UNORGANIZED LABOR--THE MAN WITH THE SHOVEL
In choosing the engineer and the conductor as the two very best types of
organized labor upon the railroad I have had in mind the special
qualifications that go with each. With the engineer one instantly links
responsibility. And I think that in a preceding chapter I showed you with
some definiteness that responsibility is never far from the engine cab.
With the conductor one touches the diplomat of the rank and file of
railroad service--one of the most frequent of the railroad's touching
points with the public which it aims to serve.
How about unorganized labor--the great groups of railroad workers who have
no brotherhoods to look out for their rights or to further their
interests? Has organized labor a monopoly of responsibility or of
diplomacy? I think not. And if you will permit me, I shall try to show you
an unorganized worker whose responsibility is quite as constant and as
great as that of the men in the engine cab. This man is the one who makes
the path for the locomotive safe--he is the track foreman, or
section-boss. And the station agent, not of the metropolitan city but
rather of the smaller cities or even the villages that multiplied many
times make up the America that we all know, may yield nothing to the
conductor in diplomacy. Of him, more in the next chapter.
Consider first, if you will, the section-boss--the man who makes the steel
highway safe for you and me each time we venture forth upon it. It is
obvious that no amount of brains in the engine cab, no skill, no sagacity,
no reserve force, is going to compensate for a neglected track. A single
broken rail may send the best-driven locomotive in the world into the
ditch beside the right of way, a mass of tangled and useless scrap iron.
The section foreman knows this. And knowing it does not diminish his own
sense of responsibility.
* * * * *
Sometimes when you sit in the observation end of the limited and look back
idly upon the retreating landscape you will see him, shovel in hand,
standing beside the track and glancing in a dazed fashion at a fast-flying
luxury which he has never enjoyed. He seems, at first sight, to be a
fairly inconsequential part in the manifold details of railroad operation.
Yet it would be well if you could come a little closer to this important
human factor in the comfort and the safety of your trip; could understand
more fully the difficulties of his work. First you would have to
understand that from the very hour the railroad is completed it requires
constant and exacting care to keep it from quick deterioration. Continual
strains of the traffic and the elements, seen and unseen, are wearing it
out. Temperature, wind, moisture, friction, and chemical action are doing
their best to tear down the nicety of the work of man in building the best
of his pathways. The effects of temperature--of the wonderful range of
heat and cold which the greater part of America experiences and sometimes
within a remarkably short space of time--are to expand, contract, and
ofttimes to break the rails; to sever telegraph lines, the maintenance of
which is so vital to the safe conduct of the railroad; to disrupt the
equally important signal service.
A single flat-wheeled freight car went bumping up a railroad side line in
Minnesota on a zero day a few winters ago and broke so many rails that it
was necessary to tie up the entire line for twenty-four hours, until it
could be made fit for operation once again.
Track looks tough. In reality it is a wonderfully sensitive thing. Not
only is the rail itself a sensitive and uncertain thing, whether it weighs
56 pounds to the yard or 110 pounds to the yard, but the ballast and the
ties, and even the spikes, must be in absolute order or something is going
to happen, before long, to some train that goes rolling over them. A large
percentage of railroad accidents, charged to the account of the failure of
mechanism, is due to this very thing. Therefore the maintenance of track
alone--to say nothing of bridges, culverts, switches, and signals--becomes
from the very beginning a very vital, although little understood, feature
of railroad operation.
Here then is the floor-plan of the job of the man who stands there beside
the track as you go whizzing by and who salutes you joyously as you toss a
morning paper over the brass rail. His own facilities for getting
newspapers are rather limited. He is a type--a man typical, if you
please--of 400,000 of his fellows who make the track safe for you. The
brigadiers general of this sturdy corps of railroaders are the engineers
of the maintenance of way. A very large road will boast several executives
of this title, reporting in all probability to a chief engineer of
maintenance. Reporting to these from each superintendent's division is a
division engineer--probably some chap out of Tech who is getting his first
view of railroading at extremely short range. He, in turn, will have his
assistants; but he is probably placing his chief reliance on his track
supervisors.
Now we are coming much closer to the man whom you see standing there
beside your train. These track supervisors are the field-rangers of
maintenance. Each is in charge of from ten to twelve sections, which
probably will mean from eighty to one hundred miles of single-track--much
less in the case of double-or three-or four-track railroads. The section
has its own lieutenant--section foreman he is rated on the railroad's
pay-roll; but in its lore he will ever be the section-boss, and boss of
the section he must be indeed. If ever there was need of an autocrat in
the railroad service, it is right here; and yet, as we shall presently
see, even the section-boss must learn to temper his authority with finesse
and with tact.
Here, then, is our man with the shovel. Suppose that, for this instant,
the limited grinds to a stop, and you climb down to him and see the
railroad as he sees it. Underneath him are four or six or eight
workers--perhaps an assistant of some sort or other. Over him are the
supervisors and above them those smart young engineers who can figure out
track with lines and pothooks, though the section-boss is never sure that
his keen eye and unfailing intuition are not better than all those books
which the college boys keep tucked under their arms.
The college boys, however, seem to have the sway with the big bosses down
at headquarters and the section-boss knows, in his heart as well as in his
mind, that he can go only a little distance ahead before he comes against
a solid wall, the only doors of which are marked Technical Education. He
can be a supervisor at from $90 to $125 a month and ride up and down the
division at the rear door of a local train six days a week; the time has
gone when he might advance to the proud title of roadmaster--a proud title
whose emolument is not higher than that of the organized brotherhood man
who pulls the throttle on the way-freight up the branch. And, as a matter
of fact, there are only a few roads which nowadays cling even to the title
of roadmaster.
Yet this man is not discouraged. It is not his way. He will tell you so
himself.
"Go up?" he asks. "Go up where?"
Let the limited go, without you. This man is worthy of your studied
attention. Give it to him. You are standing with him beside a curving bit
of single-track. The country is soft and restful and quiet, save for the
chattering of the crickets and the distant call of your train which has
gone a-roaring down the line. The August day is indolent--but the section
gang is not. The temperature is close to ninety, but the gang is
tamping at the track with the enthusiasm of volunteer firemen at a blaze
in a lumberyard. It is only its foreman who has deigned to give you a few
minutes of his attention.
[Illustration: THE SECTION GANG
In the section-boss and his men is vested the responsibility of making the
steel highway safe. A single broken rail may send the best driven
locomotive into the ditch--a mass of tangled and useless scrap iron.]
"Up where?" he asks once again--then answers his own question: "To some
stuffy sort of office? Not by a long shot! I'm built for the road, for
track work. This road needs me here. We're only single-track as yet on
this division; but next summer we'll be getting eastbound and westbound,
and then a bigger routing of the through stuff. Tonight the fastest
through train in this state will come through here, at nearer seventy
miles an hour than sixty, and my track's got to be in order--every foot of
the 37,000 feet of it."
"That's your job," you say to him.
"Part of it," he replies. "My job is seven miles long and has more kinks
to it than an eel's tail. See here!"
He points to a splice-bar, almost under your feet. You look at it. You are
frank to admit that it looks just like any other splice-bar that you have
ever seen; but the section-boss shows you a discoloration on it, hardly
larger than a silver dollar.
"Salt water from a leaky refrigerator car did that. We've got to look out
for it all the time--especially on the bridges."
You choke a desire to ask him how he knows and merely inquire:
"Are you responsible for the bridges too?"
"To the extent of seeing that they are O.K. for train movement. My job
includes tracks, switches, drains, crossings, switch and semaphore lamps.
We get out on our old hand-power Mallet here and make every sort of
emergency repair you can think of--and then some more--on telegraph wires,
culverts, signals, and the interlocking. We've got to know the time card
and keep out of the way of the regular trains. Every little while a
special comes along and we have to dump our little Pullman in the
ditch--without much time for ceremony. We've got to know as much about
flagging as the trainmen. And sometimes we have to act as sextons."
"Sextons?" you venture.
He thumbs a little notebook.
"Last year I performed the last rites over seven cows, two sheep, and a
horse. My job has a lot of dimensions."
He puts his book back in his pocket and draws out a circular letter which
the general manager at headquarters has been sending out to all the
track-bosses. He hands it to you, with a grin. It says:
More than any other class of employees you have the opportunity of
close contact with the farmers who are producing today that which
means tonnage and therefore revenue for the company tomorrow. Have you
ever thought of cultivating the farmer as he is cultivating the
fields? A friendly chat over the fence, a wave of the hand as you pass
by, may mean a shipment of corn or cattle--just because you are
interested in him. For your company's welfare as well as your own,
cultivate the farmer.
The railroad can and does do a lot of efficient solicitation through its
fixed employees in the field; the opportunities of the station agent in
this wise are particularly large. And there is a good deal of real sense
in this particular circular. Yet the section-boss seems to regard it as
distinctly humorous.
"The big boss sits in his office or in his car," is his comment, "and I
think he forgets sometimes that he was once a section man himself and
working fourteen hours a day. The farmer doesn't have a lot of time for
promiscuous conversation, nor do we. We'll wave the hand all right--but a
chat over the fence? Along would come my supervisor and I might have a
time of it explaining to him that I was trying to sell two tickets to
California for the road. No, sir, we're not hanging very much over fences
and chatting to farmers. Under the very best conditions we work about ten
hours a day. And there are times when a sixteen-hour law, even if we had
one, wouldn't be of much account to us."
"What times?"
"Accidents and storms! When we get a smash-up on this section or on one of
my neighbors' we all turn to and help the wrecking crew. I've worked
fifty-one hours with no more than a snatch of sleep and without getting
out of my clothing--and that was both accident and storm. It's storm that
counts the most. It's nice and pretty out here today, even if a little
warmish. Come round here next February, when the wind begins to whistle
and the mercury is trying to hide in the bottom of its little tube, and
help me replace rails in a snow-packed track."
Against conditions such as these the railroad finds no little difficulty
in securing good trackmen. The section-boss will tell you how, until
about twenty years ago, these were largely Irishmen, with a fair mixture
of Germans and Scots--even a few Englishmen. The Italians began coming
over in droves a little more than a quarter of a century ago and almost
the first men they displaced were the Irish trackmen on our railroads.
Perhaps it would be fairer to say they took the jobs which the Irishmen
were beginning to scorn. The latter preferred to become contractors,
politicians, lawyers. What is the use of driving like a slave all day
long, they argued, when you can earn five times as much by using your
wits?
Of recent years there have been few Irishmen in track service--an
occasional section-boss like the man to whom we have just been
talking--and with the exception of Wisconsin and Minnesota, practically
none of the men from the north of Europe. Even the better grades of
Italians have begun to turn from track work. They, too, make good
contractors and politicians and lawyers. In the stead of these have come
the men from the south of Italy, Greeks, Slavs, a few Poles, and a few
Huns. These seem particularly to lack intelligence. Yet they seemingly are
all that the railroad may draw upon for its track maintenance.
These were the conditions that prevailed up to the beginning of the Great
War in Europe. Since that time the situation has grown steadily worse.
With the tightening of the labor market, with the inadequate rates of pay
in both the car and right of way maintenance departments of the railroads,
the average railroad manager is hard pressed today to keep his line in
order. Sometimes he fails. And a distinct factor in the run-down condition
of so many of our second-and third- and fourth-grade railroads is not
alone their financial condition, to which we already have referred, but
quite as much their utter inability to summon track labor at any price
within their possibility. It is rather difficult, to say the least, to get
a section foreman at three dollars a day when Henry Ford is paying five
dollars as a minimum wage in his Detroit factory and munition
manufacturers are even going ahead of this figure. I myself have seen
grass growing this last summer in the tracks of some mighty good roads.
And weeds between the ties and the rails are all too apt to be the
indication of even worse conditions--not quite so perceptible to the eye.
* * * * *
It is this very polyglot nature of the men who work upon the track which
has operated against their being brought into a brotherhood--such as those
who man the freight and passenger trains. The isolation of the
section-bosses and their gangs, as well as the dominance of the padrone
system among the Italians until very recently, have been other factors
against a stout union of the trackmen. But the mixture of tongues and
races has been the chief objection. You do not find Italians or Slavs or
Poles or Greeks on the throttle side of the locomotive cab or wearing the
conductor's uniform in passenger service, although you will find them many
times in the caboose of the freight and the Negro fireman is rather a
knotty problem with the chief of that big brotherhood. In fact, it has
been rather a steady boast of the engineers and the conductors that their
great organizations are composed of Americans. That fact, of itself, is
peculiarly significant.
Yet what are Americans? And how many of those fine fellows who drive
locomotives and who captain fancy trains will fail to find some part of
their ancestry in Europe, within three or four generations at the longest?
We have shown that responsibility is not a matter of color, of race, nor
of language. And it is responsibility--responsibility plus energy and
ability and honesty--that the railroad seeks to obtain when it goes into
the market to purchase labor.
The day has come when the railroad has begun to take keener notice of the
personnel of the men to whom is given the actual labor of keeping the
track in order. The better roads offer prizes to the foremen for the
best-kept sections. The prizes are substantial. They need to be. With hard
work as the seeming reward in this branch of service the railroad, even
before the coming of the war, was no longer able to pick and choose from
hordes of applicants. A dozen years ago it began to fairly dragnet the
labor markets of the largest cities; and when it gets men it has to use
them with a degree of consideration that was not even dreamed of in other
days.
No longer can an autocratic and brutal foreman stand and curse at his
section hands. They simply will not stand for it. "Bawlers-out," as the
worst of these fellows used to be known along the line, are not now in
fashion. And the track supervisor who used to stand on the rear platform
of a train and toss out "butterflies" is far more careful in his
criticism. "Butterflies," be it known, are indited by the supervisor _en
route_ to call the attention of the foremen to track defects in their
sections.
* * * * *
The Negro is still in large service in the South--below the Ohio and east
of the Mississippi. He is a good trackman--and with the labor market as it
stands today, drained to the bottom, it is a pity there are not more of
him. Unlike most of the south-of-Europe men, he has strength and stamina
for heavy, sustained work. Moreover, he is built to rhythm. If you can set
his work to syncopated time he seems never to tire of it. He is a real
artist. He cuts six or eight inches off the handle of his sledge hammer
and it becomes his "short dog." Gripping it at the end with both hands he
swings it completely around his head and strikes two blows to the white
man's one, no matter how clever the white man may be. And he is actually
fond of a bawler-out. He respects a real boss.
The hobo trackman is in a class by himself. He is not the migratory
creature that you may imagine him. On the contrary, in nine cases out of
ten he can be classed by distinct districts. Thus he may be known as a St.
Paul man, a Chicago man, or a Kansas City man, and you may be quite sure
that he will venture only a certain limited distance from his favorite
haunts. In the spring, however, he generally is so hungry that he is quite
willing to undertake any sort of job at any old price, provided free
railroad tickets are given.
The majority of these hoboes have had experience with the shovel. Some of
them know more about track than their foremen. Unless the section-boss has
had previous experience with hoboes, however, he will get no benefit from
their superior knowledge, but will be left to work out his problem
entirely alone.
As a rule the hobo becomes independently rich on the acquisition of ten
dollars. Then he turns his face toward that town to which he gives his
devoted allegiance. He now has money to pay fares; but he does not pay
them. Summer is on the land and he likes to protract the joys of the road;
so he beats his way slowly home and leaves a record of his migration
executed in a chirography that is nothing less than marvelous. The day
that masonry went out of fashion in railroad construction and concrete
came in was a bonanza to him. On the flat concrete surfaces of bridge
abutments and piers, telephone houses and retaining walls, he marks the
record of his going and whither he is bound--and marks it so plainly with
thick, black paint that even he who rides upon the fastest of the limited
trains may read--although it may not be given to him to ever understand.
Down in the Southwest the track laborer is Mexican, while in the Far West
he is a little brown man, with poetry in his soul and a vast amount of
energy in his strong little arms. The Japanese invasion has been something
of a godsend to the railroads beyond the Rocky Mountains. Up in British
Columbia, where John Chinaman is not in legal disfavor, you will find him
a track laborer--faithful and efficient. On the Canadian Pacific seventeen
per cent of the total force of trackmen is Chinese. At the west end of
that Canadian transcontinental, the track gangs almost exclusively are
Chinese.
The Jap is not illegal in the United States, however, and he is turning
rapidly to railroading. It is only fair to say that he is the best track
laborer our railroads have known. He is energetic, receptive, ambitious,
intelligent, and therefore easily instructed. His mind being retentive, he
rarely has to be told a thing a second time. Though small, he is robust
and possessed of powers of endurance far beyond any other race.
Furthermore, he is cleanly--bathing and changing his clothes several times
a week. His camp is always sanitary and he prides himself on the
thoroughness of his work. You may be sure he is carrying a
Japanese-English dictionary and that from it he is learning his three
English words a day. Track workers from the south of Europe will spend a
lifetime without ever learning a single word of English.
There is another class of Asiatic workers that in recent years has begun
to show itself along the west coast and this class is far less
satisfactory in every way. These are the Hindus. They have drifted across
the Seven Seas and marched into a new land through the gates of San
Francisco or Portland or Seattle. But as yet they have not come in
sufficient numbers to represent a new problem in American railroading. The
Japanese already have attained that distinction.
Here, then, is the polyglot material with which our section-boss must
work. His name may be Smith, he may have come out of New England itself,
and his little house there beside the track is probably as neat as yours
or mine. He works long hours and hard, with his body, his hands, and his
mind; the men under his authority are more apt to be inefficient than
efficient; his responsibility is unceasing. It is not an easy job. And for
it he is paid from sixty-five to ninety dollars a month--rarely more. A
locomotive engineer is paid three times as much. Yet he is protected by
the eight-hour day as his standard of employment, although it is more than
likely that his actual hours of work may be even less than eight. And his
responsibility is little greater than that of the section-boss.