THE NAPOLEONIC DESIGN
1804
No work dealing with the invasions of England would be complete without
some notice of the attempts, or supposed attempts, of Napoleon to
invade this island. To discuss them in detail here is unnecessary,
especially in view of the fact that more than one excellent work has
been produced on the subject in recent years. In any case Napoleon did
not approach success so nearly as Philip II. of Spain, since he never
brought his fleet to the vital point. He was never able, even in the
height of his power, to land a single company on the shores of England.
Taking this into consideration, it is only proposed here to very
briefly discuss the extent and scope of Napoleon’s preparations, and to
give a summary of expert opinion upon them.
The naval position in 1804, when France and Spain were united against
Britain, was as follows: The British Navy was nearly twice as strong in
numbers as those of the allies together, and enormously superior in
quality. The allied force was, furthermore, scattered in fragments in a
dozen ports from Toulon to the Texel, and closely blockaded by superior
British squadrons. Here and there, by taking advantage of favourable
circumstances, French squadrons did escape from their harbours; but
a general concentration in the face of the British fleet was always
impossible, and without the command of the sea invasion was hopeless.
Napoleon, it must be remembered, was regardless of veracity, and,
except when his statements are confirmed by independent testimony, they
can rarely be accepted. His bulletins are masterpieces of mendacity,
and his correspondence, though much of it was suppressed by admiring
editors, shows how prone he was to paint rose-coloured pictures for the
benefit of his subjects, if not to deceive himself. Moreover, as is
well known, he was so surrounded by treachery that he often literally
dared not speak his inmost thoughts, and coined fables for the
misleading of his betrayers.
Finally, there is one fact that cannot be overlooked. Napoleon was no
seaman. He was a great soldier--in his prime probably the greatest of
modern times--but in naval matters he was an amateur. His admirals
knew it only too well. His able Minister of Marine, Decrès, was always
warning him that the concentration and manœuvring of sailing squadrons
was a very different operation to that of the massing of troops on
land. Others said the same. No doubt the timidity which has always
characterized the French at sea had much to do with their caution and
nervousness. But they were certainly right in the main. The French
Navy was bad in quality; the Spanish Navy worse. Both together were
inferior in numbers to that of Britain, and in quality there was no
comparison. Numbers alone are no test of efficiency, and had Napoleon
succeeded in concentrating 60 French and Spanish battleships in the
Channel, the fleet would have been unable to meet with success a
British force of 40, even discounting the great strength of the latter
in three-decked vessels.[L] Mr. Julian Corbett, who has discussed the
question exhaustively in ‘The Campaign of Trafalgar,’ is of opinion
(1) that Napoleon was only saved from disaster up to Trafalgar by the
crafty French admirals whom he despised so much; (2) that had the
Franco-Spanish fleet really appeared in the Channel, the result would
have been its utter destruction.
[L] A three-decker was reckoned by tacticians as equal to two
two-deckers.
Colonel Desbrière, who has discussed the problem from the French side,
and has collected almost all the evidence available, sums up Napoleon’s
plans for gaining the command of the Channel in a scathing paragraph:
‘Two escapes from ports blockaded by a superior force; two blockades
to be broken at Cadiz and Ferrol; a junction at Martinique, already
indicated to the English by the despatch of Missiessy--such was the
programme, if we confine ourselves to the letter of the instructions.
It is useless for historians to admire it.’ And when Desbrière examines
it further in order to find the Napoleonic touch, he practically comes
to the conclusion that the Emperor was ready to stake all on a mere
gambler’s throw with all the chances against him. If he won, it was
well. If he lost, he sacrificed only his weak and inefficient navy.
In fact, whether he won or lost, his reputation was safe; and how
nervously tender he was of his untarnished renown it is easy to see
in the multitudinous letters in which he tries to explain away his
failures.
So much for the naval situation. Considering next the army of invasion
and its means of transport, the position was briefly as follows:
There were in the harbours of Boulogne, Etaples, Wimereux, and
Ambleteuse, some 2,000 flat-bottomed craft of all kinds, mostly armed
with guns, and capable of carrying 131,000 men and 6,000 horses. In
appearance the armament was a formidable one. But, in the first place,
the vessels themselves, armed though they were, could not move without
an overwhelming naval escort. Hastily built, useless in rough water,
almost entirely without trained crews, one British ‘seventy-four’ was
a match for scores of them. This Napoleon knew as well as anyone,
and though sections of the great flotilla crept at times along the
coast from harbour to harbour, they never ventured a couple of miles
from land. The vast swarm of vessels was more than the harbours could
contain. Enormous sums were spent on clearing and deepening them; but
as fast as they were cleared they silted up again, and the task had to
be begun anew. So packed were the harbours that not half the vessels
could be floated out on one tide, even if the troops could have been
embarked in time to take advantage of it.
This, however, might have been expected. It is true that very different
and highly-coloured accounts were spread abroad in Great Britain, and
produced that extraordinary combination of panic and preparation which
seems to be the normal condition of the British people in the face of a
remote possibility of invasion. But the strangest circumstance to all
who have been accustomed to believe in Napoleon’s overwhelming military
superiority, is that while his transport was sufficient for 130,000
men, he had only 90,000, with less than 3,000 horses within reach at
the critical moment. More than half his cavalry were without horses.
Had he landed in England he would have been opposed by a regular force
almost as large as his own, with 12,000 excellent cavalry against his
3,000, besides the local forces, some 400,000 strong. Many of these
volunteers had been in training for nearly two years.
Such, in short, is a summary of the situation which caused the British
public so much uneasiness, if not fright. One can but observe once more
that a tendency to panic before an undefined danger seems inherent in
the English national character. Had Napoleon landed, his chances of
success were remote. In quality the British Regular Army was at least
as good as the Grande Armée. The Egyptian campaign of 1801 had proved
it; the victory of Maida was soon to drive the lesson home. Whatever
disaster our generals might expose themselves to, their men might
fairly be trusted to pull them out of it. Wellington, later, calmly
counted upon this as a factor in warfare. On the whole, it is probable
that Napoleon’s career would have ended in 1805 instead of 1815, and in
Kent or Sussex instead of at Waterloo. But the chances of his landing
were of the faintest, and the British admirals knew it very well. It is
customary to believe that Napoleon deceived them. In reality, as Mr.
Julian Corbett grimly remarks, they were playing the strategic game in
assured mastery high over his head.
APPENDIX A
THE SITE OF THE BATTLE OF ACLEA
Aclea was formerly generally supposed to be Ockley in Surrey, near
Horsham, but Mr. C. Cooksey (Proceedings of the Hampshire Field
Club) gives good reasons for believing it to be Church Oakley, near
Basingstoke, close to the London-Winchester road. The Northmen had
just sacked London, and one hardly sees why they should plunge into
the Andredsweald when the capital of Wessex offered a fair prospect
of booty. In Domesday Book also Oakley is called Aclei while Ockley
is Hoclie. It is not true, as Professor Oman says, that Ockley is far
from any road; it is, of course, on the Roman road (Stane Street) to
Regnum (Chichester); but it is certainly a somewhat unaccountable place
in which to find the Viking horde. Oakley is, at any rate, almost on
the direct route from London to Winchester, and is decidedly the more
probable site of the two.
APPENDIX B
THE ENGLISH AND SPANISH FLEETS IN 1588
It is difficult to estimate the numbers of the fleets at any definite
date. The lists collected by Captain Fernandez Duro in his work ‘La
Armada Invencible’ differ widely. The tables of the Spanish fleet are
based upon a careful study and comparison of these lists, especially
Nos. 145, 150, and 180. It is worthy of note that the approximate total
arrived at is that given by Admiral Pedro de Valdes to Drake as the
strength of the Armada.
As regards tonnage, that of the English ships is, with few exceptions,
calculated on the contemporary Burden Rule (length of keel, multiplied
by the beam and the draft of water, and the product divided by 100),
with 25 per cent. added. The amount added for ‘ton and tonnage’ varied
from 25 to 33-1/3 per cent.
The tonnage of the Spanish ships is taken from the official figures.
Mr. Julian Corbett thinks that the Spanish system of measurement gave
results much higher than those of the English, but after studying and
applying the English and Spanish rules to the same ship-dimensions,
the authors have come to the conclusion that the discrepancy in this
respect was non-existent. The _Revenge_ by English measurement was 441
tons burden; by Spanish rules, apparently, 430. The main deduction,
therefore, to be made from the Spanish figures is in respect of the
difference between the Seville _tonelada_ (53·44 cubic feet) and the
English ton (60 cubic feet). But even here it cannot be said that this
can be applied to any but the Andalucian ships. On the whole, if a fair
comparison be needed, perhaps about 10 per cent. should be deducted
from the official Spanish figures; but nothing definite can be said.
THE ENGLISH FLEET
Tonnage
Type of Ship. Name of Ship. (Burden + ¼ Guns
Approx.). (Approx.).
Royal galleons (21) Triumph 1,000 64
White Bear 900 60
Elizabeth Jonas 850 60
Victory 750 56
Ark Royal 700 56
Vanguard 550 44
Revenge 550 44
Hope 550 44
Nonpareil 550 44
Elizabeth Bonaventure 550 44
Golden Lion 550 44
Marie Rose 550 44
Rainbow 480 44
Antelope 480 44
Dreadnought 450 40
Swiftsure 450 40
Swallow 400 36
Foresight 375 36
Aid 300 32
Bull 200 24
Tiger 200 24
Royal barks, or Tramontana 150 20
small galleons (3) Scout 120 20
Achates 100 20
Armed private 2 400 --
ships and 4 300 --
barks (73) 5 250 --
19 250-200 --
19 200-150 --
24 100-150 --
Pinnaces and 18 of Royal Navy 20-100 --
small craft (83) 65 private -- --
---
Total vessels 180, excluding vessels fitting out.
Of these, some 35 were detached or paid off on account of sickness,
145 were present at Calais, 8 were burnt as fireships, leaving 137 in
action at Gravelines.
Total crews about 14,000 men.
Commander-in-Chief Lord Howard of Effingham (Lord High
Admiral of England).
Vice-Admiral Sir Francis Drake.
Rear-Admiral Mr. (afterwards Sir John) Hawkins.
2nd Rear-Admiral Mr. (afterwards Sir Martin) Frobisher.
Admiral of Channel Guard Lord Henry Seymour.
THE SPANISH FLEET
Type of Ship. Name of Ship. Official Guns.
Tonnage.
Royal galleons (18) San Juan 1,050 50
San Martin 1,000 48
San Luis 830 38
San Felipe 800 40
San Marcos 790 38
San Mateo 750 34
San Juan Bautista 750 34
San Christobal (Castille) 700 36
San Juan el Menor 530 24
Sant’ Jago el Mayor 530 24
La Asuncion 530 24
San Medel y Celedon 530 24
San Felipe y Sant’ Jago 530 24
San Pedro 530 24
Sant’ Jago el Menor 520 24
San Christobal (Portugal) 350 24
San Bernado 350 24
Santa Aña 250 24
Italian galleon (1) San Francesco de Florencia 960 52
Galleasses (4) San Lorenzo 1,000 50
Napolitana 1,000 50
Girona 1,000 50
Zuñiga 1,000 50
Armed private 1 1,250 --
galleons and 1 1,200 --
great ships (41) 2 1,150 --
1 1,100 --
4 over 900 --
8 over 800 --
7 over 700 --
6 over 600 --
5 over 500 --
2 over 400 --
4 over 300 --
Armed _urcas_ 27 150-900 --
Large _zabras_
(barks) 4 150-160 --
Pinnaces and 30 approx. 40-100 --
small armed
craft of all
kinds
Water caravels 9 approx. -- --
Feluccas 7 approx. -- --
---
Total vessels 141
Of these, apparently 3 large ships and 14 small craft parted company or
were captured in the Channel, so that at Calais the total number was
124.
Total of seamen about 7,500
Total of soldiers about 17,000
Total of volunteers, gentlemen, etc. about 1,000
Total of galley slaves about 1,000
------
Grand total 26,500
Commander-in-Chief Alonso Perez de Guzman, Duque
de Medina Sidonia.
Chief of Staff and virtual
Commander Don Diego Flores de Valdes.
Lieutenant-General Don Alonso Martinez de Leyva.
Vice-Admiral Don Juan Martinez de Recalde.
BRIGADED TROOPS ON BOARD THE ARMADA.
_Brigade_ (_Tercio_). _Maestro de Campo._
Tercio de Sicilia Don Diego de Pimentel.
Tercio de Napoles Don Alonso de Luzon.
Tercio de Entre Douro y Minho Don Francisco Alvarez de Toledo.
Tercio de Isla Don Nicolas de Isla.
Tercio de Mexìa Don Agostin de Mexìa.
[Illustration: MARTELLO TOWERS ON THE SUSSEX COAST ERECTED DURING THE
PERIOD OF NAPOLEON’S PROJECTED INVASION.]
INDEX
Abbo, the monastic writer, 127
Aberffraw, 105
Adminius, 32
Ælflaed, daughter of Offa, 114
Ælla, King of Northumbria, 125
Æthelfrith, 150
Æthelred, son of Æthelwald (Moll), 114
Aedan, King of the Scots of Dalriada, 110
Aelfheah, Archbishop of Canterbury, 169, 170
Aelfmar, Abbot, 169
Aelfric, Ealdorman, 165, 166, 167
Aelfthryth, 162
Aella, King of South Saxons, 97
Aella of Deira, 78
Aelred of Rievaulx, 230
Aethelbald, King, 124
Aethelberht, King of Kent, 93, 109, 110, 124, 125
Aethelflæd, daughter of Alfred, 142, 153, 154, 156, 157
Aethelfrith, King of Northumbria, 110, 112, 113
Aethelhelm, Ealdorman of Dorset, 120, 146
Aethelnoth, Ealdorman of Somerset, 138, 146
Aethelred I., King of Wessex, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 152
Aethelred, Lord of Mercia, 140, 143, 145, 146, 147, 153, 154
Aethelred II., ‘the Redeless,’ 162, 163, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170,
171, 172
Aethelric, King of Bernicia, 110
Aethelstan, 158, 160, 161
Aethelwald, 152
Aethelweard, Chronicler, 134, 147
Aethelwulf, King, 120, 122, 124, 131
Aethelwulf, Ealdorman, 124
Aëtius, Roman General, 84, 87
Agricola, G. Julius, 53, 54, 59
Alan Fergent, 180
Alaric, King of Visigoths, 69, 73
Albany, Robert, Duke of, 245, 246, 247
Albemarle, William of, 229, 230, 232
Albini, Philip d’, 214
Albinus, Decimus Clodius, 59
Alexander III. of Scotland, 234
Alfred the Great, 107, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 139,
142, 143, 144, 145, 148, 150, 160
Allectus, 62
Alney, Isle of, Gloucestershire, 174
Alnwick, 227, 231, 234, 255
Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of, 280, 307
Alvarez de Toledo, Don Francisco, 307, 362
Ambleteuse, 221, 354
Amboyna, Massacre of, 318
Ambrosius Aurelianus, 98, 99, 104, 105, 107, 108, 113, 131
Ammianus Marcellinus, 67, 68
Amund, 134
Andover, 166
Andredsweald, 25, 143, 193, 202, 357
Aneurin, 108
Angeln, Home of the Angles, 92
Angles, 61, 67, 78
‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,’ 89, 104, 109, 131, 132, 134, 144, 148,
154, 163, 178, 205, 207
Anlaf Guthfrithson, King of Dublin, 159
Anlaf Quaran, 159
‘Annales Cambriæ,’ 102, 104
Anne de Bretagne, Queen of France, 251
Annibault, Admiral d’, 217, 218, 220, 302
Antonio, Prince of Portugal, 283
Antonius, M., 12
Antwerp, 304
Appledore, 144
Appleyard, Sir Nicholas, 257
Argyll, John Campbell, Duke of, 333, 334
Argyll, second Earl of, 261
Ariovistus, 7
Armies of Invasion, Scottish, 236
Arnulf, Emperor, 142
Arran, Earl of, 251
Arthur (Artorius), 99, 102, 104, 107, 108, 113, 131
Asser, biographer of Alfred, 129, 130, 131, 132, 136
Athelney, Isle of, 137
Atrebates, the, 3, 4, 30
Atrius, Quintus, 22, 23, 26
Attacotti, the, 67, 68, 69
Augustine, St., 114
Augustus, Emperor, 12
Aurelius Caninus, 105, 106
Avars, the, 108
Ayton, Peace of, 250
‘Babington’ Plot, 287
Baegsceg, 127, 129
Balliol, Edward, 241
Balliol, John, 241
Bamborough (Bebban-burh), 108, 126, 165, 265
Bangor Iscoed, 112
Bantry Bay, 346
Bardney, 127
Barmoor, 258, 260
Barton, Andrew, 250, 257
Barton, Robert, 250
Bath (Aquæ Sulis), 64, 107, 110
Battles:
Aclea, 123, 357;
Aescdune (Ashdown), 128, 129;
Agned, 100, 102;
‘Alleluia’ battle, 81;
Assandune (Ashington), 174;
Aylesford, 90;
Bannockburn, 226, 236;
Basing, 130;
Bassas, 99;
Beachy Head, 345;
Bedford, 109;
Bemfleet, 144, 145;
Blackwater (Essex), 38;
Brentford, 26, 173;
Brunanburh, 159, 160, 161;
Buttington, 146;
Byland, 238, 239;
Cadiz, 287, 315;
Cambuskenneth, 235;
Camlan, 104;
Carham-on-Tweed, 224, 226;
Charmouth, 119, 122;
City-of-the-Legion, 99;
Clitheroe, 228, 230;
Coit Celidon, 99, 100;
Crayford, 91;
Culloden, 343;
Cynuit, 138;
Damme, 210;
Deal, 18;
Deorham, 109, 113;
Deva, 112, 113;
Dubglas, 99;
Durgwentid River, 90;
Durham, 224, 225;
Durovernum, 23;
Ethandune, 139;
Farnham (Surrey), 144;
Flodden, 262-270;
Fulford, 187;
Gleni, 99, 100;
Gravelines, 305-309;
Gwinnion Castle, 99, 102;
Haddon Rigg, 271;
Halidon Hill, 274;
Hastings, 191-203;
Hengestedune, 120;
Homildon (or Humbledon) Hill, 246, 247;
La Rochelle, 215;
Lea, 147;
L’Espagnols-sur-Mer, 215;
Lincoln, 213;
London (round), 173;
Louvain, 142;
Lyons (Lugdunum), 59;
Maldon (Essex), 157;
Marden, 130;
Medway, 36;
Menai Strait, 42;
Milford Haven, 216;
Mons Badonis, or Badonicus, or Mount Badon, 100, 102, 104, 105;
Myton-on-Swale, 238;
Neville’s Cross, 243;
Northallerton, 231;
Otford, 174;
Otterburn, 245;
Paulinus’s defeat of Boudicca, 52;
Penselwood, 167, 173;
Preston, 335, 336;
Ribruit, 99, 102;
Rochester, 141;
Scapula’s with Caradoc, 41;
Sherston, 173;
Silurian defeat of Legio XX., 42;
Sluys, 215;
Solway Moss, 271, 272, 273;
Stamford Bridge, 187, 188;
‘Standards,’ 231;
Tempsford, 156;
Totanhael (Tottenhall), 153;
Verulam, 28;
Wareham, Siege of, 136;
Wight, Isle of, 301;
Wilton, 130
Bayeux tapestry, 188, 194
Bazan, Don Alonso de, 313
Bearpark, 241
Bede, 86, 89, 92, 93, 97, 110, 112
Bedford, 156
Belgæ of Britain and Gaul, 3, 31, 38
Beorhtwulf, King of Mercia, 123
Beowulf, poem of, 88
Berkeley, Lord, 216
Berkshire Downs, the, 128
Bernicia, 78, 107, 108, 159, 224, 225
Bertendona, Don Martin de, 294, 298
Berwick-on-Tweed, 238, 244, 249
Biez, Maréchal, 217
Bishop Auckland, 241, 242
‘Black Death,’ 244
Blanche of Castille, 212, 213
Blavet River, 314
Bloody Assize, 327, 331
Boisot, Admiral Louis, 282
Boroughmuir of Edinburgh, 251
Borthwick, Robert, Master Gunner of Scotland, 252, 263, 269
Bothwell, Earl of, 261, 266, 267
Boudicca (Boadicea), Queen of Iceni, 44, 45, 46, 52, 53, 63
Boulogne (Gessoriacum), 16, 62, 143, 354
Bouvet, French Rear-Admiral, 346
Bowness (Gabrosentum), 56
Brackel, Dutch Captain, 324
Brancaster, 72
Branxton Hill and Church, 258, 261, 266, 268
Bréauté, Faukes de, 211, 212, 213
Breda, 319, 327
Brentford, 26
Bridgenorth, 154
Bridport, Lord, 350
Brigantes, the, 39, 41, 42, 53, 54, 58, 59
Brihtnoth, Ealdorman of Essex, 164
Bristol, 210
British troops and chariotry, 14, 15, 16, 25
‘Britains, Duke of the’ (Dux Britanniarum), 72
Brittany, 82
Brittany, Count of, 212
Brochmail, King of Theyrnllwg, 112
Bromesberrow, 154
Bruce, Edward, 237, 238
Brutus, Decimus Junius, 12
Bulmer, Sir William, 252
Burgh, Hubert de, 210, 214
Burghley, Lord, Treasurer of England, 285, 312, 316
Burhred of Mercia, 126, 132
Burh-ware (fort-folk), 141, 145, 154, 157, 170
Cadwan, King of Gwynedd, 112
Caerleon (Isca Silurum), 40, 64
Caermarthen, 216
Cæsar, Gaius Julius, 1-30
Calais, 302, 303, 305, 315
Calderon, Spanish Fleet Treasurer, 302
Calleva (Silchester), 50
Cambridge, 157, 207
Cameron of Lochiel, 338
Campbells, the, 333
Camulodunum. See Colchester
Camville, Nicola de, 212
Candidianus (Aurelius) or Condidan, 110
Canterbury (Dur-went), 25, 123, 169
Cantii, the, 4, 31
Caradoc (Caratacus), King of South Britain, 32, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41
Carausius, Marcus Aurelius, 62, 64
Careg Gwasted Bay, 348
Carew, Sir George, 220
Carey, Robert, 303, 310
Carlisle, 227, 228, 235, 237, 339
Carnot, Lazare N. M., 347
Carnwath, Lord, 334
Carpenter, General George, 334, 335, 336
Carrickfergus, 251
Carthagena, 286
Cartimandua, Queen of Brigantes, 41, 42
Cassingham, William de, ‘Wilkin of the Weald,’ 211
Castagnier, Commodore, 347, 348
Caswallon (Cassivellaunus), King of the Catuvellauni, 9, 22, 24,
25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 40
Categirn, 90
Catus, Decianus, 43, 44, 45
Catuvellauni, the, 4, 22, 24, 25, 31, 38
Cawdor, Lord, 349
Ceawlin, King of West Saxons, 109, 110, 113
Cecil, Sir Robert, 316
Ceorl, Ealdorman, 122
Cerdic, 105, 106
Cerealis, Quintus Petilius, 45, 46, 53
Chadwick, Professor, 94
Channel Islands, 314
Charles the Bald, King of West Franks, 124
Charles the Great (Charlemagne), 114, 116, 119, 134
Charles Edward Stuart, Prince, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343
Charles I., 318
Charles II., 319, 320, 321, 327
Charles V., Emperor, 217
Chatham, 320, 321, 326
Chester (Deva), 42, 46, 47, 48, 50, 57, 70, 110, 146, 154, 162, 163
Chichester (Regnum), 146
Chippenham, Treaty of, 139
Churchill, General (Duke of Marlborough), 329
Church Oakley, 357
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 12, 28
Cicero, Q. Tullius, 12
Cimelauc, Bishop of Llandaff, 155
Cinque Ports, 210, 211, 214
Cirencester (Corinium), 50, 64, 97, 106, 110, 137
Cissa, 97
Claudian, Roman poet, 68, 69, 71, 72
Clere, Sir Thomas, Vice-Admiral of England, 221
Cnut, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 224, 225
Cockburnspath, 100
Coel, King of Reged, 75, 105
Coelwulf II., King of Mercia, 132, 137
Colchester (Camulodunum), 31, 37, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 63, 157
Coldstream, 261, 268
Columbus, Christopher, 275
Comes Britanniarum (Count of the Britains), 72
Comes Littoris Saxonici (Count of the Saxon shore), 72
Commius, King of Atrebates, 3, 4, 8, 18, 20, 28, 30
Conmail, British King, 110
Constable, Sir Marmaduke, 255, 263
Constantine, British Emperor, 73, 74, 75
Constantine III., King of Scotland, 158, 160, 223, 224
Constantinople, English emigration to, 208
Constantinus of Damnonia, 105
Corbett, Julian, 280, 283, 353, 356, 358
Corbridge (Corstopitum), 59, 66
Corfe Castle, 162
Coritani, the, 39, 40
Cornavii, the, 39, 40
Cornwall (Damnonia), 31, 39, 63, 71, 79, 120
Coroticus of Strathclyde, 75, 104
Coruña, 291, 292
Coucy, Enguerrand de, 211
Coupland, John of, 243
Courtenay, Robert de, 214
Coventry, 340
Crassus, P. Licinius, 11
Crawford, Earl of, 261, 263, 266
Crofts, Sir James, 285, 287
Cromwell, Oliver, 319, 327
Crowland Abbey, 127
Culverins, 269
Cumberland, 227
Cumberland, George Clifford, Earl of, 303
Cumberland, William, Duke of, 339, 340, 342, 343
Cunedda, King of Gwynedd, 71, 75, 79
Cuneglass, King of Powys, 105
Cunobelin, King of South Britain, 31, 32, 37
Dacre, Lord, 250, 257, 263, 265, 270
Dacre, Thomas, 272
Danby, Lord, 330
‘Danegeld,’ 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 176
Danelaw, 152
Dartmouth, 215, 329, 330
Dathi, Ard-righ of Ireland, 79
David I., King of Scotland, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232
David II., King of Scotland, 241, 242, 243, 244
Decrès, Admiral, 352
Deira, 78, 107, 110
De la Motte, French Ambassador, 251
Derby, 156, 340, 341
Derwentwater, Lord, 333, 337
Desbrière, Colonel, 353, 354
Devonshire, Earl of, 330
Didius, Roman Governor of Britain, 42
Dinguardi (Bamborough), 108
Dion Cassius, 36, 38, 50, 52
Doddington, 258
Donald, Galwegian Chief, 232
Doncaster, 228
Dorstadt, sack by Danes, 119
Dover, 17, 18, 210, 212, 213, 214, 304
Douglas, Archibald, Earl of, 246, 247, 248
Douglas, Captain, 326
Douglas, James, the ‘Good Lord,’ 237, 238, 239, 240
Douglas, James II., Earl of, 244, 245
Douglas, Sir William, 242
Drake, Sir Francis, 278, 279, 283, 286-294, 296, 299-306, 310-314,
317, 358, 360
Druidism, 33, 40, 42
Dryburgh Abbey, 238
Dumfries, 334
Duncan, King of Scotland, 225
Dundee, 245
Dunluce Castle, 310
Dunstan, St. (Archbishop), 163, 164
Durham, Bishop Ruthal of, 260
Durotriges, the, 38
Dutigern, King, of Reged, 108
Eadgar the Peaceful, 161, 162, 163
Eadmund, King of East Anglia (St.), 127, 140
Eadmund I., 160, 161, 227
Eadmund II., ‘Ironside,’ 171, 172, 173, 174, 176
Eadred, 161
Eadric Streona, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174
Eadward I., 107, 144, 146, 152-158, 160
Eadward II., ‘the Martyr,’ 162
Eadward III., ‘the Confessor,’ 177, 178, 184, 210
Eadwine, King of Northumbria, 93
Eadwine, Earl, 178, 179, 183, 186, 187, 190, 191, 205, 206
Ealdred, High-Reeve of Bamborough, 158
Ealhstane, Bishop of Sherborne, 122
Eardwulf, ‘Cudel,’ 224, 225
Ebbsfleet, 90
Eboracum (see York), 125
Ecgberht, King, 120, 131
Eddisburh, 156
Edinburgh, 245, 251, 334, 339, 341
Edward I., 183, 223, 234, 235, 236
Edward II., 236, 238, 239, 240
Edward III., 240, 241
Elizabeth, Queen, 275, 279, 282-288, 312-316
Ely, 127, 206, 207
Englefield Green, Windsor Forest, 128
Eric, King of East Anglia, 153
Eric, Haakonson, Jarl, 172, 224
Esegar, the ‘Staller,’ 196, 204
Esk, the (Cumberland), 272
Espec, Sir Walter, 229, 230, 232
Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of, 315, 316
Estuteville, Robert d’, 233
Etal Castle, 255
Etaples, 354
Eugenius, King of Strathclyde, 160, 224
Eustace, Count of Boulogne, 180, 194, 202
Eustace the Monk, 213, 214
Exeter (Isca Damnoniorum), 39, 167, 205, 331
Fala Muir, 271
Falmouth Haven, 282
Farinmail, 110
Fenner, Vice-Admiral Thomas, 306, 308
Fernandez, Duro, Captain, 357
Ferrol, 315, 353
Feversham, Louis Duras, Lord, 329
Fife, Murdoch, Earl of, 246, 247
Finchley, 339, 341
Fire of London, Great, 319
Fishguard Bay, 347, 348, 349, 350
Fitzwalter, Robert, 212, 213
Flat Holm (Bradanrelice), 155
Fleming, Captain, 292, 298
Florence of Worcester, 183
Flores de Valdes, Don Diego, 294, 361
Flushing, 289
Ford Castle, 255, 258, 260
Forster, Miss Dorothy, 337
Forster, Mr. Thomas, 333, 334, 336, 337
Fowey, 210
Fræna, Ealdorman, 165
François I., King of France, 217, 222, 271
Franks, 61
French Committee of Public Safety, 347
Frisians, 61, 62, 67, 116, 148
Frithgist, Ealdorman, 165
Frobisher, Sir M., 300-307, 360
Fullofaudes, Dux, 67
Gainsborough, 171
Galba, King of the Suessiones, 2
Galwegians, 229, 230, 231
Garde, Paulin, Baron de la, 217
Geoffrey of Monmouth, 90
George II., 339, 341
Germanus, St., 76, 79-83, 87, 88, 91
Gerontius (Geraint), 74
Gessoriacum (Boulogne), 32
Geta, Hosidius, 36
Gewissæ, or West Saxons, 105, 109
Giffard, Walter, de Longueville, 194
Gilbert of Ghent, 212
Gildas, 70, 71, 74, 77, 84, 87, 88, 96, 97, 102, 106
Glasgow, 343
Glen, River, 257
Glendower, Owen, 216, 217
Gloucester (Glevum), 40, 63, 106, 110
Godfrid, King, 116
Godolphin, Sir Francis, 314
Godwin, Earl (_temp._ Aethelred II.), 165
Godwin, Bishop of Rochester, 169
Gomez de Medina, Don Juan, 295
Goodwick, 348, 349
Gordon, Sir Adam, 247
Graham, Sir John, 243
Gratianus, British Emperor, 73
Gravesend, 215
Greenwich, 170
Grenville, Sir Richard, 220
Grouchy, General, 346
Gualo, Cardinal, 211, 213
Gunhild, sister of Sweyn, ‘Fork-beard,’ 166
Guthred, 142
Guthrum I., Viking King, 134, 139, 140, 142, 143
Guthrum II., Viking King, 153, 156
Guy of Amiens, 180, 196
Gyrth, brother of Harold II., 191, 196, 198
Haakon, Jarl, 164
Hadrian, Emperor, 53, 54, 58
Haesten, the Viking, 143, 144, 145, 146, 154
Halfdene, the Viking, 127, 130, 132, 133
Halidon Hill, 247
Hall, English Chronicler, 252, 254, 257, 258, 260, 269
Halley’s Comet, 183
Halliford, 26
Hangest, Jean de, 216
Harald Hardrada, King of Norway, 179, 182, 186, 187, 188, 204
Harald Harfaagr, 161
Harold II., 177, 178, 182-192, 196, 202, 203, 204, 226
Hatton, Sir C., 285
Haverfordwest, 216
Havre, 218, 220
Hawkins, Sir John, 277, 279, 293, 301-307, 313, 314, 360
Hawley, Sir John, 342, 343
Helvoetsluys, 328
Hemingburgh, the Chronicler, 235
Hengist, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92, 93
Henri IV. of France, 313
Henry ‘the Fowler,’ Emperor, 161
Henry, son of David I., 228, 230, 232
Henry II., 211, 233, 234
Henry III., 211, 214
Henry IV., 216, 246
Henry VII., 217, 250
Henry VIII., 217, 218, 250, 251, 254, 270
Herebert, Ealdorman of Lindsey, 120
Hereward the Wake, 206, 207
Heron, Lady, 255
Hexham Abbey, 235
High Rochester (Bremenium), 59
‘Historia Brittonum,’ 71, 77, 86-99
Hoche, Lazare, General, 345, 346, 347, 350
Hocneratun (? Hook Norton), 155
Holinshed, Raphael, 258, 269
Home, Alexander, third Lord, 252, 261-270
Home, Sir David, of Wedderburn, 263
Horik, King of Denmark, 117
Horsa, or Hors, 88, 90
Howard, Lord Edmund, 255, 263, 269
Howard of Effingham, Lord, High Admiral of England, 250, 279,
288-315, 360
Howard, Thomas, afterwards third Duke of Norfolk, High Admiral of
England, 250, 255, 257, 262, 263, 271
Hroald, 155, 156
Hrothwyn (Rowena), 89
Hubba the Viking, 126, 127, 137, 139
Humber, the, 39, 122
Huntingdon, 157, 228
Huntly, Alexander, third Earl of, 261, 263, 266
Hygelac the Dane, 116
Iceni, the, 4, 31, 45
Ida, King of Bernicia, 108
Ingvar, 126, 127
Innocent III., Pope, 209, 210, 212
Inquisition, the Spanish, 276
Ipswich, 164, 169
Ireland, 78, 117, 237
Isca Silurum (Caerleon), 48
Isla, Don Nicolas de, 362
James I. of Scotland, 247, 249
James II. of Scotland, 249
James IV. of Scotland, 249, 250, 251, 255, 257, 260-268
James V. of Scotland, 270, 273
James VI. of Scotland, I. of England, 273, 316, 318
James II. (Duke of York, afterwards), 319, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331,
332
James Stuart, Prince, 334, 337, 338
Jarrow, Bede’s monastery at, 115
Jedburgh, 247
Jervis, Admiral, Earl of St. Vincent, 350
John, King of England, 209, 210
Julius Firmicus, 66
Jutes, 61, 67, 105
Kenmure, Lord, 334, 337
Kinsale, 216, 316
Labienus, Titus, 11, 22, 24
Lanercost, Chronicle of, and priory, 241
Lea, the, 147
Leeds (Loidis), 79
Leicester (Ratæ), 39, 157
Leicester, R. Dudley, Earl of, 285
Leith, 334
Lennox, Earl of, 261
Leofric, Earl of Mercia, 177
Leofwine, brother of Harold II., 196, 199
Leveson, Sir Richard, 316
Leyva, Don Alonso Martinez de, 288, 294-310, 361
Liddell, the ‘pyle’ of, 241
Ligonier, General, 339
Lincoln (Lindum), 40, 45, 46, 47, 50, 64, 206
Lindisfarne (Holy Island), 108, 115
Lisbon, 291, 315
Lisle, John, Lord, 218-221, 302
Llanwnda, 348
Llywarch, the bard, 108
Lochmaben, 271
London, 32, 36, 37, 46, 47, 50, 51, 64, 65, 80, 87, 91, 106, 107,
109, 122, 123, 132, 142, 143, 147, 165, 166, 169-172, 190,
191, 196, 205, 209-213, 285, 321, 333, 340, 341
Lonsdale, Lord, 335
Lothian, 71, 224, 225, 228
Louis XIV. of France, 328, 345
Louis, Dauphin of France, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214
Lucomon, royal reeve, 150
Ludwig ‘the Pious,’ Emperor, 117, 120
Lugotorix, 26
Lupus, Bishop of Troyes, 79, 80
Luxan, Francisco de, 277
Luzon, Don Alonso de, 362
Lygton (Leighton Buzzard), 155
Lympne, 143
Macbeth, King of Scotland, 225
MacIntosh, General, 334, 337
Maelgwn, King of Gwynedd, 102, 105
Maes Garmon, near Mold, 81
Magesaetas, 174
Magna Carta, 209
Malcolm II. of Scotland, 224, 225
Malcolm III., ‘Canmore,’ King of Scotland, 186, 205, 225, 226, 228
Maldon (Essex), 155, 164
Malise, Earl of Strathearn, 230
Man, Isle of, 236
Manchester, 340, 342
Mandubracius, 22, 24, 28
Manna, Earl, 156
Mar, John Erskine, Earl of, 333, 334
March, Earl of, 246
Marcus, British Emperor, 73
Margaret, sister of Eadgar ‘the Ætheling,’ 227
Margaret Tudor, Queen of James IV., 250
Maria Theresia, Empress, 338
Marie de Lorraine, Queen of James V., 271
Mary, Queen of Scots, 273, 283, 285, 287
Mary II. of England, 328, 332
Matilda, Empress, daughter of Henry I., 228
Matilda, wife of William I., 188
Maximus, Magnus Clemens, British Emperor, 69, 70, 71, 82
Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 288-309, 361
Medrant, 104
Melrose Abbey, 100, 238
Menendez de Aviles, Pero, 277, 278, 279, 282, 283, 301, 312, 316
Menendez Marquez, Pero, 312
Mercer, Andrew, 244
Merse, the, 225
Mersey Island (Essex), 146
Mexia, Don Agostin de, 362
Milford Haven, 216
Missiessy, Admiral, 353
Mole, River (Surrey), 51
Mona (Anglesey), 33, 40, 42
Monçada, Don Hugo de, 295, 300, 304, 305
Monk, George, Lord General, 320, 321, 324
Monmouth, James, Duke of, 327
Montgomerie, Roger de, 194
Montrose, Alexander, Earl of, 261, 263, 266
Morard de Galles, Vice-Admiral, 346
Moray, Thomas Randolph, Earl of, 238, 239, 240, 243
Morkere, Earl, 178, 179, 183, 187, 190, 191, 205, 207
Mountjoy, Lord Deputy, 316
Mount’s Bay, 314
Mousehole, 314
Murray, Lord George, 338, 341, 342, 343
Musgrave, ‘Jacke’ of, 272
Napoleon I., 269, 345, 351-356
Narcissus, treasurer of Claudius I., 34
Natan-leod, 106
Nectarides, Count of the Saxon Shore, 67
Netherby (Castra Exploratorum), 59
Neville, Ralph, 242
Newark, 211
Newcastle-on-Tyne, 227, 235, 238, 335, 339
New Forest, the, 109
Newlyn, 314
Nicholson, Mr. E. B., 104
Nithsdale, Lord and Lady, 334, 337
Norham Castle, 228, 254
Norreys, Sir John, 312
Northampton, 157, 240
Norwich, 168
Nottingham, 126, 206
Oakley, near Basingstoke (see Appendix A), 123
Ockley (Surrey), 357
Odda, Ealdorman, 138
Odo of Bayeux, 196, 199, 205
Oglethorpe, General, 342
Ohthere the Viking, 155, 156
Ojeda, Don Agostin de, 295
Olaf Haraldson, 188
Olaf Tryggvason, 118, 164, 165, 166, 167
Oquendo, Don Miguel de, 294, 298, 308, 309, 310
Ordovices, the, 40, 42
Osbeorht, 125
Oskytel the Viking, 134
Osric, Ealdorman, 124
Otadini, the, 71, 72
Otto ‘the Great,’ Emperor, 161
Owen, King of Reged, 108
‘Owers’ Shoals, 219, 302
Oxford, 176
Padstow (St. Petrocstow), 163
Pallig, Jarl, 166, 167
Palmer, Admiral Sir Henry, 290
Parma, Alessandro Farnese, Prince of, 287, 289, 290, 296, 301, 302,
303, 309
Paulinus, C. Suetonius, 42-53
Pearls, British, 28
Pelagius, 79
Penrith, 335, 342
Penzance, 314
Pepys, Samuel, 320, 326
Perche, Count of, 212, 213
Percy, Alan, 230
Percy, Henry, ‘Hotspur,’ 242, 245, 246
Perth, 245, 334
Peterborough, 127
Pevensey (Anderida), 97, 188, 190, 203
Philip Augustus, King of France, 209
Philip II. of Spain, 280-316, 351
Philippa, wife of Edward III., 242
Philpot, John, 244
Picts (Caledonians), 59-80, 224, 229, 230
Pimentel, Don Diego de, 307, 362
Plague, the Great, of London, 319
Plautius, Aulus, 33-39, 57
Plymouth, 215, 216, 291-299, 314
Poenius Postumus, 47
Pontefract, 254
Porlock, 155
Portland, 120, 164, 300
Portsmouth, 203, 215, 303
Portugal, Henrique, King of, 283
Portus Itius (Wissant), 21, 22
Prasutagus, King of the Iceni, 44, 45
Prouse, Captain, 304
Quatbridge-on-Severn, 147
Quincy, Saer de, 212
Ragnar Lodbrog, 126, 139
Ranmore, Surrey, 51
Reading, 128
Recalde, Don Juan Martinez de, 287-310, 361
Redwulf, King of Northumbria, 122
Regnald, Viking King of Deira, 158
Regni, the, 4, 31, 38
Requesens, Don Luis de, 280, 282
Richard I., 234
Richard II., 244
Richard III., 249, 254
Rieux, Maréchal Jean de, 216
Risingham (Habitancum), 59
Robert I. (Bruce) of Scotland, 236-241, 274
Robert II. of Scotland, 243, 244, 246
Robert of Mortain, 196
Robert, son of William I., 227
Roches, Peter des, 211, 212
Rochester, 122, 321
Rokeby, Thomas of, 240, 242
Roman army, 9-14, 21-23, 33, 34, 69, 72
Roman citizenship, 82, 83
Roman Emperors: Antoninus Pius, 58;
Augustus, 31, 32;
Aurelian, 41;
Caracalla, 60;
Claudius I., 32-41, 43, 58;
Constans I., 66, 70;
Constantine the Great, 63, 70;
Constantius Chlorus, 62, 63;
Constantius II., 63;
Diocletian, 62;
Gaius Cæsar (‘Caligula’), 32;
Gratianus, 70;
Honorius, 72, 73, 74, 75;
Maximianus, 62;
Nero, 43, 44;
Severus I., 56, 59, 60, 65;
Theodosius I., 70, 72;
Titus, 38;
Valentinian I., 70;
Valentinian II., 70;
Valentinian III., 86
Roman legions: IInd, ‘Augusta,’ 34-51, 72, 74;
VIth, 53, 57, 72, 73;
VIIth, 9, 16, 20, 23;
VIIIth, 9;
IXth, ‘Hispana,’ 9, 34, 40-53;
Xth, 1, 9, 10, 16, 20;
XIVth, ‘Gemina Martia,’ 34, 40, 42, 46;
XXth, ‘Valeria Victrix,’ 34, 40, 42, 46, 57
Roman walls of London, 123
Rorik the Dane, 123
Rothbury, 334
Rothesay, David, Duke of, 246
Roxburgh, 249
Ruijter, Admiral Michiel Adriaanszoon de, 320, 321, 326, 327
Rutupiae (Richborough), 35, 48, 72
Rye, 215
St. Albans, 31, 64, 65, 210
St. Andrews, Archbishop of, 244
St. Augustine, 286
St. Brice’s Day, massacre on, 167
St. David’s Cathedral, 349
St. Helens, 218
St. Paul, 314
St. Valery-en-Caux, 182, 188
Sandwich, 22, 122, 171, 213
Santa Cruz, Alvaro de Bazan, Marques de, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288,
289, 313
Santa Gadea, Conde de, 315
Santander, 280, 282
Sarsfield, Colonel Patrick, 331
Sarum, 168
Scapula Publius Ostorius, 40, 42
Scarborough, 187
Scargate, 154
Scillies, 282, 314
Selby, Walter de, 241
Selim, Prince of Powys, 112
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, 44
Severn, 39, 47, 48
Seymour, Lord Henry, 290, 304, 305, 306
Sheerness, 321, 324
Sheppey, 119, 124, 174
Ships, names of:
_Ark Royal_, 301, 304;
_Bonaventure_, 303;
_Great James_, 324;
_Harry Grâce-à-Dieu_, 218;
_Jennet Perwyn_, 250;
_Lion_, 250;
_Long Serpent_, 118;
_Loyal London_, 324;
_Maria Juan_, 309;
_Marie Rose_, 220;
_Mora_, 188;
_Nonpareil_, 306;
_Nuestra Senora del Rosario_, 299, 300;
_Primrose_, 286;
_Revenge_, 299, 306, 307, 313;
_Rata Encoronada_, 298;
_Royal Charles_, 324;
_Royal Oak_, 324, 326;
_San Felipe_, 307, 308, 309, 360;
_San Francesco de Florencia_, 300;
_San Juan_, 298, 305, 360;
_San Lorenzo_, 305;
_San Luis_, 301, 302;
_San Martin_, 294, 298-308;
_San Mateo_, 307, 308, 309;
_San Salvador_, 299, 300;
_Triumph_, 301, 302;
_Vanguard_, 308
Ships, types of, 117, 118, 148, 218, 277-290
Siegfred, 143
Sigeric, Archbishop, 165
Silchester (Calleva), 51, 64, 66, 76, 97, 109
Silures, the, 31-40, 53
Sinclair, Sir Oliver, 271, 272
Sinclair, Lord, 261, 263
Sores, a Huguenot captain, 276
Southampton, 3, 72, 78, 105, 124, 163
Southwark, 205
Spithead, 184
Spragge, Admiral Sir Edward, 321, 326
Stafford, 155
Stamford, 157
Stane Street, 357
Stanhope, General, 333
Stanley, Sir Edward, 257, 263, 266
Stephen of Blois, King of England, 228
Steward, Walter the, 239
Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, 181
Stilicho, Roman General, 69, 72
Stirling, 334
Strabo, 31, 32
Strathclyde, 75, 104, 107, 159, 224, 230
Strozzi, Leone, 217
Stuart, Alexander, Archbishop of St. Andrews, 268
Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of, afterwards second Duke of Norfolk,
250-270
Suvórov, Marshal, Russian warrior, 270
Swanage, Viking shipwreck at, 136
Sweyn Estrithson, King of Denmark, 179, 206
Sweyn Haraldson, ‘Fork-beard,’ King of Denmark, 165-170
Swinton, Sir John, 247
Tacitus, P. Cornelius, 36, 37, 46, 47, 53, 116
Taillefer, minstrel, 197
Talhærn, 108
Taliesin, 108
Tamworth, 155
Tasciovan, King of the Catuvellauni, 31
Tate, General, 348, 349
Teignmouth, 345
Tenby, 216
Terceira, 283
Texel, 352
Thames, 24, 25, 50, 67, 123, 128, 203, 205, 213, 321, 326-330
Thanet (Ruim), 89, 123, 163, 210
Theodosius, General of Valentinian I., 68, 70
Thorney Isle, in the Colne, 145
Thetford, Vikings at, 127, 168
Theudebert I., 116
Theudric (‘Flamddwyn’), 108
Thorkil ‘the Tall,’ 169, 170, 171, 173
Thurstan, Archbishop of York, 229
Till, the, 255, 257, 260
Toesny, Ralph de, 194
Togodubn, King of South Britain, 32, 35, 37
Toglos, Earl, 156
Torbay, 345
Torington, Admiral, Lord, 330
Tosti, brother of Harold II., 179, 182, 184, 186, 187, 188, 226
Tourville, Anne Hilarion de Cotentin, Comte de, 344, 345
Toustain de Bec-en-Caux, 196
Trebonius, C., 25
Tréport, 221
Trinobantes, 4, 22-31, 45
Twisel, 254, 258, 260
Tyne and Tynemouth, 39, 60, 265
Ubaldino, 311
Uhtred, Earl, 172, 224
Ulfkytel, Ealdorman, 168
Ulgarich, Galwegian chief, 232
Upnor Castle, 326
Urbicus, Lollius, 58
Urien of Reged, 108
Ushant, 292
Utrecht, sack by Danes, 119
Valdes, Diego de, 296, 298, 309
Valdes, Don Pedro de, 291-300, 358
Van Ghent, Admiral, 320, 321, 324, 326, 327
Vendée, La, 346
Venta Silurum (Caerwent), 97
Verulam, 26, 36-38, 47, 50, 80, 87, 96, 97, 106
Vienne, Jean de, Admiral of France, 215, 216, 244, 245
Vigo, 286
Viking ships, the, 117, 118
Viroconium (Wroxeter), 40, 42, 48, 50, 64, 70
Voelund the Viking, 124
Volusenus, C., 8, 11, 16, 17
Vortigern, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 98
Vortimer, 90
Vortipore of the Demetæ, 105
Wace, 180, 194
Wade, Marshal, 339, 340, 342
Wadon Hill, 102
Wall of Antoninus, 68
Wall of Hadrian and Severus I., 56, 68
Wallace, William, 235
Wallingford, 205
Walsingham, Sir F., 285
Warbeck, Perkin, 249
Wark, 228
Warwick, 156
Wash, the, 120, 207, 211
Watchet, 155
Watling Street, 25
Welland, 39
West, Dr., 251
Wharton, Sir Thomas, 272
Widdrington, Lord, 333, 334
Wigan, 342
Wiggingamere, 156
Wight, Isle of, 18, 216-219
Wilton, 168
Willes, General, 335, 336
William ‘Longsword,’ Earl of Salisbury, 210
William the Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, 211, 212, 213
William, nephew of David I., 228
William the Lion, King of Scotland, 233, 234
William I., 178-208, 227
William II. (Rufus), King of England, 227
William III., King of England, 328, 329, 330, 331, 345
Wincanton, 331
Wintoun, Lord, 334
Winchelsea, 211, 215
Winchester, 124, 205, 212
Witham, 155
Witt, Grand Pensionary de, 320
Wood, Sir Andrew, 250
Wooler, 246, 257
Wrekin, 40
Wulfheard, Ealdorman of Hampshire, 120
Wulfnoth, brother of Harold II., 178
Yarmouth, 210, 215
Yonge, Captain, 304
York, 53, 60, 64, 72, 73, 125, 172, 187, 206
Zosimus, 75
ERRATA.
Page 59. Habitancium _should read_ Habitancum.
Page 247. Lord Adam Gordon _should read_ Sir Adam Gordon.
BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD
Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not
changed.
Inconsistent usage of ligatures has not been changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced
quotation marks retained.
Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.
Errata have been corrected in this eBook.
Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.
Some devices and viewers will substitute question marks or small squares
for characters they cannot display.
Page 6: “Teucteri” was printed that way; may be misprint for “Tencteri”.
Page 158: “Eadward ‘the Elder’ died in 824” is a misprint: he died in
924.