Meurice’s story—The camp and the soldiery—The adventures of a German
renegade—Arab horses—Prayers—The Sultan’s band of music.
Meurice begged me to give him an account of my capture and subsequent
adventures. I had just finished it, and requested to hear his story in
return, when a negro brought us some kuskussu for supper. It was quite
dark, and he lit a taper of yellow wax, about the size of a farthing
rushlight, stuck it on a bit of stick which he poked into the earth,
and bade us lie down. We stretched ourselves upon the bare ground and
the negro went away.
I wish I were as well skilled in the management of my pen as in that
of a vessel, so that I might be able to bring vividly before my
readers a picture of the dark savage tent filled with strange-looking
packages, and in it the two prisoners lying on the ground; Meurice,
pale and livid, with his long matted beard and dim eyes, telling in a
sad and weary voice, the unhappy adventure which had suddenly snatched
him from a life of ease and enjoyment, and plunged him into the most
frightful and degrading misery. I will give his story, as nearly as I
can remember, in his own words.
“I was compelled,” said he, “to leave Paris after the Revolution of
1830, by losses in trade. I settled at Algiers with my young wife, and
exercised the profession of a land surveyor, in which I had plenty of
employment. My life, though rather monotonous, was very agreeable,
thanks to Clarissa’s incessant attentions to my comfort, and to her
charming disposition. Poor thing! she is so pretty, so amiable, you
shall read her letters. Alas! perhaps I may never see her again.
“On the 25th of April, 1836, I had been to inspect an estate near
the Metidja, and was returning in company with M. Muller, a civil
engineer, M. D—— and his sister. I was on horseback, M. Muller on
a mule, and M. and Mlle. D—— in a carriage. On a sudden we were
surrounded by a troop of Arabs: we were all totally unarmed, except
M. D——, who had a gun; but he was so terrified, that without even
firing it off, he darted out of the carriage, took to his heels and
hid himself in a marsh, where the horsemen could not follow him. M.
Muller received a ball in his thigh which hurt him severely, and
was instantly taken prisoner. The Arabs next seized Mlle. D—— and
endeavoured to force her to comply with their brutal desires, but
threats, blows, and pistols held to her breast, failed to overcome
her heroic resistance, and the noble girl was actually cut to pieces
before our eyes without uttering a single cry.
“The Arabs dragged M. Muller and myself away with them, but were soon
obliged to leave M. Muller behind with the Hadjutes, seeing that
he must inevitably sink under the fatigues of the journey. He was
soon exchanged for three Arab prisoners. They resolved to sell me to
Abd-el-Kader, and set out to join him at his camp. I was exposed to
every possible kind of ill-usage on the road, blows, threats, insults,
and degrading tortures of every kind. To give you one instance among
many:—At the camp of one of the tribes on the plain, the Arabs
stripped me entirely naked, tied my hands behind my back and fastened
me to a tree, whereupon the women and children amused themselves the
whole day with flinging stones at me and smearing my face with the
most loathsome filth; you can form no idea of my sufferings, the
intolerable stench of the filth, the incessant blow’s inflicted by the
stones they threw at me; the children who pinched and bit my thighs
all combined to make my torments unbearable.
“After staying some time at Mascara we went to Abd-el-Kader’s camp,
which was then in the neighbourhood of Tafna. The Sultan received
me kindly and bought me of my captors. He was very melancholy and
completely cast down by his recent defeat by General Bugeaud at
Shikak. He had confidently predicted his own victory, founding his
prophecy upon a passage of the Koran, which foretold the defeat of the
Christians during the seventh year of their settlement in Africa.
“Defeat destroyed all his influence; the Arabs forsook their Sultan
and denied his authority; several of the tribes declared that they
would no longer fight under his orders, but would undertake their
own defence. They fled in all directions and destroyed everything
that lay in their way; they did not even respect Abd-el-Kader’s camp,
where they cut off and carried away half his tent and pillaged the
provisions. It is a great pity that we had no light cavalry at that
time, for it would have enabled us to seize Abd-el-Kader’s camp.
“Immediately after this defeat, the Sultan threw himself into Mascara
with fifty horse and a hundred foot, all inhabitants of the town and
the sole remnants of his army. A report of a counter-march of General
Bugeaud’s had spread a panic. Abd-el-Kader’s stores were pillaged, and
he would never have recovered the blow but for the subsidies of all
kinds which he constantly receives from Muley Abd-el-Rachman, Emperor
of Morocco, without whose assistance he would be utterly unable to
support an army.
“When he saw that the Arabs, who but the day before had blindly
submitted to his command, were now prepared to shake off his
authority, the Sultan knew that the prisoners who remained in his camp
were doomed to destruction. He resolved to save them, and commanded
the thirty negroes who guard his tent to escort M. Lanternier a
colonist, his wife a woman of forty, his daughter a lovely girl of
fifteen, a German lady of about forty, another of about twenty who
was taller and as handsome as Mlle. Lanternier, and myself, as far
as Droma, and to protect us from the violence or the insults of the
tribes we should pass on our way.
“We started full of gratitude towards Abd-el-Kader, and of confidence
in our negro guard, but scarcely had we gone five hundred yards, when
the negroes suddenly halted, seized M. Lanternier, and myself, and
bound us to a tree with our hands tied behind our backs. The scene
which we were then compelled to witness is too hideous to describe;
suffice to say, that the four wretched women became the victims of
the brutal desires of our negro guard. Even now I often hear in my
sleep our imprecations and cries of rage, the howls of the savages,
and the sobs of the wretched women. Such is the obedience shown to the
commands of the powerful Abd-el-Kader.
“On arriving at Droma, M. Lanternier and I were thrown into a
loathsome dungeon, and the four half-dead despairing women into
another.
“On the 31st July, Abd-el-Kader sent for me to Mascara, and thence to
his camp; his manner towards me was as kind as before, and he again
promised me a speedy release by exchange; he also desired me to send
for my wife, adding the most solemn protestations, and for a moment
the desire of seeing her again almost overcame me, but when I imagined
her exposed to blows, threats, and insults, I immediately abandoned
the selfish idea of dragging my Clarissa into the misery I was then
enduring, and I refused the Sultan’s offer with many thanks. He then
told me his motive for sending for me from Droma, and dictated to me
several letters to Algiers and to Oran. I have only been in the camp a
fortnight, and I am far better off here than in the prisons of Droma,
or the tents of the tribes. The Sultan puts some restraint upon the
hatred of the Arabs towards the Christians, and now your presence
will console me under my misfortunes. Besides, you will easily gain
the goodwill of Abd-el-Kader, and thus alleviate our hardships, and
the Governor will be anxious to ransom you, and your deliverance will
entail mine. And now good night, if you are cold draw near to me and
we shall keep each other warm.”
We were awakened very early next morning by the roll of a drum very
ill beaten; I instantly rose and spent the whole day in wandering
about the camp, and observing the habits and the discipline of
Abd-el-Kader’s soldiery.
The tents of the infantry are pitched in a circle which encloses those
of the cavalry; each tent contains fifteen or twenty men whose horses
are tethered outside with ropes tied round their fore-feet.
The Sultan’s tent stands in the very centre of the camp with an open
space before it for his horses and those of his attendants: he always
has eight or ten horses ready for his own use. A straight avenue is
left from the front of his tent to the very edge of the camp where a
cannon is placed with its muzzle turned towards the plain. This is
the Sultan’s whole artillery, and in very bad order it is. When I was
there it was mounted on a broken French carriage, and the touch-hole
was so large that the powder flew out from it in a perfect stream of
fire, and burned the hands of the Arabs who fired it. It was only used
for salutes and rejoicings. Close to the cannon is the gunner’s tent.
Behind Abd-el-Kader’s tent is that of the muleteers, and round it are
picketed the mules which carry the baggage.
Near the kitchen tent are a hundred camels which carry the barley and
the biscuits for the soldiers, and a flock of sheep and goats, one of
which is given to each tent every Friday. Each tent furnishes two men
every night to guard the camp,—one watches from sunset till midnight,
the other from midnight till daybreak. During the day there are no
guards.
As soon as it dawns the drum beats and the watch is relieved. A small
quantity of detestable biscuit, full of dust and straw, is given to
each soldier, and the horsemen give a measure of barley to their
horses; they only let them drink once a day at five o’clock, P.M. At
four P.M. the soldiers have a meal of boiled barley, and the chiefs
of kuskussu.
The soldiers have nothing whatever to do, except that from time
to time the Aga of the infantry, following the example of Muftar,
endeavours to teach them the drill, in which he was formerly assisted
by a German deserter from our Foreign Legion.
The adventures of this German are strange enough. For a year after his
desertion he was employed by Abd-el-Kader to drill his infantry, but
in spite of his zeal and fidelity in the service of his new master, he
every day heard the Arabs say that they would shoot him in the first
battle, for that they would not submit to be commanded by a Christian
hound. The German who did not think proper to await the execution
of these threats, took advantage of the peace to go to Oran and
present himself to our General. But the General wishing to conciliate
Abd-el-Kader, wrote to inform him that he might send for the deserter
and do with him as he pleased. Accordingly some chaous were sent
to Oran, the deserter was given up to them, and they bound him and
dragged him off. On the road they fell in with some French soldiers
who were mending it, and the poor fellow began to call out lustily,
“Help, my friends! you surely won’t let these rascals carry off your
comrade who has fought them with you: help! they are going to cut off
my head.” Hereupon the soldiers threw down their pickaxes, snatched up
their muskets, and would certainly have effected a rescue but for a
_gendarme_ who was sent to protect the chaous against any attempt of
the kind.
The poor fellow was taken to Mascara where he lay in chains a whole
year. In his exasperation at the conduct of the French authorities he
turned Mussulman, and was let out of prison; he refused to resume his
employment of drill-sergeant, and took to manufacturing gunpowder at
Mascara, but finding this trade insufficient for his support he went
to Morocco, from whence he hopes to go to Italy.
Since then the Aga has laboured to teach his ragged and unruly
soldiers himself, but with very small success: the little ragamuffins
in the streets of Paris go through the exercise far better than
Abd-el-Kader’s soldiers.
The Arab cavalry now wear a red jacket and Turkish trowsers of the
same colour, with a haick and a bernouse over them, and slippers
on their feet; they have a rifle, a sabre, and a dozen cartridges
in a box slung over the shoulder with a belt, which never leaves
them. Their saddles are made of wood, with a loose cover of morocco
leather, and so high before and behind that the rider sits as in a
box; the stirrup leathers are very short and the stirrups very large,
with sharp points which serve for spurs: they, however, wear spurs
besides, which are mere iron spikes about eight or ten inches long.
Only the horses belonging to merchants and destined for long journeys
are shod, but none of Abd-el-Kader’s. The horsemen put six or eight
coarse blankets on their horses’ backs to keep the wooden saddle from
wounding them. In spite of this precaution, however, nearly all the
Arab horses are galled on the back: they are never groomed but merely
have some water dashed all over them when they are taken to drink;
they are exposed by day and by night to rain, heat, and cold; and
accordingly an Arab horse seldom lasts more than six years.
The infantry wear a woollen vest, Turkish trowsers, a black jacket
with a hood, and slippers: like the cavalry, they have a rifle, a
cartridge box, and a knife at their girdle; the richest among them add
to this a dagger, pistols, and a yataghan.
In the camp as well as in all other places the Arabs pray six times a
day,—at three, six, and eight in the morning, at noon, and at four
and eight in the evening: at the hours of devotion the marabouts
turn to the four cardinal points and call the faithful to prayer
with a slow and solemn voice, saying “God is God, and Mahomed is his
prophet; come and worship them.” A marabout then recites the prayer in
each tent. The faithful begin by rubbing their hands and faces with
dust; they respond to every act of devotion of the marabout with an
inclination at the words “God is great,” and kiss the ground in token
of humility; as soon as the prayer is ended they wash their faces.
The band plays three times a day before Abd-el-Kader’s tent: three
musicians standing, play the hautboy, three others, also standing,
beat the tambourine with a stick, and three seated on the ground, play
with small sticks upon bowls covered with goatskin. Their _repertoire_
is very scanty. I never heard more than three tunes, which they
perform till the Sultan is tired and dismisses them by a sign.
Each chief has a coffee-maker in his retinue. These coffee-makers
erect a tent to which the Arabs go to drink coffee and smoke very bad
green tobacco.