The great problem for Brazil to solve in the future is that _The Capitals of Spanish America

With the gradual emancipation of the slave the labor system of the

country is becoming disorganized and demoralized. It has been

demonstrated beyond a doubt, even in the minds of the most radical

abolitionists, that the emancipated negroes are neither disposed nor

competent to take care of themselves. They are different in this respect

from the freedmen of the United States because their ignorance is much

greater. Their dependence is much more absolute, and they never received

the kind treatment and instruction that was enjoyed by so many of the

slaves in the United States. From one end of Brazil to the other there

is scarcely a negro slave, or one who has ever been enslaved, that can

read and write. Their ignorance is so dense that they scarcely know

anything of the work outside of the cabin in which they live; and the

policy of the slave-holders, aided by the priests, has been to keep them

in this condition as far as possible. As long as they have attended

mass, and said so many prayers a day, the priests have been satisfied

with their condition, and their owners and masters have never thought of

anything but to get as much work out of them as was consistent with

their strength.

[Illustration: THE POLITICAL ISSUE IN BRAZIL.]

The political issue in Brazil to-day, as has been the case for many

years, is the abolition of slavery. Ten years ago the two political

parties were as wide apart on this question as the Abolitionists and

Democrats were in the United States in 1860; but the emancipation policy

has been rapidly growing in favor, the necessity and justness of the

movement have become almost universally recognized, and the two

political parties differ only upon the measures by which the result

shall be accomplished. There are very few people in Brazil to-day who,

when asked the direct question, will advocate the perpetuation of human

slavery; but those who have property in slaves naturally resist any

movement that will deprive them of its value without some compensation.

A law was passed in 1881 which declared free all negroes and their

children who should be imported into the empire after that date; but it

was never executed, and in spite of it the slave-trade increased,

reaching prior to 1851 enormous proportions. Fifty thousand negro slaves

were imported in a single year when the trade was at its height. The

effective intervention of the British Government in 1851 broke up the

foreign trade, and from that time the friends of the slave in Brazil

were able to make some headway against their opponents.

The first legislation enforced towards the abolition of slavery was

enacted in 1871, in what was known as the “Free Birth Law,” which was

framed by the Emperor himself, and adopted by Congress largely through

his own personal efforts. This laid the axe at the root of the tree, and

provided that human bondage in Brazil should end with the present

generation. Every child born since the passage of the act is free, but

the owner of its mother is required to educate and support it until

twenty-one years old, being entitled to the results of its labor during

the same time. The law also provided that slaves should be credited with

their labor, and all service performed over and above a given maximum

should be considered as a surplus and credited against the value of the

slave, in order that those who had energy and ambition might in this

manner earn or purchase their own freedom; and by a further provision

all slaves reaching the age of sixty-five were free, but could look to

their old masters for support in case they were in a condition of

disability.

This law, however well intended, proved impracticable, and could not be

generally enforced. Forgeries were committed upon the records of birth,

both by the slaves and their masters. The latter refused, or fixed so

high a valuation that very few were able to earn their freedom; they

neglected to educate the children as required by law, so that even if a

young man gained his freedom he was not fitted to enjoy it or exercise

the right of citizenship. The old men and women were turned off the

plantations to beg or find refuge in the public almshouses; and the

planters, feeling no longer any interest in the health and welfare of

their slaves, neglected their sanitary condition and ill-treated them.

The result of the law was to demoralize the laboring element. It proved

a disaster to the slaves as well as to their masters, and disturbed the

political condition of the country.

There is no slave-market in Rio Janeiro, nor has there been one for

several years, all the transactions in human flesh being conducted

privately; but there are agents who buy and sell on commission, like the

real estate or cattle dealers of the United States.

[Illustration: MILITARY MEN.]

There is a small number of negroes in Brazil from Minas, a territory on

the west coast of Africa, who differ from all other blacks. They are of

immense frame, capable of great endurance, display a remarkable degree

of intelligence, are very clannish, speaking a language among themselves

unintelligible to others, and practising religious rites similar to

those of Mohammedanism, from which they have never been allured by the

tempting ceremonies of the Catholic Church.

As slaves the Minas natives are valued at more than double the price of

ordinary negroes, and as freedmen they are useful, industrious, and

excellent citizens, and will work of their own accord. No other blacks

exercise the regular Yankee thrift in saving their earnings and in

economizing their resources. They are ingenious as well as intelligent,

and make first-class mechanics as well as laborers. These Minas have

frequently purchased their freedom and returned to Africa, but those

that go invariably come back to Brazil. Several instances are reported

in which they have chartered vessels for this purpose, and have even

brought over friends and kinsmen of their own across the Atlantic to

settle in Brazil. The wisest thinkers of the country advocate the

organization of immigration companies for the purpose of bringing

cargoes of these people from Africa, not as slaves, but as freemen, to

supply the demand for labor in the country. They are much preferable to

the Chinese or the coolies as laborers, and are particularly adapted to

the Brazilian climate.

There are a great many Germans going into the country, forming colonies

in the interior, opening up sugar plantations, planting coffee,

gathering rubber, and engaging in all sorts of agricultural employment;

but the climate is so enervating that after an experience of two years

the German colonist will be found by his Portuguese predecessor sitting

in the shade of the fig-tree and hiring a negro to do his work.

Everywhere in hot climates the people become enervated, and Brazil will

scarcely form an exception to other countries in the same latitude. In

the more southern provinces and on the higher levels white colonists may

succeed if there is nothing but climatic differences to oppose them.

There has been a small number of immigrants from the United States to

the southern provinces of Brazil; and after the war a great many

Confederates flooded in there for the purpose of establishing

plantations and raising sugar and coffee, but their success has not been

great. Most of the colonies have broken up, and the members have been

scattered over different parts of the country. Some engage in one

undertaking, some in another, but many have succumbed to the influences

of the climate and died of fever.

INDEX.

Aconcagua Mountain, Chili, 509.

Agua Volcano, Guatemala, 67.

Alpaca, the, 427.

Alvarado, Conqueror of Guatemala, 64.

Alvarado, George, founder of the city of San Salvador, 179.

Andes, bridges in the, 441;

explorations in the, 438;

over the, 506, 510, 513;

scenery in the, 409.

Antigua, 63, 72.

Arequipa, 420.

Argentine Republic, agricultural area of, 584;

Americans in, 562;

beef exports of, 586, 587;

Catholic Church in, 558, 568;

cattle in, 579, 582;

cattle ranges in, 534;

commerce of, 552, 583, 586;

decay of Romanism in, 558;

discovery of, 543;

educational system of, 557;

England’s trade with, 553;

foreigners in, 581;

France’s trade with, 552;

geographies incorrect concerning, 551;

growth of, 550;

horsemen of, 556, 570, 574;

horses in, 589;

immigration to, 581;

Italian population of, 582;

land leasing in, 534;

libel laws of, 555;

map of, 580;

pamperos in, 544, 548;

peculiar customs of, 544, 547, 548, 555, 556, 559, 560, 565, 569-571, 576, 578, 590;

Protestant work in, 558, 568;

railroad system of, 581, 582;

ranches in, 579, 582, 588;

resources of, 553, 579, 583;

Roca, President of, 568, 569;

Rosas, the tyrant, President of, 549, 572;

Sarmiento, ex-President of, 557;

social conditions in, 565;

steamers to Paraguay from, 566;

steamship facilities of, 551, 566;

suffrage in, 581;

United States’ trade with, 553;

universities of, 556;

wheat product of, 554, 583;

women physicians of, 561;

wool product of the, 585;

Yankee school-teachers in, 557.

Arica, battle of, 353.

Aristocracy, Mexican, 3, 5, 17, 32.

Army, Costa Rican, 206.

Asuncion, architecture in, 640;

market-place of, 642;

palace of Lopez in, 638;

ruins in, 637.

Aztecs, religion of, 32.

Bahia Blanca, 547.

Balmaceda, President of Chili, 495.

Bananas, shipment of from Costa Rica, 198.

Banda Occidental, 592;

Oriental, _ibid._

Banner, Pizarro’s, 276.

Barillas, President of Guatemala, 113.

Barranquilla, port of, 231.

Barrios, appeals for approval to foreign nations, 107;

becomes President of Guatemala, 81;

_coup-d’état_ of, 103;

death and will, his, 112;

personal character of, 100;

progressive policy of, 82;

Protestant work in Guatemala, his, 86;

tragedy at theatre through banner bearing name of, 111;

visits the United States, 107.

Barrios, Mrs., residence in New York, 87.

Blanco, Guzman, 269, 286, 291;

statues of, 258, 272, 287.

Bogota, altitude of, 244;

journalism in, 249;

journey to, 238;

merchants of, 250;

miraculous image of, 254;

policemen in, 247;

population of, 245;

society in, 248.

Bogran, President of Honduras, 117.

Bolivar, Simon, Venezuela, 266.

Bolivia, mineral wealth of, 445;

railroad to, 419, 438.

Boulevard, Mexican, 39.

Boulton, Bliss & Dallett, steamers of to Venezuela, 257.

Brazil, commerce of, 675;

customs peculiar to, 664, 668, 670, 672, 674, 676, 692, 696, 701;

discovery of, 687;

emancipation in, 704;

Empress of, 684;

ex-Confederates in, 706;

fight against the Catholic Church in, 690;

German immigration to, 706;

habits of the people of, 701;

history of, 687;

holidays in, 692;

hotels of, 673;

humming-birds of, 668;

imperial family of, 689;

intemperance in, 666;

Isabella, Princess of, 689;

natives of Minas in, 705;

negroes in, _ibid._;

nobility of, 676;

policemen of, 698;

politics in, 688, 703;

railroad system of, 680;

school system of, 678;

slavery problem in, 702;

sunrise in, 698;

sunset in, _ibid._

Buenos Ayres, American dentists in, 560;

banks of, 554;

cathedral of, 566;

commercial disadvantages of, 549;

enterprise in, 549, 559;

Hale, Samuel B., merchant of, 562;

Halsey, Thomas Lloyd, introducer of sheep and cattle into, 563;

harbor of, 548;

hotels of, 566;

landing at, 548;

municipal statistics of, 559;

newspapers of, 555;

origin of, 543;

photographers in, 560;

post-office of, 559;

theatres of, 555;

tomb of Saint-Martin in, 566;

voyage to, 543;

Wheelwright, Wm., builder of first railroad in, 562;

Winslow, the forger, in, 562.

Caceres, General, 392, 395.

Callao, city of, 417;

painter, the, 416;

port of, 353.

Camino Real (Royal Highway), Colombia, 240.

Caracas, Americans in, 282;

earthquakes in, 265;

railroad to, 261;

situation of, 265.

Carera, Dictator of Guatemala, 80.

Carriages, Mexican, 39.

Cartago, Costa Rica, destruction of, 200.

Carthagena, city of, 226;

cathedral of, 228;

fortifications of, 231;

Inquisition in, 227;

Kingsley’s (Charles) description of, 226;

miraculous pulpit of, 228;

preserved saint of, 229.

Carts, peculiar, Nicaragua, 142.

Castro, Don Jesus Maria, 222.

Central America, cable telegraph in, 107.

Cerro del Pasco, mines of, 404.

Chamber of Deputies, Mexican, 21.

Chapultepec, castle of, 5, 43.

Charity, Mexican, 56.

Chasquis, vocation of, 440.

Chili, army of Peru in, 392;

Balmaceda, President of, 495;

character of the people of, 458, 472, 475, 480;

coal-mines in, 488;

commerce of, 455, 457;

climate of, 464;

coca-chewing in, 479;

customs peculiar to, 458, 461-464, 469, 472, 475, 480, 483, 484, 498;

earthquakes in, 483, 499;

English colony, an, 542;

farming in, 489, 502;

female street-car conductors of, 458, 461;

horseback-riding in, 503;

hotels of, 472;

intemperance in, 458;

Irish characteristics of the people of, 474;

journey from, to Argentine Republic, 506, 510;

Liberal party in, 493;

marriage in, 494;

Meiggs, Henry, in, 463, 467;

nomenclature peculiar to, 483;

penitentas of, 462;

peonage in, 489, 502;

plunder from Peru in, 471;

political struggle in, 493;

Presidential election in, 495;

Protestantism in, 496;

railway facilities of, 464, 480;

Romanism in, 493;

rotos of, 479;

saddle of, 504;

scenery in, 509;

“Señor May” in, 499;

shoes of natives of, 484;

shops of, 465;

soldiers of, 352, 479;

Stars and Stripes in, 454;

steamship communication with, 456, 480, 488;

superstition in, 499;

vanity of people of, 476;

women of, 458, 461, 472, 484, 487, 498.

Chimborazo, Mount, Ecuador, 309, 320.

Coca-leaves, use of among rabonas of Peru, 349.

Colombia, aborigines of, 244;

Congress of, 255;

government of, 248;

mines of, 230;

Nuñez, President of, 256;

orchids in, 252;

peculiar customs of, 243, 245, 247, 252;

Romish superstitions in, 228, 254;

steamship line to, 225;

transportation in, 246.

Comayagua, city of, Honduras, 115, 119.

Congress, Mexican, 21.

“Cordillera,” steamship, wreck of, 524.

Corinto, port of, 138.

Cortez, descendants of, 6.

“Costa del Balsimo,” forest of, 192.

Costa Rica, archbishop expelled from, 219;

banana-trade of, 198;

Congress of, 221;

cruising along, 196;

death processions in, 220;

educational system of, 218;

ex-Confederates in, 200;

Fernandez, President of, 221;

flowers peculiar to, 198;

funeral customs in, 220;

Government of, 221;

Guardia, President of, 205;

intelligence of the people of, 218;

morals of the people of, 220;

national musical instruments of, 214;

ox-carts in, 212;

peculiar customs of, 198, 200, 207, 212-214, 216, 220;

politeness of the people of, 218;

Protestant work in, 219;

railroads in, 199, 208;

railroad building in, 205;

religious condition of, 219;

resources of, 223;

revolution in, 207;

Soto, De, Don Bernardo, President of, 222;

transportation facilities in, 212;

women of, 214.

Cotopaxi Volcano, Ecuador, 320.

Cousino, Donna Isadora, Crœsus of Chili, 487.

Crosses by the way-side, Nicaragua, 141.

Cuaca dance, the, 469.

Curaçoa, Island of, 295.

Dahlgren, Mrs., anecdote of, 372.

“Deck trading” in Peru, 347.

Delgrado, General, leader of revolution in Honduras, 120.

Dentists, American, in Buenos Ayres, 560.

Deputies, Chamber of, Mexican, 21.

Desert of Peru, 417.

Destruction of Cartago, Costa Rica, 200.

Devastation of Lima, 365, 391.

Diaz, career of, 30;

inauguration of as President of Mexico, 21;

religious tolerance in Mexico, his, 59.

Diplomatic complication in Guatemala, 103.

Discovery of Argentine Republic, 543;

of Brazil, 687.

Dom Pedro II., love of the people for, 682.

Drake, Sir Francis, sacks Caracas, Venezuela, 262.

Earthquakes in Chili, 483, 499;

in Ecuador, 324;

in Guatemala, 73;

in Nicaragua, 164;

in San Salvador, 187, 192.

Easter Sunday in Mexico, 50.

Ecuador, army of, 319;

Caamaño, President of, 309, 341;

chandny (wind) in, 309;

earthquakes in, 324;

peculiarities of people of, 301, 305, 313, 317, 319, 326, 328, 330, 334, 336, 346, 350;

peddlers in, 317;

postal facilities in, 316;

railroads in, 307;

revolutions in, 341;

Romish Church in, 306, 313, 319, 332, 334, 348;

social condition of, 377;

telegraph in, 308;

transportation in, 315.

Educational system of Costa Rica, 218.

El Gran Chaco, description of, 657.

Emancipation in Brazil, 704.

Empress of Brazil, charity of, 684.

Enterprise in Buenos Ayres, 549, 559.

Evans, W. D., Montevideo, story of, 605.

Exposition buildings in Santiago, 470.

Eyes of Inca mummies, 415.

Falkland Islands, chief use of land in the, 522.

Farming in Chili, 489, 502.

Fenton, Doctor, in Patagonia, 537.

Fernandez, President of Costa Rica, 221.

Filth of Rio de Janeiro, 662.

First capital of Guatemala, 64.

Fleas in the tropics, 260.

Flowers, peculiar, in Costa Rica, 198.

Foreigners in Argentine Republic, 581.

Fortifications of Carthagena, Colombia, condition of, 231.

Founding of Guayaquil, 304.

France, her trade with Argentine Republic, 552.

Francia, “Perpetual President” of Paraguay, 623.

Fuego Volcano, Guatemala, 71.

Funeral customs in Costa Rica, 220;

in Mexico, 34.

Fur-bearing animals in Patagonia, 539.

Gaucho, the, 570, 574.

Gonzalez, Gil, Conqueror of Nicaragua, 154.

Gonzalez, President of Mexico, 22, 26.

Good Friday, celebration of in Mexico, 49.

Government of Nicaragua, 169.

Grace, M. P., his Peruvian contracts, 401, 403.

Grau, Admiral, in Peru, 437.

Grenada, city of, 165.

Guadalupe, cathedral of, 18;

legend of, _ibid._;

treaty at, 21.

Guanaco, the, 427, 540.

Guatemala, assassination plots in, 88;

Barrios, President of, 75, 81;

Carera, Dictator of, 80;

Church domination in, 79;

Church overthrown in, 81;

cochineal cultivation in, 75;

commercial condition of, 98;

costumes of natives of, 89;

couriers in, 92;

customs peculiar to, 88, 97-99;

diplomatic complication in, 103;

earthquakes in, 73;

first capital of, 64;

Hill, Rev. John C., missionary in, 85;

hotels in, 96;

military law in, 95;

monasteries in, 74;

Morazan, Dictator of, 80;

Old, 63;

peasants’ costumes in, 88, 90;

photographers in, 98;

policemen in, 95;

Protestant work in, 84;

railroad system of, 99;

ruins in, 67;

schools in, 82;

second city of, 70;

view of the city of, 61;

volcanic eruption in, 67.

Guayaquil, appearance of, 300;

commerce of, 330;

foreigners in, 305, 311;

founding of, 304;

journey to Quito from, 309, 318;

latitude and longitude of, 299;

street-cars in, 300, 302;

tropical vegetation near, 302, 313.

Gunning, Doctor, in Brazil, 686.

Hacks, Mexican, 40.

Hale, Samuel B., Buenos Ayres, 562.

Hall, Henry C., U. S. Minister to Guatemala, 107.

Halsey, Thomas Lloyd, Buenos Ayres, 563.

Harbor of Buenos Ayres, 548;

of Valparaiso, 454.

Hats, Panama, 345.

Highest town in the world, 423.

Hill, Rev. John C., missionary in Guatemala, 85.

Honda, port of, 234, 238.

Honduras, agriculture in, 122;

Bogran, President of, 117;

climate of, 114;

commercial condition of, 115;

conquest of, 114;

how to reach, 117;

Interoceanic Railway in, 118;

manufacture of chocolate in, 132;

medicinal plants in, 123;

mineral wealth of, 127;

Morazan, President of, 135;

rivers of, 124;

schools in, 134;

shopping in, 133;

Soto’s (Marco A.) flight from, 117;

telegraph in, 125;

transportation facilities in, 124, 127, 131.

Horseback-riding in Chili, 503;

in Mexico, 37.

Horsemen of Argentine Republic, 556, 570.

“Huascar,” Peruvian gun-boat, 437.

Humboldt in Venezuela, 262.

Hurlbut, General, and the Peruvian-Chilian war, 388.

Ice in Mexico, 42.

Iglesias, Don Miguel, 396.

Illiniani Volcano, Bolivia, 443.

Immigration resisted in Nicaragua, 149.

Inca Empire, origin of the, 429.

Incas, ancient highways of the, 439;

cemeteries of the, 413;

devotion of to their king, 328;

gold buried by the, 326;

mummies of the, 414;

peculiarities of the, 329, 336;

relics of the, 411;

riches of the, 325, 431;

women of the, 374.

“Inca’s Head,” the, 323.

Indians of Patagonia, 518, 530.

Iodine, how made in Peru, 434.

Isabella, Princess of Brazil, 689.

Journalism in Bogata, 249.

Journey from Santiago to Buenos Ayres, 506, 510.

Juan Fernandez, Island of, 451.

Juarez, birthplace of, 30;

family in Mexico, 17;

President of Mexico, 31.

Kingsley, Charles, on Carthagena, Colombia, 226;

on South American scenery, 264;

on effect of coca-leaves, 479.

Ladies, Mexican, 38.

La Guayra, city of, 257.

La Libertad, port of, 171.

La Paz, Alameda of, 444;

cathedral of, 443;

city of, 442.

La Plata, city of, 569.

La Silla Mountain, Venezuela, 261.

Leon, city of, 152, 157.

Lerdo, President of Mexico, 26, 31.

Liberal party, success of, in Mexico, 3, 17.

Liebig, Doctor, 589.

Lima, architecture of, 386;

benevolent institutions of, 385;

bull-fighting in, 382;

churches and monasteries in, 356, 361;

city of, founded, 355;

devastation of by the Chilians, 365;

Inca women of, 374;

manta of the women of, 370;

milk peddlers in, 382;

newspapers of, 386;

pawnshops of, 377;

population of, 355, 361;

Protestantism in, 361;

residence of Henry Meiggs in, 368;

Santa Rosa of, 357;

shops in, 385;

social condition of, 377;

women of, 368, 380.

Limon, port of, 197.

Lincoln, town of, 569.

Lopez I., II., Presidents of Paraguay, 623, 624.

Lota, town of, 488, 490.

Love-making, Mexican, 34.

Lynch, Admiral, of Chili, 392.

Lynch, Patrick, of Chili, 475.

Macuto, the Newport of Venezuela, 291.

Magdalena River, the, 232, 234, 237.

Magellan, Strait of, glaciers in the, 517;

post-office of, 522;

wreck of steamship “Cordillera” in, 524.

Managua, city of, 166;

Lake, 168.

Mandioca root, the, 648.

Manta of Peru, romance of the, 372.

Marimba, the, 214.

Marriages, civil, in Mexico, 53.

Maximilian in Mexico, 10.

Meiggs, Henry, career of in Chili, 463, 467;

in Peru, 402.

Mexico, aristocracy of, 3, 5, 9, 17, 32;

Aztec civilization in, 5;

bull-fighting in, 43;

Catholic prejudices in 58;

Church restrictions in, 4, 17;

Congress of, 22;

curious customs in, 1, 18, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 49, 53;

decay of Catholicism in, 3;

Easter Sunday in, 50;

former rulers of, 6, 17;

funeral customs in, 34;

Gonzales, President of, 22, 26;

horseback riding in, 37;

ice in, 42;

intemperance in, 40;

marriage in, 34, 53;

missionary work in, 56, 58;

names of streets in, 36;

pawn-shops in, 54;

police system of, 42;

political struggles in, 3, 17, 21, 26;

post-offices of, 2;

priests of, 4;

Protestant work in, 57;

pulque-drinking in, 40;

religious festivities in, 49;

religious struggles in, 3, 17, 21, 26;

religious superstitions in, 18;

revolution of students in, 26;

Senate of, 21;

shopping in, 39;

smoking in, 37;

social customs in, 37;

steamship subsidies in, 3;

street-cars in, 37;

wedding in, 54.

Middleton, British Minister to Venezuela, 265.

Miraculous candlestick, the, 418.

Misery of Peru, Blaine responsible for, 388.

Misti Volcano, Bolivia, 420.

Molino del Rey, battle-field of, 43.

Mollendo, town of, 419.

Monte de Piedad of Mexico, the, 54.

Montevideo, bay of, 605;

city of, 548, 602, 609.

Montezuma, descendants of, 6.

Morazan, Dictator of Guatemala, 80, 135, 136.

Moreno, President of Ecuador, 318, 319.

Mummies, eyes of, 415.

National Palace of Nicaragua, 167.

Navigation Company, The Pacific, 298.

Negroes in Brazil, 705.

Newspapers of Buenos Ayres, 555;

of Lima, 386;

of Montevideo, 616;

South American, _ibid._

Nicaragua, agriculture in, 151;

baptism of volcanoes in, 161;

capitals of, 138, 152, 166;

cities of, 138;

commercial condition of, 151;

Congress of, 169;

earthquakes in, 164;

Government of, 169;

holidays in, 160;

immigration resisted in, 149;

National Palace of, 167;

origin of name of, 154;

peculiar customs in, 141, 161;

people of, 137;

principal seaport of, 140;

railroads in, 141;

rubber, how it is gathered in, 146;

social restrictions in, 159;

subjugation of, 154;

suffrage restricted in, 169;

timber resources of, 145;

transportation facilities in, 141;

Walker, the filibuster, in, 152, 165.

Nitrate deposits of Peru, 430.

Nobility of Brazil, 676.

Nomenclature, peculiar, in Chili, 483.

Nuñez, President of Colombia, 256.

Officials, Peruvian, 346.

O’Higgins, Bernard, Liberator of Chili, 475.

Old Guatemala, its wealth and influence, 63.

Opera-house of Caracas, 271;

of Santiago, 470.

Orchids in Colombia, 252.

Oroya Railroad, Peru, 403.

Ostrich-hunting in Patagonia, 538, 540.

Ox-carts in Costa Rica, employment of, 212.

Palaces, Mexican, 30, 32.

The great problem for Brazil to solve in the future is that of labor.