GAUGES AND CHARGES
To a certain extent omnipotent fashion even regulates the bores of our
shotguns. A generation or so ago the ten bore was in fashion, very
few sportsmen having any real confidence in any smaller gauge. To-day
the once popular big gun is securely locked in its case and the key
is lost. It is now the correct thing to say that the modern twelve is
more effective than the once universal ten, that it will shoot harder,
make a better pattern, and kill farther. The latest tendency is to
repeat history by substituting smaller gauges for the twelve. The
same stories, once applied to the ten and twelve, are being repeated
concerning the lighter guns, the shooter confidently declaring that
they are the most deadly in his hands.
All this is mere elementary human nature, for really it seems the
easiest of all deceptions is self-deception. However, it is well to
view every subject from the standpoint of logic and reason sometimes,
and logically and reasonably the twenty-eight gauge with its ⅝ ounce of
shot is not so powerful as the eight gauge with its two ounces, both
loads shooting into the same size of circle and being driven with like
velocities. Nevertheless a lady would not select a rail-splitter’s maul
to drive her croquet ball, neither would the man-of-the-maul tolerate
the croquet mallet in his business. There may be an excess of weight
and power just as the mallet would certainly be utterly useless in
sinking a great iron wedge into an oak tree.
Every gauge from the eight down is a weapon of merit, adapted to
some branch of sport, and none of them can be said to be perfect for
all-round use, though the twelve and sixteen come the nearest to it. In
writing this chapter on gauges and loads it is my intention to point
out the special uses to which the different sizes are best adapted.
First it may be taken as an axiom, not to be disputed, that the bigger
the bore the larger shot it will handle effectively, thus developing
power for two reasons, weight of charge and range of shot. In loading
cartridges the ammunition manufacturers practically give the same
initial velocity to the charges of all gauges, small and large, and
consequently the killing power can be reckoned mathematically from the
amount and size of the shot.
In calculating the killing power of a gauge and charge it must never
be forgotten, however, that the weight of gun must be in proportion to
its bore and load, otherwise the formula is deceptive and wrong. For
example, a seven pound ten bore is by no means so powerful a weapon as
a twelve pound twelve bore, though both arms are on the freakish order.
The eternal fitness of things requires that the weight of gun should
govern the gauge and the gauge should govern the charge. The matter of
chokes and patterns will be treated in a separate chapter; sufficient
here to state that all the different gauges of similar choke pattern
into the same size of circle, despite an almost universal belief to the
contrary.
THE EIGHT GAUGE
Four gauge guns are used to quite an extent in Europe, but in a
shooting experience extending over thirty years I have seen but one
battery of them in this country, and as they are not made in America
a description of them seems unnecessary. Eight gauges, however, have
their proper place in a sportsman’s armory, being particularly adapted
to some forms of wildfowl shooting. They are a killing weapon on the
sea coast, especially in goose and brant shooting, and many prefer them
for canvasbacks and redheads where the birds have been persecuted into
unusual wariness.
An eight gauge makes a very useful addition to a battery where several
guns are carried into the blind. It will pull down ducks and geese
entirely beyond the range of smaller bores, and there is a fascination
in tripping up a saucy old mallard that, having fully sized up the
situation, fancies that he is staying well outside the danger zone of
a shotgun. The big gun is always liable to thin a passing flock, too,
at outrageous distances.
American eight bores are built in weights from eleven to sixteen
pounds, with barrels from thirty-two to forty inches long. The most
popular length of barrels is thirty-four inches on a weight of gun of
fourteen pounds. The lighter weights are never worth while in a gun of
this gauge since its chief recommendation lies in its ability to throw
heavy charges.
The machine loaded shells for this gauge vary from five to five and
one-half drams of nitro powder, with a shot charge of one and a half
to one and three-fourths ounces. However, these loads are adapted to
arms of very moderate weight, and the true utility of the weapon is
shown with charges of from six to seven drams of powder and at least
two ounces of shot. The English are accustomed to use much heavier
cartridges than those recommended here, up to eight drams of powder and
three ounces of shot. Machine loaded shells are charged with shot from
four’s to BBs, and anything smaller than four’s are no more adapted to
the gauge than it is to quail shooting. Number one shot is much liked
for goose shooting, two and three for ducks.
Properly bored and with two ounces of number one or two shot, the
eight gauge should kill with fair regularity up to seventy yards, with
occasional execution on flocks at one hundred. The recoil of the
weapon is not excessive, with the charges given, in weights above
twelve pounds, though the writer strongly recommends the heaviest piece
which the gunner can handle effectively. It should be remembered that
it takes practice to swing this heavy arm, otherwise the sportsman may
lose his usually correct time and do poorer work than he would with a
lighter gauge and charge.
THE TEN GAUGE
The ten bore gun, in black powder days, killed off the passenger pigeon
at trap and afield, thinned the ranks of the pinnated grouse, and
decimated the wildfowl of many sections. It has killed more game than
any other gun in America, being popular in the days when large bags
were a proof of sportsmanship. Once it was considered the all-round
gun, equally serviceable on lake or upland, but to-day its use is
restricted to the marsh and shore.
It is the wildfowl gun par excellence. Temporarily fad and fashion
may supersede it, but it will come to its own again, being of that
combination of weight, gauge, and charge that is not to be equaled by
any other bore for the special purpose of duck and goose shooting.
It is not an upland gun for its weight precludes its being used with
comfort in the field. Should its dimensions be so reduced as to make
it a comfortable weapon to carry, it would have no more power than a
twelve, and so we must consider it strictly a “fowling-piece”.
Ten gauges are built in weight from seven to fourteen pounds; as
usual, the medium sizes are the most desirable. Barrels vary in length
from twenty-eight to thirty-four inches, or even longer on special
orders, but there is no good reason for going to extremes. Lengths
of thirty-two and thirty-four inches have the most to recommend them
and are generally specified on orders. Ten gauges are manufactured in
double, single barrels, and repeaters, the latter being much esteemed
by market gunners.
American machine loaded shells, ten gauge, are filled with from 3¼
drams of nitro powder, and 1⅛ ounces of shot to 4¼ drams and an ounce
and a quarter. Ten bores were restricted by rule to an ounce and a
quarter of shot in pigeon shooting days, this by way of equalizing the
ten and twelve; subsequently the ten was barred entirely from trap
work, but the manufacturers got into a rut and stayed there so far as
charges for the big gun were concerned. When the ten was at the zenith
of its popularity much heavier loads were in use, and miniature charges
have done much to injure the prestige of a splendid weapon.
The ten gauge duck gun will handle an ounce and a half of shot with
the same facility and deadliness that a twelve bore pigeon gun will an
ounce and a quarter, neither, given a proper amount of metal, will the
recoil exceed that of the twelve and the breech pressure will not be
greater. Foreign gunbuilders recommend charges up to two ounces with
seventy-five grains of nitro powder, but moderation is a good thing
in charging shotguns as in other things. A very effective load for a
twelve pound ten bore is five drams of powder and an ounce and a half
of shot, number five or larger. If smaller pellets are used, or the
piece weighs under the figure mentioned, the load should be reduced.
The cartridges listed by our ammunition people are intended for arms
weighing ten pounds and under.
Ten gauge shells are loaded with all sizes of shot from buckshot to
number tens, but as this bore is only to be recommended where range and
power are requisite, small shot are a waste of energy. The most popular
sizes run from fives for fresh water ducks to threes for geese and
brant. A few shells loaded with BBs might be carried for extremely long
shots at flocks, though flock shooting cannot be commended on the score
of sportsmanship.
Given a weight of from twelve to fourteen pounds and charged up to the
capacity of the gauge, I should consider a ten bore effective on ducks
up to sixty yards with a possibility of tumbling many a bird beyond
that distance. The heavy ten bore, loaded with large shot, driven at
high velocity, should have ten yards the advantage of an ordinary
twelve gauge “game gun”, and this often means all the difference
between a comfortable bag and a scant one.
THE TWELVE GAUGE
Throughout the world the twelve gauge is the standard shotgun for trap
shooting both at live and clay birds. Of all shotguns it is the nearest
to an all purpose weapon, being unequaled for trap shooting under
present conditions, excellent on wildfowl, and as good as the best
for upland work. More twelve bores are manufactured than of all other
gauges combined, and the shells constructed for it are of a variety not
approached by other sizes. Ammunition and gunbuilders have placed the
twelve upon a pedestal and figuratively thrown all the other gauges
into the junk heap.
Writers have insisted that the twelve would handle ten gauge loads
better than would the ten and twenty gauge more effectively than the
twenty. Sportsmen have almost come to believe that the twelve is the
only real shotgun, the remaining gauges being built only for “cranks.”
There is sufficient truth in these claims to make them difficult to
controvert, even if that were worth while, for, as stated, the twelve
is undoubtedly the best all purpose gun now constructed.
Loads have been fitted for it as light as 2½ drams of powder and ⅞
ounce of shot and then the eighth has been split giving ¹⁵⁄₁₆ of an
ounce or an ounce and a sixteenth. The English often use this last
charge on their domesticated, driven partridges and think it just
right. American gunbuilders have insisted upon three drams of powder
and 1⅛ ounce of shot as giving the maximum results with this gauge,
and have bored and regulated their guns for it. However, the practical
marksmen whose bread and butter depend upon results have never agreed
with them, but unanimously favor an ounce and a quarter driven by a
stiff charge of powder.
So long as people are persuaded that the twelve gauge is the only gun
worth owning, freak weapons will necessarily be produced, twelves
weighing as light as five pounds and others pulling the scales at
twelve.
Sportsmen should use the same hard sense in the selection of guns as
in other matters. If their shooting demands a heavy gun and powerful
ammunition, there is nothing in the least unsportsmanlike in selecting
the ten bore, though some “newspaper gunner” has called it a cannon,
and remember that there is a twenty bore built for twenty gauge
ammunition. It would not be worth while to dwell upon this except that
the twelve has been standardized more or less at the expense of the
other sizes larger and smaller. The twelve gauge is a good gun--none
better--,but it is not entirely without limitations. Miniature loads in
a twelve lack a killing velocity, and over charges are simply a pigeon
shooter’s method of “beating the devil around the stump.” Nevertheless
if the sportsman is confined to one gun and has a variety of shooting,
including an occasional day at the traps, then by all means select a
twelve, but have it of reasonable dimensions in proportion to its gauge.
The twelve gauge is built in this country in weights of from five
and three-quarters to twelve pounds, with barrels from twenty-six to
thirty-two inches. As a rule for field work an arm is selected weighing
from six and a half to seven and a half pounds, for trap shooting from
seven and half to eight and a quarter, and special wildfowl guns may
be still heavier. It can be secured in all models, single barrels,
double, repeaters, auto-loaders, and at all prices from the four dollar
“nigger” gun to the seven hundred and fifty dollar work of art. The
featherweight twelve is a foreign affair, serviceable on hand-reared
birds, but not adapted to American shooting. When constructed of
the lightest weights it is an abominable arm and in justice to our
manufacturers it should be stated that they have never favored it,
though they have built some of them to meet foreign competition. If the
twelve is to become an all purpose arm it should closely follow the
dimensions favored by the trapshooters, with metal enough to back up
heavy recoil when powerful loads are demanded.
The lightest machine loaded twelve gauge shells obtainable are those
containing 1¾ drams of black powder and ¾ ounces of shot; the heaviest
are filled with 3¾ drams of powder and 1¼ ounces of shot. Field shots
with medium weight arms are usually content with a load of three
drams and an ounce and an eighth, while three and a quarter drams and
an ounce and a quarter is the standard for clay birds. Ten or a dozen
years ago when live pigeon shooting was in vogue, still more powder
was sometimes thought necessary up to four drams. English authorities
recommend this amount of powder with an ounce and three-eighths of shot
for the heaviest work on wildfowl, but if a gun is to use such charges
it must be built, bored, and chambered especially for them, and then
the writer is inclined to believe that it had better be a ten.
It should be borne in mind that a twelve gauge will not handle large
shot quite so well as a ten bore, and therefore for duck shooting sixes
and sevens usually take the place of the fours and fives found the most
deadly in the larger cartridges. Personally I prefer sevens for the
small ducks and sixes for the large varieties, driven at high velocity.
The field load is not powerful enough for ducks except at modest ranges.
The large shot in a small bore prove to be great cripplers owing to
the openness of the pattern, for it must not be forgotten that it
takes more than one pellet to kill as a rule. Three number sevens are
more liable to kill dead at medium ranges than one BB, yet there are
nearly six times as many of the smaller shot in a load. I have seen a
woodpecker fly fifty yards with a 22 caliber bullet through him and
have known a prairie chicken to struggle along for a quarter of a mile
with a fifty caliber bullet hole in him a trifle far back.
THE SIXTEEN GAUGE
The sixteen gauge is the first of the guns usually termed small bores.
It is a thoroughbred with just the outside diameter of barrels and
general slender strength that unite beauty with utility. This gauge
is a favorite with ladies who spend time afield for the double reason
that its proportions appeal to the esthetic taste and its charge is
effective with no severe recoil.
Should the time ever come when an improvement will be made in shotguns
similar to choke boring, or the increased power that came with nitro
powder, the sixteen would replace the twelve for trap shooting and
general all-round use. Even now it is without a superior for upland
work on such game as snipe, quail, woodcock, and ruffed grouse. Its
standard charge of an ounce of shot is ideal, for medium weight guns,
and when driven with fair velocity is sufficiently deadly for all
practical purposes in the field. Furthermore it is a corking good
little gun in the duck blind as many a keen sportsman can vouch;
indeed, where the birds are decoying well, nothing better need be
desired.
[Illustration: THE SIXTEEN-GAUGE SAUER]
However, the special province of the sixteen is the upland or in any
sport wherein the gun needs to be carried afoot for hours at a time.
For the man who prefers carrying a lightweight gun in his tramps after
quail, for him who would match skill with skill in pursuit of the saucy
“jacks”, for the lonely partridge hunter who requires first of all a
quick eye and a ready hand, I would strongly advise a light sixteen
bore. Should the gunner be able to afford a modest armory of weapons,
too, with one for the trap, another for wildfowl, and an additional arm
for the uplands, then by all means include the sixteen for the daintier
game. You would never employ an elephant rifle to slay a rabbit and
neither should it be necessary to throw an ounce and a quarter of shot
at a four ounce snipe.
Ammunition makers and gunbuilders in catering to the twelve bore have
failed to develop fully the power and utility of the sixteen. Some of
the manufacturers appear to think that the man who prefers to shoot
a small bore is more or less of a comic-opera-sport anyhow, so they
fit him out with a featherweight gun and ammunition so light that he
can harm neither the gun nor the game. Never forget that the weight
of metal in the barrels and the strength of the ammunition are prime
factors in the power of any weapon whatever its gauge.
Sixteen gauges are built of a weight of from five to eight pounds,
the majority of American guns ranging between six and seven pounds.
The barrels are from twenty-six to thirty-two inches long, but the
manufacturers have shown what the writer considers an unfortunate
inclination to recommend short barrels for the sixteen,--this by way of
lightening the gun without reducing strength at the breech. Naturally
a gun that would balance perfectly with thirty inch barrels will not
do so with twenty-six, and a combination of stock and frame heavy
enough for a 7½ pound twelve bore with barrels shortened and lightened
to make the gun weigh six, is deplorable. Thirty inch barrels in a
sixteen bore with the stock cut on finer lines than a twelve make an
especially elegant looking weapon. Should the arm weigh over seven and
a half pounds or be intended for trap and duck shooting, then try the
thirty-two inch barrels.
Should the reader contemplate purchasing a small bore gun after
becoming accustomed to a twelve, I should like to warn him against
making too radical a change either in the weight or length of barrels;
otherwise he may lose that regular time that he has been years in
acquiring and so condemn the gun for what is not its fault. However,
the natural disposition of every man is to use a lighter gun and
smaller gauge as he becomes older.
The sixteen gauge will handle any charge of shot well from ¾ of an
ounce to an ounce and an eighth, but in factory loaded shells there
is no such variation. In shot their cartridges contain either ⅞ of
an ounce or an ounce, driven by from 2¼ to 2¾ drams of powder. The
standard load is 2½ drams and an ounce--a load nicely adapted to
lightweight guns where only moderate power is required. One ounce
of shot is the maximum limit in machine loaded shells, yet in
muzzle-loading days an ounce and a quarter was thrown by these guns
without the gunner becoming aware that he was exceeding a common
sense load. I have known sixteen gauge shells to be used at the trap
with splendid execution charged with an ounce and an eighth of shot
and three drams of powder. Nevertheless manufacturers should not be
criticized too harshly for clinging to light loads since a long shot
column in a small bore adds greatly to the breech pressure, disturbs
the pattern in some guns, and if driven at a high velocity may cause
excessive leading or balling of the shot.
My own load for duck shooting is three drams of powder, well wadded,
and an ounce of seven chilled shot. Shot from a close shooting seven
and a quarter pound gun this load is effective up to forty-five yards,
but it would cause a sharp recoil in any gun weighing under six and
three-fourths pounds. Numbers seven and a half and eight shot give
perfect satisfaction in quail shooting and are just as deadly on snipe
if the gun is not bored too open. I have never found it advisable to
use shot for any kind of game shooting smaller than eight and a half.
What has been said of using large shot in a twelve bore applies with
more force to the sixteen.
[Illustration: PARKER TWENTY-GAUGE; ONE OF THE HANDSOMEST WEAPONS MADE]
[Illustration: THE MARLIN SIXTEEN-GAUGE]
THE TWENTY GAUGE
At present the twenty gauge is attracting a great deal of attention
and no little controversy. Those partial to the little gun take the
rather untenable ground that it is fully as powerful as the large bores
or perhaps even more deadly for some mysterious reason, while the
hard-headed old conservatives will not grant it any utility whatever,
applying to it the terms popgun and grasshopper-killer. As usual the
truth is somewhere between the extremes. Only the man with a fertile
imagination could pronounce it as powerful as a ten gauge, but the
arm that will kill clean and sure up to thirty-five or forty yards
is not to be called a toy. As we have noted in the other gauges, its
effectiveness is much a matter of weight, strength of charge, and the
amount of choke in the barrels.
As will be further exemplified when we come to treating of patterns,
the twenty is for the skilled field shot who can center his bird with
a small pattern time after time. For such as he the twenty affords
added pleasure in field work with practically the same deadliness
as the largest bore. This gauge is not the gun for the pothunter or
the man who takes pride in the size of his bag, but on the score of
sportsmanship everything can be said in its favor.
It is the writer’s deliberate opinion that no shotgun, whatever its
gauge, is to be taken seriously if it weighs under six pounds. A
four and a half pound twenty, loaded with a half ounce of shot, is a
neat plaything for an experienced man, but should not be placed in the
hands of a lady or a novice to discourage them with field shooting and
their ability to handle a gun. Such a featherweight and charge are not
dangerous to game and not worth condemning except as casting reproach
upon a meritorious weapon. However, when the gun is built to weigh
seven pounds and charged with 2¾ drams of powder and an ounce of shot,
as it is in the Southwest, there is another story to be told. The arm
and load, in the section named, are considered amply powerful for wild
ducks, but the shooting is over decoys and not so difficult as it might
be in other localities. Moreover adapting special guns to special uses
does not alter the fact that logically the twenty bore is intended for
the uplands and small game.
The standard machine load for this gauge is 2¼ drams of powder and ⅞
ounce of shot, and so loaded the maximum range of the gun is but five
yards behind that of the twelve bore with its standard charge, both
being used with number eight shot. What the twelve will do at forty
yards the twenty will at thirty-five, and ninety per cent. of upland
game is killed under the latter distance. Ammunition houses list twenty
gauge shells with from two to 2½ drams of powder and from ½ to ⅞ ounces
of shot of various sizes. Handloaded shells are often filled with
heavier charges for special uses in specially built and bored guns. It
is well not to experiment with extreme charges without the consent of
the gunbuilder who should know his weapon better than you can.
American twenty bore guns are constructed in weights of from five
to seven pounds and a half; foreign arms are often built still
lighter. The barrels are the same length as those of the sixteen,
from twenty-six to thirty-two inches. The greatest demand is for guns
weighing from six pounds to six pounds twelve ounces with barrels
twenty-six to thirty inches. I am free to admit a prejudice in
favor of long barrels on the score of balance and accurate holding,
but assuredly a twenty-six inch barreled twenty bore is a better
proportioned piece than a twelve of that length.
For quail shooting number seven and one-half shot had better be
replaced with eights in a twenty bore, the smaller shot giving a more
even pattern and killing well up to the maximum range of the gun,
thirty-five yards. In duck shooting the same size of pellets should
be used as in the sixteen, no further reduction in size of shot being
permissible with such game.
THE TWENTY-EIGHT GAUGE
The twenty-eight has an effective range but two yards behind the
twenty. Up to thirty yards it will account for any game it is held upon
from jack snipe to geese. It will afford a lot of pleasure to the man
whose shooting opportunities are many and whose chief enjoyment comes
from a consciousness of accurate holding and clean work. The velocity
of shot charge in this gauge with standard load is a trifle higher than
any of the larger bores and the little weapon has always been highly
praised by those who have tested it. A full choked twenty-eight will
kill game at as long a range as an improved cylinder twelve, the arm
most often recommended for quail.
The difference between a twelve and a twenty-eight is that long shots
should not be attempted with the little gun, and it will not handle
large shots effectively. The difference in the amount of game bagged
with the twenty-eight and twelve will not be very great in upland
shooting, provided a man is accustomed to shooting with a full choked
gun and can center his bird. No finer holding is required with a full
choked twenty-eight than with a full choke of any other gauge, but the
small charge will not bear being opened up to give spread of pattern.
Machine loaded twenty-eight gauge cartridges are charged with from 1¾
to 2 drams of powder and ½ to ⅝ ounces of shot. Two drams and ⅝ ounces
is the standard load, usually with eight shot for quail, though some
prefer numbers nine or ten. Should the arm be anything but a full
choke, the tens might be preferable in order to thicken the pattern,
but the small pellets are liable to send a good many birds away
crippled. I have always secured excellent results with a high velocity
charge in this gauge, 2⅛ drams of powder and ¾ ounce of shot. In a gun
of sufficient weight it is deadly at ranges several yards greater than
the standard load, in fact has nearly the same power as the standard
twenty.
The recoil of a twenty-eight is so slight that it can be used with
comfort in very light arms. Therefore we find guns of this gauge built
as light as four pounds. American built guns are of more practical
dimensions, coming in weights of from to 5¾ to 6¾ pounds. My own
twenty-eight weighs near seven pounds with thirty inch barrels, but a
shorter and lighter arm would please the majority. Barrel lengths are
from twenty-six to thirty inches.
The man who can own but one gun should not choose the twenty-eight,
but it nicely rounds out an armory and will afford its own share of
recreation and sport.
GUNMAKERS’ TABLE OF WEIGHTS IN PROPORTION TO GAUGE AND LOAD
This table is intended to give a proper load of shot in proportion to
weight of gun for the different gauges. As compared with the large
bores the small bores give a relatively higher breech pressure and
greater recoil with the same amount of shot, and for this reason should
be somewhat heavier in proportion to the load. The rule gives sixteen
ounces of gun for every ⅛ ounce of shot in a twenty-eight, fifteen
ounces of gun to ⅛ ounce of shot in a twenty and thirteen in the twelve
and larger bores. Of the loads and weights of guns given the medium
ones are those in use. Here is the table:
Load Formula Weight of gun.
Gauge Drams. Ounces. lbs. oz.
{ 1¾ ½ 16 × 4 = 64 ÷ 16 = 4 0
{ 2 ⅝ 16 × 5 = 80 ÷ 16 = 5 0
28 { 2⅛ ¾ 16 × 6 = 96 ÷ 16 = 6 0
{ 2¼ ⅞ 16 × 7 = 112 ÷ 16 = 7 0
{ 2⅜ 1 16 × 8 = 128 ÷ 16 = 8 0
{ 2 ½ 15 × 4 = 60 ÷ 16 = 3 12
{ 2⅛ ⅝ 15 × 5 = 75 ÷ 16 = 4 11
20 { 2¼ ¾ 15 × 6 = 90 ÷ 16 = 5 10
{ 2½ ⅞ 15 × 7 = 105 ÷ 16 = 6 9
{ 2¾ 1 15 × 8 = 120 ÷ 16 = 7 8
{ 2¼ ¾ 14 × 6 = 84 ÷ 16 = 5 4
{ 2½ ⅞ 14 × 7 = 98 ÷ 16 = 6 2
16 { 2¾ 1 14 × 8 = 112 ÷ 16 = 7 0
{ 3 1⅛ 14 × 9 = 126 ÷ 16 = 7 14
{ 3¼ 1¼ 14 × 10 = 140 ÷ 16 = 8 12
{ 2½ ⅞ 13 × 7 = 91 ÷ 16 = 5 11
{ 2¾ 1 13 × 8 = 104 ÷ 16 = 6 8
12 { 3 1⅛ 13 × 9 = 117 ÷ 16 = 7 5
{ 3½ 1¼ 13 × 10 = 130 ÷ 16 = 8 2
{ 4 1⅜ 13 × 11 = 143 ÷ 16 = 8 15
{ 3 1 13 × 8 = 104 ÷ 16 = 6 8
{ 3½ 1⅛ 13 × 9 = 117 ÷ 16 = 7 11
10 { 4 1¼ 13 × 10 = 130 ÷ 16 = 8 2
{ 4½ 1⅜ 13 × 11 = 143 ÷ 16 = 8 15
{ 5 1½ 13 × 12 = 156 ÷ 16 = 9 12
{ 5 1½ 13 × 12 = 156 ÷ 16 = 9 12
{ 5½ 1⅝ 13 × 13 = 169 ÷ 16 = 10 9
8 { 6 1¾ 13 × 14 = 182 ÷ 16 = 11 6
{ 6½ 1⅞ 13 × 15 = 195 ÷ 16 = 12 3
{ 7 2 13 × 16 = 208 ÷ 16 = 13 0