⁂ The Greek hemerodromos would run from twenty to thirty-six leagues in
a day.
=Runnymede=, the _nom de plume_ of Benj. Disraeli, in the _Times_
(1805-1881).
=Rupert=, _i.e._ Major Roselheim, the betrothed of Meeta, “the maid of
Mariendorpt.”--S. Knowles, _The Maid of Mariendorpt_ (1838).
_Rupert_ (_Prince_), in the service of Charles II. Introduced by Sir W.
Scott, in three of his novels.--_Woodstock_, _Legend of Montrose_, and
_Peveril of the Peak_.
_Rupert_ (_Sir_), in love with Catharine.--S. Knowles, _Love_ (1840).
=Rupert of Debate.= Edward Geoffrey, earl of Derby, when he was Mr.
Stanley, was so called by Lord Lytton (1799-1869).
=Rupert Clare.= Desperate lover, who skates with “handsome Madge” straight
toward the rotten ice. Seeing their danger and his revengeful resolve,
she shrieks out the name of her betrothed who, unknown to her and the
rejected suitor, has followed them. “He hurls himself upon the pair,”
and rescues his affianced.
“The lovers stand with heart to heart,
‘No more,’ they cry, ‘no more to part!”[TN-140]
But still along the lone lagoon
The steel skates ring a ghostly tune,
And in the moonlight, pale and cold,
The panting lovers still behold
The self-appointed sacrifice
Skating toward the rotten ice!”
Fitz-James O’Brien, _Poems and Stories_.
=Rush= (_Friar_), a house-spirit, sent from the infernal regions in the
seventeenth century to keep the monks and friars in the same state of
wickedness they then were.
⁂ The legends of this roistering friar are of German origin. (_Bruder
Rausch_ means “Brother Tipple.”)
Milton confounds “Jack-o’-Lantern” with Friar Rush. The latter was not a
_field bogie_ at all, and was never called “Jack.” Probably Milton meant
a[TN-141] friar with a rush-[light].” Sir Walter Scott also falls into the
same error:
Better we had thro’ mire and bush
Been lantern-led by Friar Rush.
_Marmion_ (1808).
=Rusil´la=, mother of Roderick, the last of the Goths, and wife of
Theodofred, rightful heir to the Spanish throne.--Southey, _Roderick,
etc._ (1814).
=Rusport= (_Lady_), second wife of Sir Stephen Rusport, a City knight, and
step-mother of Charlotte Rusport. Very proud, very mean, very
dogmatical, and very vain. Without one spark of generosity or loving
charity in her composition. She bribes her lawyer to destroy a will, but
is thwarted in her dishonesty. Lady Rusport has a _tendresse_ for Major
O’Flaherty; but the major discovers the villainy of the old woman, and
escapes from this Scylla.
_Charlotte Rusport_, step-daughter of Lady Rusport. An amiable,
ingenuous, animated, handsome girl, in love with her cousin, Charles
Dudley, whom she marries.--R. Cumberland, _The West Indian_ (1771).
=Russet= (_Mr._), the choleric old father of Harriot, on whom he dotes. He
is so self-willed that he will not listen to reason, and has set his
mind on his daughter marrying Sir Harry Beagle. She marries, however,
Mr. Oakly.--(See HARRIOT.)--George Colman, _The Jealous Wife_ (1761).
=Russian Byron= (_The_), Alexander Sergeiwitch Pushkin (1799-1837).
=Russian History= (_The Father of_), Nestor, a monk of Kiev. His
_Chronicle_ includes the years between 862 and 1116 (twelfth century).
=Russian Murat= (_The_), Michael Miloradowith (1770-1820).
=Rust= (_Martin_), an absurd old antiquary. “He likes no coins but those
which have no head on them.” He took a fancy to Juliet, the niece of Sir
Thomas Lofty, but preferred his “Ænēas, his precious relic of Troy,” to
the living beauty; and Juliet preferred Richard Bever to Mr. Rust; so
matters were soon amicably adjusted.--Foote, _The Patron_ (1764).
=Rustam=, chief of the Persian mythical heroes, son of Zâl “the Fair,”
king of India, and regular descendant of Benjamin, the beloved son of
Jacob, the patriarch. He delivered King Caïcāus (4 _syl._) from prison,
but afterwards fell into disgrace because he refused to embrace the
religious system of Zoroaster. Caïcaus sent his son, Asfendiar (or
Isfendiar) to convert him, and, as persuasion availed nothing, the logic
of single combat was resorted to. The fight lasted two days, and then
Rustam discovered that Asfendiar bore a “charmed life,” proof against
all wounds. The valor of these two heroes is proverbial, and the Persian
romances are full of their deeds of fight.
_Rustam’s Horse_, Reksh.--Chardin, _Travels_ (1686-1711).
In Matthew Arnold’s poem, _Sohrab and Rustum_, Rustum fights with and
overcomes Sohrab, and finds too late that he has slain his own son.
_Rustam_, son of Tamur, king of Persia. He had a trial of strength with
Rustam, son of Zâl, which was to pull away from his adversary an iron
ring. The combat was never decided, for Rustam could no more conquer
Rustam than Roland could overcome Oliver.--Chardin, _Travels_
(1686-1711).
=Rusticus’s Pig=, the pig on which Rusticus fed daily, but which never
diminished.
Two Christians, travelling in Poland, ... came to the door of
Rustĭcus, a heathen peasant, who had killed a fat hog to celebrate
the birth of a son. The pilgrims, being invited to partake of the
feast, pronounced a blessing on what was left, which _never
diminished in size or weight_ from that moment, though all the
family fed on it freely every day.--J. Brady, _Clavis Calendaria_,
183.
This, of course, is a parallelism to Elijah’s miracle (1 _Kings_ xvii.
11-16).
=Rut= (_Doctor_), in _The Magnetic Lady_, by Ben Jonson (1632).
=Ruth=, the friend of Arabella, an heiress, and ward of Justice Day. Ruth
also is an orphan, the daughter of Sir Basil Thoroughgood, who died when
she was two years old, leaving Justice Day trustee. Justice Day takes
the estates, and brings up Ruth as his own daughter. Colonel Careless is
her accepted _amé de cœur_.--T. Knight, _The Honest Thieves_.
=Ruthven= (_Lord_), one of the embassy from Queen Elizabeth to Mary Queen
of Scots.--Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth).
=Rutil´io=, a merry gentleman, brother of Arnoldo.--Beaumont and Fletcher,
_The Custom of the Country_ (1647).
=Rutland= (_The Countess of_), wife of the earl of Essex, whom he married
when he started for Ireland. The queen knew not of the marriage, and was
heart-broken when she heard of it.--Henry Jones, _The Earl of Essex_
(1745).
_Rutland_ (_The duchess of_), of the court of Queen Elizabeth.--Sir W.
Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time Elizabeth).
=Rutledge= (_Archie_), constable at Osbaldistone Hall. Sir W. Scott, _Rob
Roy_ (time, George I.).
_Rutledge_ (_Job_), a smuggler.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time,
George III.).
=Rut´terkin=, name of a cat, the spirit of a witch, sent at one time to
torment the countess of Rutland (sixteenth century).
=Ruy´dera=, a duenna who had seven daughters and two nieces. They were
imprisoned for 500 years in the cavern of Montesi´nos, in La Mancha, of
Spain. Their ceaseless weeping stirred the compassion of Merlin, who
converted them into lakes in the same province.--Cervantes, _Don
Quixote_, II. ii. 6 (1615).
=Ryence= (_Sir_), king of Wales, Ireland, and many of the isles. When
Arthur first mounted the throne, King Ryence, in scorn, sent a messenger
to say “he had purfled a mantel with the beards of kings; but the mantel
lacked one more beard to complete the lining, and he requested Arthur to
send his beard by the messenger, or else he would come and take head and
beard too.” Part of the insolence was in this: Arthur at the time was
too young to have a beard at all; and he made answer, “Tell your master,
my beard at present is all too young for purfling; but I have an arm
quite strong enough to drag him hither, unless he comes without delay to
do me homage.” By the advice of Merlin, the two brothers, Balin and
Balan, set upon the insolent king, on his way to Lady De Vauce,
overthrew him, slew “more than forty of his men, and the remnant fled.”
King Ryence craved for mercy; so “they laid him on a horse-litter, and
sent him captive to King Arthur.”--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince
Arthur_, i. 24, 34 (1470).
=Rymar= (_Mr. Robert_), poet at the Spa.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_
(time, George III.).
=Ryno=, youngest of the sons of Fingal, king of Morven. He fell in the
battle of Lena between the Norsemen led by Swaran and the Irish led by
Fingal.
“Rest!” said Fingal; “youngest of my sons, rest! Rest, O Ryno, on
Lena! We, too, shall be no more. Warriors must one day
fall.”--Ossian, _Fingal_, v.
=Ryparog´rapher of Wits=, Rabelais (1495-1553).
⁂ Greek, _rupăros_ (“foul, nasty”). Pliny calls Pyrĭcus the painter a
“ryparographer.”
=Rython=, a giant of Brittany, slain by King Arthur. (See RITHO.)
Rython, the mighty giant, slain,
By his good brand relieved Bretagne.
Sir W. Scott, _Bridal of Triermain_, ii. 11 (1813).
=Saadi= or =Sadi=, the Persian poet, called “The Nightingale of a Thousand
Songs.” His poems are _The Gulistan_ or “Garden of Roses,” _The Boston_
or “Garden of Fruits,” and _The Pend Nâmeh_, a moral poem. Saadi
(1184-1263) was one of the “Four Monarchs of Eloquence.”
=Saba= or =Zaba= (_The Queen of_), called Balkis. She came to the court of
Solomon, and had by him a son named Melech. This queen of Ethiopia or
Abyssinia is sometimes called Maqueda.--Zaga Zabo, _Ap. Damian. a Goes._
The _Korân_ (ch. xxvii.) tells us that Solomon summoned before him all
the birds to the valley of ants, but the lapwing did not put in an
appearance. Solomon was angry, and was about to issue an order of death,
when the bird presented itself, saying, “I come from Saba, where I found
a queen reigning in great magnificence, but she and her subjects worship
the sun.” On hearing this, Solomon sent back the lapwing to Saba with a
letter, which the bird was to drop at the foot of the queen, commanding
her to come at once, submit herself unto him, and accept from him the
“true religion.” So she came in great state, with a train of 500 slaves
of each sex, bearing 500 “bricks of solid gold,” a crown, and sundry
other presents.
=Sabbath-Breakers.= The fish of the Red Sea used to come ashore on the eve
of the Sabbath, to tempt the Jews to violate the day of rest. The
offenders at length became so numerous that David, to deter others,
turned the fish into apes.--Jallâlo´ddin.--_Al Zamakh._
=Sabellan Song=, incantation. The Sabelli or Samnites were noted for their
magic art and incantations.
=Sabine= (_The_). Numa, the Sabine, was taught the way to govern by
Egĕrĭe, one of the Camēnæ (prophetic nymphs of ancient Italy). He used
to meet her in a grove, in which was a well, afterwards dedicated by him
to the Camenæ.
Our statues--she
That taught the Sabine how to rule.
Tennyson, _The Princess_, ii. (1830).
=Sablonnière= (_La_), the Tuilleries. The word means the “sand-pit.” The
_tuilleries_ means the “tile-works.” Nicolas de Neuville, in the
fifteenth century, built a mansion in the vicinity, which he called the
“Hotel des Tuilleries,” and François I. bought the property for his
mother in 1518.
=Sabra=, daughter of Ptolemy, king of Egypt. She was rescued by St. George
from the hands of a giant, and ultimately married her deliverer. Sabra
had three sons at a birth: Guy, Alexander, and David.
Here come I, St. George, the valiant man,
With naked sword and spear in han’,
Who fought the dragon and brought him to slaughter,
And won fair Sabra thus, the king of Egypt’s daughter.
_Notes and Queries_, December 21, 1878.
=Sabreur= (_Le Beau_), Joachim Murat (1767-1815).
=Sab´rin=, =Sabre=, or =Sabri´na=, the Severn, daughter of Locrine (son of
Brute) and his concubine, Estrildis. His queen, Guendolen, vowed
vengeance, and, having assembled an army, made war upon Locrine, who was
slain. Guendolen now assumed the government, and commanded Estrildis and
Sabrin to be cast into a river, since then called the Severn.--Geoffrey
of Monmouth, _British History_, ii. 5 (1142).
(An exqusite[TN-142] description of Sabine, sitting in state as a queen,
is given in the opening of song v. of Drayton’s _Polyolbion_, and the
tale of her metamorphosis is recorded at length in song vi. Milton in
_Comus_, and Fletcher in _The Faithful Shepherdess_, refer to the
transformation of Sabrina into a river.[TN-143]
=Sabrina= (_Aunt_). “Grim old maid in rusty bombazine gown and cap,” whose
strongest passion is family pride in the old homestead and farm which
“her grandfather, a revolted cobbler from Rhode Island, had cleared and
paid for at ten cents an acre.”--Harold Frederic, _Seth’s Brother’s
Wife_ (1886).
=Sabrinian Sea= or _Severn Sea_, _i.e._ the Bristol Channel. Both terms
occur not unfrequently in Drayton’s _Polyolbion_.
=Sacchini= (_Antonio Maria Gaspare_), called “The Racine of Music,”
contemporary with Glück and Piccini (1735-1786).
=Sacharissa.= So Waller calls the Lady Dorothea Sidney, eldest daughter of
the earl of Leicester, to whose hand he aspired. Sacharissa married the
earl of Sunderland. (Greek, _sakchar_, “sugar.”)
=Sackbut=, the landlord of a tavern, in Mrs. Centlivre’s comedy, _A Bold
Stroke for a Wife_ (1717).
=Sackingen= (_The Trumpeter of_). Werner, a trumpeter, discourses such
divine music upon his instrument as gains him access to a baronial
castle, the good-will of the baron and the love of Margaret, the baron’s
daughter.--Victor Hugo, _The Trumpeter of Sackingen_.
=Sacred Nine= (_The_), the Muses, nine in number.
Fair daughters of the Sun, the Sacred Nine,
Here wake to ecstasy their harps divine.
Falconer, _The Shipwreck_, iii. 3 (1756).
=Sacred War= (_The_), a war undertaken by the Amphictyonic League for the
defence of Delphi, against the Cirrhæans (B.C. 595-587).
_The Sacred War_, a war undertaken by the Athenians for the purpose of
restoring Delphi to the Phocians (B.C. 448-447).
_The Sacred War_, a war undertaken by Philip of Macedon, as chief of the
Amphictyonic League, for the purpose of wresting Delphi from the
Phocians (B.C. 357).
=Sa´cripant= (_King_), king of Circassia, and a lover of
Angelica.--Bojardo, _Orlando Innamorato_ (1495); Ariosto, _Orlando
Furioso_ (1516).
With the same stratagem, Sacripant had his steed stolen from under
him, by that notorious thief Brunello, at the siege of
Albracca.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. iii. 9 (1605).
⁂ The allusion is to Sancho Panza’s ass, which was stolen from under him
by the galley-slave, Gines de Passamonte.
_Sacripant_, a false, noisy, hectoring braggart; a kind of Pistol or
Bobadil.--Tasso, _Secchia Rapita_ (_i.e._ “Rape of the Bucket”).
=Sa´dak and Kalasra´de= (4 _syl._), Sadak, general of the forces of
Am´urath, sultan of Turkey, lived with Kalasradê in retirement, and
their home life was so happy that it aroused the jealousy of the sultan,
who employed emissaries to set fire to their house, carry off Kalasradê
to the seraglio, and seize the children. Sadak, not knowing who were the
agents of these evils, laid his complaint before Amurath, and then
learnt that Kalasradê was in the seraglio. The sultan swore not to force
his love upon her till she had drowned the recollections of her past
life by a draught of the waters of oblivion. Sadak was sent on this
expedition. On his return, Amurath seized the goblet, and, quaffing its
contents, found “that the waters of oblivion were the waters of death.”
He died, and Sadak was made sultan in his stead.--J. Ridley, _Tales of
the Genii_ (“Sadak and Kalasradê,” ix. 1751).
=Sadaroubay.= So Eve is called in Indian mythology.
=Saddletree= (_Mr. Bartoline_), the learned saddler.
_Mrs. Saddletree_, the wife of Bartoline.--Sir W. Scott, _Heart of
Midlothian_ (time, George II.).
=Sadha-Sing=, the mourner of the desert.--Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon’s
Daughter_ (time, George II.).
=Sæmund Sigfusson=, surnamed “the Wise,” an Icelandic priest and scald. He
compiled the _Elder_ or _Rythmical Edda_, often called _Sæmund’s Edda_.
This compilation contains not only mythological tales and moral
sentences, but numerous sagas in verse or heroic lays, as those of
Völung and Helgê, of Sigurd and Brynhilda, of Folsungs and Niflungs (pt.
ii.). Probably his compilation contained all the mythological, heroic,
and legendary lays extant at the period in which he lived (1054-1133).
=Saga=, the goddess of history.--_Scandinavian Mythology._
=Saga and Edda.= The _Edda_ is the Bible of the ancient Scandinavians. A
saga is a book of instruction, generally, but not always, in the form of
a tale, like a Welsh “mabinogi.” In the _Edda_ there are numerous sagas.
As our Bible contains the history of the Jews, religious songs, moral
proverbs, and religious stories, so the _Edda_ contained the history of
Norway, religious songs, a book of proverbs, and numerous stories. The
original _Edda_ was compiled and edited by Sæmund Sigfusson, an
Icelandic priest and scald, in the eleventh century. It contains
twenty-eight parts or books, all of which are in verse.
Two hundred years later, Snorro Sturleson, of Iceland, abridged,
re-arranged, and reduced to prose the _Edda_, giving the various parts a
kind of dramatic form, like the dialogues of Plato. It then became
needful to distinguish these two works; so the old poetical compilation
is the _Elder_ or _Rythmical Edda_, and sometimes the _Sæmund Edda_,
while the more modern work is called the _Younger_ or _Prose Edda_, and
sometimes the _Snorro Edda_. The _Younger Edda_ is, however, partly
original. Pt. i. is the old _Edda_ reduced to prose, but pt. ii. is
Sturleson’s own collection. This part contains “The Discourse of Bragi”
(the scald of the gods) on the origin of poetry; and here, too, we find
the famous story called by the Germans the _Nibelungen Lied_.
=Sagas.= Besides the sagas contained in the _Eddas_, there are numerous
others. Indeed, the whole saga literature extends over 200 volumes.
I. THE EDDA SAGAS. The _Edda_ is divided into two parts and twenty-eight
lays or poetical sagas. The first part relates to the gods and heroes of
Scandinavia, creation, and the early history of Norway. The Scandinavian
“Books of Genesis” are the “Voluspa Saga,” or “prophecy of Vola” (about
230 verses), “Vafthrudner’s Saga,” and “Grimner’s Saga.” These three
resemble the Sibylline books of ancient Rome, and give a description of
chaos, the formation of the world, the creation of all animals
(including dwarfs, giants and fairies), the general conflagration, and
the renewal of the world, when, like the new Jerusalem, it will appear
all glorious, and there shall in no wise enter therein “anything that
defileth, neither whatsoever worketh abomination, or maketh a lie.”
The “Book of Proverbs” in the _Edda_ is called the “Hâvamâl Saga,” and
sometimes “The High Song of Odin.”
The “Völsunga Saga” is a collection of lays about the early Teutonic
heroes.
The “Saga of St. Olaf” is the history of this Norwegian king. He was a
savage tyrant, hated by his subjects, but because he aided the priests
in forcing Christianity on his subjects, he was canonized.
The other sagas in the _Edda_ are “The Song of Lodbrok” or “Lodbrog,”
“Hervara Saga,” the “Vilkina Saga,” the “Blomsturvalla Saga,” the
“Ynglinga Saga” (all relating to Norway), the “Jomsvikingia Saga,” and
the “Knytlinga Saga” (which pertain to Denmark), the “Sturlunga Saga,”
and the “Eryrbiggia Saga” (which pertain to Iceland). All the above were
compiled and edited by Sæmund Sigfusson, and are in verse; but Snorro
Sturleson reduced them to prose in his prose version of the old _Edda_.
II. SAGAS NOT IN THE EDDA. Snorro Sturleson, at the close of the twelfth
century, made the second great collection of chronicles in verse, called
the _Heimskringla Saga_, or the book of the kings of Norway, from the
remotest period to the year 1177. This is a most valuable record of the
laws, customs, and manners of the ancient Scandinavians. Samuel Laing
published his English translation of it in 1844.
1. _The Icelandic Sagas._ Besides the two Icelandic sagas collected by
Sæmund Sigfusson, numerous others were subsequently embodied in the
_Landama Bok_, set on foot by Ari hinn Frondê, and continued by various
hands.
2. _Frithjof’s Saga_ contains the life and and[TN-144] adventures of
Frithjof, of Iceland, who fell in love with Ingeborg, the beautiful wife
of Hring, king of Norway. On the death of Hring, the young widow marries
her Icelandic lover. Frithjof lived in the eighth century, and this saga
was compiled at the beginning of the fourteenth century, a year or two
after the _Heimskringla_. It is very interesting, because Tegnér, the
Swedish poet, has selected it for his _Idylls_ (1825), just as Tennyson
has taken his idyllic stories from the _Morte d’Arthur_ or the Welsh
_Mabinogion_. Tegnér’s _Idylls_ were translated into English by Latham
(1838), by Stephens (1841), and by Blackley (1857).
3. _The Swedish Saga_, or lay of Swedish “history,” is the _Ingvars
Saga_.
4. _The Russian Saga_, or lay of Russian legendary history, is the
_Egmunds Saga_.
5. _The Folks-Sagas_ are stories of romance. From this ancient
collection we have derived our nursery tales of _Jack and the
Bean-Stalk_, _Jack the Giant-Killer_, the _Giant who smelt the Blood of
an Englishman_, _Blue Beard_, _Cinderella_, the _Little Old Woman cut
Shorter_, the _Pig that wouldn’t go over the Bridge_, _Puss in Boots_,
and even the first sketches of _Whittington and His Cat_, and _Baron
Munchausen_. (See Dasent, _Tales from the Norse_, 1859.)
6. _Sagas of Foreign origin._ Besides the rich stores of original tales,
several foreign ones have been imported and translated into Norse, such
as _Barlaham and Josaphat_, by Rudolph of Ems, one of the German
minnesingers. On the other hand, the minnesingers borrowed from the
Norse sagas their famous story embodied in the _Nibelungen Lied_, called
the “German _Iliad_,” which is from the second part of Snorro
Sturleson’s _Edda_.
=Sagaman=, a narrator of sagas. These ancient chroniclers differed from
scalds in several respects. Scalds were minstrels, who celebrated in
verse the exploits of living kings or national heroes; sagamen were
tellers of legendary stories, either in prose or verse, like
Scheherazādê, the narrator of the _Arabian Nights_, the mandarin,
Fum-Hoam, the teller of the _Chinese Tales_, Moradbak, the teller of the
_Oriental Tales_, Ferămorz, who told the tales to Lalla Rookh, and so
on. Again, scalds resided at court, were attached to the royal suite,
and followed the king in all his expeditions; but sagamen were free and
unattached, and told their tales to prince or peasant, in lordly hall or
at village wake.
=Sage of Concord= (_The_), Ralph Waldo Emerson, author of _Literary
Ethics_ (1838), _Poems_ (1846), _Representative Men_ (1850), _English
Traits_ (1856), and numerous other works (1803-1882).
In Mr. Emerson we have a poet and a profoundly religious man, who
is really and entirely undaunted by the discoveries of science,
past, present or prospective. In his case, poetry, with the joy of
a Bacchanal, takes her graver brother, science, by the hand, and
cheers him with immortal laughter. By Emerson scientific
conceptions are continually transmuted into the finer forms and
warmer lines of an ideal world.--Professor Tyndall, _Fragments of
Science_.
=Sage of Monticello= (_The_), Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the
United States, whose country seat was at Monticello.
As from the grave where Henry sleeps,
From Vernon’s weeping willow,
And from the grassy pall which hides
The Sage of Monticello ...
Virginia, o’er thy land of slaves
A warning voice is swelling.
Whittier, _Voices of Freedom_ (1836).
=Sage of Samos= (_The_), Pythagŏras, a native of Samos (B.C. 584-506).
=Sages= (_The Seven_). (See SEVEN WISE MEN OF GREECE.)
=Sag´ittary=, a monster, half man and half beast, described as “a terrible
archer, who neighs like a horse, and with eyes of fire which strike men
dead like lightning.” Any deadly shot is a sagittary.--Guido delle
Colonna (thirteenth century), _Historia Troyana Prosayce Composita_
(translated by Lydgate).
The dreadful Sagittary,
Appals our numbers.
Shakespeare, _Troilus and Cressida_ (1602).
(See also _Othello_, act i. sc. 1, 3. The barrack is so called from the
figure of an archer over the door.)
=Sagramour le De´sirus=, a knight of the Round Table.--See _Launcelot du
Lac_ and _Morte d’Arthur_.
=Sailor King= (_The_), William IV. of Great Britain (1765, 1830-1837).
=Saint= (_The_), Kang-he, of China, who assumed the name of Chin-tsou-jin
(1653, 1661-1722).
=St. Aldobrand=, the noble husband of Lady Imogine, murdered by Count
Bertram, her quondam lover.--C. Maturin, _Bertram_ (1816).
=St. Alme= (_Captain_), son of Darlemont, a merchant, guardian of Julio,
count of Harancour. He pays his addresses to Marianne Franval, to whom
he is ultimately married. Captain St. Alme is generous, high-spirited,
and noble-minded.--Thomas Holcroft, _The Deaf and Dumb_ (1785).
=St. Andre=, a fashionable dancing-master in the reign of Charles II.
St. Andre’s feet ne’er kept more equal time.
Dryden, _MacFlecknoe_ (1682).
=St. Asaph= (_The dean of_), in the court of Queen Elizabeth.--Sir W.
Scott, _Kenilworth_ (1821).
=St. Basil Outwits the Devil.= (See SINNER SAVED.)
=St. Botolph= (_The Prior of_). Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard
I.).
=St. Cecili=, =Cecily=, or =Cecile= (2 _syl._), the daughter of noble
Roman parents, and a Christian. She married Valirian. One day, she told
her husband she had “an aungel ... that with gret love, wher so I wake
or slepe, is redy ay my body for to kepe.” Valirian requested to see
this angel, and Cecile told him he must first go to St. Urban, and,
being purged by him “fro synne, than [_then_] schul ye see that aungel.”
Valirian was accordingly “cristened” by St. Urban, returned home, and
found the angel with two crowns, brought direct from paradise. One he
gave to Cecile and one to Valirian, saying that “bothe with the palme of
martirdom schullen come unto God’s blisful feste.” Valirian suffered
martydom first; then Almachius, the Roman prefect, commanded his
officers to “brenne Cecile in a bath of flammês red.” She remained in
the bath all day and night, yet, “sat she cold, and felte of it no woe.”
Then smote they her three strokes upon the neck, but could not smite her
head off. She lingered on for three whole days, preaching and teaching,
and then died. St. Urban buried her body privately by night, and the
house he converted into a church, which he called the church of
Cecily.--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (“The Second Nun’s Tale,” 1388).
=St. Christopher=, a native of Lycia, very tall, and fearful to look at.
He was so proud of his strength that he resolved to serve only the
mightiest, and went in search of a worthy master. He first entered the
service of the emperor; but one day, seeing his master cross himself for
fear of the devil, he quitted his service for that of Satan. This new
master he found was thrown into alarm at the sight of a cross; so he
quitted him also, and went in search of the Saviour. One day, near a
ferry, a little child accosted him, and begged the giant to carry him
across the water. Christopher put the child on his back, but found every
step he took the child grew heavier and heavier, till the burden was
more than he could bear. As he sank beneath his load, the child told the
giant he was Christ, and Christopher resolved to serve Christ and Him
alone. He died three days afterwards, and was canonized. The Greek and
Latin churches look on him as the protecting saint against floods, fire,
and earthquake.--James de Voragine, _Golden Legends_, 100 (thirteenth
century).
⁂ His body is said to be at Valencia, in Spain; one of his arms at
Compostella; a jaw-bone at Astorga; a shoulder at St. Peter’s, in Rome;
and a tooth and rib at Venice. His day is May 9 in the Greek Church, and
July 25 in the Latin. Of course, “the Christ-bearer” is an allegory. The
gigantic bones called his relics may serve for “matters of faith” to
give reality to the fable.
(His name before conversion was Offĕrus, but after he carried Christ
across the ford, it was called Christ-Offerus, shortened into
Christopher, which means “the Christ-bearer.”)
=St. Clare= (_Augustin_), the kind, indulgent master of Uncle Tom. He was
beloved by all his slaves.
_Evangeline St. Clare_, daughter of Mr. St. Clare. Evangeline was the
good angel of the family, and was adored by Uncle Tom.
_Miss Ophelia St. Clare_, sister of Augustin.--Mrs. Harriet Beecher
Stowe, _Uncle Tom’s Cabin_ (1852).
=St. Distaff=, an imaginary saint to whom January 7, or Twelfth Day is
consecrated.
Partly worke and partly play
You must on St. Distaff’s Day;
Give St. Distaff all the right,
Then give Christmas sport good night.
_Wit Asporting in a Pleasant Grove of New Fancies_ (1657).
=St. Filume´na= or FILOMENA, a new saint of the Latin Church. Sabateli has
a picture of this nineteenth-century saint, representing her as hovering
over a group of sick and maimed, who are healed by her intercession. In
1802 a grave was found in the cemetery of St. Priscilla, and near it
three tiles, with these words in red letters.
+--------+ +-------+ +-------+
| LUMENA | | PAXTE | | CVMFI |
+--------+ +-------+ +-------+
A re-arrangement of the tiles made the inscription, PAX TE-CUM,
FI-LUMENA. That this was the correct rendering is quite certain, for the
virgin martyr herself told a priest and a nun in a dream, that she was
Fi[lia] Lumina, the daughter Lumina, _i.e._ the daughter of the Light of
the world. In confirmation of this dream, as her bones were carried to
Mugnano, the saint repaired her own skeleton, made her hair grow, and
performed so many miracles, that those must indeed be hard of belief who
can doubt the truth of the story.
=St. George= is the national saint of England, in consequence of the
miraculous assistance rendered by him, to the arms of the Christians
under Godfrey de Bouillon during the first crusade.
_St. George’s Sword_, Askelon.
George he shaved the dragon’s beard,
And Askelon was his razor.
Percy’s _Reliques_, III. iii. 15.
_St. George_ (_Le chevalier de_), James Francis Edward Stuart, called
“The Old (or _elder_) Pretender” (1688-1766).
=St. Graal.= (See SANGRAAL.)
=St. Leon=, the hero of a novel of the same name, by W. Goodwin (1799).
St. Leon becomes possessed of the “elixir of life,” and of the
“philosopher’s stone;” but this knowledge, instead of bringing him
wealth and happiness, is the source of misery and endless misfortunes.
=Saint Maur=, one of the attendants of Sir Reginald Front de Bœuf (a
follower of Prince John).--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).
=St. Nicholas=, the patron saint of boys. He is said to have been bishop
of Myra, in Lycia, and his death is placed in the year 326.
Under his triple names of _St. Nicholas_, _Santa Claus_ and _Kriss
Kringle_, he fills good children’s stockings on Christmas Eve. Clement
C. Moore has made the annual visit of this saint “in a miniature sleigh
drawn by eight tiny reindeer,” the subject of his famous nursery poem
beginning:
“’Twas the night before Christmas, and all through the house,
Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse.”
(1844).
=St. Prieux=, the _amant_ of Julie, in Rousseau’s novel entitled _Julie_
ou _La Nouvelle Héloïse_ (1760).
=St. Ronan’s Well=, a novel by Sir W. Scott (1823). An inferior work; but
it contains the character of Meg Dods, of the Clachan or Mowbray Arms
inn, one of the very best low comic characters in the whole range of
fiction.
=St. Stephen’s Chapel=, properly the House of Commons, but sometimes
applied to the two Houses of Parliament. So called by a figure of speech
from St. Stephen’s Chapel, built by King Stephen, rebuilt by Edward II.
and III., and finally destroyed by fire in 1834. St. Stephen’s Chapel
was fitted up for the use of the House of Commons in the reign of Edward
IV. The great council of the nation met before in the chapel-house of
the abbey.
=St. Swithin=, tutor of King Alfred, and bishop of Winchester. The monks
wished to bury him in the chancel of the minster; but the bishop had
directed that his body should be interred under the open vault of
heaven. Finding the monks resolved to disobey his injunction, he sent a
heavy rain on July 15, the day assigned to the funeral ceremony, in
consequence of which it was deferred from day to day for forty days. The
monks then bethought them of the saint’s injunction, and prepared to
inter the body in the churchyard. St. Swithin smiled his approbation by
sending a beautiful sunshiny day, in which all the robes of the
heirarchy[TN-145] might be displayed without the least fear of being
injured by untimely and untoward showers.
=Saints= (_Island of_), Ireland.
_Saints_ (_Royal_).
David of Scotland (*, 1124-1153).
Edward the Confessor (1004, 1042-1066).
Edward the Martyr (961, 975-979).
Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1161).
Ethelred I., king of Wessex (*, 866-871).
Eugenius I., pope (*, 654-657).
Felix I., pope (*, 269-274).
Ferdinand III. of Castile and Leon (1200, 1217-1252).
Julius I., pope (*, 337-352).
Kâng-he, second of the Manchoo dynasty of China (*, 1661-1722).
Lawrence Justiniani, patriarch of Venice (1380, 1451-1465).
Leo IX., pope (1002, 1049-1054).
Louis IX. of France (1215, 1226-1270).
Olaus II. of Norway (992, 1000-1030).
Stephen I. of Hungary (979, 997-1038).
=Saints for Diseases.= These saints either ward off ills or help to
relieve them, and should be invoked by those who trust their power:--
AGUE. St. Pernel cures.
BAD DREAMS. St. Christopher protects from.
BLEAR EYES. St. Otilic cures.
BLINDNESS. St. Thomas à Becket cures.
BOILS and BLAINS. St. Rooke cures.
CHASTITY. St. Susan protects.
CHILDREN’S DISEASES (_All_). St Blaise heals; and all cattle diseases.
The bread consecrated on his day (February 3) and called “the
Benediction of St. Blaise,” should have been tried in the recent cattle
plague.
CHOLERA. Oola Beebee is invoked by the Hindûs in this malady.
COLIC. St. Erasmus relieves.
DANCING MANIA. St. Vitus cures.
DEFILEMENT. St. Susan preserves from.
DISCOVERY OF LOST GOODS. St. Ethelbert and St Elian.
DOUBTS. St. Catherine resolves.
DYING. St. Barbara relieves.
EPILEPSY. St. Valentine cures.
FIRE. St. Agatha protects from it, but St. Florian should be invoked if
it has already broken out.
FLOOD, FIRE, and EARTHQUAKE. St. Christopher saves from.
GOUT. St. Wolfgang, they say, is of more service than Blair’s pills.
GRIPES. St. Erasmus cures.
IDIOCY. St. Gildas is the guardian angel of idiots.
INFAMY. St. Susan protects from.
INFECTION. St. Roque protects from.
LEPROSY. St. Lazarus, the beggar.
MADNESS. St. Dymphna cures.
MICE and RATS. St. Gertrude and St. Huldrick ward them off.
NIGHT ALARMS. St. Christopher protects from.
PLAGUE. St. Roch, they say, in this case is better than the “good bishop
of Marseilles.”
QUENCHING FIRE. St. Florian and St. Christopher should not be forgotten
by fire-insurance companies.
QUINSY. St. Blaise will cure it sooner than tartarized antimony.
RICHES. St. Anne and St. Vincent help those who seek it. Gold-diggers
should ask them for nuggets.
SCABS. St. Rooke cures.
SMALL-POX. St. Martin of Tours may be tried by those objecting to
vaccination. In Hindûstan, Seetla wards it off.
SUDDEN DEATH. St. Martin saves from.
TEMPERANCE. Father Mathew is called “The Apostle of Temperance”
(1790-1856).
TOOTH-ACHE. St. Appolline cures better than creosote.
VERMIN-DESTROYERS. St. Gertude and St. Huldrick.
WEALTH-BESTOWER. St. Anne, recommended to the sultan.
=Saints of Places.= The following are the patron saints of the cities,
nations, or places set down:--
ABERDEEN, St. Nicholas (died 342). His day is December 6.
ABYSSINIA, St. Frumentius (died 360). His day is October 27.
ALEXANDRIA, St. Mark, who founded the church there (died A.D. 52). His
day is April 25th.
ALPS (_The_), Felix Neff (1798-1829).
ANTIOCH, St. Margaret (died 275). Her day is July 20.
ARDENNES (_The_), St. Hubert (656-730). He is called “The Apostles of
the Ardennes.” His days are May 30 and November 3d.
ARMENIA, St. Gregory of Armenia (256-331). His day is September 30.
BATH, St. David, from whose benediction the waters of Bath received
their warmth and medicinal qualities (480-544). His day is March 1.
BEAUVAIS, St. Lucian (died 290), called “The Apostle of Beauvais.” His
day is January 8.
BELGIUM, St. Boniface (680-755). His day is on June 5.
BOHEMIA, St. Wenceslaus.
BRUSSELS, the Virgin Mary; St. Gudule, who died 712. St. Gudule’s day is
January 8.
CAGLIARI (in Sardinia), St. Efisio or St. Ephesus.
CAPPADOCIA, St. Matthias (died A.D. 62). His day is February 24.
CARTHAGE, St. Perpetua (died 203). Her day is March 7.
COLOGNE, St. Ursula (died 452). Her day is October 21.
CORFU, St. Spiridion (fourth century). His day is December 14.
CREMONA, St. Margaret (died 275). Her day is July 20.
DENMARK, St. Anscharius (801-864), whose day is February 3; and St.
Canute (died 1086), whose day is January 19.
EDINBURGH, St. Giles (died 550). His day is September 1.
ENGLAND, St. George (died 290). St. Bede calls Gregory the Great “The
Apostle of England,” but St. Augustin was “The Apostle of the English
People” (died 607). St. George’s day is April 23.
ETHIOPIA, St. Frumentius (died 360). His day is October 27.
FLANDERS, St. Peter (died 66). His day is June 29.
FLORENCE, St. John the Baptist (died A.D. 32). His days are June 24 and
August 29.
_Forests_, St. Sylvester, because _silva_, in Latin, means “a wood.” His
day is June 20.
_Forts_, St. Barbara (died 335). Her day is December 4.
FRANCE, St. Denys (died 272). His day is October 9. St. Remi is called
“The Great Apostle of the French” (439-535). His day is October 1.
FRANCONIA, St. Kilian (died 689). His day is July 8.
FRISELAND, St. Wilbrod or Willibrod (657-738), called “The Apostle of
the Frisians.” His day is November 7.
GAUL, St. Irenæus (130-200), whose day is June 28; and St. Martin
(316-397), whose day is November 12; St. Denys is called “The Apostle of
the Gauls.”
GENOA, St. George of Cappadocia. His day is April 23.
GENTILES. St. Paul was “The Apostle of the Gentiles” (died A.D. 66). His
days are January 25 and June 29.
GEORGIA, St. Nino, whose day is September 16.
GERMANY, St. Boniface, “Apostles of the Germans” (680-755), whose day is
June 5; and St. Martin (316-397), whose day is November 11. (St.
Boniface was called Winfred till Gregory II. changed the name.)
GLASGOW, St. Mungo, also called Kentigern (514-601).
_Groves_, St. Sylvester, because _silva_, in Latin, means “a wood.” His
day is June 20.
HIGHLANDERS, St. Columb (521-597). His day is June 9.
_Hills_, St. Barbara (died 335). Her day is December 4.
HOLLAND, the Virgin Mary. Her days are: her _Nativity_, November 21;
_Visitation_, July 2; _Conception_, December 8; _Purification_, February
2; _Assumption_, August 15.
HUNGARY, St. Louis; Mary of Aquisgrana (_Aix-la-Chapelle_); and St.
Anastatius (died 628), whose day is January 22.
INDIA, St. Bartolomé de las Casas (1474-1566):[TN-146] the Rev. J. Eliot
(1603-1690); and Francis Xavier (1506-1552), called “The Apostle of the
Indians,” whose day is December 4.
IRELAND, St. Patrick (372-493). His day is March 17. (Some give his
birth 387, and some his death 495).
ITALY, St. Anthony (251-356). His day is January 17.
LAPLAND, St. Nicholas (died 342). His day is December 6.
LICHFIELD, St. Chad, who lived there (died 672). His day is March 2.
LIEGE, St. Albert (died 1195). His day is November 21.
LISBON, St. Vincent (died 304). His translation to Lisbon is kept
September 15.
LONDON, St. Paul, whose day is January 25; and St. Michael, whose day is
September 29.
MOSCOW, St. Nicholas (died 342). His day is December 6.
_Mountains_, St. Barbara (died 335). Her day is December 4.
NAPLES, St. Januarius (died 291), whose day is September 19; and St.
Thomas Aquīnas (1227-1274), whose days are March 7 and July 18.
NETHERLANDS, St. Armand (589-679).
NORTH (_The_), St. Ansgar (801-864), and Bernard Gilpin (1517-1583).
NORWAY, St. Anscharius, called “The Apostle of the North” (801-864),
whose day is February 3; and St. Olaus (992, 1000-1030).
OXFORD, St. Frideswide.
PADUA, St. Justina, whose day is October 7; and St. Anthony (1195-1231),
whose day is June 13.
PARIS, St. Geneviève (419-512). Her day is January 3.
PEAK (_The_), Derbyshire, W. Bagshaw (1628-1702).
PICTS (_The_), St. Ninian (fourth century), whose day is September 16;
and St. Columb (521-597), whose day is June 9.
PISA, San Ranieri.
POITIERS, St. Hilary (300-367). His day is January 14.
POLAND, St. Hedviga (1174-1243), whose day is October 15; and St.
Stanislaus (died 1078), whose day is May 7.
PORTUGAL, St. Sebastian (250-288). His day is January 20.
PRUSSIA, St. Andrew, whose day is November 30; and St. Albert (died
1195), whose day is November 21.
ROCHESTER, St. Paulīnus (353-431). His day is June 22.
ROME, St. Peter and St. Paul. Both died on the same day of the month,
June 29. The old tutelar deity was Mars.
RUSSIA, St. Nicholas, St. Andrew, St. George, and the Virgin Mary.
SARAGOSSA, St. Vincent, where he was born (died 304). His day is January
22.
SARDINIA, Mary the Virgin. Her days are: _Nativity_, November 21;
_Visitation_, July 2; _Conception_, December 8; _Purification_, February
2; _Assumption_, August 15.
SCOTLAND, St. Andrew, because his remains were brought by Regulus into
Fifeshire in 368. His day is November 30.
SEBASTIA (in Armenia), St. Blaise (died 316). His day is February 3.
SICILY, St. Agatha, where she was born (died 251.[TN-147] Her day is
February 5. The old tutelar deity was Cerês.
SILESIA, St. Hedviga, also called Avoye (1174-1243). His day is October
15.
SLAVES or SLAVI, St. Cyril, called “The Apostle of the Slavi” (died
868). His day is February 14.
SPAIN, St. James the Greater (died A.D. 44). His day is July 24.
SWEDEN, St. Anscharius, St John, and St. Eric IX. (reigned 1155-1161).
SWITZERLAND, St. Gall (died 646). His day is October 16.
_Valleys_, St. Agatha (died 251). Her day is February 5.
VENICE, St. Mark, who was buried there. His day is April 25. St.
Pantaleon, whose day is July 27; and St. Lawrence Justiniani
(1380-1465).
VIENNA, St. Stephen (died A.D. 34). His day is December 26.
_Vineyards_, St. Urban (died 230). His day is May 25.
WALES, St. David, uncle of King Arthur (died 544). His day is March 1.
_Woods_, St. Silvester, because _silva_, in Latin, means “a wood.” His
day is June 20.
YORKSHIRE, St. Paulīnus (353-431). His day is June 22.
=Saints for Special Classes of Persons=, such as tradesmen, children,
wives, idiots, students, etc.:--
ARCHERS, St. Sebastian, because he was shot by them.
ARMORERS, St. George of Cappadocia.
ARTISTS and the ARTS, St. Agatha; but St. Luke is the patron of
painters, being himself one.
BAKERS, St. Winifred, who followed the trade.
BARBERS, St. Louis.
BARREN WOMEN. St. Margaret befriends them.
BEGGARS, St. Giles. Hence the outskirts of cities are often called “St.
Giles.”
BISHOPS, etc., St. Timothy and St. Titus (1 _Tim._ iii. 1; _Titus_ i.
7).
BLIND FOLK, St. Thomas à Becket, and St. Lucy, who was deprived of her
eyes by Paschasius.
BOOKSELLERS, St. John Port Latin.
BRIDES, St. Nicholas, because he threw three stockings, filled with
wedding portions, into the chamber window of three virgins, that they
might marry their sweethearts, and not live a life of sin for the sake
of earning a living.
BURGLARS, St. Dismas, the penitent thief.
CANDLE and LAMP MAKERS, St. Lucy and Lucian. A pun upon _lux lucis_
(“light”).
CANNONEERS, St. Barbara, because she is generally represented in a fort
or tower.
CAPTIVES, St. Barbara and St. Leonard.
CARPENTERS, St. Joseph, who was a carpenter.
CHILDREN, St. Felicitas and St. Nicholas. This latter saint restored to
life some children, murdered by an inkeeper,[TN-148] of Myra, and pickled
in a pork-tub.
COBBLERS, St. Crispin, who worked at the trade.
CRIPPLES, St. Giles, because he refused to be cured of an accidental
lameness, that he might mortify his flesh.
DIVINES, St. Thomas Aquinas, author of _Somme de Theology_.
DOCTORS, St. Cosme, who was a surgeon in Cilicia.
DRUNKARDS. St. Martin, because St. Martin’s Day (November 11) happened
to be the day of the Vinalia, or feast of Bacchus. St. Urban protects.
DYING, St. Barbara.
FERRYMEN, St. Christopher, who was a ferryman.
FISHERMEN, St. Peter, who was a fisherman.
FOOLS, St. Maturin because the Greek word _matia_ or _matê_ means
“folly.”
FREE TRADE. R. Cobden is called “The Apostle of Free Trade” (1804-1865).
FREEMEN, St. John.
FULLERS, St. Sever, because the place so called, on the Adour, is or was
famous for its tanneries and fulleries.
GOLDSMITHS, St. Eloy, who was a goldsmith.
HATTERS, St. William, the son of a hatter.
HOG and SWINEHERDS, St. Anthony. Pigs unfit for food used anciently to
have their ears slit, but one of the proctors of St. Anthony’s Hospital
once tied a bell about the neck of a pig whose ear was slit, and no one
ever attempted to injure it.
HOUSEWIVES, St. Osyth, especially to prevent their losing the keys, and
to help them in finding these “tiny tormentors;” St. Martha, the sister
of Lazarus.
HUNTSMEN, St. Hubert, who lived in the Ardennes, a famous hunting
forest; and St. Eustace.
IDIOTS. St. Gildas restores them to their right senses.
INFANTS, St. Felicitas and St. Nicholas.
INFIDELS. Voltaire is called “The Apostle of Infidels” (1694-1778).
INSANE FOLKS, St. Dymphna.
LAWYERS, St. Yves Helori (in Sicily), who was called “The Advocate of
the Poor,” because he was always ready to defend them in the law courts
gratuitously (1233-1303).
LEARNED MEN, St. Catherine, noted for her learning, and for converting
certain philosophers, sent to convince the Christians of Alexandria of
the folly of the Christian faith.
MADMEN, St. Dymphna.
MAIDENS, the Virgin Mary.
MARINERS, St. Christopher, who was a ferryman; and St. Nicholas, who was
once in danger of shipwreck, and who, on one occasion, lulled a tempest
for some pilgrims on their way to the Holy Land.
MILLERS, St. ARNOLD,[TN-149] the son of a miller.
MERCERS, St. Florian, the son of a mercer.
MOTHERS, the Virgin Mary; St. Margaret, for those who wish to be so. The
girdle of St. Margaret, in St. Germain’s, is placed round the waist of
those who wish to be mothers.
MUSICIANS, St. Cecilia, who was an excellent musician.
NAILERS, St. Cloud, because _clou_, in French means “a nail.”
NETMAKERS, St. James and St. John (_Matt._ iv. 21).
NURSES, St. Agatha.
PAINTERS, St. Luke, who was a painter.
PARISH CLERKS, St. Nicholas.
PARSONS, St. Thomas Aquinas, doctor of theology, at Paris.
PHYSICIANS, St. Cosme, who was a surgeon; St. Luke (_Col._ iv. 14).
PILGRIMS, St. Julian, St. Raphael, St. James of Compostella.
PINMAKERS, St. Sebastian, whose body was as full of arrows in his
martydom[TN-150] as a pincushion is of pins.
POOR FOLKS, St. Giles, who affected indigence, thinking “poverty and
suffering” a service acceptable to God.
PORTRAIT-PAINTERS and PHOTOGRAPHERS, St. Veronica, who had a
handkerchief with the face of Jesus stamped on it.
POTTERS, St. Gore, who was a potter.
PRISONERS, St. Sebastian and St. Leonard.
SAGES, St. Cosme, St. Damian, and St. Katherine.
SAILORS, St. Nicholas and St. Christopher.