(1798-1855)
The last of the eighteenth century was an important period for Russia
and Poland, not only politically, but in letters and art. It marked the
birth of statesmen, patriots, poets and writers. It was into a Poland of
great names and greater activities that Adam Mickiewicz was born in
1798, as son of an impoverished family of the old nobility. Three years
before, the third and last partition of his native land had taken place,
and the signed documents had been hastened to Petersburg to make more
triumphant the birthday of the Great Catherine.
Just a few years before this (1792), Kosciusko had courageously led his
forty-five thousand valiant Poles in their brave defiance of an
overwhelming number of Cossacks and Russians. History had recorded the
bloody Turkish wars, the Pugatshev rebellion, the uprising of the
Zaporogian Cossacks and the Polish confederations. And with the
nineteenth century came the Napoleonic wars with the dramatic entry of
Napoleon into Russia, and a new and different mental life began to dawn
over Europe.
Mickiewicz was born in Novogrodek in Lithuania. This was the birthplace
of Count Henry Rzewuski, who wrote the delightful memories of the Polish
eighteenth century, under the title of "The Memories of Pan Severin
Soplica,"[*] and who declared he considered it an honor to be born a
"schlazig" (noble) of Lithuania, and of Novogrodek. He went to a
government school in Minsk, and later attended the University of Vilna,
which city in his day was a place of Jesuit faith, gloomy convents and
echoing bells. All about him epoch-making events for Slav lands were
taking place. It was a resounding, inspired age for his race, and he
grew up to take a fitting place in that age and to be called "the
immortal hero of Polish poetry." Poland just then was the battle-ground
not only for the armies of Europe, but for the diplomats. It was a place
for statesmen to win their spurs. If accredited to Petersburg or Warsaw,
and successful, they were believed to be equal to any diplomatic
emergency. Eloquence, inspiration, and patriotic fervor must have
cradled his childhood.
[Footnote *: The full title of the book is: Memories of Pan Severin
Soplica, Cupbearer of Parnau, by Count Henry Rzewuski.]
At the time of the birth of Mickiewicz, Russia was bringing to a close a
prodigious period of development in almost every field of human
activity. It was really the birth-throe of a nation that was to move
powerfully, and to dominate--partially--the new age. And the splendid
and never again to be equalled pageant of the life of Catherine the
Great, with its wild dreams of world dominance and of the glorious
revival of perished Greece, had just been unrolled for the amazement of
Europe. What dramatic and enchanting memories the names of her followers
call up: the Orlows, Potemkin, Panin, Poniatowski, Bestushew-Rjumin,
Princess Daschkov, Razumowski.
In France, too, the same preceding period had been brilliant. It had
been the France of Voltaire, the Encyclopedists, and a most resplendent
and luxurious monarch. England had known her greatest orators and prime
ministers. It had been the Prussia of Frederick the Great; the Dresden
of August the Strong; the Austria of Joseph the Second.
A little later--during Mickiewicz's own youth--Goethe was at the height
of his power and the intellectual dictator of Europe. Under his
direction and encouragement the treasures of oriental literature were
being translated and made known to the West. This is merely a hasty
glimpse of the "mise-en-scene" that preceded the debut in life of the
most renowned of Polish poets. The old traditions of absolute and
God-created monarchs and princely times were coming to an end, and that
democratic modern world, where everything was to change, was close at
hand, just over the crest, indeed, of this new century into which Fate
was ushering him. He was to see the last of blind power and royal
prerogative, and the first dawn of a modern spirit which in time would
sweep away forever, the old. It was an uncertain, difficult transition
period, without standards and without measurements.
As we take a fleeting, bird's-eye view of the stirring times in which
his days were spent, his travels, his army life, his periods of
professorship, we can not help but wonder at the amount of writing
Mickiewicz did. And his life was not a long one; it did not reach to
sixty years. But during the working years allotted him, before a
mystical melancholy--which was threatening to degenerate into
madness--had impaired his faculties, his mind was unusually brilliant,
creative and marvelously disciplined. It obeyed at will. At one time he
was professor of Latin in Lausanne; at another time he held the chair of
Slavic languages in Paris. He taught Polish and Latin in Kovno. He
traveled extensively in Italy in the interest of the Polish revolution.
His mind was many-sided and capable of various activities. He devoted
considerable time to advanced mathematics and philosophy. He made
scientific investigations in Vilna under Lalewel. At one time and
another he lived in various large cities of Europe. In Germany he met
and became friendly with Goethe. In Switzerland he met Krasinski. In
1833 he married Celina Szymanovska. Her mother was the famous Slav
beauty and musician who had so delighted Goethe in her youth.
Among writers of Russia and Poland whose life period somewhat coincided
with that of Mickiewicz's are: Korzenowski (born in 1797), the novelist
(a brother of Adam Mickiewicz was fellow-teacher with Korzenowski at
Charkov); Danilewski (1829), likewise a novelist--it was he who
translated The Crimean Sonnets into Russian; Malzweski, Polish patriot
and poet, whose "Maria"--perhaps the most popular poetic story in
Poland--appeared at almost the same time as The Crimean Sonnets; Zaleski
(1802), Slowacki (1809), Krasinski (1812), the three greatest poets of
Poland excepting only Mickiewicz himself, the Polish critic, Brodzinski.
In Russia, the golden age of literature almost covered the same period
as Mickiewicz's own life--Puschkin, Lermontov, Schukowski, Gogol, to
mention only some of the most important names.
In the eighteen-thirties we find Mickiewicz in Paris, which happened to
be filled just then with a crowd of brilliant Slavic exiles. Here he
became the friend of Chopin, and one of Chopin's most talented pupils--a
young Polish girl--made the first translation of the Sonnets into
French. It was a wonderful and brilliant Paris which Mickiewicz entered.
This was the time when the city was first called "the stepmother of
Genius." Heine was here in exile, and Boerne. It knew the personal
fascination and the denunciative writings of Ferdinand la Salle. It was
the day, too, of Eugene Sue, Berlioz, George Sand, de Musset, Dumas,
Gautier, the Goncourt Brothers, Gavarni, Sainte Beuve, Liszt, Felix
Mendelssohn, Ary Scheffer, Delacroiz, Horace Vernet--to mention only a
few great names at random. Julius Slowacki, Count Krasinski and Adam
Mickiewicz were all here editing their poetry in the midst of this
brilliant life in the inspiring city by the Seine. This period in Paris
signs perhaps the high-water mark of the creative genius of Mickiewicz.
He had already written the Ballads and Romances, the third part of
Dziady, Pan Tadeuz.
The Crimean Sequence belongs to the period of Mickiewicz's youth, the
Vilna period. He joined a society at this time which was looked upon
with disfavor by the Government. At length, because of his continued
participation in it, he was exiled to southern Russia. On that trip,
while he was going toward Odessa, he began the Crimean Sonnets. Their
success was quick and astonishing. They were translated into every
language of Europe. Although the form is the traditional and classic
sonnet form, he makes use of it in a slightly different manner, not
altogether as an exposition of the sentiments of the soul, and the
convictions and emotions of the mind, but as an instrument with which to
sketch what he saw upon this eventful journey. He used the sonnet form
at that period just as Verhaeren used it in "Les Flamandes," to show us
Flanders, and as Albert Samain in "Le Chariot d'Or," to picture the
gardens of Versailles. This is worthy of note. And this we must remember
was before 1826. In the poetical works of Mickiewicz there was always
traceable an inclination to break tradition and to search for new and
untried possibilities.
On this exile in Russia he learned to know Puschkin, then a young man
like himself. Puschkin has written a verse letter to him which we
transcribe in free prose. "He lived among us for a while--a people
strange to him. And yet his mind cherished no hatred and no longing for
revenge. Generous, kind of heart, noble-minded, he joined our evening
circles, and we loved him. We exchanged our dreams, our plans--our
poems. God gave him genius and inspiration. He stood always on the
heights and looked down on life. We talked of history and of nations. He
declared a time would come when races would forget all evil things--like
war, rebellion--and dwell together peaceably in one great family. We
listened to him eagerly for he had the gift of speech. After a while he
went away and we gave our blessing to him. Then we learned our
guest--spurred on by his revengeful race--had become our enemy. To
please that bitter race of his he filled his songs with hatred. Of our
beloved friend there came to us only revenge and angry thoughts. God
grant that peace may come again to his embittered heart!"
Puschkin himself wrote eloquently of these same Crimean scenes that
Mickiewicz shows us. He, too, was inspired by the old capital city of
the Tartar rulers. We recall his "Fountain of Baktschi Serai." And he,
too, brings before our eyes again that gigantic mountain world of
southern Russia in "The Prisoner of the Caucasus."
The fame of The Crimean Sonnets was so great that Mickiewicz was offered
a government position which attached him to the person of the powerful
Prince Galitzin, in Moscow. It was in Rome, and singularly enough it was
when he wrote the "Ode to Youth" that he began to devote himself to
mystical studies which had such an injurious effect upon his mind. For
some time after he had lost his fluent power as a poet, he retained his
conversational gifts which were remarkable and brought him almost as
much fame as his poetry. His life ended in a period as dramatic as that
in which it began. He entered the Turkish wars in 1855 and died in
Stamboul in that same year. It is somewhat peculiar and at the same time
no little to his credit that he should have chosen the sonnet as the
instrument of his quick sketching of Crimea on the trip of exile,
because the sonnet has never been a frequently chosen means of
expression of the Slav races, despite the numerous sonnets written later
by Vrchlicky, Preseren and others. The sonnet has belonged more to the
Latin races, and to the English race. The Crimean Sonnets, however, rank
among the famous sequences.
Edna Worthley Underwood.