of France was begging for this same Elizabeth as a wife for his son!
From the moment that the treaty was signed the young princess was always
addressed as 'Madame la dauphine.' In addition to the lessons in reading
and writing given to her and her sisters during these years by 'the very
best scrivener in the city,' Elizabeth was taught to speak and write
both French and Spanish. By and bye the dower began to be talked of, and
then came the important question of the trousseau. French dresses were
ordered for her, all of the latest fashion, and many yards of lace were
worked for her stomachers and hanging veils, while the goldsmiths of
London vied with each other in drawing designs for jewelled girdles.
Suddenly there came from over the sea a rumour that Louis XI. had broken
his word and the articles of betrothal, and that the bride of the little
dauphin was not to be the princess Elizabeth, but the heiress of
Burgundy and Flanders, Mary, daughter of Charles the Bold. This news
struck Edward dumb with wrath; as for Elizabeth, she only felt happy at
being left in England with her brothers and sisters, and did not in the
least mind when everyone ceased calling her 'Madame la dauphine,' and
began to treat her as a little girl instead of as a grown-up woman. She
continued to be the companion of her father and mother, and went on with
her lessons as before, though it was now certain that she would never be
queen of France. After a while there was talk of another wedding in the
family, and this time the bridegroom was the duke of York, little
Richard, who was not yet five years old, while the bride, Anne Mowbray,
heiress of Norfolk, was but three. Of course such marriages were common
enough, as Elizabeth could have told you; but, even then, such a very
young bridegroom was seldom seen, and his sisters made merry over it.
'Fancy Richard a married man!' they would say, dancing in front of him.
'Oh, how wise he will be; we shall all have to ask counsel of him.' And
Richard, half pleased with his importance and half ashamed, though why
he did not know, bade them 'Begone,' or burst into tears of anger. His
brother Edward, who was more than six, felt a little bewildered. He was
a quiet, gentle child, but from his birth he had been brought forward,
yet now no one thought of anything but Richard, and Edward was not quite
sure how he ought to behave. However, by the time the wedding-day came,
a bright frosty morning in January 1477, he had grown used to this
strange state of things, and was as excited as the rest.
A large crowd was assembled before the palace door, for then, as now,
the people loved to see a royal wedding, and the citizens of London
liked well Edward and his family. Loud cheers greeted the king and his
children as they rode across the open space on beautiful long-tailed
horses with splendid velvet saddles. Louder still were the cheers that
greeted the queen as she came forth, with the bridegroom on a pony of
bright bay with light blue velvet trappings, ambling by her side.
Loudest of all was the greeting given to the bride as she appeared,
seated on the smallest white creature that ever was seen, led by Lord
Rivers, the queen's brother.
'It is a fair sight indeed,' murmured the women, and these words came
back to them six years later.
---------------------
The marriage was celebrated in St. Stephen's chapel, and as no one ever
thought in those days of heating churches, the stone walls were covered
with hangings of cloth of gold, which made it a little warmer. The king
arrived first, with the prince of Wales, clad in a blue velvet tunic
bordered with ermine, on his right hand, and princess Elizabeth, in a
long dress of silver tissue, on his left. Mary and Cicely walked behind,
and they were followed by the great officers of state and the ladies of
the court. After they had taken their places the heralds sounded their
trumpets, and in came the queen, wearing a tight-fitting gown of white
velvet, with an ermine mantle, her golden hair hanging to her feet, from
under the high head-dress with its floating veil. She led by the hand
the noble bridegroom, who looked shy and frightened, and stared straight
before him, as he walked up the aisle, his face nearly as white as his
heavy mantle which glittered with diamonds. The bride, on the contrary,
who was conducted by lord Rivers, seemed quite composed and looked about
her, taking care not to trip over the skirt of her trailing white satin
dress, whose hem shone with diamonds and pearls. The princesses in their
seats watched her with approval.
'She could not have borne herself better had her father been a king,'
they whispered one to another. 'I would that Richard had carried himself
as well,' added Elizabeth, who, being six years older, felt something of
a mother to him. Then the bishops and priests took their places, and the
service began.
Shouts of 'Long live the bride and bridegroom!' 'Health and happiness to
the duke and duchess of York!' rent the air as the procession left the
chapel to attend the banquet laid out in the Painted Chamber. Great
pasties were there for those that liked them, cranes, curlews, and
bitterns—which would have seemed very odd food to us, and all very
difficult to eat without forks, of which they had none. At the top and
bottom were peacocks with their tails spread, beautiful to behold. But
what pleased the children best were the 'subleties,' as they were then
called—sweet things built up into towers, and ships, and other strange
shapes. And the largest and finest of all, a castle with a moat and
drawbridge, and surrounded by battlements defended by tiny men-at-arms,
was placed in front of the bride and bridegroom.
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For the next five years the lives of the princesses went on quietly
enough. Two more daughters were born, Katherine, in 1479, and Bridget,
who afterwards became a nun, in 1480. But troubles of many sorts were
hard at hand. In 1482 Elizabeth lost her sister Mary, who had been her
companion and playfellow all through their eventful childhood, and
before she had recovered from this bitter grief the state of the king's
health caused much alarm. Though a brave soldier and a good general, and
capable in time of war of enduring hardships as well as the poorest
churl who fought for him, Edward loved soft lying and good eating, which
ended in his ruin. He grew indolent and fat, and his temper, which had
never recovered the slight put upon him by Louis XI. in the breaking off
of the dauphin's marriage, became more and more moody. At length a low
fever came upon him, and he had no strength to rally. Knowing that death
was at hand he sent for his old friends Stanley and Hastings, and
implored them to make peace with the queen and to protect his children
from their enemies. The vows he asked were taken, but ill were they
kept. Then the king died, acknowledging the many sins and crimes of
which he had been guilty, and praying for pardon.
During nine hours on that same day (April 9, 1483) the king's body, clad
in purple velvet and ermine, was exposed to view, and the citizens of
London, headed by the lord mayor, came sadly to look upon it, so as to
bear witness, if need be, that it was Edward and none other that lay
there dead. When the procession of people was finished bishops and
priests took their places, and repeated the Psalms from beginning to
end, while all through the hours of darkness knights clad in black
watched and prayed. As soon as the preparations were completed, the dead
king was put on board a barge draped in black, and rowed down to
Windsor, as, for reasons that we do not know, he was buried in St.
George's chapel, instead of at Westminster. It is curious that his son
Edward, now thirteen, was not allowed to come up from Ludlow Castle,
where he had been living for some time with lord Rivers, neither is
there any mention of Richard attending his father's funeral. His
stepsons were there, but not his sons, and the chief mourner was his
nephew the earl of Lincoln. Never were people more helpless than the
queen and her children. The poor queen knew not whom to trust, and
indeed a few weeks taught her that she could trust nobody. Gloucester,
her brother-in-law, who at first gained her faith with a few kind words,
soon tore off the mask, seized the young king, and arrested his uncle
lord Rivers.
'Edward is a prisoner, and I cannot deliver him! And what will become of
us?' cried the queen, turning to her eldest daughter; and Elizabeth,
whom these last few months had made a woman older than her seventeen
years, answered briefly: 'There is still the sanctuary where we are
safe.'
[Illustration: "Desolate and dismayed"]
That evening, after dark, the queen, her five daughters, and Richard,
duke of York, stole out of the palace of Westminster into the shelter of
the abbot's house, which fortunately lay within the sanctuary precincts.
All night long the dwelling, usually so quiet, was a scene of bustle and
confusion, for every moment servants were arriving from the palace at
Westminster bearing with them great chests full of jewels, clothes,
hangings, and carpets. The princesses, who were for the most part young
children, were running about, excitedly ordering the arrangement of
their own possessions, while Richard the 'married man,' had quietly
fallen asleep in a corner on a heap of wall-hangings that happened to
have been set down there. So it was that the archbishop and lord
chancellor, who arrived long after midnight to deliver up the Great Seal
to the queen, in trust for Edward V., found her alone, seated on a heap
of rushes in the old stone hall, 'desolate and dismayed,' as the
chronicler tells us. The archbishop tried to cheer her with kind words
and promises of a fair future, but the queen had suffered too much in
the past to pay much heed to him. 'Desolate' she was indeed, and
'dismayed' she well might be, and in his heart the archbishop knew it,
and he sighed as he looked at her hopeless face set in the tight widow's
bands, while her hair, still long and golden in spite of her fifty
years, made patches of brightness over her sombre black clothes. Yet he
could not leave her without making one more effort to rouse her from her
sad state, so again he spoke, though the poor woman scarcely seemed to
know that he was in the room at all.
'Madam, be of good comfort. If they crown any other king than your
eldest son whom they have with them, we will, on the morrow, crown his
brother whom you have with you here. And here is the Great Seal, which
in like wise as your noble husband gave it to me, so I deliver it to you
for the use of your son.' Having done his mission, the archbishop
departed to his own house close to the Abbey. The May dawn was already
breaking, and as he looked on the river he saw the shore thronged with
boats full of Gloucester's men, ready to pounce on the queen did she but
leave the sanctuary by a foot. 'Poor thing! poor thing!' murmured the
archbishop, as he gazed, 'it is an ill life she has before her. I doubt
what will come of it.'
Still, unhappy though they were, the royal family were at first far
better off in the abbot's house than they had been thirteen years before
in the fortress itself. The rooms were more numerous and better
furnished, and it was summer, and the flowers in the garden were
springing up, and the air began to be sweet with early roses. Up and
down the green paths paced Elizabeth and her sister Cicely, talking over
the events of the last month, and of all that had happened since the
death of their father.
'If only Edward were here,' said princess Cicely, 'I for one should
dread nothing. But to think of him in my uncle Gloucester's power—ah!
the world may well ask which is king and which is prince!'
'Yes, since Gloucester broke his promise to the council to have him
crowned on the fourth of May my heart is ever fearful,' answered
Elizabeth; 'of little avail was it to bring him clothed in purple and
ermine through the city when he was surrounded by none but followers of
the Boar'—for such was the duke's device. 'I misdoubt me that he will
not long be left in the palace of the good bishop of Ely.' Then both
sisters fell silent for a long time.
Elizabeth had reason for what she said, for the next day came the
tidings that Gloucester had carried his nephew to the Tower, there to
await his coronation. The queen turned white and cold when the message
was brought to her, but worse was yet to come. At a council held in the
Star Chamber, presided over by Gloucester, it was decided that as
children could commit no crime they could need no sanctuary, and that
therefore the duke of Gloucester, as acting regent, might withdraw his
nephew Richard from his mother's care whenever he chose. A deputation of
peers, headed by the cardinal archbishop of Canterbury waited on the
queen to try to prevail on her to give up her boy, saying the king was
wishful of a playfellow, but it was long before she would give her
consent. She had no reason to love the lord protector, she said, who had
ever shown himself ungrateful for all the late king had done for him;
but at length she began to yield to the solemn assurances of the
cardinal that the boy's life was safe.
'Pray His Highness the duke of York to come to the Jerusalem
Chamber'—the words, though spoken by the queen, seemed to be uttered in
a different voice from hers, and there was silence for some minutes till
the white-faced, sickly boy, clothed in black velvet, walked up to his
mother. 'Here is this gentleman,' said she, presenting him to the
cardinal. 'I doubt not he would be kept safely by me if I were
permitted. The desire of a kingdom knoweth no kindred; brothers have
been brothers' bane, and may the nephews be sure of the uncle?
Notwithstanding, I here deliver him, and his brother with him, into your
hands, and of you I shall ask them before God and the world. Faithful ye
be, I wot well, and power ye have if ye list, to keep them safe, but if
ye think I fear too much, beware ye fear not too little.' So Richard
bade her farewell—a farewell that was to be eternal. He was taken
straight away to the Star Chamber, where Gloucester awaited him, and
embraced him before them all. That night they lay at the bishop's palace
close to St. Paul's, and the next day he rode by his uncle's side
through the city to the Tower.
Sore were the hearts of the poor prisoners in the sanctuary, and little
heed did they take of the preparations in the Abbey for Edward's
coronation. In vain the kindly persons about them sought to reassure the
queen and her daughters by dwelling on the orders given for the food at
the royal banquet, and on the number of oxen to be roasted whole in the
space before the palace.
'Banquet there may be, and coronation there may be,' was all the queen
would answer; 'but Richard will never eat of that food, and Edward will
never wear that crown.'
Blow after blow fell thick and fast. Everything that Gloucester could
invent to throw discredit on the queen and her family was heaped upon
her, and as Clarence had not feared to blot his mother's fair fame, so
Gloucester did not hesitate to cast mud on that of his brother Edward's
wife. Then, one day, the abbot sought an audience of the princess
Elizabeth.
'Madame, I dare not tell the queen,' said he, staring at the ground as
he spoke. 'But—but—the king has been deposed, and the lord protector
declared king in his stead!'
[Illustration: The Queen entrusts little Richard to the Cardinal]
Elizabeth bowed her head in silence—it was no more than she had
expected, and she awaited in the strength of despair what was to follow.
It was not long in coming. Ten days later Richard III. was crowned in
the Abbey with great splendour, and her brothers removed to the
Portcullis Tower and deprived of their attendants. Edward at least knew
full well what all this meant. 'I would mine uncle would let me have my
life though I lose my kingdom,' he said to the gentleman who came to
inform him of the duke of Gloucester's coronation; but from that moment
he gave up all hope, and 'with that young babe his brother lingered in
thought and heaviness.'
Who can describe the grief and horror of the fugitives in the sanctuary
when all that they had feared had actually come to pass? The queen was
like one mad, and though her elder daughters did all they could to tend
and soothe her, their own sorrow was deep, and the dread was ever
present with them that, as children had been declared unfit persons to
inhabit the sanctuary, there was nothing to hinder the usurper from
seizing on them if he thought fit. And to whom could they turn for
counsel or comfort? Only three months had passed since the death of king
Edward, yet his sons, his step-son, and his brother-in-law, had all been
slain by the same hand. The queen's other son by her first husband, the
marquis of Dorset, was in Yorkshire, trying to induce the people to
rebel against the tyrant, but few joined his standard; the insurrection
planned by her brother-in-law, the duke of Buckingham, in the West came
to nothing, while the leader was betrayed and executed. They had no
money, and it is quite possible that Richard contrived that the abbot
should have none to give them. The trials and privations of the winter
of 1469 were light in comparison to those they suffered in that of 1483,
for now they were increased by agony of mind and every device that could
be invented by cruelty. What wonder, then, that, not knowing where to
look for help, the queen should at last have consented to make terms
with her enemy?
So, in March, 1484, she lent an unwilling ear to Richard's messenger,
but refused absolutely to quit the sanctuary till the king had sworn, in
the presence of his council, of the lord mayor and of the aldermen of
the city of London, that the lives of herself and her children should be
spared. Even Richard dared not break that oath, for there were signs
that the people were growing weary of so much blood, and, in London
especially, the memory of Edward was still dear to the citizens.
Therefore he had to content himself with depriving the queen of the
title which she had borne for twenty years, and of hinting at a previous
marriage of Edward IV. She was, besides, put under charge of one of
Richard's officers, who spent as he thought fit the allowance of 700_l._
a year voted for her by Parliament. It is not very certain where she
lived, but most likely in some small upper rooms of the palace of
Westminster, where she had once dwelt in splendour and reigned as queen.
During the first few months she seems to have had her four elder
daughters with her—Bridget was probably in the convent of Dartford,
where she later became a nun; but after the death of his son, Edward,
Richard sent for them to court. Their cousin, Anne of Warwick, the
queen, received them with great kindness, and together they all wept
over the sorrows that had befallen them. Richard himself took but little
notice of them, except to invent projects of marriage between Elizabeth
and more than one private gentleman—rather for the sake of wounding her
pride than because he meant seriously to carry them through. At
Christmas, however, it was necessary to hold some state festivals, and
both Anne and the princesses put off their mourning and attended the
state banquets and balls which the king had ordered to be held in
Westminster Hall. It was Anne's last appearance before her death, three
months later, and it was remarked by all present that the queen had
caused Elizabeth to be dressed like herself, in gold brocade, which
marvellously became the princess, and with her bright hair and lovely
complexion she must have made a strong contrast to the dying queen.
While at court Elizabeth met and made friends with the lord high
steward, Stanley, the second husband of the countess of Richmond. This
lady, who had desired for years to see her son Henry married to princess
Elizabeth, had been exiled from court owing to her numerous plots to
this end; but Richard thought that the best means of keeping Stanley
loyal was to retain him about his person, as he was too useful to be put
to death. One night, however, a fresh thought darted into the king's
brain. Henry of Richmond was his enemy; the Lancastrian party in England
was growing daily, owing as Richard told himself quite frankly, to the
number of people he had felt obliged to execute. If Henry married
Elizabeth he would gain over to his side a large number of Yorkists, and
together they might prove too strong for him. But suppose _he_, the
king, was to marry the 'heiress of England,' as her father loved to call
her, would not _that_ upset all the fine plans that were for ever being
hatched? True, he was her uncle; but a dispensation from the Church was
easily bought, and in Spain these things were done every day. So Richard
went to bed delighted with his own cleverness.
Great was Elizabeth's horror when the rumour reached her ears, told her
by one of queen Anne's ladies. 'Never, never will I consent to such
wickedness,' cried she, and sent off a trusty messenger to Stanley to
tell him of this fresh plot by her brothers' murderer, and to entreat
his help. This Stanley agreed to give, though insisting that the utmost
caution and secrecy were necessary, for any imprudence would cost them
all their lives. He next induced Elizabeth to write herself to his
powerful brothers, and to others of his kinsmen, and despatched these
letters by the hand of one of his servants. The Stanleys all agreed to
join the conspiracy against Richard, provided that the princess should
marry Henry, earl of Richmond, thus uniting the two Roses, and to
discuss this a meeting was arranged in London. That night, when all was
still, Elizabeth noiselessly left her room in Westminster Palace, and
stole down a narrow stone staircase to a door which was opened for her
by the sentry, who had served under her father. At a little distance off
one of Stanley's men was awaiting her with a horse, and together they
rode through byways till they reached an old inn on the outskirts of the
city, towards the north. They stopped at a door with an eagle's claw
chalked on it, and on entering she found herself in a room with about a
dozen gentlemen, who bowed low at the sight of her.
[Illustration: "Elizabeth goes to the inn to meet the conspirators"]
'Let us do our business in all haste,' said Stanley, 'as time presses.'
And he began shortly to state his scheme for sending Humphrey Brereton
over to France bearing a ring of Elizabeth's as a token of his truth,
and likewise a letter, which she was to write, telling of the proposal
that the Houses of York and Lancaster should be united in marriage, and
that Henry should be king. But here Elizabeth held up her hand, and,
looking at the men standing round her, she said steadily:
'Will you swear, my lords, by Holy Church that you mean no ill to the
noble earl, but that you bid him come hither in all truth and honour?'
'Ah, verily, Madam, we swear it,' answered they, 'for our own sakes as
well as for his.'
'Then the letter and the ring shall be ready to-morrow night,' replied
Elizabeth, 'and shall be delivered to you by lord Stanley. And now, my
lords, I will bid you farewell.' And, attended as before by a solitary
horseman, with a beating heart she made her way back to the palace. Only
when safe in her own room did she breathe freely; and well might she
fear, for had Richard guessed her absence, short would have been her
shrift.
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