Experiments Nos. 1, 2, and 3 relate to the Earle process, from which
great results were expected from 1839 to 1844. It consisted in immersing
timber, rope, canvas, etc., in a hot solution of one pound of sulphate
of copper and three pounds of sulphate of iron mixed in twenty gallons
of water. It was first tested on some hemlock paving blocks on Chestnut
Street, Philadelphia, and for a time seemed to promise good results.
Experiments with prepared rope, exposed in a fungus pit, by Mr. James
Archbald, Chief Engineer of the Delaware and Hudson Canal, seemed also
favorable.
The process was, therefore, thoroughly tried at the Watervliet Arsenal,
where it was applied to some 63,000 cubic ft. of timber, at a cost of
about seven cents per cubic foot. The timber was used for various
ordnance purposes, and while it was found to have its life extended, as
would naturally be expected from the known character of the antiseptics
used, its strength was so far impaired, and it checked and warped so
badly, that the process was abandoned in 1844.
The committee is indebted to General S.V. Benet, Chief of Ordnance, for
a full copy of the reports upon these experiments.
Experiments Nos. 4 and 7 represent the lime process, which has been
applied to a considerable extent in France. The fact that platforms and
boxes used for mixing lime mortar seem to resist decay has repeatedly
suggested the use of lime for preserving timber. In 1840 Mr. W.R.
Huffnagle, Engineer of the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, laid a
portion of its track on white pine sills, which had been soaked for
three months in a vat of lime-water as strong as could be maintained.
Similar experiments were tried on the Baltimore and Ohio in 1850. The
result was not satisfactory, as might be expected from the fact that
lime is a comparatively weak antiseptic (52.5 by atomic weight, while
creosote is 216), and from the extreme tediousness of three months'
soaking.
Experiments Nos. 5 and 8 were tried with sulphate of iron, sometimes
known as payenizing, and the particulars of the former have been
furnished by Mr. I. Hinckley, President of the Philadelphia, Wilmington,
and Baltimore Railroad, to whom your committee is much indebted for a
large mass of information on the subject of timber preservation.
Mr. Hinckley has had longer and more varied experience on this subject
than any other person in this country. Beginning with sulphate of copper
in 1846, following with chloride of mercury in 1847, and chloride of
zinc in 1852, going back to chloride of mercury, and again to chloride
of zinc, using the latter until 1865, then using creosote to protect the
piles against the _teredo_ at Taunton Great River (experiment No. 2.
creosoting), he has had millions of feet of timber and lumber prepared
by the various processes, and has kindly placed at our disposal many
original reports in manuscript and pamphlets which are now very rare.
Experiment No. 6 was made by Mr. Ashbel Welch, former President of this
Society, and consisted in boring hemlock track sills 6 × 12 with a 1-1/8
inch auger-hole 10 inches deep every 15 inches. These were filled with
common salt and plugged up, as is not infrequently done in
ship-building, but while the life of the timber was somewhat lengthened,
it was concluded that the process did not pay.
Salt has been experimented with numberless times. It is cheap, but is a
comparatively weak antiseptic, its atomic weight being 58.8 in the
hydrogen scale, as against 135.5 for chloride of mercury.
Experiment No. 9 is included in order to notice the well-known and most
ancient process of charring the outside of timber. In this particular
case, the fence posts after charring were dipped for about three feet
into a hot mixture of raw linseed oil and pulverized charcoal, which
probably acted by closing the sap cells against the intrusion of
moisture, which, as is well known, much hastens decay. The posts, which
had been set butt-end upward, were mostly sound in 1879, after 24 years'
exposure.
Experiments Nos. 41, 42, 43, and 44 did not, however, result as well,
and numberless failures throughout the country attest that charring is
uncertain and disappointing in its results.
Much ingenuity has been wasted in devising and patenting machinery for
charring wood on a large scale to preserve it against decay. The
process, however, is so tedious in comparison with the benefits which it
confers, and the charred surface is so objectionable for many uses, that
nothing is to be expected from the process upon a large commercial
scale.
In 1857-58 Mr. H.K. Nichols tried sundry experiments (No. 10), at
Pottsville, Pa., upon timber which he endeavored to impregnate with
pyrolignite of iron by means of capillary action. Similar experiments
had previously been thoroughly tried in France by Dr. Boucherie, but the
result has not been found satisfactory.
In 1858 the Erie Railway purchased the right of using the Nichols
patent, and erected machinery at its Owego Bridge shop for boring a 2
inch hole longitudinally through the center of bridge timbers. This
continued till 1870, when the works were burned, and in rebuilding them
the boring machinery was not replaced. The longitudinal hole allowed a
portion of the sap to evaporate without checking the outside of the
timber, and undoubtedly lengthened its life. It is believed there are
yet (1885) some sticks of timber in the bridges of the road that were so
prepared in 1868 or 1869.
In 1867 Mr. W.H. Smith patented a method of preserving timber, by
incasing it in vitrified earthenware pipes, and filling the space
between the timber and the pipe with a grouting of hydraulic cement.
This was applied to the railroad bridge connecting the mainland with
Galveston Island (experiment No. 12), and so well did it seem to succeed
at first that it was proposed to extend the process to railroad
trestlework, to fencing, to supports for houses, and to telegraph poles.
But after a while the earthenware pipes were displaced and broken, the
process was given up, and Galveston bridge is now creosoted.
In 1868 Mr. S. Beer patented a process for preserving wood by simply
washing out the sap from its cells. Having ascertained that borax is a
solvent for sap, he prepared a number of specimens by boiling them in a
solution of borax. For small specimens, this answered well, and a
signboard treated in that way (experiment No. 13) was preserved a long
time; but when applied to large timber, the process was found very
tedious and slow, and no headway has been made in introducing it.
Experiment No. 14 was brought about by accident. Some years age it was
discovered that there was a strip of road in the track of the Union
Pacific Railroad, in Wyoming Territory, about ten miles in length, where
the ties do not decay at all. The Chief Engineer, Mr. Blinkinsderfer,
kindly took up a cotton wood tie in 1882, which had been laid in 1868,
and sent a, piece of it to the committee. It is as sound and a good deal
harder than when first laid, 14 years before, while on some other parts
of the road cottonwood ties perish in two or five years.
The character of the soil where these results have been observed is
light and soapy, and Mr. E. Dickinson, Superintendent of the Laramie
Division, furnishes the following analysis:
Sodium chloride 10.64
Potassium 4.70
Magnesium sulphate 1.70
Silica 0.09
Alumina 1.94
Ferric oxide 5.84
Calcium carbonate 22.33
Magnesium 3.39
Organic matter 4.20
Insoluble matter 941.47
Loss in analysis 4.00
Traces of phosphorous acid and ammonia.
The following remarks made by the chemists who made the analysis may be
of interest:
"The decay of wood arises from the presence in the wood of substances
which are foreign to the woody fiber, but are present in the juices of
the wood while growing, and consist of albuminous matter, which, when
beginning to decay, causes also the destruction of the other
constituents of the wood."
"One of the means adopted to prevent the destruction of wood by decay is
by the chemical alteration of the constituents of the sap."
"This is brought about by impregnating the wood with some substance
which either enters into combination with the constitutents of the sap
or so alters their properties as to prevent the setting up of
decomposition."
"The analysis of this soil shows that it contains large quantities of
the substances (sodium, potassium chloride, calcium, and iron) most used
in the different processes of preserving or kyanizing wood. It also
contains much inorganic matter, which also acts as a preserving agent."
Some of the ties so preserved have been transferred to other portions of
the track, and some of the soil has also been transported to other
localities, so that it is hoped that in the discussion that may be
expected to follow this report, some further light will be thrown on the
subject by an account of the results of these experiments.
Experiments Nos. 15, 16, 17, and 18 are most instructive, and convey a
useful lesson.
In 1865 Mr. B.S. Foreman patented the application of a dry powder for
preserving wood, which was composed of certain proportions of salt,
arsenic, and corrosive sublimate. This action was based upon an
experience which he had had when, as a working mechanic of Ellisburg,
Jefferson County, N.Y., in 1838, he had preserved a water-wheel shaft by
inserting such a compound in powder in the body of the wood, and
ascertained that it was still sound some 14 years later.
His theory of the action of his compound upon timber was briefly this:
"That all wood before it can decay must ferment; that fermentation
cannot exist without heat and moisture; that the chemical property or
nature of his compound, when inserted dry into wood, is to attract
moisture, and this moisture, aided by fermentation, liquefies the
compound; that capillary attraction must inevitably convey it through
the sap ducts and medullary rays to every fiber of the stick.... Were
these crystallizations salt alone, they would soon dissolve, but the
arsenic and corrosive sublimate have rendered them insoluble; hence they
remain intact while any fiber of the wood is left."
"The antiseptic qualities of arsenic are also well known, and have been
known for centuries. Chemical analysis of the _mummies of Egypt_ to-day
shows the presence of arsenic in large quantities in every portion of
their substance. Whatever other ingredients may have entered into the
compound that has been so potent in preserving from decay the bodies of
the old kings of Egypt, and even the linen vestments of their tombs,
arsenic was most certainly one."
The mode of application used by Mr. Foreman was to bore holes two inches
in diameter three-fourths of the way through sticks of square timber,
four feet apart, to fill them with the dry powder, and to plug them up
with a bung. For railroad ties he bored two holes two inches in
diameter, six inches inside of the rails, and filled and plugged them.
Fresh cut lumber and shingles were prepared by piling layers upon each
other with the dry powder sprinkled between in the ratio of twenty
pounds to the thousand feet of lumber. This was allowed to remain at a
temperature of at least 458° F. until fermentation took place, when the
lumber was considered fully "foremanized."
The process was first applied to the timber and lumber for a steamboat,
and in 1879 the result was reported to be favorable. It was then applied
to some ties on the Illinois Central Railroad, where it did not succeed,
and to some on the Chicago and Northwestern, where they seem to have
been lost sight of, being few in number, so that your committee has not
been able to learn the result.
Great expectations were, however, entertained, and a conditional sale
was made to various parties of the right of using the process, notably,
it is said, to the Memphis and Charleston Railroad for $50,000; and some
ten miles of ties were prepared on that road, when the poisonous nature
of the ingredients used brought about disaster.
Some shingles were prepared for a railroad freight house at East St.
Louis, but all the carpenters who put them on were taken very ill, and
one of them died.
The arsenic and corrosive sublimate effloresced from the ties along the
Memphis and Charleston Railroad. Cattle came and licked them for the
sake of the salt, and they died, so that the track for ten miles was
strewed with dead cattle. The farmers rose up in arms, and made the
railroad take up and burn the ties. The company promoting foremanizing
was sued and cast in heavy damages, and it went out of business.
In 1870 Mr. A.B. Tripler patented a mixture of arsenic and salt, and the
succeeding year a specimen of wood prepared under that patent was
submitted to the Board of Public Works of Washington, D.C., and examined
by its chemist, Mr. W.C. Tilden (experiment 19). He found the
impregnation uneven, and the absorptive power high, but he did not find
any arsenic, though its use was claimed.
The Samuel process (experiment 20) consisted in the injection, first, of
a solution of sulphate of iron, and afterward of common burnt lime. Mr.
Tilden reported the wood to be brittle, and the water used to test the
absorptive power to have been filled with threads of fungi in
forty-eight hours.
The Taylor process (experiment No. 21) used a solution of sulphide of
calcium in pyroligneous acid. It was condemned by Mr. Tilden.
The Waterbury process (experiment 22) consisted in forcing in a solution
of common salt, followed by dead oil or creosote. It was also condemned
by Mr. Tilden.
The examinations of Mr. Tilden extended to some fourteen different
processes, most of which have already been noticed in this report, and
their practical results given.
The Board of Public Works, however, laid down a considerable amount of
prepared wood pavement in Washington, all of which is understood to have
proved a dismal failure. After a good deal of inquiry, your committee
has been enabled to obtain information of the results of three of these
experiments.
The pine paving blocks upon Pennsylvania Avenue (experiment 23) were
first kiln-dried, and then immersed in a hot solution of sulphate of
iron.
The spruce blocks on E Street (experiment 24) were treated with chloride
of zinc, or, in other words, burnettized; but the mode of application is
not stated.
The pine blocks upon Sixteenth Street (experiment 25) were treated with
the residual products of petroleum distillation. It is stated that this
was the only process in which pressure was used.
In from three and a half to four and a half years the blocks were badly
decayed, and large portions of the streets were almost impassable, while
other streets paved in the same year with untreated woods remained in
fair condition.
It has been stated to your committee that this result, which did much
toward bringing all wood preserving processes into contempt, was chiefly
owing to the very dishonest way in which the preparation was done; that
in fact there was a combination between the officials and the
contractors by which the latter were chiefly interested "how not to do
it," and that the above results, therefore, prove very little on the
subject of wood preservation.
Through the kindness of the United States Navy Department your committee
is enabled to give the results of a series of experiments (Nos. 26 to 41
inclusive) which have been carried on at the Norfolk, Va., Navy Yard,
for a series of years, by Mr. P.C. Asserson, Civil Engineer, U.S.N., to
test the effect of various substances as a protection against the
_Teredo navalis_. It will be noticed that the application of two coats
of white zinc paint, of two coats of red lead, of coal tar and plaster
of Paris mixed, of kerosene oil, of rosin and tallow mixed, of fish oil
and tallow mixed and put on hot, of verdigris, of carbolic acid, of coal
tar and hydraulic cement, of Davis' patent insulating compound, of
compressed carbolized paper, of anti-fouling paint, of the Thilmany
process, and of "vulcanized fiber," have proved failures.
The only favorable results have been that oak piles cut in the month of
January and driven with the bark on have resisted four or five years, or
till the bark chafed or rubbed off, and that cypress piles, well
charred, have resisted for nine years.
This merely confirms the general conclusion which has been stated under
the head of creosoting, that nothing but the impregnation with creosote,
and plenty of it, is an effectual protection against the _teredo_.
Numberless experiments have been tried abroad and in this country, and
always with the same result.
There are quite a number of other experiments which your committee has
learned about which are here passed in silence. The accounts of them are
vague, or the promised results of such slight importance as not to
warrant cumbering with them this already too voluminous report.
The committee also forbears from discussing the merits of the many
patents which have been taken out for wood preservation. It had prepared
a list of them, and investigated the probable success of many of them,
but has concluded that it is better to confine itself to the results of
actual tests, and to stick to ascertained facts.
Neither does the committee feel called upon to point out the great
importance of the subject, and the economical advantages which will
result from the artificial preparation of wood as its price advances.
They hope, however, that the members of this Society, in discussing this
report, will dwell upon this point.
We shall instead give as briefly as possible the general conclusions
which we have reached as the result of our protracted investigation.