7

Houses--Banjara 19, Bohra 7, Gond 60, Kunbi 19, Kurmi 34, Sonjhara 7;

superstitions about--Gond 36, Kurmi 35, Parja 7

Human corpse, eating of--Aghori 2

Human sacrifices--Banjara 16, Gond 51, Khond 12, Oraon 17

Hun immigration, the--Gujar 1, 2, Panwar Rajput 1, 2

Hunting, methods of--Gond 81, Kolhati 6, Mal, Pardhi 8, 9, 10;

ceremonial hunting--Bhatra 7, and Gond

Hypergamy--Brahman 10, Dangi 2, Daraihan, Lodhi 3, Mina 4, Murha 2,

Intro. 16

Id festivals--Muhammadan R. 20, 21

Illegitimacy--Khatri 3, Vidur 3, Dhakar

Immorality of girls--Oraon 4

Impure castes--Intro. 40, 94

Incest, legend of--Lohar 1

Indoor servants--Dhimar 10, Kahar, 4

Infant-marriage--Dhuri 2, Khandait, Kir 2

Infanticide--Rajput 4

Inheritance--Kamar 6, Kawar 12, Khairwar 8, Kol 15, Korku 12, Kunbi 6,

Rautia 5

Initiation, rites of--Bairagi 11, Bishnoi 4, Gosain 3, Kabirpanthi

S. 6, Manbhao 2, Parmarthi S., Satnami S. 5, Sikh R. 4, Thug 19,

Waghya, Intro. 83

Interest on money--Bania, 23, Muhammadan R. 35

Iron-working industry--Lohar 5; superstitions about iron--Lohar 2

Jain Banias--Bania, 9, and Bania, Parwar subcaste; Jain Guraos--Gurao 8

Jasondhis, the--Bhat 8

Jawaras or Gardens of Adonis--Kurmi 31

Jhambaji--Bishnoi 2

Juari as a food--Kunbi 21

Juggling--Jadua Brahman

Kabir, legend and teachings of--Kabirpanthi S. 1, 2, 3

Kali, worship of--Sakta S., Thug, 14; derived from the tiger--Thug,

14, 16, 22

Karan, legend of--Basdewa

Karma festival--Baiga 8, Binjhwar 8, Gond 56, Majhwar 7, Oraon 19

Kayasths, aversion to--Ghasia 8

Kazi--Muhammadan R. 25

Keshub Chandar Sen--Brahmo Samaj R. 5. 7

Kettle-drum--Ganda 5, Nagarchi

Khandoba, worship of--Bhil 8, Maratha 7, Waghya

Khatpati--Bhat 16

Khonds, rebellion of the--Khond 14

Kidnapping children--Banjara 17

King, legend of killing--Bhil 2

Kinship, basis of--Kasai 9, 10, 11

Kolarians and Dravidians, the--Kol 4, Intro. 35-39

Koli caste; derived from Kol tribes--Kohli, 1

Koran--Muhammadan R. 27

Krishna, the god--Ahir, 4, 12; worship of Krishna--Bairagi 7

Lac (bangles and toys)--Lakhera, 4, 9; industry--Lakhera 3

Lalbeg, worship of--Mehtar 15

Land, rules for occupation of--Khond 7; rights in--Bania 24; ownership

of--Intro. 23

Language--Ahir 3, Baiga 10, Bhil 14, Gond 78, Halba 5, Kharia 14,

Kol 5, 22, Kolam 1, Korku 14

Leather--Chamar 11, 12, 13

Leather-workers--Mochi 4

Legends of origin--_Passim_. See especially Agharia, Baiga, Balahi,

Bhat, Bhoyar, Bhunjia, Brahman (Kanaujia and Nagar sub-castes),

Chamar, Daharia, Dangi, Dhanwar, Dhimar, Halba, Holia, Jat, Kalar,

Kasar, Kharia, Khatri, Kol, Komti, Korku, Lohar, Mali, Mang, Panwar

Rajput, Parja, Sanaurhia, Sunar, Sundi, Teli

Levirate, the--Mang 4, Mina (or Deswali) 4, Parja 6, Sunar 3, Turi 3

Lingo, Gond hero, legend of--Gond 5-10

Liquor, drinking--Gond 69, Kalar 4, 7; and preparation of--Kalar 13;

rice-beer--Kol 7, Oraon 26; toddy or date-palm liquor--Pasi 6

Liquor, sanctity of--Kalar 8, 9

Lizard hunting--Badhak15

Love charms--Kunbi 13

Lukman Hakim, worship of--Kadera 4

Madak or opium smoking--Kalar 11

Magic--Banjara 15, Bharia 6, Bhat 11, Bhatra 8, Dhanwar 10, Gauria,

Gond 46, 49, Jhadi Telenga 7, Kawar 6, 10, Kol 13, Korku 8, Teli 14,

Vam-Margi S.

Maha-Brahman, presents to--Kurmi 26

Manasa Devi--Nat 6

Maratha, derivation of name--Mahar 1, Maratha 2

Maratha immigration into the Central Provinces--Kunbi 2, 3

Maratha soldiers--Maratha 13, 15, 16

Marriage, barber's duties at--Nai 5

Marriage between relations, restrictions on--Balahi 2, Brahman 9,

Dangi 3, Dhoba 2, Gond 15, Injhwar 3, Kai-kari 2, Kunbi 6, Murha 2,

Panka 4, Tamera 2

Marriage by capture--Gond 22, Kolam 2, Oraon 6, Intro. 71, 72

Marriage cakes, the--Kurmi 7

Marriage crowns--Chitari 6

Marriage customs--_Passim_. See especially Baiga 4, Bania 11, Banjara

7, Bhatra 5, Binjhwar 3, 4, Brahman 11, Chamar 5, Daharia 3, Gadaria 3,

Ganda 3, Gond 15-23, Halba 6, 8, Jat 8, Jhadi Telenga 4, Kachera 3,

Kachhi 3, Kapewar, Kasbi 5, Kawar 4, Kayasth 8, Kharia 5, Khatri 4,

Khond 4, Kol 10, Kolam 2, Kolta 3, Komti, Korku 5, Koshti 3, Kunbi 7,

Kunjra, Kurmi, Lodhi 5, Mahar 5, Mali 6, Muhammadan R. 5, Oraon 6,

Panwar Rajput 7, Parja 3, 4, 5, Prabhu 1, Raghuvansi 2, Rajput 5,

Sansia 2, Teli 5, Turi 3

Masan Baba, worship of--Teli 7

Massage--Nai 4

Mecca, pilgrimage to--Muhammadan R. 18

Meghnath rites--Gond 55

Menstruation--Dhanwar 2, Gond 27, Halba 14, Kamar 4, Kunbi 10,

Kurmi 12, 15

Migration--Bhuiya 5, Kirar, Kohli 1, Kol 5, Kunbi 2

Military system--Arab, Maratha 11, 12, 13, 15, 16

Milk--Ahir 20

Miscarriage--Kurmi 12

Monasteries--Bairagi 14, Gosain 8

Moneychangers and testers--Sunar 14

Moneylenders--Bania 18-24

Months, the Hindu--Joshi 11, 13

Moon, legends about--Bharia 6, Kunbi 16, Turi 4; the moon's path

and daily mansions--Joshi 4, 8, 10, 15

Moral character, disposition, or conduct--Badhak 16, Banjara 22,

Bhil 3, 12, Bhilala 5, Brahman 25, Chamar 17, Dangi 5, Gond 58, 59,

Gujar 3, Hijra, Jat 4, Kohli 5, Kunbi 11, 23, 24, Kunjra, Manbhao 2,

Oraon 28, Panwar Rajput 13, Pardhan 5, Parja 1, Pindari 7, Rajput 9,

10, 14, Thug 11, Turi 6

Mosques--Muhammadan R. 22

Mourning--Bania 13, Brahman 14, Chauhan, Dumal 4, Ganda 4, Gond 34,

Kawar 7, Khatri 4, Kirar 3, Kunbi 15, Kurmi 25, 27; shaving hair

for--Nai 15

Muhammadan and Hindu rites, mixture of--Bishnoi 5, Kunbi 18, Kunjra,

Meo, Mukeri, Sikligar, Teli 8

Muhammadan castes--Muhammadan R. 3

Muhammadan tribal divisions, families and names--Muhammadan R. 4, 9

Muharram rites--Kunbi 18, Muhammadan R. 19

Mulla, the--Bohra 3, Muhammadan R. 24

Music, in connection with dancing--Kasbi 3

Musical instruments--Mochi

Nails, superstitions about--Nai 16

_Nakshatras_, the--Joshi 7, 8, 14

Namdeo Sect--Darzi 5

Names--Agaria 4, Baiga 5, Bhatra 10, Bhoyar 3, Chamar 8, Dhanwar 13,

Gond 30, Halba 16, Jhadi Telenga 6, Joshi 18-21, Khond 5, Kol 20,

Kolhati 5, Mahar 8, Sunar 2, Vidur 6

Naming of a child--Oraon 10, Vidur 6

Naming relations, taboos on--Bhatra 10, Dhanwar 13, Gond 72, Khond 9,

Lodhi 10

Nanak--Nanakpanthi S. 1, Sikh R. 1

Nanakpanthi and Sikh sects, distinction between--Sikh R. 5

Narayandeo, worship of--Koshti 5, Panwar Rajput 9

Nudity of women--Garpagari 4

Numbers, superstitions about--Joshi 12

Oaths--Mahar 12

Oil-pressing--Teli 15

Omens, beliefs about--Ahir 16, Badhak 12, Baiga 6, Gond 21, 47,

Kawar 10, Koli 3, Korku 8, Mang-Garori, Mina 3, Pardhi 4, Parja 7,

Sansia 6, Thug 22, 23, 24

Opium--Kalar 10, 11, Rajput 9

Ordeals--Bharia 6, Kaikari 4, Kolhati 5, Pardhi 6, Sansia 7

Ornaments--Ahir 18, Gond 61, Kunbi 22, Sunar 6, 8, 9

Outram, Sir James--Bhil 4

Paida ceremony--Jat 10

Palanquin or Doli--Kahar 2

Parasurama, legend of--Panwar Rajput 2

Passover, the--Kasai 18

Pavilion or the marriage-shed--Kurmi 6

Pearls--Sunar 9

Physical type. See _Appearance_

Pickaxe, the Sacred--Thug 15

Pigs, breeding for sacrifice and estimation of--Kumhar 6, 8

Pipal tree, beliefs about--Kunbi 12

Pledge, or covenant, between married couple--Bhatra 5; with the

gods--Bhat 14. See also _Dharna_

Pola festival--Kunbi 17

Polyandry, survivals of fraternal--Bhuiya 10, Khond 4, Korku 5,

Oraon 7. See also Gowari 3

Polygamy--Agharia 3, Andh, Bania 12, Barai 3, Dangri, Dhuri 2,

Gond 26, Kaikari 2, Kohli 2, Korwa 4, Kunbi 8, Kurmi 11, Mali 7,

Muhammadan R. 6

Prannath--Dhami S.

Pregnancy, rites during--Chitari 3, Gond 28, Halba 15, Kasbi 6,

Kunbi 10, Kurmi 13, Muhammadan R. 8

Priests, tribal--Koshti 5

Prostitution--Beria 3, Kasbi 2, 7

Proverbs--Arora, Bahna 5, Bharbhunja 3, Dhobi 7, Jogi 14, Julaha

Puberty rites--Gurao 3, Kaikari 3, Lodhi 7

Rajput and Jat, relations of--Jat 3

Rakshabandhan festival--Patwa

Ramazan, fast of--Muhammadan R. 17

Ram Das, Guru--Sikh R. 2

Ram Mohan Roy--Brahmo Samaj R. 1, 2

Red a lucky colour--Lakhera 5

Red dye on the feet--Lakhera 7

Red threads, custom of wearing--Lakhera 8

Relatives, taboos between--Kanjar 8, Kharia 6. See also Marriages

between Relatives, and Naming Relatives

Religious beliefs--_Passim_. See especially collection of articles

on Religions and Sects, and caste articles on Bishnoi, Manbhao,

Bairagi and Gosain. Also articles Baiga 6, Banjara 10, Brahman 15,

16, Chamar 9, Gond 40-56, Khond 11, Korku 6, Koshti 5, Kunbi 16,

Kurmi 30, Mahar 9, Oraon 15, 16, Thug 12; Hinduism, Intro. 90, 95, 96

Sacred thread, the--Brahman 17, Gurao 5, Kunbi 16, Lodhi 11; of the

Jains--Jain R. 9; the sacred cord of the Parsis--Parsi R. 15

Sacrifices, beliefs about and method of--Kasai 22, 23

Sacrificial meal, the--Kasai 8, Kurmi 7, Lakhera 5, 6

Sacrificial method of slaughter--Kasai 22

Sacrificial slaughter for food--Kasai 20

Sahajanand Swami--Swami-Narayan S. 1

Sal flower festival--Oraon 20

_San_-hemp--Lorha

Sankrants--Joshi 6

Sati or burning of widows--Brahman 13

Scent--Atari 4

Sculpture, Hindu--Mochi 3

Sects. For individual sects see articles in section on Religions

and Sects. For right-hand and left-hand sects see articles Mala and

Vam-Margi S.

Self-torture--Jogi 4

Sewn clothes, wearing of--Darzi 3

Sexual morality--Gosain 11, Khond 4, Mali 6, Oraon 4, 21

Shankar Acharya--Gosain 2, Smarta S.

Shantik ceremony--Gurao 3, Maratha 6

Sheep--Gadaria 6, Dhangar 5

Shoes--Chamar 12, 14, Mochi 7

Sikh Council (Guru-Mata)--Sikh R. 7

Silajit--Siddi

Singaji, deified Ahir--Ahir 12

Singara or waternut--Dhimar 8

Sister's son, importance of--Bhamta 2, Dhera, Gowari 4, Gurao 5,

Halba 7, Kamar 3, Pasi 5; marriage to maternal uncle's daughter--

Bhatra 5, Parja 3; connection with uncle--Mehtar 13

Siva, the god. See article Saiva Sect

Sleeping-place or common dormitory--Bhuiya 9, Gond 71, Oraon 4;

dormitory discipline--Oraon 12

Snake-bite, cure for--Gauria, Kir 3, Nat 6

Snake-worship and snake-charmers--Gond 43, Nat 6, Panwar Rajput 10

Social extravagance--Jat 10, Kirar 2, Kurmi 5, Maratha 8

Social life--Kunbi 19, Muhammadan R. 32

Social status and customs--Barhai 5, Basor 5, Bhat 4, Bhilala 1,

Bhunjia 5, Brahman 18, Chamar 16, Dangi 4, Dewar 4, Halwai, Jat 5,

Kahar 1, Kalar 4, Kolam 5, Koshti 8, Kumhar 3, Kunbi 5, Lodhi 2, 9,

Lohar 2, Mahar 13, 14, Mali 1, Mehtar 17, Mina (or Deswali) 1, 4,

Nat 3, Oraon 26, Pardhi 5, Sunar 5, Tanti, Teli 10, 13, Velama, Vidur 6

Soldiers. See articles Arab, Bhil, Khandait, Maratha, Paik, Rajput,

Taonla

Soma, sacred liquor--Kalar 5; Homa liquor--Parsi R. 13

Songs--Bhat 17, Bhunjia 1, Chitari 5, Dhanwar 4, Gond 77, Gondhali,

Kayasth 9, Murha 5, Panwar Rajput 7, Parja 4

Souls of the dead recalled--Ahir 11, Gond 37, Kharia 10, Khond 6,

Kurmi 24, Lohar 4, Oraon 13, Taonla

Spangles for the forehead--Lakhera 6

Spells--Lohar 4

Spirits, beliefs in--Badhak 10, Bhat 15, Halba 13, Kalanga 3, Mahar

11, Panwar Rajput 10

Spirits-laying--Kawar 8 (of persons killed by tiger)

Subcastes--_Passim_. See especially Brahman 5, 6, 7, Chamaar 2,

3, Dhimar 2, Gond 11, Halba 3, Kalar 2, ,3, Kanjar 1-6, Kawar 2,

Kayasth 7, Khond 2, Kol 2, 8, Korku 3, Kunbi 3, Kurmi 3, Lodhi 3,

Lohar 3, Mali 5, Mehtar 2, Sunar 2, Intro. 5, 45-47

Suckling children--Kurmi 18

Sudra--Intro. 12

Suicide--Bhat 10, 13, Jasondhi, Rajput 14; burning of widows--Brahman

13

Suthra Shahi--Nanakpanthi S. 4

Sweetmeats, preparation of--Halwai

Swindling practices--Jadua Brahman, Jogi 13, Sunar 15, Yerukala

Taboos, on food--Dhakar 3, Kharia 6; of relationship--Sansia 3;

general--Jat 13, Thug 23

Tank building--Kohli 3, Sansia (Uria) 4

Tanning--Chamaar 11

Tattooing--Bharia 7, Binjhwar 9, Brahman 23, Dhanwar 12, Gond 65,

66, Gowari 8, Halba 20, Kamar 10, Mahar 12, Oraon 11; suggested origin

of--Sunar 11

Teeth, disposal of--Kaikari 3, Kunbi 10, Nai 16

Theft, and detection of--Bhamta 1, Bharia 6, Mang-Garori, Ramosi 3,

Sanaurhia 3, Yerukala. See also _Criminal practices_

Threads as amulets--Lakhera 8, Patwa

Thugs derived from Kanjars and Doms--Thug 3

Tiger, worship of--Koshti 1, Panwar Rajput 10

Tirthakars of Jains--Jain R. 3, 12

Tobacco--Kalar 12

Tomb-stones--Gond 35

Totem, worship of--Kewat 1

Totemism--Agharia 2, Andh, Audhelia 2, Barai 2, Basor 3, Bhaina 3,

Bharia 2, Bhil 6, Bhoyar 2, Bhulia, Chadar, Chasa 2, Chauhan, Dahait 2,

Dhanwar 2, Dumal 2, Gadba 1, Gond 13, 14, Kalanga 2, Kawar 3, Kewat 2,

Khadal, Khadra, Khangar 2, Kharia 4, Khond 3, Kol 9, Kurmi 4, Lodhi 4,

Majhwar 4, Oraon 3, Parja 2, Rautia 2, Savar 3, Sudh, Intro. 49, 51

Traps for animals--Gond 81

Trees, spirits in--Kunbi 12

Turmeric--Mali 5

Twins, beliefs about--Kurmi 19

Udasi--Nanakpanthi S. 3

Ukika sacrifice, the--Muhammadan R. 10

Umbrella--Dahait 6, 7

Vaishnava, sect--Kasbi 7

Vaishya--Intro. 13

Valmiki, legend of--Mehtar 14

Vermilion and spangles, meaning of, substitutes for blood--Lakhera 5, 6

Village community--Intro. 22, 23, 73

Village gods--Banjara Devi in Banjara 10, Chordewa in Oraon 16,

Khermata in Baiga 6, Kurmi 30, Maiya Andhiyari in Dhanwar 9, Mithu

Bhukia in Banjara 11

Village menials--Chamaar 15, Dhimar 12, Gurao 1, Kahar 1, Kumhar 4,

Mang 6

Village--priests (Bhumka Jhankar)--Binjhwar 9, Korku 7, Intro. 28

Villages--Gond 60, Korku 10, Kunbi 19

Vishnu, the god. See article Vaishnava Sect

Washerman--Dhobi 8

Washing clothes, method of--Dhobi 5, 6, Gond 64

Watchman, village--Kotwar, Ramosi 3, Intro. 27

Weapons--Khond 7

Weeping, custom of--Bharia 3, Chauhan, Gond 22

Widow-marriage--_Passim_. See especially Bania 12, Banjara 8, Brahman

12, Chamaar 6, Gauria (disposal of first husband's children), Gond

24, Gujar 5, Halba 10, Kirar 2, Kohli 2, Kori 2, Koshti 3, Kunbi 9,

Kurmi 11, Mahar 5, Mali 7, Muhammadan R. 6, Panwar Rajput 8, Teli 6;

sale of widows--Panwar Rajput 8; Sati or burning of widows--Brahman 13

Wine-drinking, legend of--Kalar 7. See Liquor

Witchcraft--Bhatra 8, Bhil 9, Gond 50, Kawar 10, Oraon 16

Women, sexual morality of--Gond, Gowari; seclusion of--Rajput, 13

Wool, sanctity of--Gadaria, 8; shearing and weaving--Gadaria, 7

Yadava tribe, the--Ahir, 4

Yawning--Chitari, 4

Yoga philosophy--Jogi, 1

Zend-Avesta--Parsi R., 3, 4

Zodiac, the--Joshi, 2-7

End of Vol. I

NOTES

[1] _Indian Caste_, p. 12.

[2] Dr. Wilson's _Indian Caste_ (Times Press and Messrs. Blackwood),

1875, p. 88, quoting from Rig-Veda.

[3] Dr. Wilson's _Indian Caste_ (Times Press and Messrs. Blackwood),

1875, p. 88, quoting from Rig-Veda.

[4] Rig-Veda, i. 11. Wilson, _ibidem_, p. 94.

[5] Wilson, _ibidem_, p. 99.

[6] Manu, ii. 17, 24.

[7] Barbarians or foreigners.

[8] See Burnett and Hopkins, _Ordinances of Manu, s.v._

[9] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, p. 170, quoting Weber, _Indische Studien_,

i. 170.

[10] A collection of rules for sacrifices and other rites, coming

between the Vedas and the law-books, and dated by Max Müller between

600-200 B.C.

[11] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, p. 182.

[12] Wilson, p. 184, quoting from Shrauta-sutra of Katyayana, 1. 1. 6.

[13] Manu, iv. 99; iii. 178.

[14] Wilson, pp. 421, 422.

[15] Wilson, p. 187, quoting from Hiranyakeshi Sutra.

[16] See article Mehtar in text.

[17] Wilson, p. 363, quoting from Smriti of Angira.

[18] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, p. 195, from Hiranyakeshi Sutra.

[19] Manu, viii. 417.

[20] Wilson, p. 260, quoting Mahabharata, viii. 1367 _et seq._

[21] Wilson, p. 403, quoting from _Vyavahara Mayukha_.

[22] Wilson, p. 400, from Parashara Smriti.

[23] Wilson, p. 140, quoting from _Atharva Veda_, iv. 32. 1.

[24] Wilson, p. 211.

[25] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, referring to Ptolemy, vii. 1. 61 and

vi. 120. 3.

[26] Wilson, pp. 113, 114.

[27] See for the impure castes _para._ 40 _post_.

[28] The word "aboriginal" is used here for convenience and not as

conveying any assertion as to the origin of the pre-Aryan population.

[29] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Parsis of Gujarat_, p. 213.

[30] Rig-Veda, 6. 3. 16, quoted by Wilson, _Indian Caste_, p. 110.

[31] Wilson, p. 109.

[32] Monier-Williams, Sanskrit Dictionary, pointed out by Mr. Crooke.

[33] Quoted by Wilson, p. 209. It would seem probable, however,

that the Vaishyas must themselves have formed the rank and file of

the fighting force, at least in the early period.

[34] Manu, i. 90.

[35] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, p. 193, quoting from Hiranyakeshi Sutra.

[36] Wilson, p. 260, quoting Mahabharata, viii. 1367 _et seq_.

[37] Mahabharata, xii. 2749 _et seq_.

[38] List of classes of Indian society given in the Purusha-Medha of

the White Yajur-Veda, Wilson, pp. 126-135.

[39] Manu, viii. 113.

[40] Hopkin's and Burnett's _Code of Manu,_ x. 64, 65, and footnotes.

[41] Mahabharata, xiii. 2510 _et. seq_., quoted by Wilson, p. 272.

[42] Manu, ix. 149, 157.

[43] Manu indeed declares that such children could not be initiated

(x. 68), but it is clear that they must, as a matter of fact, have

been capable of initiation or they could not possibly have been

married in the father's caste.

[44] See article on Brahman for some further details.

[45] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, i. 440, quoting _Brahma Vaivarrta Purana_.

[46] See article Bhat for further discussion of this point.

[47] _Dolichos uniflorus_.

[48] See article Jat for a more detailed discussion of their status.

[49] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Khandait.

[50] Proprietors of large landed estates.

[51] See article on Kunbi, para. 1.

[52] _Village Communities_, p. 127.

[53] _History of the Marathas_, vol. i. p. 25.

[54] _Village Communities_, pp. 226, 227.

[55] _The Aryan Household_, ed. 1891, p. 190.

[56] _Ibidem_, p. 228. Professor Hearn followed Sir Henry Maine in

thinking that the clan was an expansion of the patriarchal joint

family; but the reasons against this view are given subsequently.

[57] _Memoir of Central India_, vol. ii. p. 22.

[58] _La Cité antique_, 21st ed. pp. 66, 68.

[59] _La Cité antique_, 21 st ed. pp. 66, 68.

[60] _Nigeria_, quoted in _Saturday Review_, 6th April 1912.

[61] _Religion of the Semites_, p. 96.

[62] See article Sunar for a discussion of the sanctity of gold and

silver, and the ornaments made from them.

[63] _Michelia champaka_, a variety of the jack or bread-fruit tree.

[64] See article Darzi for further discussion of the use of sewn

clothes in India.

[65] See articles on Bhulia, Panka, Kori and Julaha.

[66] Traill's _Account of Kumaon, Asiatic Researches_, vol. xvi. (1828)

p. 213.

[67] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Bari.

[68] Pointed out by Mr. Crooke.

[69] The Marathi name for the god Hanuman.

[70] _Linguistic Survey_, vol. iv., _Munda and Dravidian Languages_,

p. 7.

[71] _Acacia catechu_.

[72] See article on Gond.

[73] _Linguistic Survey_, p. 15.

[74] Introduction to _The Mundas and their Country_, p. 9.

[75] _Linguistic Survey_, p. 277.

[76] See for this the article on Kol, from which the above passage

is abridged.

[77] Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xii. p. 175.

[78] _Cochin Census Report_, 1901, quoted in Sir H. Risley's _Peoples

of India_, 2nd ed. p. 115.

[79] This was permissible in the time of Asoka, _circa_ 250

B.C. Mr. V.A. Smith's _Asoka_, pp. 56, 58.

[80] Sir H. Risley's _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Tanti.

[81] See article Kanjar for a discussion of the connection of the

gipsies and Thugs with the Kanjars.

[82] See article Chamar, para. 1.

[83] _Loha_, iron; _tamba_, copper; _kansa_, brass or bell-metal;

_sona_, gold.

[84] _Kanch_, glass.

[85] _Phul_, flower; _haldi_,turmeric; _jira_, cumin.

[86] _Crotalaria juncea_. See article Lorha for a discussion of the

objections to this plant.

[87] _Morinda citrifolia_. The taboo against the plant is either

because the red dye resembles blood, or because a number of insects

are destroyed in boiling the roots to extract the dye.

[88] See article on Brahman.

[89] Sonjhara is a separate caste as well as a subcaste of Dhimar.

[90] See article Kurmi, appendix, for some instances of territorial

names.

[91] Wilson's _Indian Caste_, p. 439.

[92] Vol. i. pp. 272, 276.

[93] _Studies in Ancient History_, p. 123.

[94] See lists of totems of Australian and Red Indian tribes. Sir

J.G. Frazer notes that the majority are edible animals or plants.

[95] Address to the British Association, 1902. I had not had the

advantage of reading the address prior to the completion of this work.

[96] M'Lennan, _Studies in Ancient History_, p. 123, quoting from

Grant's _Origin and Descent of the Gael_.

[97] _Totemism and Exogamy_, i. pp. 112, 120, ii. p. 536, iii. pp. 100,

162; _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 209-10; _Native Tribes

of South-East Australia_ p. 145; _Native Tribes of Northern Australia_

(Professor Baldwin Spencer), pp. 21, 197; J.H. Weeks, _Among the

Primitive Bakongo_, p. 99.

[98] See pp. II, 138, 190 (Edition 1891).

[99] _Totemism and Exogamy_, ii. pp. 338, 339.

[100] _La Cité Antique_, p. 254.

[101] _The Origin of Civilisation_, 7th ed. p. 246.

[102] W.W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, pp. 52, 53.

[103] I. p. 253.

[104] 2nd ed. vol. i. pp. 169, 174. See also Sir E.B. Tylor's

_Primitive Culture_, i. pp. 282, 286, 295; ii. pp. 170, 181, etc.

[105] See also _Primitive Culture_, i. pp. 119, 121, 412, 413, 514.

[106] Messrs. Spencer and Gillan, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_

(London, Macmillan), p. 201.

[107] _Linguistic Survey of India_, vol. iv., _Munda and Dravidian

Languages_, pp. 40, 41, 45.

[108] _Linguistic Survey of India_, vol. iv., _Munda and Dravidian

Languages_, pp. 292, 294.

[109] Dr. A.H. Keane, _The World's Peoples_, London, Hutchinson,

1908, p. 50.

[110] _Nimar Settlement Report_.

[111] See also _Primitive Culture_, i. p. 408.

[112] _The Oraons_, pp. 408, 409.

[113] 2nd ed. vol. ii. p. 457 _et seq._

[114] For instances of omens see article Thug and Index. Also Miss

Harrison's _Themis_, pp. 98, 99.

[115] _La Cité Antique_, p. 225.

[116] W.W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, pp. 178, 571.

[117] _Early History of Mankind_, 3rd ed. p. 143.

[118] _Ibidem_, p. 125.

[119] See article Joshi for examples of Hindu names.

[120] _La Cité Antique_, p. 357.

[121] p. 182, _et seq._

[122] See para. 61.

[123] I. p. 430.

[124] See article on Nai.

[125] 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 57.

[126] _Native Tribes of Central Australia,_ Introduction, p. 25.

[127] Dr. A. H. Keane, _The Worlds Peoples,_ p. 62.

[128] For counting, see _Primitive Culture_, 5th ed. pp. 240, 254,

265, 266.

[129] _Account of the Mewar Bhils_, J.A.S.B., vol. xxiv. (1875) p. 369.

[130] _Early History of Mankind_, p. 293.

[131] _Ibidem_, p. 294.

[132] _Ibidem_, p. 295.

[133] See also _Primitive Culture_, i. p. 493, ii. p. 431.

[134] See article on Mochi for the Muhammadan reference. The Jewish

reference is of course to the Second Commandment.

[135] _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 176.

[136] _Ibidem_, pp. 181, 182.

[137] _The Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. ii. p. 120.

[138] _The Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. iii. p. 301.

[139] Section on the Kol tribe in Dalton's _Ethnology of Bengal_.

[140] Mr. S.C. Roy, _The Oraons_, p. 262.

[141] See also _Primitive Culture_, 5th ed. ii. pp. 243, 244, 246.

[142] See article on Brahman.

[143] See article Bairagi.

[144] _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 185, 186.

[145] _Ibidem_, pp. 154, 155.

[146] _Primitive Culture_, 5th ed. ii. pp. 243, 244.

[147] _Primitive Culture_, 5th ed. ii. pp. 243, 244.

[148] Dr. A.W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_,

p. 146. In this case the reference seems to be to any one of several

totems of a sub-class.

[149] Dr. A.W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 145.

[150] _Ibidem_, pp. 148, 149.

[151] _The Religion of the Semites_, pp. 273, 274.

[152] _Primitive Paternity_, vol. i. pp. 272, 273.

[153] _The Religion of the Semites_, p. 265.

[154] See paragraph 80 below and the article on Kasai.

[155] _The Origin of Civilisation_, p. 240.

[156] See _The Golden Bough_, ii. p. 396 _et seq._

[157] This view of sacrifice was first enunciated by Professor

Robertson Smith in the article on Sacrifice in the _Encyclopædia

Britannica_, and _The Religion of the Semites_.

[158] _History of Human Marriage_, p. 324.

[159] Many instances are also given by Mr. Hartland in _Primitive

Paternity_.

[160] _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 481.

[161] _Primitive Marriage_, p. 135, footnote.

[162] _Totemism and Exogamy_, ii. p. 473, iii. pp. 34, 76, 101,

225, 272, 308, 360. The Australians have secret Churinga names, the

Churingas apparently representing the spirits of ancestors which have

returned to the totem. (Spencer and Gillan, _ibidem_, Appendix A.)

[163] _Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia_, pp. 198, 200.

[164] _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 70; _Natives of

Australia,_ Mr. N.W. Thomas, p. 75.

[165] _Totemism and Exogamy_, iii. pp. 93, 120, 122, 124, 226,

ii. p. 6.

[166] _Totemism and Exogamy_, vol. iv.

[167] See article Lakhera for further discussion of the marking with

vermilion and its substitutes.

[168] _La Cité Antique_, Paris, Librairie Hachette, 21st ed. p. 4.

[169] _La Cité Antique_, p. 45.

[170] This word seems to mean elder sister, and is applied by the

girls to their sex-totem, the emu-wren.

[171] _Native Tribes of S.-E. Australia,_ p. 149.

[172] _History of Human Marriage_, pp. 418-420.

[173] _The People of India_ (Thacker & Co.), pp. 171, 173.

[174] _Tribes and Castes of the N.-W.P. and Oudh_, art. Nunia.

[175] _Religion and Customs of the Oraons, Memoirs_, As. Socy. of

Bengal, vol. i. No. 9.

[176] Mr. S.C. Roy, _The Oraons_, p. 247.

[177] See article on Rajput, para. 9.

[178] Professor W. E. Hearn's _Aryan Household_ (London, Longmans,

Green & Co.), p. 160.

[179] At first the whole _gens_ were the heirs, _Ancient Law_,

p. 221. The group of agnatic kinsmen are mentioned in _Early Law and

Custom_, pp. 238, 239, but not directly as heirs.

[180] _Aryan Household_, p. 28, quoting Becker's _Charicles_, p. 394.

[181] _Aryan Household_, p. 160, quoting Plutarch, _Quaestiones

Romanae_, c. 6.

[182] _La Cité Antique_, 21st ed. Paris, Hachette et Cie.

[183] _Aryan Household_, p. 215.

[184] _La Cité Antique_, p. 299.

[185] _La Cité Antique_, p. 304.

[186] _Ibidem_, pp. 128, 129.

[187] _Ibidem_, p. 318.

[188] _Ibidem_, p. 129.

[189] _Ibidem_, p. 273.

[190] _Ibidem_, p. 129.

[191] _Ibidem_, p. 320.

[192] _La Cité Antique_, p. 279.

[193] _Ibidem_, pp. 281, 282.

[194] _Ibidem_, p. 281.

[195] _Ibidem_, p. 320.

[196] _La Cité Antique_, p. 179.

[197] _Ibidem_.

[198] _Ibidem_.

[199] _Ibidem_, p. 181.

[200] _La Cité Antique_, p. 113.

[201] _Ibidem_, pp. 186-188.

[202] _La Cité Antique_, _ibidem_.

[203] Pp. 151, 154.

[204] The above account of the festival and pilgrimage is taken from

the Rev. T.P. Hughes' _Dictionary of Islam_, articles Idu-l-Azha

and Hajj.

[205] _La Cité Antique_, p. 134.

[206] _Ibidem_, p. 127.

[207] Para. 48 above.

[208] See article on Rajput, para. 9.

[209] _The Magic Art_, ii. p. 89, quoting Satapatha Brahmana.

[210] See article on Kasai.

[211] See account in article on Kasai.

[212] _Orpheus_, pp. 123, 125.

[213] 7th ed. p. 300.

[214] _Origin of Civilisation_, 7th ed. p. 299.

[215] _The Dasahra: an Autumn Festival of the Hindus_, Folk-lore,

March 1915. Some notice of the Dasahra in the Central Provinces is

contained in the article on Kumhar.

[216] Crooke, _loc. cit._ p. 41.

[217] See also article Mahar.

[218] _La Cité Antique_, pp. 202, 204.

[219] _Imperial Gazetteer of India_, ii. p. 312.

[220] _Totemism and Exogamy_, vol. ii. pp. 528, 530.

[221] _Ibidem_.

[222] _Totemism and Exogamy_, vol. ii. p. 608; _The Golden Bough_,

2nd ed. vol. iii. p. 407.

[223] Dr. A.H. Keane, _The World's Peoples,_ p. 138.

[224] Mr. L.D. Barnett's _Antiquities of India_, p. 171.

[225] _The Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. i. pp. 234, 235.

[226] _Ibidem_, vol. ii. pp. 9, 10.

[227] Other features of the sacramental rite, strengthening this

hypothesis, are given in the article Kabirpanthi Sect. The account

is taken from Bishop Westcott's _Kabir and the Kabirpanth._

[228] See articles Dewar, Bhunjia, Gauria, Sonjhara, Malyar.

[229] Some instances are given in the article on Kalar and on Rajput,

para. 9.

[230] Dr. A.H. Keane, _The World's Peoples_, pp. 129, 130.

[231] Para. 11.

[232] For further notice of Vishnu and Siva see articles Vaishnava and

Saiva sects; for Devi see article Kumhar, and for Kali, article Thug;

for Krishna, article Ahir; for Ganpati, article Bania.

[233] See above, para. 13.

[234] _La Cité Antique_, p. 341.

[235] _Early History of Mankind_, pp. 259, 260. The needfire, as

described by Sir E.B. Tylor, had the character of a purificatory rite,

but it may be doubted whether this was its original form, any more

than in the case of the Suovetaurilia or Pola ceremonies.

[236] Mr. J.T. Marten's _Central Provinces Census Report_, p. 238.

[237] For further notice of this offence see article Sunar under

Ear-piercing.

[238] Para. 61.

[239] "Tarpeia" in M. Salomon Reinach's _Cults, Myths and Religions_

(English edition, London, David Nutt, 1912).

[240] _Cults, Customs_, p. 130.

[241] Maclagan, _Punjab Census Report_, p. 174.

[242] Burn, _United Provinces Census Report_, p. 82.

[243] _Cults, Customs_, p. 144.

[244] _Ibidem_, pp. 176, 177.

[245] _Cults, Customs_, pp. 148, 149.

[246] Maclagan, _l.c._

[247] _Ibidem_.

[248] J. T. Marten, _Census Report_ (1911).

[249] Lillingston, p. 45, on the authority of Max Mullet. Professor

Oman states, however, that he had but little acquaintance with the

Vedas (_Brahmans, Tkeists,_ p. 103), and if this was so it would seem

likely that his knowledge of the other ancient languages was not very

profound. But he published a book in Persian and knew English well.

[250] Oman, quoting from Dr. George Smith's _Life of Dr. Alexander

Duff_, vol. i. p. 118.

[251] Oman, quoting Mary Carpenter's _Last Days in England of the

Raja Ram Mohan Roy_, p. 67.

[252] Lillingston, p. 51.

[253] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 105.

[254] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 111.

[255] Lillingston, p. 73.

[256] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 116.

[257] _Ibidem_, p. 113.

[258] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 118.

[259] Lillingston, p. 96.

[260] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 133.

[261] _Brahmans, Theists_, pp. 131, 139, 140.

[262] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 148.

[263] This article is compiled from the notices in Wilson's _Hindu

Sects, As. Res._ vol. xvi. pp. 79-81; Sir E. Maclagan's _Punjab

Census Report_, 1891; and Mr. Bhimbhai Kirparam's _Hindus of Gujarat_,

_Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix.

[264] Captain C.E. Luard, in _Central India Census Report_ (1901),

p. 88.

[265] _Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat_ (Mr. Bhimbhai Kirparam),

p. 545.

[266] This information was kindly furnished by the Diwan of Panna,

through the Political Agent at Bundelkhand.

[267] Barth, p. 148.

[268] Hopkins, p. 310, and _The Jains_, p. 40.

[269] Barth, p. 149.

[270] _The Jainas_, pp. 38-47.

[271] The writer is inclined to doubt whether either Buddhism or

Jainism were really atheistic, and to think that they were perhaps

rather forms of pantheism; but the above is the view of the best

authorities.

[272] _The Jainas_, p. 10.

[273] _The Jainas_, p. 6.

[274] _Ibidem_, p. 10.

[275] Moor's _Hindu Infanticide_, pp. 175-176.

[276] Marten, _C.P. Census Report_ (1911), p. 67.

[277] Maclagan, _Punjab Census Report_ (1891), p. 183.

[278] Mr. Marten's _Central Provinces Census Report_, 1911.

[279] The particulars about the Tirthakars and the animals and trees

associated with them are taken from _The Jainas_.

[280] _Jonesia Asoka_.

[281] _Cedrela toona_.

[282] _Grislea tomentosa_.

[283] _Eugenia jambolana_.

[284] _Michelia champaka_.

[285] Crooke, _Things Indian_, art. Pinjrapol.

[286] Moor, _Hindu Infanticide_, p. 184.

[287] _Rajasthan_, vol. i. p. 449, and pp. 696, 697, App.

[288] _Central Provinces Census Report_, 1911.

[289] Westcott, _Op. cit._ p. 3.

[290] _Op. cit._ p. 12.

[291] _Kabir and the Kabirpanth_, pp. 115 and 116.

[292] Raipur District.

[293] The description of the Chauka service is mainly taken from

Bishop Westcott's full and detailed account.

[294] _Ficus glomerata_.

[295] Sherring, _Hindu Castes and Tribes,_ iii. pp. 96, 123.

[296] By Surgeon-Major Cornish.

[297] _Bombay Census Report_, 1901, pp. 181-183.

[298] _Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies_, p. 117.

[299] Mr. Marten's _C.P. Census Report_ (1911), Subsidiary Table,

ix., Occupation, p. 276.

[300] Short for Amir or Prince.

[301] Siddik means veracious or truthful, and he was given the name

on account of his straightforward character (_Bombay Gazetteer._)

[302] _Supplemental Glossary_, vol. i. p. 195.

[303] Mr. A. M. T. Jackson in _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj_;, p. 10.

[304] _Bombay Gazetteer, ibidem_.

[305] Hughes' _Dictionary of Islam, s. v._ Marriage.

[306] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ p. 166.

[307] _Ibidem_, p. 66.

[308] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ pp. 147,148, from which the whole

paragraph is taken.

[309] _Bomb. Gas. Muh. Guj._ p. 150.

[310] Temple's _Proper Names of the Punjabis_, pp. 41, 43.

[311] _Qanun-Islam_, p. 20.

[312] _Ibidem_.

[313] _Qanun-i-Islam_, pp. 26, 27.

[314] _Ibidem_, pp. 30, 35.

[315] Hughes, _Notes on Muhammadanism_, pp. 122, 131.

[316] _Qanun-i-Islam_, p. 286.

[317] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ pp. 168, 170.

[318] _Dictionary of Islam_, art. Inheritance.

[319] Hughes, _Notes on Muhammadanism_, pp. 63, 75.

[320] See _post_. The account is compiled mainly from the _Dictionary

of Islam,_ articles Idu-l-Azha and Hajj.

[321] _Bomb. Gas. Muh. Guj_. p. 138.

[322] Hughes, _Dictionary of Islam, s.v._ Idu-l-Azha.

[323] Hughes, _ibidem_.

[324] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj_. p. 131.

[325] Professor Margoliouth's _Muhammadanism._

[326] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj_. p. 131.

[327] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ pp. 132, 135.

[328] _Bomb. Gaz., ibidem_.

[329] Professor Margoliouth's _Muhammadanism_ and the _Dictionary

of Islam_.

[330] _Early Developments of Muhammadanism_, pp. 87, 97.

[331] _Notes on Muhammadanism_, p. 168.

[332] _Dictionary of Islam_, _s.v._ Food.

[333] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ pp. 100-103, and _Dictionary of Islam_,

art. Dress and Ornaments.

[334] Hughes, _Notes on Muhammadanism_.

[335] _Qanun-i-Islam, _ pp. 24, 25. This account is a very old one,

and the elaborate procedure may now have been abandoned.

[336] Hughes, _Dictionary of Islam, s.v._ Fitrah.

[337] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ pp. 143, 144.

[338] Hughes, _Dictionary of Islam_, _s.v._ Whistling.

[339] _C.P. Census Report_, 1911, p. 66.

[340] This article is compiled from Sir Denzil Ibbetson's _Punjab

Census Report_ of 1881, and Sir E.D. Maclagan's _Punjab Census Report_

of 1891.

[341] Ibbetson, para. 260.

[342] Maclagan, para. 88.

[343] Maclagan, _loc. cit._

[344] Ibbetson, para. 265.

[345] Maclagan, para. 95.

[346] _Tribes and Castes_, article Suthra Shahi.

[347] _C.P. Census Report_ (1911), p. 69.

[348] P. 276.

[349] _Orphéus_, p. 94.

[350] _Ibidem_.

[351] Haug, _loc. cit._ pp. 69, 70.

[352] _Orphéus_, pp. 91, 92.

[353] Haug, pp. 267, 268.

[354] Haug, p. 269.

[355] Haug, pp. 272, 273.

[356] _Great Religions of India_.

[357] _Great Religions of India_.

[358] _Orphéus_, p. 96.

[359] _Ibidem_, p. 98.

[360] Haug, p. 199.

[361] Sykes' _Persia and its People_, p. 180; _Great Religions of

India_, p. 173.

[362] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii., _Parsis of Gujarat_

p. 190.

[363] _Bombay Gazetteer, ibidem._

[364] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii., _Parsis of Gujarat_,

pp. 233, 237.

[365] P. 133.

[366] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii., _Parsis of Gujarat_,

pp. 221-226.

[367] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii., _Parsis of Gujarat_,

p. 231.

[368] _Ibidem_, pp. 239-242.

[369] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii., _Parsis of Gujarat_,

pp. 241, 243.

[370] _Bombay Gazetteer, Parsis of Gujarat_, pp. 205, 207, 219, 220.

[371] See also article on Kalar.

[372] _Aegle marmelos_.

[373] Dr. Bhattacharya's _Hindu Castes and Sects_, p. 371.

[374] See articles Kumhar, Thug and Sakta sect.

[375] See art. Sakta Sect.

[376] Mr. Marten's _C. P. Census Report_, 1911.

[377] _India Census Report_ (1901), p. 360.

[378] _Hindu Castes and Sects_ (Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta),

pp. 407-413.

[379] Sir E. Gait's note, _India Census Report_.

[380] _Hindu Castes and Sects_.

[381] This article is based principally on a paper by Mr. Durga Prasad

Pande, Tahsildar, Raipur.

[382] _Bilaspur Settlement Report_ (1888), p. 45.

[383] Some of Mr. Chisholm's statements are undoubtedly inaccurate. For

instance, he says that Ghasi Das decided on a temporary withdrawal

into the wilderness, and proceeded for this purpose to a small village

called Girod near the junction of the Jonk and Mahanadi rivers. But

it is an undoubted fact, as shown by Mr. Hira Lal and others, that

Ghasi Das was born in Girod and had lived there all his life up to

the time of his proclamation of his gospel.

[384] _Ibidem_.

[385] _Luffa acutangula_.

[386] _Solanum melangenum_.

[387] Some of the Bundela raids in the north of the Province were

made on the pretext of being crusades for the protection of the

sacred animal.

[388] From Mr. Durga Prasad Pande's paper.

[389] This text is recorded by Mr. Durga Prasad Pande as follows:

"Bhaji chhurai bhanta chhurdi

Gondli karat chhonka

Lai bhaji ke chhurawate

Gaon la marai chauka.

Sahib ke Satnamia; 'Thonka.'"

Or

"We have given up eating vegetables, we eat no brinjals: we eat

onions with more relish; we eat no more red vegetables. The _chauka_

has been placed in the village. The true name is of God; (to which

the pair replied) 'Amen.'"

[390] See article Nanakpanthi for an account of Nanak's creed.

[391] Here again, Sir D. Ibbetson notes, it is often the women who

are the original offenders: "I have often asked Sikhs how it is that,

believing as they do in only one God, they can put any faith in and

render any obedience to Brahmans who acknowledge a large number of

deities, and their answer in every case has been that they do not

themselves believe in them; but their women do, and to please them

they are obliged to pay attention to what the Brahmans say."

[392] _Punjab Census Report_ (1891), para. 107.

[393] Account of the Sikhs, _Asiatic Researches_.

[394] Apparently the Scripture of Govind, the tenth _guru_.

[395] 'Hurrah for the Guru's Khalsa, Victory to the Guru.'

[396] Sir Lepel Griffin's _Life of Ranjit Singh_.

[397] Based on the account of the sect in the volume, _Hindus of

Gujarat,_ of the _Bombay Gazetteer_, and _The Swami-Narayan Sect_

pamphlet, printed at the Education Society's Press, Bombay, 1887.

[398] Bishop Heber's _Narrative of a Journey through the Upper

Provinces,_ pp. 143, 153.

[399] _The Swami-Narayan Sect_, pp. 4, 22. The above details are given,

because in the _Bombay Gazetteer_ the Swami is said to have prohibited

the taking of food with low-caste people, and caste pollution; and

this appears incorrect.

[400] _The Swami-Narayan Sect_, p. 25.

[401] _Bombay Ducks_, p. 194.

[402] For a suggested explanation of the myth of Parasurama see

article Panwar Rajput.

[403] See also article Ahir.

[404] Kabirpanthi, Nanakpanthi, Dadupanthi, Swami-Narayan, etc.

[405] This article is based on Professor Wilson's _Hindu Sects_,

M. Chevrillon's _Romantic India_, and some notes collected by Munshi

Kanhya Lal of the Gazetteer Office.

[406] _Dhatura alba_, a plant sacred to Siva, whose seed is a powerful

narcotic, and is used to poison travellers.

[407] This article consists entirely of extracts from the article on

the Wahhabi sect in the Rev. T. P. Hughes' _Dictionary of Islam_.

[408] Irvine, _Army of the Mughals_, p. 198.

[409] Irvine, _Army of the Mughals_, p. 232.

[410] _Summary of the Maratha and Pindari Campaigns_, p. 264.

[411] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii. p. 16.

[412] _Madras Census Report_ (1891), p. 221.

[413] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 543.

[414] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 128.

[415] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 529.

[416] Khan Bahadur Lutfullah Faridi in _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Muh. Guj._

[417] _Berar Census Report_, _ibidem_.

[418] In 1911 about 3000 persons belonging to the caste were returned,

mainly from Bilaspur District, and the Korea and Sarguja States.

[419] Crooke, vol. i. p. 184.

[420] _Eastern India_, ii. p. 467.

[421] _North-West Provinces Gazetteer_, vol. xiv., Mirzapur, p. 365.

[422] _Ethnographic Notes in Southern India_, page 72.

[423] This article consists of extracts from Mr. Crooke's account of

the caste in his _Tribes and Castes_.

[424] _Eastern India_, ii. 248.

[425] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 542.

[426] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Bhatia.

[427] _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 292.

[428] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Bind.

[429] _Tribes and Castes of the N.W.P. and Oudh_, art. Bind.

[430] _Bauhinia scandens._

[431] _Ethnology of Bengal._ pp. 158, 221.

[432] See art. Bhunjia.

[433] _Linguistic Survey of India,_ vol. iv., _Munda and Dravidian

Dialects,_ p. 102.

[434] Caldwell's _Dravidian Grammar_, pp. 123 and 134. Captain

Glasfurd says: 'The termination _war_ is a Telugu affix signifying

person or man' (_Settlement Report of the Upper Godavari District_

(1868), p. 26).

[435] This article consists only of extracts from the accounts of

Colonel Dalton and Sir H. Risley.

[436] Dalton's _Ethnology of Bengal_, pp. 126, 127.

[437] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Chero.

[438] See also art. Daharia for a discussion of the origin of that

caste.

[439] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Dhalgar.

[440] From a paper by Narayan Bohidar, Schoolmaster, Sonpur State.

[441] This article is based on papers by Mr. D.P. Kshirsagar,

Naib-Tahsildar, Buldana, and Mr. Khandekar, Headmaster, Nandura.

[442] _Madras Census Report_ (1901), p. 149.

[443] _Bhandara Settlement Report_ (Mr. A.B. Napier), p. 8.

[444] _Criminal Tribes of the C.P._, p. 61.

[445] Buchanan, i. p. 331.

[446] _B.G. Muh. Guj_., p. 84.

[447] This article is based on information collected by Mr. Hira Lai

in Betul.

[448] Art. Dom. in _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, and of the

_North-Western Provinces and Oudh_.

[449] See article Are.

[450] _Thana Gazetteer_, pp. 119, 120.

[451] _Sholapur Gazetteer_, p. 158.

[452] _Madras Census Report_ (1891), p. 238.

[453] _Ibidem_, p. 280.

[454] _Satara Gazetteer_, p, 41.

[455] _Nasik Gazetteer_, p. 54.

[456] This account is taken from inquiries made by Mr. Hira Lal

in Patna.

[457] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Bauri.

[458] From a paper by Mr. Kripasindh Tripathi, Headmaster, Saria

Middle School, Sarangarh State.

[459] From _pag_, a foot.

[460] Malcolm, _Memoir of Central India_, ii. p. 21.

[461] This paper is compiled from notes taken by Mr. Hira Lal at

Raj-Nandgaon and Betul.

[462] Perhaps _Pandanus fascicularis_.

[463] This article is compiled from papers by C. Ramiah, Kanungo,

Sironcha, and W.G. Padaya Naidu, clerk, District Office, Chanda.

[464] _Mysore Census Report_ (1891), p. 205.

[465] This article is compiled from a paper by Mr. Ghasinam Dani,

Deputy Inspector of Schools, Bastar State.

[466] The caste numbered 85 persons in 1911. The above notice is

compiled from a paper by Mr. Krishna Sewak, Naib-Tahsildar, Bargarh.

[467] Based on inquiries made by Mr. Hira Lal, Assistant Gazetteer

Superintendent in Bhandara.

[468] _Madras Census Report_ (1901), p. 168.

[469] _Bombay Gazetteer, Guj. Mukh_. p. 18.

[470] Elliott's _Memoirs_, vol. i. p. 54.

[471] Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, vol. i. p. 161.

[472] _Madras Census Report_ (1891), p. 303.

[473] _India Census Report_ (1891), p. 200.

[474] _Man_, November 1909.

[475] Tone, _Letter on the Marathas_ (1798), India Office Tracts,

p. 25.

[476] Lane, _Modern Egyptians_, p. 373.

[477] _Census Report_ (1891), p. 211.

[478] From a paper by Mr. Rajaram Gangadhar Deshpande, Tahsildar,

Wardha.

[479] _Settlement Report of the Upper Godavari District_ (1868),

quoted in Mr. Nunn's _Monograph on the Gold and Silver Industries of

the Central provinces_.

[480] _Monograph on the Gold and Silver Industries, loc. cit._

[481] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 219.

[482] Based on a paper by Mr. Ali Mustafa, Naib-Tahsildar, Hatta.

[483] _Census Report_ (1891), p. 179.

[484] In the introduction to Firishta's History (Elliot, vi. p. 568),

it is stated that Roh is the name of a particular mountain (country)

which extends in length from Swat and Bajaur to the town of Siwi

belonging to Bhakar. In breadth it stretches from Hasan Abdul to

Kabul. Kandahar is situated in this country. (Crooke's _Hobson-Jobson_,

p. 766.)

[485] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, vol. iv. pp. 165, 166.

[486] _Proper Names of the Punjabis_, p. 74.

[487] _Indian Life and Sentiment_, p. 99.

[488] _Linguistic Survey_, vol. iv. p. 30.

[489] _Linguistic Survey_, vol. iv., _Munda and Dravidian Languages_,

p. 79.

[490] _Ibidem_, pp. 84, 85.

[491] _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 235 _et seq._

[492] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, App. I.

[493] _Ibidem_, pp. 222, 223.

[494] This article is written from papers by Mr. G.A. Khan, Assistant

Commissioner, Venkatesh Tumaiya Ayawar, Schoolmaster, Chanda, and

Mr. G. Padaya Naidu, District Officer, Chanda.

[495] _North Arcot Manual_, i. p. 200.

[496] _North Arcot Manual_, i. p. 242.

[497] Based on a paper by G. Pydiah Naidu of the Gazetteer Office.

[498] Vol. xi. p. 433.

[499] Mr. Edwardes, _Byways of Bombay_, p. 79.

[500] _Bombay Gazetteer, ibidem_.

[501] _J.A.S.B._, No. 3 of 1903, p. 103.

[502] Partly based on a note by Mr. C.J. Irwin, Assistant Commissioner,

Jubbulpore.

[503] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xvii. (_Sholapur_), p. 234.

[504] _Bombay Gazetteer, Belgaum_, p. 250.

[505] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Sikligar.

[506] Based on a paper by Mr. Gokul Prasad, Naib-Tahsildar, Dhamtari.

[507] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Tanti.

[508] _Madras Census Report_ (1901), p. 153.

[509] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal, s.v._

[510] _Madras Census Report_ (1891), p. 243.