[209] 'Descriptive Cat. of Ost. Collect. of College of Surgeons,' 1853, p.

624. Vasey, in his 'Delineations of the Ox-tribe,' has given a figure of

this skull; and I sent a photograph of it to Prof. Ruetimeyer.

[210] Loudon's 'Magazine of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1829, p. 113. Separate

figures are given of the animal, its hoofs, eye, and dewlap.

[211] Low, 'Domesticated Animals of the British Isles,' p. 264.

[212] 'Mem. de l'Institut present. par divers Savans,' tom. vi., 1835, p.

332.

[213] Idem, pp. 304, 368, &c.

[214] Youatt on Cattle, p. 193. A full account of this bull is taken from

Marshall.

[215] Youatt on Cattle, p. 116. Lord Spencer has written on this same

subject.

[216] Blyth on the genus Ovis, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. History,' vol.

vii., 1841, p. 261: with respect to the parentage of the breeds, see Mr.

Blyth's excellent articles in 'Land and Water,' 1867, pp. 134, 156.

Gervais, 'Hist. Nat. des Mammiferes,' 1855, tom. ii. p. 191.

[217] Dr. L. Fitzinger, 'Ueber die Racen des Zahmen Schafes,' 1860, s. 86.

[218] J. Anderson, 'Recreations in Agriculture and Natural History,' vol.

ii. p. 164.

[219] 'Pfahlbauten,' s. 127, 193.

[220] Youatt on Sheep, p. 120.

[221] 'Journal of the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xvi. pp. 1007, 1016.

[222] Youatt on Sheep, pp. 142-169.

[223] 'Journal Asiat. Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xvi., 1847, p. 1015.

[224] 'Hist. Nat. Gen.,' tom. iii. p. 435.

[225] Youatt on Sheep, p. 138.

[226] 'Journal Asiat. Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xvi., 1847, pp. 1015, 1016.

[227] 'Racen des Zahmen Schafes,' s. 77.

[228] 'Rural Economy of Norfolk,' vol. ii. p. 136.

[229] Youatt on Sheep, p. 312. On same subject, _see_ excellent remarks in

'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1858, p. 868. For experiments in crossing Cheviot

sheep with Leicesters, _see_ Youatt, p. 325.

[230] Youatt on Sheep, note, p. 491.

[231] 'The Veterinary,' vol. x. p. 217.

[232] A translation of his paper is given in 'Bull. Soc. Imp. d'Acclimat.,'

tom. ix., 1862, p. 723.

[233] Erman's 'Travels in Siberia' (Eng. trans.), vol. i. p. 228. For

Pallas on the fat-tailed sheep, I quote from Anderson's account of the

'Sheep of Russia,' 1794, p. 34. With respect to the Crimean sheep, _see_

Pallas' 'Travels' (Eng. trans.), vol. ii. p. 454. For the Karakool sheep,

_see_ Burnes' 'Travels in Bokhara,' vol. iii. p. 151.

[234] _See_ Report of the Directors of the Sierra Leone Company, as quoted

in White's 'Gradation of Man,' p. 95. With respect to the change which

sheep undergo in the West Indies, _see_ also Dr. Davy, in 'Edin. New. Phil.

Journal,' Jan. 1852. For the statement made by Roulin, _see_ 'Mem. de

l'Institut present. par divers Savans,' tom. vi., 1835, p. 347.

[235] Youatt on Sheep, p. 69, where Lord Somerville is quoted. _See_ p.

117, on the presence of wool under the hair. With respect to the fleeces of

Australian sheep, p. 185. On selection counteracting any tendency to

change, _see_ pp. 70, 117, 120, 168.

[236] Audubon and Bachman, 'The Quadrupeds of North America,' 1846, vol. v.

p. 365.

[237] 'Journal of R. Agricult. Soc. of England,' vol. xx., part ii. W. C.

Spooner on Cross-Breeding.

[238] 'Philosoph. Transactions,' London, 1813, p. 88.

[239] Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Generale,' tom. iii. p. 87.

Mr. Blyth ('Land and Water,' 1867, p. 37) has arrived at a similar

conclusion, but he thinks that certain Eastern races may perhaps be in part

descended from the Asiatic markhor.

[240] Ruetimeyer, 'Pfahlbauten,' s. 127.

[241] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. i. p. 402.

[242] 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. History,' vol. ii. (2nd series), 1848, p.

363.

[243] 'De l'Espece,' tom. i. p. 406. Mr. Clark also refers to differences

in the shape of the mammae. Godron states that in the Nubian race the

scrotum is divided into two lobes; and Mr. Clark gives a ludicrous proof of

this fact, for he saw in the Mauritius a male goat of the Muscat breed

purchased at a high price for a female in full milk. These differences in

the scrotum are probably not due to descent from distinct species; for Mr.

Clark states that this part varies much in form.

[244] Mr. Clark, 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. ii. (2nd series),

1848, p. 361.

[245] Desmarest, 'Encyclop. Method. Mammalogie,' p. 480.

[246] 'Journal of Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xvi., 1847, pp. 1020, 1025.

[247] M. P. Gervais, 'Hist. Nat. des Mammiferes, tom. i., 1854, p. 288.

[248] U. Aldrovandi, 'De Quadrupedibus digitatis,' 1637, p. 383. For

Confucius and G. Markham, _see_ a writer who has studied the subject, in

'Cottage Gardener,' Jan. 22nd, 1861, p. 250.

[249] Owen, 'British Fossil Mammals,' p. 212.

[250] Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' 1801, b. i. p. 1133. I have

received similar accounts with respect to England and Scotland.

[251] 'Pigeons and Rabbits,' by E. S. Delamer, 1854, p. 133. Sir J.

Sebright ('Observations on Instinct,' 1836, p. 10) speaks most strongly on

the difficulty. But this difficulty is not invariable, as I have received

two accounts of perfect success in taming and breeding from the wild

rabbit. _See_ also Dr. P. Broca, in 'Journal de la Physiologie' tom. ii. p.

368.

_Transcriber's Note: this note and the previous one were interchanged;

corrected by Errata page._

[252] Gervais, 'Hist. Nat. des Mammiferes,' tom. i. p. 292.

[253] _See_ Dr. P. Broca's interesting memoir on this subject in

Brown-Sequard's 'Journ. de Phys.' vol. ii. p. 367.

[254] They are briefly described in the 'Journal of Horticulture,' May 7th,

1861, p. 108.

[255] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 380.

[256] 'Journal of Horticulture,' May 28th, 1861, p. 169.

[257] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 327. With respect to the ears,

_see_ Delamer on 'Pigeons and Rabbits,' 1854, p. 141; also 'Poultry

Chronicle,' vol. ii. p. 499, and ditto for 1854, p. 586.

[258] Delamer, 'Pigeons and Rabbits,' p. 136. _See_ also 'Journal of

Horticulture,' 1861, p. 375.

[259] 'An Account of the different Kinds of Sheep in the Russian

Dominions,' 1794, p. 39.

[260] 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' June 23rd, 1857, p. 159.

[261] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1857, p. 141.

[262] 'Journal of Horticulture,' April 9th, 1861, p. 35.

[263] Mr. Bartlett, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1861. p. 40.

[264] 'Phenomenon in Himalayan Rabbits,' in 'Journal of Horticulture,'

1865, Jan. 27th, p. 102.

[265] G. R. Waterhouse, 'Natural History of Mammalia: Rodents,' 1846, pp.

52, 60, 105.

[266] Delamer on 'Pigeons and Rabbits,' p. 114.

[267] Gosse's 'Sojourn in Jamaica,' 1851, p. 441, as described by an

excellent observer, Mr. R. Hill. This is the only known case in which

rabbits have become feral in a hot country. They can be kept, however, at

Loanda (_see_ Livingstone's 'Travels,' p. 407). In parts of India, as I am

informed by Mr. Blyth, they breed well.

[268] Darwin's 'Journal of Researches,' p. 193; and 'Zoology of the Voyage

of the Beagle: Mammalia,' p. 92.

[269] Kerr's 'Collection of Voyages,' vol. ii. p. 177; p. 205 for Cada

Mosto. According to a work published in Lisbon in 1717, entitled 'Historia

Insulana,' written by a Jesuit, the rabbits were turned out in 1420. Some

authors believe that the island was discovered in 1413.

[270] Something of the same kind has occurred on the island of Lipari,

where, according to Spallanzani ('Voyage dans les deux Siciles,' quoted by

Godron sur l'Espece, p. 364), a countryman turned out some rabbits which

multiplied prodigiously, but, says Spallanzani, "les lapins de l'ile de

Lipari sont plus petits que ceux qu'on eleve en domesticite."

[271] Waterhouse, 'Nat. Hist. Mammalia,' vol. ii. p. 36.

[272] These rabbits have run wild for a considerable time in Sandon Park,

and in other places in Staffordshire and Shropshire. They originated, as I

have been informed by the gamekeeper, from variously-coloured domestic

rabbits which had been turned out. They vary in colour; but many are

symmetrically coloured, being white with a streak along the spine, and with

the ears and certain marks about the head of a blackish-grey tint. They

have rather longer bodies than common rabbits.

[273] _See_ Prof. Owen's remarks on this subject in his paper on the

'Zoological Significance of the Brain, &c., of Man, &c.,' read before Brit.

Association, 1862; with respect to Birds, _see_ 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' Jan.

11th, 1848, p. 8.

[274] This standard is apparently considerably too low, for Dr. Crisp

('Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1861, p. 80) gives 210 grains as the actual weight

of the brain of a hare which weighed 7lbs., and 125 grains as the weight of

the brain of a rabbit which weighed 3 lbs. 5 oz., that is, the same weight

as the rabbit No. 1 in my list. Now the contents of the skull of rabbit No.

1 in shot is in my table 972 grains; and according to Dr. Crisp's ratio of

125 to 210, the skull of the hare ought to have contained 1632 grains of

shot, instead of only (in the largest hare in my table) 1455 grains.

[275] The Hon. C. Murray has sent me some very valuable specimens from

Persia; and H.M. Consul, Mr. Keith Abbott, has given me information on the

pigeons of the same country. I am deeply indebted to Sir Walter Elliot for

an immense collection of skins from Madras, with much information regarding

them. Mr. Blyth has freely communicated to me his stores of knowledge on

this and all other related subjects. The Rajah Sir James Brooke sent me

specimens from Borneo, as has H.M. Consul, Mr. Swinhoe, from Amoy in China,

and Dr. Daniell from the west coast of Africa.

[276] Mr. B. P. Brent, well known for his various contributions to poultry

literature, has aided me in every way during several years; so has Mr.

Tegetmeier, with unwearied kindness. This latter gentleman, who is well

known for his works on poultry, and who has largely bred pigeons, has

looked over this and the following chapters. Mr. Bult formerly showed me

his unrivalled collection of Pouters, and gave me specimens. I had access

to Mr. Wicking's collection, which contained a greater assortment of many

kinds than could anywhere else be seen; and he has always aided me with

specimens and information given in the freest manner. Mr. Haynes and Mr.

Corker have given me specimens of their magnificent Carriers. To Mr.

Harrison Weir I am likewise indebted. Nor must I by any means pass over the

assistance received from Mr. J. M. Eaton, Mr. Baker, Mr. Evans, and Mr. J.

Baily, jun., of Mount-street--to the latter gentleman I have been indebted

for some valuable specimens. To all these gentlemen I beg permission to

return my sincere and cordial thanks.

[277] 'Les Pigeons de Voliere et de Colombier,' Paris, 1824. During

forty-five years the sole occupation of M. Corbie was the care of the

pigeons belonging to the Duchess of Berry.

[278] 'Coup d'Oeil sur l'Ordre des Pigeons,' par Prince C. L. Bonaparte,

Paris, 1855. This author makes 288 species, ranked under 85 genera.

[279] As I so often refer to the size of the _C. livia_, or rock-pigeon, it

may be convenient to give the mean between the measurements of two wild

birds, kindly sent me by Dr. Edmondstone from the Shetland Islands:--

Inches.

Length from feathered base of beak to end of tail 14.25

" " " " to oil-gland 9.5

" from tip of beak to end of tail 15.02

" of tail-feathers 4.62

" from tip to tip of wing 26.75

" of folded wing 9.25

Beak.--Length from tip of beak to feathered base .77

" Thickness, measured vertically at further end of nostrils .23

" Breadth, measured at same place .16

Feet.--Length from end of middle toe (without claw) to distal

end of tibia 2.77

" Length from end of middle toe to end of hind toe

(without claws) 2.02

Weight 141/4 ounces.

[280] This drawing was made from a dead bird. The six following figures

were drawn with great care by Mr. Luke Wells from living birds selected by

Mr. Tegetmeier. It may be confidently asserted that the characters of the

six breeds which have been figured are not in the least exaggerated.

[281] 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht:' Weimar, 1837, pl. 11 and 12.

[282] Boitard and Corbie, 'Les Pigeons,' &c., p. 177, pl. 6.

[283] 'Die Taubenzucht,' Ulm, 1824, s. 42.

[284] This treatise was written by Sayzid Mohammed Musari, who died in

1770: I owe to the great kindness of Sir W. Elliot a translation of this

curious treatise.

[285] 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii. p. 573.

[286] 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. History,' vol. xix., 1847, p. 105.

[287] This gland occurs in most birds; but Nitzsch (in his

'Pterylographie,' 1840, p. 55) states that it is absent in two species of

Columba, in several species of Psittacus, in some species of Otis, and in

most or all birds of the Ostrich family. It can hardly be an accidental

coincidence that the two species of Columba, which are destitute of an

oil-gland, have an unusual number of tail-feathers, namely 16, and in this

respect resemble Fantails.

[288] _See_ the two excellent editions published by Mr. J. M. Eaton in 1852

and 1858, entitled 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons.'

[289] English translation, by F. Gladwin, 4th edition, vol. i. The habit of

the Lotan is also described in the Persian treatise before alluded to,

published about 100 years ago: at this date the Lotans were generally white

and crested as at present. Mr. Blyth describes these birds in 'Annals and

Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xiv., 1847, p. 104: he says that they "may be

seen at any of the Calcutta bird-dealers."

[290] 'Journal of Horticulture,' Oct. 22, 1861, p. 76.

[291] _See_ the account of the House-tumblers kept at Glasgow, in the

'Cottage Gardener,' 1858, p. 285. Also Mr. Brent's paper, 'Journal of

Horticulture,' 1861, p. 76.

[292] J. M. Eaton's 'Treatise on Pigeons,' 1852, p. 9.

[293] J. M. Eaton's Treatise, edit. 1858, p. 76.

[294] Neumeister,'Taubenzucht,' Tab. 4, fig. i.

[295] Riedel, 'Die Taubenzucht,' 1824, s. 26. Bechstein, 'Naturgeschichte

Deutschlands,' Band iv. s. 36, 1795.

[296] Willoughby's 'Ornithology,' edited by Ray.

[297] J. M. Eaton's edition (1858) of Moore, p. 98.

[298] Pigeon Patu Plongeur. 'Les Pigeons,' &c., p. 165.

[299] 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' Band iv. s. 47.

[300] Mr. W. B. Tegetmeier, 'Journal of Horticulture,' Jan. 20th, 1863, p.

58.

[301] 'Coup-d'oeil sur l'Ordre des Pigeons,' par C. L. Bonaparte; Comptes

Rendus, 1854-55. Mr. Blyth, in 'Annals of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xix., 1847, p.

41, mentions, as a very singular fact, "that of the two species of

Ectopistes, which are nearly allied to each other, one should have fourteen

tail-feathers, while the other, the passenger pigeon of North America,

should possess but the usual number--twelve."

[302] Described and figured in the 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. iii., 1855, p.

82.

[303] 'The Pigeon Book,' by Mr. B. P. Brent, 1859, p. 41.

[304] 'Die Staarhaelsige Taube, Das Ganze, &c.,' s. 21, tab. i. fig. 4.

[305] 'A Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' by J. M. Eaton, 1852, p. 8, et

passim.

[306] A Treatise, &c, p. 10.

[307] Boitard and Corbie, 'Les Pigeons,' &c. 1824, p. 173.

[308] 'Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge,' 1865, p. 87.

[309] Prof. A. Newton ('Proc. Zoolog. Soc.' 1865, p. 716) remarks that he

knows no species which presents any remarkable sexual distinction; but it

is stated ('Naturalist's Library, Birds,' vol. ix. p. 117) that the

excrescence at the base of the beak in the _Carpophaga oceanica_ is sexual:

this, if correct, is an interesting point of analogy with the male Carrier,

which has the wattle at the base of its beak so much more developed than in

the female. Mr. Wallace informs me that in the sub-family of the Treronidae

the sexes often differ in vividness of colour.

[310] I am not sure that I have designated the different kinds of vertebrae

correctly: but I observe that different anatomists follow in this respect

different rules, and, as I use the same terms in the comparison of all the

skeletons, this, I hope, will not signify.

[311] J. M. Eaton's Treatise, edit. 1858, p. 78.

[312] In an analogous, but converse, manner, certain natural groups of the

Columbidae, from being more terrestrial in their habits than other allied

groups, have larger feet. _See_ Prince Bonaparte's 'Coup-d'oeil sur l'Ordre

des Pigeons.'

[313] It perhaps deserves notice that besides these five birds two of the

eight were barbs, which, as I have shown, must be classed in the same group

with the long-beaked carriers and runts. Barbs may properly be called

short-beaked carriers. It would, therefore, appear as if, during the

reduction of their beaks, their wings had retained a little of that excess

of length which is characteristic of their nearest relations and

progenitors.

[314] Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gen. des Pigeons et des Gallinaces,' tom. i.,

1813, p. 170.

[315] This term was used by John Hunter for such differences in structure

between the males and females, as are not directly connected with the act

of reproduction, as the tail of the peacock, the horns of deer, &c.

[316] Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gen. des Pigeons,' &c., tom. i. p. 191.

[317] I have heard through Sir C. Lyell from Miss Buckley, that some

half-bred carriers kept during many years near London regularly settled by

day on some adjoining trees, and, after being disturbed in their loft by

their young being taken, roosted on them at night.

[318] 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 2nd ser., vol. xx., 1857, p. 509;

and in a late volume of the Journal of the Asiatic Society.

[319] In works written on the pigeon by fanciers I have sometimes observed

the mistaken belief expressed that the species which naturalists call

ground-pigeons (in contradistinction to arboreal pigeons) do not perch and

build on trees. In these same works wild species resembling the chief

domestic races are often said to exist in various parts of the world, but

such species are quite unknown to naturalists.

[320] Sir E. Schomburgk, in 'Journal R. Geograph. Soc.,' vol. xiii., 1844,

p. 32.

[321] Rev. E. S. Dixon, 'Ornamental Poultry,' 1848, pp. 63, 66.

[322] Proc. Zoolog. Soc., 1859, p. 400.

[323] Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gen. des Pigeons,' tom. i.; also 'Les Pigeons,'

par Mad. Knip and Temminck. Bonaparte however, in his 'Coup-d'oeil,'

believes that two closely allied species are confounded together under this

name. The _C. leucocephala_ of the West Indies is stated by Temminck to be

a rock-pigeon; but I am informed by Mr. Gosse that this is an error.

[324] 'Handbuch der Naturgesch. Vogel Deutschlands.'

[325] 'Tagebuch Reise nach Faero,' 1830, s. 62.

[326] 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xix., 1847, p. 102. This

excellent paper on pigeons is well worth consulting.

[327] 'Natural History of Ireland,' Birds, vol. ii. (1850), p. 11. For

Graba, _see_ previous reference.

[328] 'Coup-d'oeil sur l'Ordre des Pigeons,' Comptes Rendus, 1854-55.

[329] 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' Band iv., 1795, s. 14.

[330] 'History of British Birds,' vol. i. pp. 275-284. Mr. Andrew Duncan

tamed a rock-pigeon in the Shetland Islands. Mr. James Barclay, and Mr.

Smith of Uyea Sound, both say that the wild rock-pigeon can be easily

tamed; and the former gentleman asserts that the tamed birds breed four

times a year. Dr. Lawrence Edmondstone informs me that a wild rock-pigeon

came and settled in his dovecot in Balta Sound in the Shetland Islands, and

bred with his pigeons; he has also given me other instances of the wild

rock-pigeon having been taken young and breeding in captivity.

[331] 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. History,' vol. xix., 1847, p. 103, and vol.

for 1857, p. 512.

[332] Domestic pigeons of the common kind are mentioned as being pretty

numerous in John Barbut's 'Description of the Coast of Guinea' (p. 215),

published in 1746; they are said, in accordance with the name which they

bear, to have been imported.

[333] With respect to feral pigeons--for Juan Fernandez, _see_ Bertero in

'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' tom. xxi. p. 351. For Norfolk Island, _see_ Rev. E.

S. Dixon in the 'Dovecote,' 1851, p. 14, on the authority of Mr. Gould. For

Ascension I rely on MS. information given me by Mr. Layard. For the banks

of the Hudson, _see_ Blyth in 'Annals of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xx., 1857, p.

511. For Scotland, _see_ Macgillivray, 'British Birds,' vol. i. p. 275;

also Thompson's 'Nat. History of Ireland, Birds,' vol. ii. p. 11. For

ducks, _see_ Rev. E. S. Dixon, 'Ornamental Poultry,' 1847, p. 122. For the

feral hybrids of the common and musk-ducks, _see_ Audubon's 'American

Ornithology,' and Selys-Longchamp's 'Hybrides dans la Famille des

Anatides.' For the goose, Isidore Geoffrey St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gen.,'

tom. iii. p. 498. For guinea-fowls, _see_ Gosse's 'Naturalist's Sojourn in

Jamaica,' p. 124; and his 'Birds of Jamaica' for fuller particulars. I saw

the wild guinea-fowl in Ascension. For the peacock, _see_ 'A Week at Port

Royal,' by a competent authority, Mr. R. Hill, p. 42. For the turkey I rely

on oral information; I ascertained that they were not Curassows. With

respect to fowls I will give the references in the next chapter.

[334] I have drawn out a long table of the various crosses made by fanciers

between the several domestic breeds, but I do not think it worth

publishing. I have myself made for this special purpose many crosses, and

all were perfectly fertile. I have united in one bird five of the most

distinct races, and with patience I might undoubtedly have thus united all.

The case of five distinct breeds being blended together with unimpaired

fertility is important, because Gaertner has shown that it is a very

general, though not, as he thought, universal rule, that complex crosses

between several species are excessively sterile. I have met with only two

or three cases of reported sterility in the offspring of certain races when

crossed. Von Pistor ('Das Ganze der Feld-taubenzucht,' 1831, s. 15) asserts

that the mongrels from barbs and fantails are sterile: I have proved this

to be erroneous, not only by crossing these hybrids with several other

hybrids of the same parentage, but by the more severe test of pairing

brother and sister hybrids _inter se_, and they were _perfectly_ fertile.

Temminck has stated ('Hist. Nat. Gen. des Pigeons,' tom. i. p. 197) that

the turbit or owl will not cross readily with other breeds: but my turbits

crossed, when left free, with almond tumblers and with trumpeters; the same

thing has occurred (Rev. E. S. Dixon, 'The Dovecot,' p. 107) between

turbits and dovecots and nuns. I have crossed turbits with barbs, as has M.

Boitard (p. 34), who says the hybrids were very fertile. Hybrids from a

turbit and fantail have been known to breed _inter se_ (Riedel,

Taubenzucht, s. 25, and Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutsch.' B. iv. s. 44).

Turbits (Riedel, s. 26) have been crossed with pouters and with jacobins,

and with a hybrid jacobin-trumpeter (Riedel, s. 27). The latter author has,

however, made some vague statements (s. 22) on the sterility of turbits

when crossed with certain other crossed breeds. But I have little doubt

that the Rev. E. S. Dixon's explanation of such statements is correct, viz.

that individual birds both with turbits and other breeds are occasionally

sterile.

[335] 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' s. 18.

[336] 'Les Pigeons,' &c., p. 35.

[337] Domestic pigeons pair readily with the allied _C. oenas_ (Bechstein,

'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' B. iv. s. 3); and Mr. Brent has made the same

cross several times in England, but the young were very apt to die at about

ten days old; one hybrid which he reared (from _C. oenas_ and a male

Antwerp carrier) paired with a dragon, but never laid eggs. Bechstein

further states (s. 26) that the domestic pigeon will cross with _C.

palumbus_, _Turtur risoria_, and _T. vulgaris_, but nothing is said of the

fertility of the hybrids, and this would have been mentioned had the fact

been ascertained. In the Zoological Gardens (MS. report to me from Mr.

James Hunt) a male hybrid from _Turtur vulgaris_ and a domestic pigeon

"paired with several different species of pigeons and doves, but none of

the eggs were good." Hybrids from _C. oenas_ and _gymnophthalmos_ were

sterile. In Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.' vol. vii. 1834, p. 154, it is

said that a male hybrid (from _Turtur vulgaris_ male, and the

cream-coloured _T. risoria_ female) paired during two years with a female

_T. risoria_, and the latter laid many eggs, but all were sterile. MM.

Boitard and Corbie ('Les Pigeons,' p. 235) state that the hybrids from

these two turtle-doves are invariably sterile both _inter se_ and with

either pure parent. The experiment was tried by M. Corbie "avec une espece

d'obstination;" and likewise by M. Manduyt, and by M. Vieillot. Temminck

also found the hybrids from these two species quite barren. Therefore, when

Bechstein ('Naturgesch. Vogel. Deutschlands,' B. 4, s. 101) asserts that

the hybrids from these two turtle-doves propagate _inter se_ equally well

with pure species, and when a writer in the 'Field' newspaper (in a letter

dated Nov. 10th, 1858) makes a similar assertion, it would appear that

there must be some mistake; though what the mistake is I know not, as

Bechstein at least must have known the white _variety_ of _T. risoria_: it

would be an unparalleled fact if the same two species sometimes produced

_extremely_ fertile, and sometimes _extremely_ barren, offspring. In the

MS. report from the Zoological Gardens it is said that hybrids from _Turtur

vulgaris_ and _suratensis_, and from _T. vulgaris_ and _Ectopistes

migratorius_, were sterile. Two of the latter male hybrids paired with

their pure parents, viz. _Turtur vulgaris_ and the Ectopistes, and likewise

with _T. risoria_ and with _Columba oenas_, and many eggs were produced,

but all were barren. At Paris, hybrids have been raised (Isid. Geoffrey

Saint Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Generale,' tom. iii. p. 180) from _Turtur

auritus_ with _T. cambayensis_ and with _T. suratensis_; but nothing is

said of their fertility. At the Zoological Gardens of London the _Goura

coronata_ and _victoriae_ produced a hybrid, which paired with the pure _G.

coronata_, and laid several eggs, but these proved barren. In 1860

_Columba_ _gymnophthalmos_ and _maculosa_ produced hybrids in these same

gardens.

[338] There is one exception to the rule, namely in a sub-variety of the

swallow of German origin, which is figured by Neumeister, and was shown to

me by Mr. Wicking. This bird is blue, but has not the black wing-bars; for

our object, however, in tracing the descent of the chief races, this

exception signifies the less as the swallow approaches closely in structure

to _C. livia_. In many sub-varieties, the black bars are replaced by bars

of various colours. The figures given by Neumeister are sufficient to show

that, if the wings alone are blue, the black wing-bars appear.

[339] I have observed blue birds with all the above-mentioned marks in the

following races, which seemed to be perfectly pure, and were shown at

various exhibitions. Pouters, with the double black wing-bars, with white

croup, dark bar to end of tail, and white edging to outer tail-feathers.

Turbits, with all these same characters. Fantails, with the same; but the

croup in some was bluish or pure blue: Mr. Wicking bred blue fantails from

two black birds. Carriers (including the Bagadotten of Neumeister), with

all the marks: two birds which I examined had white, and two had blue

croups; the white edging to the outer tail-feathers was not present in all.

Mr. Corker, a great breeder, assures me that, if black carriers are matched

for many successive generations, the offspring become first ash-coloured,

and then blue with black wing-bars. Runts of the elongated breed had the

same marks, but the croup was pale blue; the outer tail-feathers had white

edges. Neumeister figures the great Florence Runt of a blue colour with

black bars. Jacobins are very rarely blue, but I have received authentic

accounts of at least two instances of the blue variety with black bars

having appeared in England: blue jacobins were bred by Mr. Brent from two

black birds. I have seen common tumblers, both Indian and English, and

short-faced tumblers, of a blue colour, with black wing-bars, with the

black bar at the end of the tail, and with the outer tail-feathers edged

with white; the croup in all was blue, or extremely pale blue, never

absolutely white. Blue barbs and trumpeters seem to be excessively rare;

but Neumeister, who may be implicitly trusted, figures blue varieties of

both, with black wing-bars. Mr. Brent informs me that he has seen a blue

barb; and Mr. H. Weir, as I am informed by Mr. Tegetmeier, once bred a

silver (which means very pale blue) barb from two yellow birds.

[340] Mr. Blyth informs me that all the domestic races in India have the

croup blue; but this is not invariable, for I possess a very pale blue

Simmali pigeon with the croup perfectly white, sent to me by Sir W. Elliot

from Madras. A slaty-blue and chequered Nakshi pigeon has some white

feathers on the croup alone. In some other Indian pigeons there were a few

white feathers confined to the croup, and I have noticed the same fact in a

carrier from Persia. The Java fantail (imported into Amoy, and thence sent

me) has a perfectly white croup.

[341] 'Les Pigeons,' &c., p. 37.

[342] 'Treatise on Pigeons,' 1858, p. 145.

[343] J. Moore's 'Columbarium,' 1735, in J. M. Eaton's edition, 1852, p.

71.

[344] I could give numerous examples; two will suffice. A mongrel, whose

four grandparents were a white turbit, white trumpeter, white fantail, and

blue pouter, was white all over, except a very few feathers about the head

and on the wings, but the whole tail and tail-coverts were dark

bluish-grey. Another mongrel, whose four grandparents were a red runt,

white trumpeter, white fantail, and the same blue pouter, was pure white

all over, except the tail and upper tail-coverts, which were pale fawn, and

except the faintest trace of double wing-bars of the same pale fawn tint.

[345] It deserves notice, as bearing on the general subject of variation,

that not only _C. livia_ presents several wild forms, regarded by some

naturalists as species and by others as sub-species or as mere varieties,

but that the species of several allied genera are in the same predicament.

This is the case, as Mr. Blyth has remarked to me, with Treron, Palumbus,

and Turtur.

[346] 'Denkmaler,' Abth. ii. Bl. 70.

[347] The 'Dovecote,' by the Rev. E. S. Dixon, 1851, pp. 11-13. Adolphe

Pictet (in his 'Les Origines Indo-Europeennes,' 1859, p. 399) states that

there are in the ancient Sanscrit language between 25 and 30 names for the

pigeon, and other 15 or 16 Persian names; none of these are common to the

European languages. This fact indicates the antiquity of the domestication

in the East of the pigeon.

[348] English translation, 1601, book x. ch. xxxvii.

[349] 'Ayeen Akbery,' translated by F. Gladvin, 4to. edit., vol. i. p. 270.

[350] J. M. Eaton, 'Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' 1851; Preface, p. vi.

[351] As in the following discussion I often speak of the present time, I

should state that this chapter was completed in the year 1858.

[352] 'Ornithologie,' 1600, vol. ii. p. 360.

[353] 'A Treatise on Domestic Pigeons,' dedicated to Mr. Mayor, 1765.

Preface, p. xiv.

[354] Mr. Blyth has given a translation of part of the 'Ayeen Akbery' in

'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xix., 1847, p. 104.

[355] 'L'Hist. de la Nature des Oiseaux,' p. 314.

[356] 'Treatise on Pigeons,' 1852, p. 64.

[357] J. M. Eaton's 'Treatise on the Breeding and Managing of the Almond

Tumbler,' 1851. Compare p. v. of Preface, p. 9, and p. 32.

[358] 'Treatise on Pigeons,' 1852, p. 41.

[359] Eaton's 'Treatise on Pigeons,' 1858, p. 86.

[360] _See_ Neumeister's figure of the Florence runt, tab. 13, in 'Das

Ganze der Taubenzucht.'

[361] I have drawn up this brief synopsis from various sources, but chiefly

from information given me by Mr. Tegetmeier. This gentleman has kindly

looked through the whole of this chapter; and from his well-known

knowledge, the statements here given may be fully trusted. Mr. Tegetmeier

has likewise assisted me in every possible way in obtaining for me

information and specimens. I must not let this opportunity pass without

expressing my cordial thanks to Mr. B. P. Brent, a well-known writer on

poultry, for indefatigable assistance and the gift of many specimens.

[362] The best account of Sultans is by Miss Watts in 'The Poultry Yard,'

1856, p. 79. I owe to Mr. Brent's kindness the examination of some

specimens of this breed.

[363] A good description with figures is given of this sub-breed in the

'Journal of Horticulture,' June 10th, 1862, p. 206.

[364] A description, with figures, is given of this breed in 'Journal of

Horticulture,' June 3rd, 1862, p. 186. Some writers describe the comb as

two-horned.

[365] Mr. Crawfurd, 'Descript. Dict. of the Indian Islands,' p. 113.

Bantams are mentioned in an ancient native Japanese Encyclopaedia, as I am

informed, by Mr. Birch of the British Museum.

[366] 'Ornamental and Domestic Poultry,' 1848.

[367] 'Ornamental and Domestic Poultry,' 1848.

[368] Ferguson's 'Illustrated Series of Rare and Prize Poultry,' 1854, p.

vi., Preface.

[369] Rev. E. S. Dixon, in his 'Ornamental Poultry,' p. 203, gives an

account of Columella's work.

[370] Mr. Crawfurd 'On the Relation of the Domesticated Animals to

Civilization,' separately printed, p. 6; first read before the Brit. Assoc.

at Oxford, 1860.

[371] 'Quadrupedes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 324.

[372] 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc' 1832, p. 151.

[373] I have examined the feathers of some hybrids raised in the Zoological

Gardens between the male _G. Sonneratii_ and a red game-hen, and these

feathers exhibited the true character of those of _G. Sonneratii_, except

that the horny laminae were much smaller.

[374] See also an excellent letter on the Poultry of India, by Mr. Blyth,

in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1851, p. 619.

[375] Mr. S. J. Salter, in 'Natural History Review,' April, 1863, p. 276.

[376] _See_ also Mr. Layard's paper in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. History,'

2nd Series, vol. xiv. p. 62.

[377] _See_ also Mr. Crawfurd's 'Descriptive Dict. of the Indian Islands,'

1856, p. 113.

[378] Described by Mr. G. R. Gray, 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1849, p. 62.

[379] The passage from Marsden is given by Mr. Dixon in his 'Poultry Book,'

p. 176. No ornithologist now ranks this bird as a distinct species.

[380] 'Coup-d'oeil general sur l'Inde Archipelagique,' tom. iii. (1849), p.

177; _see_ also Mr. Blyth in 'Indian Sporting Review,' vol. ii. p. 5, 1856.

[381] Mr. Blyth, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 2nd ser., vol. i.

(1848), p. 455.

[382] Crawfurd, 'Desc. Dict. of Indian Islands,' 1856, p. 112.

[383] In Burmah, as I hear from Mr. Blyth, the wild and tame poultry

constantly cross together, and irregular transitional forms may be seen.

[384] Idem, p. 113.

[385] Mr. Jerdon, in the 'Madras Journ. of Lit. and Science,' vol. xxii. p.

2, speaking of _G. bankiva_, says, "unquestionably the origin of most of

the varieties of our common fowls." For Mr. Blyth, _see_ his excellent

article in 'Gardener's Chron.' 1851, p. 619; and in 'Annals and Mag. of

Nat. Hist.,' vol. xx., 1847, p. 388.

[386] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1851, p. 619.

[387] I have consulted an eminent authority, Mr. Sclater, on this subject,

and he thinks that I have not expressed myself too strongly. I am aware

that one ancient author, Acosta, speaks of fowls as having inhabited S.

America at the period of its discovery; and more recently, about 1795,

Olivier de Serres speaks of wild fowls in the forests of Guiana; these were

probably feral birds. Dr. Daniell tells me, he believes that fowls have

become wild on the west coast of Equatorial Africa; they may, however, not

be true fowls, but gallinaceous birds belonging to the genus Phasidus. The

old voyager Barbut says that poultry are not natural to Guinea. Capt. W.

Allen ('Narrative of Niger Expedition,' 1848, vol. ii. p. 42) describes

wild fowls on Ilha dos Rollas, an island near St. Thomas's, on the west

coast of Africa: the natives informed him that they had escaped from a

vessel wrecked there many years ago; they were extremely wild, and had "a

cry quite different to that of the domestic fowl," and their appearance was

somewhat changed. Hence it is not a little doubtful, notwithstanding the

statement of the natives, whether these birds really were fowls. That the

fowl has become feral on several islands is certain. Mr. Fry, a very

capable judge, informed Mr. Layard, in a letter, that the fowls which have

run wild on Ascension "had nearly all got back to their primitive colours,

red and black cocks, and smoky-grey hens." But unfortunately we do not know

the colour of the poultry which were turned out. Fowls have become feral on

the Nicobar Islands (Blyth in the 'Indian Field,' 1858, p. 62), and in the

Ladrones (Anson's Voyage). Those found in the Pellew Islands (Crawfurd) are

believed to be feral; and lastly, it is asserted that they have become

feral in New Zealand, but whether this is correct I know not.

[388] Mr. Hewitt, in 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 248.

[389] 'Journal of Horticulture,' Jan. 14th, 1862, p. 325.

[390] 'Die Huehner und Pfauenzucht.' Ulm, 1827, s. 17. For Mr. Hewitt's

statement with respect to the white Silk fowl, _see_ the 'Poultry Book,' by

W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 222. I am indebted to Mr. Orton for a letter on

the same subject.

[391] Dixon, 'Ornamental and Domestic Poultry,' pp. 253, 324, 335. For game

fowls, _see_ Ferguson on 'Prize Poultry,' p. 260.

[392] 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii. p. 71.

[393] Dr. Pickering, in his 'Races of Man,' 1850, p. 374, says that the

head and neck of a fowl is carried in a Tribute-procession to Thoutmousis

III. (1445 B.C.); but Mr. Birch of the British Museum doubts whether the

figure can be identified as the head of a fowl. Some caution is necessary

with reference to the absence of figures of the fowl on the ancient

Egyptian monuments, on account of the strong and widely prevalent prejudice

against this bird. I am informed by the Rev. S. Erhardt that on the east

coast of Africa, from 4 deg. to 6 deg. south of the equator, most of the pagan

tribes at the present day hold the fowl in aversion. The natives of the

Pellew Islands would not eat the fowl, nor will the Indians in some parts

of S. America. For the ancient history of the fowl, see also Volz,

'Beitrage zur Culturgeschichte,' 1852, s. 77; and Isid. Geoffroy St.

Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gen.,' tom. iii. p. 61. Mr. Crawfurd has given an

admirable history of the fowl in his paper 'On the Relation of Domesticated

Animals to Civilisation,' read before the Brit. Assoc. at Oxford in 1860,

and since printed separately. I quote from him on the Greek poet Theognis,

and on the Harpy Tomb described by Sir C. Fellowes. I quote from a letter

of Mr. Blyth's with respect to the Institutes of Manu.

[394] 'Ornamental and Domestic Poultry,' 1847, p. 185; for passages

translated from Columella, _see_ p. 312. For Golden Hamburghs, _see_

Albin's 'Natural History of Birds,' 3 vols., with plates, 1731-38.

[395] 'Ornamental and Domestic Poultry,' p. 152.

[396] Ferguson on 'Rare Prize Poultry,' p. 297. This writer, I am informed,

cannot generally be trusted. He gives, however, figures and much

information on eggs. _See_ pp. 34 and 235 on the eggs of the Game fowl.

[397] _See_ 'Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 81 and 78.

[398] 'The Cottage Gardener,' Oct. 1855, p. 13. On the thinness of the eggs

of Game-fowls, _see_ Mowbray on Poultry, 7th edit., p. 13.

[399] My information, which is very far from perfect, on chickens in the

down, is derived chiefly from Mr. Dixon's 'Ornamental and Domestic

Poultry.' Mr. B. P. Brent has also communicated to me many facts by letter,

as has Mr. Tegetmeier. I will in each case mark my authority by the name

within brackets. For the chickens of white Silk-fowls, _see_ Tegetmeier's

'Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 221.

[400] As I hear from Mr. Tegetmeier; _see_ also 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.' 1856,

p. 366. On the late development of the crest, _see_ 'Poultry Chronicle,'

vol. ii. p. 132.

[401] On these points, _see_ 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. iii. p. 166; and

Tegetmeier's 'Poultry Book,' 1866, pp. 105 and 121.

[402] Dixon, 'Ornamental and Domestic Poultry,' p. 273.

[403] Ferguson on Rare and Prize Poultry, p. 261.

[404] Mowbray on Poultry, 7th edit. 1834, p. 13.

[405] _See_ the full description of the varieties of the Game-breed, in

Tegetmeier's 'Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 131. For Cuckoo Dorkings, p. 97.

[406] Mr. Hewitt in Tegetmeier's 'Poultry Book,' 1866, pp. 246 and 156. For

hen-tailed game-cocks, _see_ p. 131.

[407] 'The Field,' April 20th, 1861. The writer says he has seen

half-a-dozen cocks thus sacrificed.

[408] 'Proceedings of Zoolog. Soc.' March, 1861, p. 102. The engraving of

the hen-tailed cock just alluded to was exhibited at the Society.

[409] 'The Field,' April 20th, 1861.

[410] I am much indebted to Mr. Brent for an account, with sketches, of all

the variations of the comb known to him, and likewise with respect to the

tail, as presently to be given.

[411] The 'Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 234.

[412] 'Die Huehner und Pfauenzucht,' 1827, s. 11.

[413] 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. i. p. 595. Mr. Brent has informed me of the

same fact. With respect to the position of the spurs in Dorkings, _see_

'Cottage Gardener,' Sept. 18th, 1860, p. 380.

[414] Dixon, 'Ornamental and Domestic Poultry,' p. 320.

[415] Mr. Tegetmeier informs me that Game hens have been found so

combative, that it is now generally the practice to exhibit each hen in a

separate pen.

[416] 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' Band iii. (1793), s. 339, 407.

[417] On the Ornithology of Ceylon in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. History,'

2nd series, vol. xiv. (1854), p. 63.

[418] I quote Blumenbach on the authority of Mr. Tegetmeier, who gives in

'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' Nov. 25th, 1856, a very interesting account of the

skulls of Polish fowls. Mr. Tegetmeier, not knowing of Bechstein's account,

disputed the accuracy of Blumenbach's statement. For Bechstein, _see_

'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' Band iii. (1793), s. 399, note. I may add

that at the first exhibition of poultry at the Zoological Gardens, in May,

1845, I saw some fowls, called Friezland fowls, of which the hens were

crested, and the cocks were furnished with a comb.

[419] 'Cottage Gardener,' Jan. 3rd, 1860, p. 218.

[420] Mr. Williams, in a paper read before the Dublin Nat. Hist. Soc.,

quoted in 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, p. 161.

[421] 'De l'Espece,' 1859, p. 442. For the occurrence of black-boned fowls

in South America, _see_ Roulin, in 'Mem. de l'Acad. des Sciences,' tom. vi.

p. 351; and Azara, 'Quadrupedes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 324. A frizzled

fowl sent to me from Madras had black bones.

[422] Mr. Hewitt, in Tegetmeier's 'Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 231.

[423] Dr. Broca, in Brown-Sequard's 'Journal de Phys.,' tom. ii. p. 361.

[424] Dixon's 'Ornamental Poultry,' p. 325.

[425] 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. i. p. 485. Tegetmeier's 'Poultry Book,'

1866, p. 41. On Cochins grazing, idem, p. 46.

[426] Ferguson on 'Prize Poultry,' p. 187.

[427] Col. Sykes in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1832, p. 151. Dr. Hooker's

'Himalayan Journals,' vol. i. p. 314.

[428] _See_ Mr. Tegetmeier's account, with woodcuts, of the skull of Polish

fowls, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' Nov. 25th, 1856. For other references,

_see_ Isid. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 'Hist. Gen. des Anomalies,' tom. i. p.

287. M. C. Dareste suspects ('Recherches sur les Condicions de la Vie,'

&c., Lille, 1863, p. 36) that the protuberance is not formed by the frontal

bones, but by the ossification of the dura mater.

[429] 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' Band iii. (1793), s. 400.

[430] The 'Field,' May 11th, 1861. I have received communications to a

similar effect from Messrs. Brent and Tegetmeier.

[431] It appears that I have not correctly designated the several groups of

vertebrae, for a great authority, Mr. W. K. Parker ('Transact. Zoolog.

Soc.,' vol. v. p. 198), specifies 16 cervical, 4 dorsal, 15 lumbar, and 6

caudal vertebrae in this genus. But I have used the same terms in all the

following descriptions.

[432] Macgillivray, 'British Birds,' vol. i. p. 25.

[433] It may be well to explain how the calculation has been made for the

third column. In _G. bankiva_ the leg-bones are to the wing-bones as 86 :

54, or as (neglecting decimals) 100 : 62;--in Cochins as 311 : 162, or as

100 : 52;--in Dorkings as 557 : 248, or as 100 : 44; and so on for the

other breeds. We thus get the series of 62, 52, 44 for the relative-weights

of the wing-bones in _G. bankiva_, Cochins, Dorkings, &c. And now taking

100, instead of 62, for the weight of the wing-bones in _G. bankiva_, we

get, by another rule of three, 83 as the weight of the wing-bones in

Cochins; 70 in the Dorkings; and so on for the remainder of the third

column in the table.

[434] Mr. Blyth (in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 2nd series, vol. i.,

1848, p. 456) gives 31/4 lb. as the weight of a full-grown male _G. bankiva_;

but from what I have seen of the skins and skeletons of various breeds, I

cannot believe that my two specimens of _G. bankiva_ could have weighed so

much.

[435] The third column is calculated on the same principle as explained in

the previous foot-note, p. 271.

[436] 'Poultry Chronicle' (1854), vol. ii. p.91, and vol. i. p. 330.

[437] Dr. Turral, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii., 1860, p. 541.

[438] Willughby's 'Ornithology,' by Ray, p. 381. This breed is also figured

by Albin, in 1734, in his 'Nat. Hist. of Birds,' vol. ii. p. 86.

[439] F. Cuvier, in 'Annales du Museum,' tom. ix. p. 128, says that

moulting and incubation alone stop these ducks laying. Mr. B. P. Brent

makes a similar remark in the 'Poultry Chronicle,' 1855, vol. iii. p. 512.

[440] Rev. E. S. Dixon, 'Ornamental and Domestic Poultry' (1848), p. 117.

Mr. B. P. Brent, in 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. iii., 1855, p. 512.

[441] Crawfurd on the 'Relation of Domesticated Animals to Civilisation,'

read before the Brit. Assoc. at Oxford, 1860.

[442] Dureau de la Malle, in 'Annales des Sciences Nat.,' tom. xvii. p.

164; and tom. xxi. p. 55. Rev. E. S. Dixon, 'Ornamental Poultry,' p. 118.

Tame ducks were not known in Aristotle's time, as remarked by Volz, in his

'Beitraege zur Kulturgeschichte,' 1852, s. 78.

[443] I quote this account from 'Die Enten, Schwanen-zucht,' Ulm, 1828, s.

143. _See_ Audubon's 'Ornithological Biography,' vol. iii. p. 168, on the

taming of ducks on the Mississippi. For the same fact in England, _see_ Mr.

Waterton, in Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. viii., 1835, p. 542; and

Mr. St. John, 'Wild Sports and Nat. Hist. of the Highlands,' 1846, p. 129.

[444] Mr. E. Hewitt, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 773; and 1863,

p. 39.

[445] I have met with several statements on the fertility of the several

breeds when crossed. Mr. Yarrell assured me that Call and common ducks are

perfectly fertile together. I crossed Hook-billed and common ducks, and a

Penguin and Labrador, and the crossed ducks were quite fertile, though they

were not bred _inter se_, so that the experiment was not fully tried. Some

half-bred Penguins and Labradors were again crossed with Penguins, and

subsequently bred by me _inter se_, and they were extremely fertile.

[446] 'Poultry Chronicle,' 1855, vol. iii. p. 512.

[447] 'Journal of the Indian Archipelago,' vol. v. p. 334.

[448] 'The Zoologist,' vols. vii., viii. (1849-1850), p. 2353.

[449] 'Poultry Chronicle,' 1855, vol. iii. p. 512.

[450] 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. iii., 1855, p. 312. With respect to Rouens,

_see_ ditto, vol. i., 1854, p. 167.

[451] Col. Hawker's 'Instructions to young Sportsmen,' quoted by Mr. Dixon

in his 'Ornamental Poultry,' p. 125.

[452] 'Cottage Gardener,' April 9th, 1861.

[453] These hybrids have been described by M. Selys-Longchamps in the

'Bulletins (tom. xii. No. 10) Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles.'

[454] 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1861, p. 261.

[455] 'Ceylon,' by Sir J. E. Tennent, 1859, vol. i. p. 485; also J.

Crawfurd on the 'Relation of Domest. Animals to Civilisation,' read before

Brit. Assoc., 1860. _See_ also 'Ornamental Poultry,' by Rev. E. S. Dixon,

1848, p. 132. The goose figured on the Egyptian monuments seems to have

been the Red goose of Egypt.

[456] Macgillivray's 'British Birds,' vol. iv. p. 593.

[457] Mr. A. Strickland ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd Series, vol.

iii. 1859, p. 122) reared some young wild geese, and found them in habits

and in all characters identical with the domestic goose.

[458] _See_ also Hunter's 'Essays,' edited by Owen, vol. ii. p. 322.

[459] Yarrell's 'British Birds,' vol. iii. p. 142. He refers to the

Laplanders domesticating the goose.

[460] L. Lloyd, 'Scandinavian Adventures,' 1854, vol. ii. p. 413, says that

the wild goose lays from five to eight eggs, which is a much fewer number

than that laid by our domestic goose.

[461] The Rev. L. Jenyns seems first to have made this observation in his

'British Animals.' _See_ also Yarrell, and Dixon in his 'Ornamental

Poultry' (p. 139), and 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, p. 45.

[462] Mr. Bartlett exhibited the head and neck of a bird thus characterised

at the Zoological Soc., Feb. 1860.

[463] W. Thompson, 'Natural Hist. of Ireland,' 1851, vol. iii. p. 31. The

Rev. E. S. Dixon gave me some information on the varying colour of the beak

and legs.

[464] Mr. A. Strickland, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series,

vol. iii., 1859, p. 122.

[465] 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. i., 1854, p. 498; vol. iii. p. 210.

[466] 'The Cottage Gardener,' Sept. 4th, 1860, p. 348.

[467] 'L'Hist. de la Nature des Oiseaux,' par P. Belon, 1555, p. 156. With

respect to the livers of white geese being preferred by the Romans, _see_

Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gen.,' tom. iii. p. 58.

[468] Mr. Sclater on the black-shouldered peacock of Latham, 'Proc. Zoolog.

Soc.,' April 24th, 1860.

[469] 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' April 14th, 1835.

[470] 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' April 8th, 1856, p. 61. Prof. Baird believes

(as quoted in Tegetmeier's 'Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 269) that our turkeys

are descended from a West Indian species now extinct. But besides the

improbability of a bird having long ago become extinct in these large and

luxuriant islands, it appears (as we shall presently see) that the turkey

degenerates in India, and this fact indicates that it was not aboriginally

an inhabitant of the lowlands of the tropics.

[471] Audubon's 'Ornithological Biograph.,' vol. i., 1831, pp. 4-13; and

'Naturalist's Library,' vol. xiv., Birds, p. 138.

[472] F. Michaux, 'Travels in N. America,' 1802, Eng. translat., p. 217.

[473] 'Ornamental Poultry,' by the Rev. E. S. Dixon, 1848, p. 34.

[474] Rev. E. S. Dixon, id., p. 35.

[475] Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' B. iii., 1793, s. 309.

[476] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1852, p. 699.

[477] E. Blyth, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 1847, vol. xx. p. 391.

[478] Roulin makes this remark in 'Mem. de divers Savans, l'Acad. des

Sciences,' tom. vi., 1835, p. 349. Mr. Hill, of Spanish Town, in a letter

to me, describes five varieties of the guinea-fowl in Jamaica. I have seen

singular pale-coloured varieties imported from Barbadoes and Demerara.

[479] For St. Domingo, _see_ M. A. Salle, in 'Proc. Soc. Zoolog.,' 1857, p.

236. Mr. Hill remarks to me, in his letter, on the colour of the legs of

the feral birds in Jamaica.

[480] Mr. B. P. Brent, 'The Canary, British Finches,' &c., pp. 21, 30.

[481] 'Cottage Gardener,' Dec. 11th, 1855, p. 184. An account is here given

of all the varieties. For many measurements of the wild birds, _see_ Mr. E.

Vernon Harcourt, id., Dec. 25th, 1855, p. 223.

[482] Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. der Stubenvoegel,' 1840, s. 243; _see_ s. 252,

on the inherited song of Canary-birds. With respect to their baldness,

_see_ also W. Kidd's 'Treatise on Song-Birds.'

[483] W. Kidd's 'Treatise on Song-Birds,' p. 18.

[484] The 'Indian Field,' 1858, p. 255.

[485] Yarrell's 'British Fishes,' vol. i, p. 319.

[486] Mr. Blyth, in the 'Indian Field,' 1858, p. 255.

[487] 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' May 25th. 1842.

[488] Yarrell's 'British Fishes,' vol. i. p. 319.

[489] 'Dict. Class. d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. v. p. 276.

[490] 'Observations in Nat. Hist.,' 1846, p. 211. Dr. Gray has described,

in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 1860, p. 151, a nearly similar variety,

but destitute of a dorsal fin.

[491] 'De l'Espece,' 1859, p. 459. With respect to the bees of Burgundy,

_see_ M. Gerard, art. 'Espece,' in 'Dict. Univers. d'Hist. Nat.'

[492] _See_ a discussion on this subject, in answer to a question of mine,

in 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, pp. 225-242; also Mr. Bevan Fox, in

ditto, 1862, p. 284.

[493] This excellent observer may be implicitly trusted; _see_ 'Journal of

Horticulture,' July 14th, 1863, p. 39.

[494] 'Journal of Horticulture,' Sept. 9th, 1862, p. 463; _see_ also Herr

Kleine on same subject (Nov. 11th, p. 643), who sums up, that, though there

is some variability in colour, no constant or perceptible differences can

be detected in the bees of Germany.

[495] Mr. Woodbury has published several such accounts in 'Journal of

Horticulture,' 1861 and 1862.

[496] 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, vol. xi. p. 339.

[497] 'The Cottage Gardener,' May, 1860, p. 110; and ditto in 'Journal of

Hort.' 1862, p. 242.

[498] 'Transact. Entomolog. Soc.,' 3rd series, vol. iii. pp. 143-173, and

pp. 295-331.

[499] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' 1859, tom. i. p. 460. The antiquity of the

silk-worm in China is given on the authority of Stanislas Julien.

[500] _See_ the remarks of Prof. Westwood, General Hearsey, and others, at

the meeting of the Entomolog. Soc. of London, July, 1861.

[501] _See_, for instance, M. A. de Quatrefage's 'Etudes sur les Maladies

actuelles du Ver a Soie,' 1859, p. 101.

[502] My authorities for these statements will be given in the chapter on

Selection.

[503] 'Manuel de l'Educateur de Vers a Soie,' 1848.

[504] Robinet, idem, pp. 12, 318. I may add that the eggs of N. American

silk-worms taken to the Sandwich Islands were very irregularly developed;

and the moths thus raised produced eggs which were even worse in this

respect. Some were hatched in ten days, and others not until after the

lapse of many months. No doubt a regular early character would ultimately

have been acquired. _See_ review in Athenaeum,' 1844, p. 329, of J. Jarves'

'Scenes in the Sandwich Islands.'

[505] 'The Art of rearing Silk-worms,' translated from Count Dandolo, 1825,

p. 23.

[506] 'Transact. Ent. Soc.,' ut supra, pp. 153, 308.

[507] Robinet, idem, p. 317.

[508] Robinet, idem, pp. 306-317.

[509] 'Transact. Ent. Soc.,' ut supra, p. 317.

[510] Stephens' Illustrations, 'Haustellala,' vol. ii. p. 35. _See_ also

Capt. Hutton, 'Transact. Ent. Soc.' idem, p. 152.

[511] 'Etudes sur les Maladies du Ver a Soie,' 1859, pp. 304, 209.

[512] Quatrefages, 'Etudes,' &c., p. 214.

[513] 'Transact. Ent. Soc.,' ut supra, p. 151.

[514] 'Manuel de l'Educateur,' &c., p. 26.

[515] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' p. 462.

[516] Quatrefages, 'Etudes,' &c., pp. 12, 209, 214.

[517] Robinet, 'Manuel,' &c., p. 303.

[518] Robinet, idem, p. 15.

[519] 'Geographie Botanique Raisonnee,' 1855, pp. 810 to 991.

[520] Review by Mr. Bentham in 'Hort. Journal,' vol. ix. 1855, p. 133,

entitled 'Historical Notes on cultivated Plants,' by Dr. A.

Targioni-Tozzetti. _See_ also 'Edinburgh Review,' 1866, p. 510.

[521] 'Hist. Notes,' as above, by Targioni-Tozzeti.

[522] 'Considerations sur les Cereales,' 1842, p. 37. 'Geographie Bot.,'

1855, p. 930. "Plus on suppose l'agriculture ancienne et remontant a une

epoque d'ignorance, plus il est probable que les cultivateurs avaient

choisi des especes offrant a l'origine meme un avantage incontestable."

[523] Dr. Hooker has given me this information. _See_, also, his 'Himalayan

Journals,' 1851, vol. ii. p. 49.

[524] 'Travels in Central Africa,' Eng. translat., vol. i. pp. 529 and 390;

vol. ii. pp. 29, 265, 270. Livingstone's 'Travels,' p. 551.

[525] As in both North and South America, Mr. Edgeworth ('Journal Proc.

Linn. Soc.,' vol. vi. Bot., 1862, p. 181) states that in the deserts of the

Punjab poor women sweep up, "by a whisk into straw baskets," the seeds of

four genera of grasses, namely, of Agrostis, Panicum, Cenchrus, and

Pennisetum, as well as the seeds of four other genera belonging to distinct

families.

[526] Prof. O. Heer, 'Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, 1865, aus dem Neujahr.

Naturforsc. Gesellschaft,' 1866; and Dr. H. Christ, in Ruetimeyer's 'Die

Fauna der Pfuhlbauten,' 1861, s. 226.

[527] 'Travels,' p. 535. Du Chaillu, 'Adventures in Equatorial Africa,'

1861, p. 445.

[528] In Tierra del Fuego the spot where wigwams had formerly stood could

be distinguished at a great distance by the bright green tint of the native

vegetation.

[529] 'American Acad. of Arts and Science,' April 10th, 1860, p. 413.

Downing, 'The Fruits of America,' 1845, p. 261.

[530] 'Journals of Expeditions in Australia,' 1841, vol. ii. p. 292.

[531] Darwin's 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 215.

[532] De Candolle has tabulated the facts in the most interesting manner in

his 'Geographie Bot.,' p. 986.

[533] 'Flora of Australia,' Introduction, p. cx.

[534] For Canada, _see_ J. Cartier's Voyage in 1534; for Florida, _see_

Narvaez and Ferdinand de Soto's Voyages. As I have consulted these and

other old Voyages in more than one general collection of Voyages, I do not

give precise references to the pages. _See_ also, for several references,

Asa Gray, in the 'American Journal of Science,' vol. xxiv., Nov. 1857, p.

441. For the traditions of the natives of New Zealand, _see_ Crawfurd's

'Grammar and Dict. of the Malay Language,' 1852, p. cclx.

[535] _See_, for example, M. Hewett C. Watson's remarks on our wild plums

and cherries and crabs, 'Cybele Britannica,' vol. i. pp. 330, 334, &c. Van

Mons (in his 'Arbres Fruitiers,' 1835, tom. i. p. 444) declares that he has

found the types of all our cultivated varieties in wild seedlings, but then

he looks on these seedlings as so many aboriginal stocks.

[536] _See_ A. De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' 1855, p. 928 _et seq._

Godron, 'De l'Espece,' 1859, tom. ii. p. 70; and Metzger, 'Die

Getreidearten,' &c., 1841.

[537] Mr. Bentham, in his review, entitled 'Hist. Notes on cultivated

Plants,' by Dr. A. Targioni-Tozzetti, in 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. ix.

(1855), p. 133.

[538] 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 928. The whole subject is discussed with

admirable fullness and knowledge.

[539] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 72. A few years ago the excellent,

though misinterpreted, observations of M. Fabre led many persons to believe

that wheat was a modified descendant of AEgilops; but M. Godron (tom. i. p.

165) has shown by careful experiments that the first step in the series,

viz. _AEgilops triticoides_, is a hybrid between wheat and _AE. ovata_. The

frequency with which these hybrids spontaneously arise, and the gradual

manner in which the _AE. triticoides_ becomes converted into true wheat,

alone leave any doubt on the subject.

[540] Report to British Association for 1857, p. 207.

[541] 'Considerations sur les Cereales,' 1842-43, p. 29.

[542] 'Travels in the Himalayan Provinces,' &c., 1841, vol. i. p. 224.

[543] Col. J. Le Couteur on the 'Varieties of Wheat,' pp. 23, 79.

[544] Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, 'Consid. sur les Cereales,' p. 11.

[545] _See_ an excellent review in Hooker's 'Journ. of Botany,' vol. viii.

p. 82, note.

[546] 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii, p. 73.

[547] Idem, tom. ii. p. 75.

[548] For Dalbret and Philippar, _see_ Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, 'Consid.

sur les Cereales,' pp. 45, 70. Le Couteur on Wheat, p. 6.

[549] 'Varieties of Wheat,' Introduction, p. vi. Marshall, in his 'Rural

Economy of Yorkshire,' vol. ii. p. 9, remarks that "in every field of corn

there is as much variety as in a herd of cattle."

[550] 'Gardener's Chron. and Agricult. Gazette,' 1862, p. 963.

[551] 'Getreidearten,' 1841, s. 66, 91, 92, 116, 117.

[552] Quoted by Godron, 'De l'Espece,' vol. ii. p. 74. So it is, according

to Metzger ('Getreidearten,' s. 18), with summer and winter barley.

[553] Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, 'Cereales,' part ii. p. 224. Le Couteur, p.

70. Many other accounts could be added.

[554] 'Travels in North America,' 1753-1761, Eng. translat., vol. iii. p.

165.

[555] 'Cereales,' part ii. pp. 179-183.

[556] 'On the Varieties of Wheat,' Introduct., p. vii. _See_ Marshall,

'Rural Econ. of Yorkshire,' vol. ii. p. 9. With respect to similar cases of

adaptation in the varieties of oats, _see_ some interesting papers in the

'Gardener's Chron. and Agricult. Gazette,' 1850, pp. 204, 219.

[557] 'On the Varieties of Wheat,' p. 59. Mr. Sheriff, and a higher

authority cannot be given ('Gard. Chron. and Agricult. Gazette,' 1862, p.

963), says, "I have never seen grain which has either been improved or

degenerated by cultivation, so as to convey the change to the succeeding

crop."

[558] Alph. De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 930.

[559] 'Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten,' 1866.

[560] 'Les Cereales,' p. 94.

[561] Quoted by Le Couteur, p. 16.

[562] A. De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 932.

[563] O. Heer, 'Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten,' 1866. The following passage

is quoted from Dr. Christ, in 'Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten von Dr.

Ruetimeyer,' 1861, s. 225.

[564] Heer, as quoted by Carl Vogt, 'Lectures on Man,' Eng. translat., p.

355.

[565] _See_ Alph. De Candolle's long discussion in his 'Geograph. Bot.,' p.

942. With respect to New England, _see_ Silliman's 'American Journal,' vol.

xliv. p. 99.

[566] 'Travels in Peru,' Eng. translat., p. 177.

[567] 'Geolog. Observ. on S. America,' 1846, p. 49.

[568] This maize is figured in Bonafous' magnificent work, 'Hist. Nat. du

Mais,' 1836, Pl. v. bis, and in the 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. i., 1846,

p. 115, where an account is given of the result of sowing the seed. A young

Guarany Indian, on seeing this kind of maize, told Auguste St. Hilaire

_(see_ De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 951) that it grew wild in the

humid forests of his native land. Mr. Teschemacher, in 'Proc. Boston Soc.

Nat. Hist.,' Oct. 19th, 1842, gives an account of sowing the seed.

[569] Moquin-Tandon, 'Elements de Teratologie,' 1841, p. 126.

[570] 'Die Getreidearten,' 1841, s. 208. I have modified a few of Metzger's

statements in accordance with those made by Bonafous in his great work,

'Hist. Nat. du Mais,' 1836.

[571] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 80; Al. De Candolle, idem, p. 951.

[572] 'Transact. Bot. Soc. of Edinburgh,' vol. viii. p. 60.

[573] 'Voyages dans l'Amerique Meridionale,' torn. i. p. 147.

[574] Bonafous' 'Hist. Nat. du Mais,' p. 31.

[575] Idem, p. 31.

[576] Metzger, 'Getreidearten,' s. 206.

[577] 'Description of Maize,' by P. Kalm, 1752, in 'Swedish Acts,' vol. iv.

I have consulted an old English MS. translation.

[578] 'Getreidearten,' s. 208.

[579] 'Cabbage Timber,' 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1856, p. 744, quoted from

Hooker's 'Journal of Botany.' A walking-stick made from a cabbage-stalk is

exhibited in the Museum at Kew.

[580] 'Journal de la Soc. Imp. d'Horticulture,' 1855, p. 254, quoted from

'Gartenflora,' Ap. 1855.

[581] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 52; Metzger, 'Syst. Beschreibung

der Kult. Kohlarten,' 1833, s. 6.

[582] Regnier, 'De l'Economie Publique des Celtes,' 1818, p. 438.

[583] _See_ the elder De Candolle, in 'Transact. of Hort. Soc.,' vol. v.;

and Metzger 'Kohlarten,' &c.

[584] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1859, p. 992.

[585] Alph. De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' pp. 842 and 989.

[586] 'Gardener's Chron.,' Feb. 1858, p. 128.

[587] 'Kohlarten,' s. 22.

[588] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii, p. 52; Metzger, 'Kohlarten,' s. 22.

[589] 'Geograph, Bot.,' p. 840.

[590] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 54; Metzger, 'Kohlarten,' s. 10.

[591] 'Gardener's Chron. and Agricult. Gazette,' 1856, p. 729.

[592] 'Gardener's Chron. and Agricult. Gazette,' 1855, p. 730.

[593] Metzger, 'Kohlarten,' s. 51.

[594] These experiments by Vilmorin have been quoted by many writers. An

eminent botanist, Prof. Decaisne, has lately expressed doubts on the

subject from his own negative results, but these cannot be valued equally

with positive results. On the other hand, M. Carriere has lately stated

('Gard. Chronicle,' 1865, p. 1154) that he took seed from a wild carrot,

growing far from any cultivated land, and even in the first generation the

roots of his seedlings differed in being spindle-shaped, longer, softer and

less fibrous than those of the wild plant. From these seedlings he raised

several distinct varieties.

[595] Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 835.

[596] Alph. De Candolle 'Geograph. Bot.,' 960. Mr. Bentham ('Hort.

Journal,' vol. ix. (1855), p. 141) believes that garden and field peas

belong to the same species, and in this respect he differs from Dr.

Targioni.

[597] 'Botanische Zeitung,' 1860, s. 204.

[598] 'Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten,' 1866, s. 23.

[599] A variety called the Rouncival attains this height, as is stated by

Mr. Gordon in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.' (2nd series), vol. i., 1835, p. 374,

from which paper I have taken some facts.

[600] 'Phil. Transact.,' 1799, p. 196.

[601] 'Gardener's Magazine,' vol. i., 1826, p. 153.

[602] 'Encyclopaedia of Gardening,' p. 823.

[603] _See_ Dr. Anderson to the same effect in the 'Bath Soc. Agricultural

Papers,' vol. iv. p. 87.

[604] I have published full details of experiments on this subject in the

'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, Oct. 25th.

[605] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1865, p. 387.

[606] 'Bonplandia,' x., 1862, s. 348.

[607] O. Heer, 'Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten,' 1866, s. 22.

[608] Darwin, 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 285.

[609] Synopsis of the vegetable products of Scotland, quoted in Wilson's

'British Farming,' p. 317.

[610] Sir G. Mackenzie, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1845, p. 790.

[611] 'Putsche und Vertuch, Versuch einer Monographie der Kartoffeln,'

1819, s. 9, 15. _See_ also Dr. Anderson's 'Recreations in Agriculture,'

vol. iv. p. 325.

[612] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1862, p. 1052.

[613] 'Bath Society Agricult. Papers,' vol. v. p. 127. And 'Recreations in

Agriculture,' vol. v. p. 86.

[614] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1863, p. 643.

[615] Heer, 'Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten,' 1866, s. 28.

[616] Alph. De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 872; Dr. A.

Targioni-Tozzetti, in 'Jour. Hort. Soc.,' vol. ix. p. 133. For the fossil

vine found by Dr. G. Planchon, _see_ 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1865, April, p.

224.

[617] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 100.

[618] _See_ an account of M. Vibert's experiments, by Alex. Jordan, in

'Mem. de l'Acad. de Lyon,' tom. ii., 1852, p. 108.

[619] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1864, p. 488.

[620] 'Arbres Fruitiers,' 1836, tom. ii. 290.

[621] Odart, 'Ampelographie Universelle,' 1849.

[622] M. Bouchardat, in 'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 1st, 1851, quoted in

'Gardener's Chron.,' 1852, p. 435.

[623] 'Etudes sur les Maladies actuelles du Ver a Soie,' 1859, p. 321.

[624] 'Productive Resources of India,' p. 130.

[625] 'Traite du Citrus,' 1811. 'Teoria della Riproduzione Vegetale,' 1816.

I quote chiefly from this second work. In 1839 Gallesio published in folio

'Gli Agrumi dei Giard. Bot. di Firenze,' in which he gives a curious

diagram of the supposed relationship of all the forms.

[626] Mr. Bentham, Review of Dr. A. Targioni-Tozzetti, 'Journal of Hort.

Soc.,' vol. ix. p. 133.

[627] 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 863.

[628] 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' pp. 52-57.

[629] Hooker's 'Bot. Misc.,' vol. i. p. 302; vol. ii. p. 111.

[630] 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' p. 53.

[631] Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' p. 69.

[632] Gallesio, idem, p. 67.

[633] Gallesio, idem, pp. 75, 76.

[634] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 613.

[635] 'Annales du Museum,' tom. xx. p. 188.

[636] 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 882.

[637] 'Transactions of Hort. Soc.,' vol. iii. p. 1, and vol. iv. p. 369,

and note to p. 370. A coloured drawing is given of this hybrid.

[638] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1856, p. 532. A writer, it may be presumed

Dr. Lindley, remarks on the perfect series which may be formed between the

almond and the peach. Another high authority, Mr. Rivers, who has had such

wide experience, strongly suspects ('Gardener's Chronicle,' 1863, p. 27)

that peaches, if left to a state of nature, would in the course of time

retrograde into thick-fleshed almonds.

[639] 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. ix. p. 168.

[640] Whether this is the same variety as one lately mentioned ('Gard.

Chron.' 1865, p. 1154) by M. Carriere under the name of _Persica

intermedia_, I know not: this var. is said to be intermediate in nearly all

its characters between the almond and peach; it produces during successive

years very different kinds of fruit.

[641] Quoted in 'Gard. Chron.' 1866, p. 800.

[642] Quoted in 'Journal de la Soc. Imp. d'Horticulture,' 1855, p. 238.

[643] 'Teoria della Riproduzione Vegetale,' 1816, p. 86.

[644] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1862, p. 1195.

[645] Mr. Rivers, 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1859, p. 774.

[646] Downing, 'The Fruits of America,' 1845, pp. 475, 489, 492, 494, 496.

_See_ also F. Michaux, 'Travels in N. America' (Eng. translat.), p. 228.

For similar cases in France _see_ Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 97.

[647] Brickell's 'Nat. Hist. of N. Carolina,' p. 102, and Downing's 'Fruit

Trees,' p. 505.

[648] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1862, p. 1196.

[649] The peach and nectarine do not succeed equally well in the same soil:

_see_ Lindley's 'Horticulture,' p. 351.

[650] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. 1859, p. 97.

[651] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 394.

[652] Downing's 'Fruit Trees,' p. 502.

[653] 'Gardeners Chronicle,' 1862, p. 1195.

[654] 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 6th, 1866, p. 102.

[655] Mr. Rivers, in 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1859, p.774; 1862, p. 1195; 1865,

p.1059; and 'Journal of Hort.,' 1866, p. 102.

[656] 'Correspondence of Linnaeus,' 1821, pp. 7, 8, 70.

[657] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 103.

[658] Loudon's 'Gardener's Mag.,' 1826, vol. i. p. 471.

[659] Ibid., 1828, p. 53.

[660] Ibid., 1830, p. 597.

[661] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 617.

[662] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1844, p. 589.

[663] 'Phytologist,' vol. iv. p. 299.

[664] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1856, p. 531.

[665] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 97.

[666] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1856, p. 531.

[667] Alph. De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 886.

[668] Thompson, in Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 911.

[669] 'Catalogue of Fruit in Garden of Hort. Soc.,' 1842, p. 105.

[670] Dr. A. Targioni-Tozzetti, 'Journal Hort. Soc.,' vol. ix. p. 167.

Alph. De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 885.

[671] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. v. p. 554.

[672] Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 907.

[673] M. Carriere, in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1865, p. 1154.

[674] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iii. p. 332. _See_ also 'Gardener's

Chronicle,' 1865, p. 271, to same effect. Also 'Journal of Horticulture,'

Sept. 26th, 1865, p. 254.

[675] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 512.

[676] 'Journal of Horticulture,' Sept. 8th, 1863, p. 188.

[677] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 412.

[678] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, p. 216.

[679] 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 283.

[680] Alph. De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.', p. 879.

[681] 'Transact. Hort. Soc' (2nd series), vol. i. 1835, p. 56. _See_ also

'Cat. of Fruit in Garden of Hort. Soc.,' 3rd edit. 1842.

[682] Downing,'The Fruits of America,' 1845, p. 157; with respect to the

Alberge apricot in France, _see_ p. 153.

[683] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1863, p. 364.

[684] 'Travels in the Himalayan Provinces,' vol. i, 1841, p. 295.

[685] _See_ an excellent discussion on this subject in Hewett O. Watson's

'Cybele Britannica,' vol. iv. p. 80.

[686] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1865, p. 27.

[687] 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 94. On the parentage of our plums, _see_

also Alph. De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 878. Also Targioni-Tozetti,

'Journal Hort. Soc.,' vol. ix. p. 164. Also Babington, 'Manual of Brit.

Botany,' 1851, p. 87.

[688] 'Fruits of America,' pp. 276, 278, 314, 284, 276, 310. Mr. Rivers

raised ('Gard. Chron.,' 1863, p. 27) from the Prune-peche, which bears

large, round, red plums on stout robust shoots, a seedling which bears

oval, smaller fruit on shoots that are so slender as to be almost

pendulous.

[689] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1855, p. 726.

[690] Downing's 'Fruit Trees,' p. 278.

[691] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1863, p. 27. Sageret, in his 'Pomologie

Phys.,' p. 346, enumerates five kinds which can be propagated in France by

seed: _see_ also Downing's 'Fruit Trees of America,' p. 305, 312, &c.

[692] Compare Alph. De Candolle, p. 248. 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 877; Bentham

and Targioni-Tozzetti, in 'Hort. Journal,' vol. ix. p. 163; Godron, 'De

l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 92.

[693] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. v., 1824, p. 295.

[694] Ibid., second series, vol. i., 1835, p. 248.

[695] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 138.

[696] These several statements are taken from the four following works,

which may I believe, be trusted. Thompson, in 'Hort. Transact.,' _see_

above; Sageret's 'Pomologie Phys.,' 1830, pp. 358, 364, 367, 379;

'Catalogue of the Fruit in the Garden of Hort. Soc.,' 1842, pp. 57, 60;

Downing, 'The Fruits of America,' 1845, pp. 189, 195, 200.

[697] Mr. Lowe states in his 'Flora of Madeira' (quoted in 'Gard. Chron.,'

1862, p. 215) that the _P. malus_, with its nearly sessile fruit, ranges

farther south than the long-stalked P. _acerba_, which is entirely absent

in Madeira, the Canaries, and apparently in Portugal. This fact supports

the belief that these two forms deserve to be called species. But the

characters separating them are of slight importance, and of a kind known to

vary in other cultivated fruit-trees.

[698] _See_ 'Journ. of Hort. Tour,' by Deputation of the Caledonian Hort.

Soc., 1823, p. 459.

[699] H. C. Watson, 'Cybele Britannica,' vol. i. p. 334.

[700] Loudon's 'Gardener's Mag.,' vol. vi., 1830, p. 83.

[701] _See_ 'Catalogue of Fruit in Garden of Hort. Soc.,' 1842, and

Downing's 'American Fruit Trees.'

[702] Loudon's 'Gardener's Magazine,' vol. iv., 1828, p. 112.

[703] 'The Culture of the Apple,' p. 43. Van Mons makes the same remark on

the pear, 'Arbres Fruitiers,' tom. ii., 1836, p. 414.

[704] Lindley's 'Horticulture,' p. 116. _See_ also Knight on the

Apple-Tree, in 'Transact. of Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 229.

[705] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i., 1812, p. 120.

[706] 'Journal of Horticulture,' March 13th, 1866, p. 194.

[707] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 68. For Knight's case, _see_ vol.

vi. p. 547. When the _coccus_ first appeared in this country, it is said

(vol. ii. p. 163) that it was more injurious to crab-stocks than to the

apples grafted on them.

[708] 'Mem. de la Soc. Linn. de Paris,' tom. iii., 1825, p. 164; and

Seringe, 'Bulletin Bot.,' 1830, p. 117.

[709] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1849, p. 24.

[710] R. Thompson, in 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1850, p. 788.

[711] Sageret, 'Pomologie Physiologique,' 1830, p. 263. Downing's 'Fruit

Trees,' pp. 130, 134, 139, &c. Loudon's 'Gardener's Mag.,' vol. viii. p.

317. Alexis Jordan, 'De l'Origine des diverses Varietes,' in 'Mem. de

l'Acad. Imp. de Lyon,' tom. ii., 1852, pp. 95, 114. 'Gardener's Chronicle,'

1850, pp. 774, 788.

[712] 'Comptes Rendus,' July 6th, 1863.

[713] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1856, p. 804; 1857, p. 820; 1862, p. 1195.

[714] Most of the largest cultivated strawberries are the descendants of

_F. grandiflora_ or _Chiloensis_, and I have seen no account of these forms

in their wild state. Methuen's Scarlet (Downing, 'Fruits,' p. 527) has

"immense fruit of the largest size," and belongs to the section descended

from _F. Virginiana_; and the fruit of this species, as I hear from Prof.

A. Gray, is only a little larger than that of _F. vesca_, or our common

wood strawberry.

[715] 'Le Fraisier,' par le Comte L. de Lambertye, 1864, p. 50.

[716] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iii. 1820, p. 207.

[717] _See_ an account by Prof. Decaisne, and by others in 'Gardener's

Chronicle,' 1862, p. 335, and 1858, p. 172; and Mr. Barnet's paper in

'Hort. Soc. Transact.,' vol. vi., 1826, p. 170.

[718] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. v., 1824, p. 294.

[719] 'Journal of Horticulture,' Dec. 30th, 1862, p. 779. _See_ also Mr.

Prince to the same effect, idem, 1863, p. 418.

[720] For additional evidence _see_ 'Journal of Horticulture,' Dec. 9th,

1862, p. 721.

[721] 'Le Fraisier,' par le Comte L. de Lambertye, pp. 221, 230.

[722] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 200.

[723] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1858, p. 173.

[724] Godron 'De l'Espece,' tom. i. p. 161.

[725] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1851, p. 440.

[726] F. Gloede, in 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1862, p. 1053.

[727] Downing's 'Fruits,' p. 532.

[728] Barnet, in 'Hort. Transact.,' vol. vi. p. 210.

[729] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1847, p. 539.

[730] For the several statements with respect to the American strawberries,

_see_ Downing, 'Fruits,' p. 524; 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 188;

1847, p. 539; 1861, p. 717.

[731] Mr. D. Beaton, in 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 86. _See_ also

'Cottage Gardener,' 1855, p. 88, and many other authorities. For the

Continent, _see_ F. Gloede, in' Gardener's Chronicle,' 1862, p. 1053.

[732] Rev. W. F. Radclyffe, in 'Journal of Hort.,' March 14, 1865, p. 207.

[733] Mr. H. Doubleday in 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1862, p. 1101.

[734] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1854, p. 254.

[735] Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 930; and Alph. De Candolle,

Geograph. Bot.,' p. 910.

[736] Loudon's 'Gardener's Magazine,' vol. iv. 1828, p. 112.

[737] The fullest account of the gooseberry is given by Mr. Thompson in

'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i., 2nd series, 1835, p. 218, from which most

of the foregoing facts are given.

[738] 'Catalogue of Fruits of Hort. Soc. Garden,' 3rd edit. 1842.

[739] Mr. Clarkson, of Manchester, on the Culture of the Gooseberry, in

Loudon's 'Gardener's Magazine,' vol. iv. 1828, p. 482.

[740] Downing's 'Fruits of America,' p. 213.

[741] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1844, p. 811, where a table is given; and

1845, p. 819. For the extreme weights gained, _see_ 'Journal of

Horticulture,' July 26, 1864, p. 61.

[742] Mr. Saul, of Lancaster, in Loudon's 'Gardener's Mag.,' vol. iii.

1828, p. 421; and vol. x. 1834, p. 42.

[743] 'Himalayan Journals,' 1854, vol. ii. p. 334. Moorcroft ('Travels,'

vol. ii. p. 146) describes four varieties cultivated in Kashmir.

[744] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 723.

[745] Paper translated in Loudon's 'Gardener's Mag.,' 1829, vol. v. p. 202.

[746] Quoted in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1849, p. 101.

[747] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1847, pp. 541 and 558.

[748] The following details are taken from the Catalogue of Fruits, 1842,

in Garden of Hort. Soc., p. 103; and from Loudon's 'Encyclop. of

Gardening,' p. 943.

[749] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1860, p. 956.

[750] 'Annales des Sc. Nat. Bot.,' 4th series, vol. vi. 1856, p. 5.

[751] 'American Journ. of Science,' 2nd ser. vol. xxiv. 1857, p. 442.

[752] Gaertner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' 1849, s. 87, and s. 169 with respect to

Maize; on Verbascum, idem, ss. 92 and 181; also his 'Kenntniss der

Berfruchtung,' s. 137. With respect to Nicotiana, _see_ Koelreuter, 'Zweite

Forts.,' 1764, s. 53; though this is a somewhat different case.

[753] 'De l'Espece,' par M. Godron, tom. ii. p. 64.

[754] Naudin, in 'Annal. des Sci. Nat.,' 4th ser. Bot. tom. xi. 1859, p.

28.

[755] 'Memoire sur les Cucurbitacees,' 1826, pp. 6, 24.

[756] 'Flore des Serres,' Oct. 1861, quoted in 'Gardener's Chronicle,'

1861, p. 1135. I have also consulted and taken some facts from M. Naudin's

Memoir on Cucumis in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 4th series, Bot. tom. xi. 1859,

p. 5.

[757] _See_ also Sageret's 'Memoire,' p. 7.

[758] Loudon's 'Arboretum et Fruticetum,' vol. ii. p. 1217.

[759] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 1096.

[760] 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 1096.

[761] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1842, p. 36.

[762] Loudon's 'Arboretum et Fruticetum,' vol. iii. p. 1731.

[763] Ibid., vol. iv. p. 2489.

[764] Godron ('De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 91) describes four varieties of

Robinia remarkable from their manner of growth.

[765] 'Journal of a Horticultural Tour, by Caledonian Hort. Soc.,' 1823, p.

107. Alph. De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 1083. Verlot, 'Sur la

Production des Varietes,' 1865, p. 55, for the Barberry.

[766] Loudon's 'Arboretum et Fruticetum,' vol. ii. p. 508.

[767] Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' 1865, p. 92.

[768] Loudon's 'Arboretum et Fruticetum,' vol. iii. p. 1376.

[769] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 687.

[770] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 89. In Loudon's 'Gardener's Mag.,'

vol. xii. 1836, p. 371, a variegated bushy ash is described and figured, as

having simple leaves; it originated in Ireland.

[771] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1861, p. 575.

[772] Quoted from Royal Irish Academy in 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1841, p. 767.

[773] Loudon's 'Arboretum et Fruticetum:' for Elm, _see_ vol. iii. p. 1376;

for Oak, p. 1846.

[774] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1849, p. 822.

[775] 'Arboretum et Fruticetum,' vol. iv. p. 2150.

[776] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1852, p. 693.

[777] _See_ 'Beitraege zur Kentniss Europaeischer Pinus-arten von Dr. Christ:

Flora, 1864.' He shows that in the Ober-Engadin _P. sylvestris_ and

_montana_ are connected by intermediate links.

[778] 'Arboretum et Fruticetum,' vol. iv. pp. 2159 and 2189.

[779] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 830; Loudon's 'Gardener's Magazine,' vol. vi.

1830, p. 714.

[780] Loudon's 'Arboretum et Fruticetum,' vol. ii. p. 834.

[781] Loudon's 'Gardener's Mag.,' vol. ix. 1833, p. 123.

[782] Ibid., vol. xi. 1835, p. 503.

[783] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1845, p. 623.

[784] D. Beaton, in 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 377. _See_ also Mr. Beck,

on the habits of Queen Mab, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1845, p. 226.

[785] Moquin-Tandon, 'Elements de Teratologie,' 1841, p. 213.

[786] _See_ also 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 133.

[787] Quoted by Alph. de Candolle, 'Bibl. Univ.,' November, 1862, p. 58.

[788] Knight, 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 322.

[789] 'Botanical Magazine,' tab. 5160, fig. 4; Dr. Hooker, in 'Gardener's

Chron.,' 1860, p. 190; Prof. Harvey, in 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1860, p. 145;

Mr. Crocker, in 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1861, p. 1092.

[790] Alph. de Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 1083; 'Gard. Chronicle,'

1861, p. 433. The inheritance of the white and golden zones in Pelargonium

largely depends on the nature of the soil. _See_ D. Beaton, in 'Journal of

Horticulture,' 1861, p. 64.

[791] 'Rose Amateur's Guide,' T. Rivers, 1837, p. 21.

[792] 'Journal Hort. Soc.,' vol. ix. 1855, p. 182.

[793] The Rev. W. F. Radclyffe, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' March 14,

1865, p. 207.

[794] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1861, p. 46.

[795] Mr. Sabine, in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 285.

[796] 'An Encyclop. of Plants,' by J. C. Loudon, 1841, p. 443.

[797] Loudon's 'Gardener's Magazine,' vol. xi. 1835, p. 427; also 'Journal

of Horticulture,' April 14, 1863, p. 275.

[798] Loudon's 'Gardener's Magazine,' vol. viii. p. 575; vol. ix. p. 689.

[799] Sir J. E. Smith, 'English Flora,' vol. i. p. 306. H. C. Watson,

'Cybele Britannica,' vol. i. 1847, p. 181.

[800] Quoted from 'Annales des Sciences,' in the Companion to the 'Bot.

Mag.,' vol. i. 1835, p. 159.

[801] 'Cybele Britannica,' vol. i. p. 173. _See_ also Dr. Herbert on the

changes of colour in transplanted specimens, and on the natural variations

of V. grandiflora, in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 19.

[802] Salisbury, in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. 1812, pp. 84, 92. A

semi-double variety was produced in Madrid in 1790.

[803] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iii. 1820, p. 225.

[804] Loudon's 'Gardener's Mag.,' vol. vi. 1830, p. 77.

[805] Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 1035.

[806] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 91; and Loudon's 'Gardener's

Mag.,' vol. iii. 1828, p. 179.

[807] Mr. Wildman, in 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1843, p. 87.

[808] 'Cottage Gardener,' April 8, 1856, p. 33.

[809] The best and fullest account of this plant which I have met with is

by a famous horticulturist, Mr. Paul of Waltham, in the 'Gardener's

Chronicle,' 1864, p. 342.

[810] 'Des Jacinthes, de leur Anatomie, Reproduction, et Culture,'

Amsterdam, 1768.

[811] Alph. de Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 1082.

[812] Alph. de Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 983.

[813] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1854, p. 821.

[814] 'Lindley's Guide to Orchard,' as quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1852,

p. 821. For the _Early mignonne peach_, _see_ 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1864, p.

1251.

[815] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 160.

[816] _See_ also 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1863, p. 27.

[817] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1852, p. 821.

[818] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1852, p. 629; 1856, p. 648; 1864, p. 986. Other

cases are given by Braun, 'Rejuvenescence,' in 'Ray Soc. Bot. Mem.,' 1853,

p. 314.

[819] 'Ampelographie,' &c., 1849, p. 71.

[820] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p.970.

[821] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1855, pp. 597, 612.

[822] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1842, p. 873; 1855, p. 646. In the 'Chronicle,'

1866, p. 876, Mr. P. Mackenzie states that the bush still continues to bear

the three kinds of fruit, "although they have not been every year alike."

[823] 'Revue Horticole,' quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1844, p. 87.

[824] 'Rejuvenescence in Nature,' 'Bot. Memoirs Ray Soc.,' 1853, p. 314.

[825] 'Comptes Rendus,' tom. xli., 1855, p. 804. The second case is given

on the authority of Gaudichaud, idem, tom. xxxiv., 1852, p. 748.

[826] This case is given in the 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1867, p. 403.

[827] 'Journal of Proc. Linn. Soc.,' vol. ii. Botany, p. 131.

[828] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1847, p. 207.

[829] Herbert, 'Amaryllidaceae,' 1838, p. 369.

[830] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 391.

[831] Exhibited at Hort. Soc., London. Report in 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1844,

p. 337.

[832] Mr. W. Bell, Bot. Soc. of Edinburgh, May, 1863.

[833] 'Revue Horticole,' quoted in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1845, p. 475.

[834] 'Bastarderzeugung,' 1849, s. 76.

[835] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 336.

[836] W. P. Ayres, in 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1842, p. 791.

[837] W. P. Ayres, idem.

[838] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1861, p. 968.

[839] Idem, 1861, p. 945.

[840] W. Paul, in 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1861, p. 968.

[841] Idem, p. 945.

[842] For other cases of bud-variation in this same variety, see

'Gardener's Chron.,' 1861, pp. 578, 600, 925. For other distinct cases of

bud-variation in the genus Pelargonium, _see_ 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p.

194.

[843] Rev. W. T. Bree, in Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. viii., 1832, p. 93.

[844] 'The Chrysanthemum, its History and Culture,' by J. Salter, 1865, p.

41, &c.

[845] Bree, in Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. viii., 1832, p. 93.

[846] Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 123.

[847] T. Rivers, 'Rose Amateur's Guide,' 1837, p. 4.

[848] Mr. Shailer, quoted in 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1848, p. 759.

[849] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv., 1822, p. 137; 'Gard. Chron.,' 1842,

p. 422.

[850] See also Loudon's 'Arboretum,' vol. ii. p. 780.

[851] All these statements on the origin of the several varieties of the

moss-rose are given on the authority of Mr. Shailer, who, together with his

father, was concerned in their original propagation, in 'Gard. Chron.,'

1852, p. 759.

[852] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1845, p. 564.

[853] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 242.

[854] 'Schriften der Phys. Oekon. Gesell. zu Koenigsberg,' Feb. 3, 1865, s.

4. _See_ also Dr. Caspary's paper in 'Transactions of the Hort. Congress of

Amsterdam,' 1865.

[855] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1852, p. 759.

[856] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 242.

[857] Sir R. Schomburgk, 'Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot.,' vol. ii. p. 132.

[858] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1862, p. 619.

[859] Hopkirk's 'Flora Anomala,' p. 167.

[860] 'Sur la Production et la Fixation des Varietes,' 1865, p. 4.

[861] 'Journal of Horticulture,' March, 1865, p. 233.

[862] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1843, p. 135.

[863] Ibid., 1842, p. 55.

[864] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1867, p. 235.

[865] Gaertner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 305.

[866] Mr. D. Beaton, in 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 250.

[867] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1850, p. 536.

[868] Braun, 'Ray Soc. Bot. Mem.,' 1853, p. 315; Hopkirk's 'Flora Anomala,'

p. 164; Lecoq, 'Geograph. Bot. de l'Europe,' tom. iii., 1854, p. 405; and

'De la Fecondation,' 1862, p. 303.

[869] 'Des Varietes,' 1865, p. 5.

[870] W. Mason, in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1843, p. 878.

[871] Alex. Braun, 'Ray Soc. Bot. Mem.,' 1853, p. 315; 'Gard. Chron.,'

1841, p. 329.

[872] Dr. M. T. Masters, 'Royal Institution Lecture,' March 16, 1860.

[873] _See_ Mr. W. K. Bridgman's curious paper in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat.

Hist.,' December, 1861; also Mr. J. Scott, 'Bot. Soc. Edinburgh,' June 12,

1862.

[874] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 336; Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' p.

76.

[875] _See_ also Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' p. 74.

[876] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1844, p. 86.

[877] Ibid., 1861, p. 968.

[878] Ibid., 1861, p. 433. 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 2.

[879] M. Lemoine (quoted in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1867, p. 74) has lately

observed that the Symphitum with variegated leaves cannot be propagated by

division of the roots. He also found that out of 500 plants of a Phlox with

striped flowers, which had been propagated by root-division, only seven or

eight produced striped flowers. See also, on striped Pelargoniums, 'Gard.

Chron.' 1867, p. 1000.

[880] Anderson's 'Recreations in Agriculture,' vol. v. p. 152.

[881] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1857, p. 662.

[882] Ibid., 1841, p. 814.

[883] Ibid., 1857, p. 613.

[884] Ibid., 1857, p. 679. _See_ also Phillips, 'Hist. of Vegetables,' vol.

ii. p. 91, for other and similar accounts.

[885] 'Journal of Proc. Linn. Soc.,' vol. ii. Botany, p. 132.

[886] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. viii., 1832, p. 94.

[887] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1850, p. 536; and 1842, p. 729.

[888] 'Des Jacinthes,' &c., Amsterdam, 1768, p. 122.

[889] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1845, p. 212.

[890] Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 1024.

[891] 'Production des Varietes,' 1865, p. 63.

[892] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1841, p. 782; 1842, p. 55.

[893] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1849, p. 565.

[894] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 354.

[895] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 84.

[896] M. Carriere has lately described, in the 'Revue Horticole' (Dec. 1,

1866, p. 457), an extraordinary case. He twice inserted grafts of the _Aria

vestita_ on thorn-trees (_epines_) growing in pots; and the grafts, as they

grew, produced shoots with bark, buds, leaves, petioles, petals, and

flower-stalks all widely different from those of the Aria. The grafted

shoots were also much hardier, and flowered earlier, than those on the

ungrafted Aria.

[897] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 160.

[898] For the cases of oaks _see_ Alph. De Candolle in 'Bibl. Univers.,'

Geneva, Nov. 1862; for limes, &c., Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xi., 1835,

p. 503.

[899] For analogous facts, _see_ Braun, 'Rejuvenescence,' in 'Ray Soc. Bot.

Mem.,' 1853, p. 320; and 'Gard. Chron.,' 1842, p. 397.

[900] 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii., 1847, p. 100.

[901] _See_ 'Transact. of Hort. Congress of Amsterdam,' 1865; but I owe

most of the following information to Prof. Caspary's letters.

[902] 'Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 143.

[903] _See_ on this head, Naudin, idem, p. 141.

[904] The statement is believed by Dr. Lindley in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1857, pp.

382, 400.

[905] Braun, in 'Bot. Mem. Ray Soc.,' 1853, p. xxiii.

[906] This hybrid has never been described. It is exactly intermediate in

foliage, time of flowering, dark striae at the base of the standard petal,

hairiness of the ovarium, and in almost every other character, between _C.

laburnum_ and _alpinus_; but it approaches the former species more nearly

in colour, and exceeds it in the length of the racemes. We have before seen

that 20.3 per cent. of its pollen-grains are ill-formed and worthless. My

plant, though growing not above thirty or forty yards from both

parent-species, during some seasons yielded no good seeds; but in 1866 it

was unusually fertile, and its long racemes produced from one to

occasionally even four pods. Many of the pods contained no good seeds, but

generally they contained a single apparently good seed, sometimes two, and

in one case three seeds. Some of the seeds germinated.

[907] 'Annales de la Soc. de Hort. de Paris,' tom. vii., 1830, p. 93.

[908] 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' March, 1848.

[909] 'Pomologie Physiolog.,' 1830, p. 126.

[910] Gallesio, 'Gli Agrumi dei Giard. Bot. Agrar. di Firenze,' 1839, p.

11. In his 'Traite du Citrus,' 1811, p. 146, he speaks as if the compound

fruit consisted in part of lemons, but this apparently was a mistake.

[911] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1855, p. 628. _See_ also Prof. Caspary, in 'Transact.

Hort. Congress of Amsterdam,' 1865.

[912] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1851, p. 406.

[913] Gaertner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 549. It is, however, doubtful whether

these plants should be ranked as species or varieties.

[914] Gaertner, idem, s. 550.

[915] 'Journal de Physique,' tom. xxiii., 1783, p. 100. 'Act. Acad. St.

Petersburgh,' 1781, part i. p. 249.

[916] 'Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 49.

[917] L'Hermes, Jan. 14, 1837, quoted in Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xiii.

p. 230.

[918] 'Comptes Rendus,' tom. xxxiv., 1852, p. 746.

[919] 'Geograph. Bot. de l'Europe,' tom. iii., 1854, p. 405; and 'De la

Fecondation,' 1862, p. 302.

[920] 'Traite du Citrus,' 1811, p. 45.

[921] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. ix. p. 268.

[922] Gaertner ('Bastarderzeugung,' s. 611) gives many references on this

subject.

[923] A nearly similar account was given by Bradley, in 1724, in his

'Treatise on Husbandry,' vol. i. p. 199.

[924] Loudon's 'Arboretum,' vol. iv. p. 2595.

[925] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 619.

[926] Amsterdam, 1768, p. 124.

[927] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1860, p. 672, with a woodcut.

[928] 'Philosophical Transact.,' vol. xiiii., 1744-45, p. 525.

[929] Mr. Swayne, in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. v. p. 234; and Gaertner,

'Bastarderzeugung,' 1849, s. 81 and 499.

[930] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1854, p. 404.

[931] Ibid., 1866, p. 900.

[932] _See_ also a paper by this observer, read before the International

Hort. and Bot. Congress of London, 1866.

[933] 'Traite du Citrus,' p. 40.

[934] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 318. _See_ also vol. v. p. 65.

[935] Prof. Asa Gray, 'Proc. Acad. Sc.,' Boston, vol. iv., 1860, p. 21.

[936] For the French case, _see_ 'Proc. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. new series,

1866, p. 50. For Germany, _see_ M. Jack, quoted in Henfrey's 'Botanical

Gazette,' vol. i. p. 277. A case in England has recently been alluded to by

the Rev. J. M. Berkeley before the Hort. Soc. of London.

[937] 'Philosophical Transactions,' vol. xlvii., 1751-52, p. 206.

[938] Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 95.

[939] It may be worth while to call attention to the several means by which

flowers and fruit become striped or mottled. Firstly, by the direct action

of the pollen of another variety or species, as with the above-given cases

of oranges and maize. Secondly, in crosses of the first generation, when

the colours of the two parents do not readily unite, as in the cases of

Mirabilis and Dianthus given a few pages back. Thirdly, in crossed plants

of a subsequent generation, by reversion, through either bud or seminal

generation. Fourthly, by reversion to a character not originally gained by

a cross, but which had long been lost, as with white-flowered varieties,

which we shall hereafter see often become striped with some other colour.

Lastly, there are cases, as when peaches are produced with a half or

quarter of the fruit like a nectarine, in which the change is apparently

due to mere variation, through either bud or seminal generation.

[940] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. v. p. 69.

[941] 'Journal of Horticulture,' Jan. 20, 1863, p. 46.

[942] _See_ on this head the high authority of Prof. Decaisne, in a paper

translated in 'Proc. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. new series, 1866, p. 48.

[943] Vol. xliii., 1744-45, p. 525; vol. xlv., 1747-48, p. 602.

[944] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. v. pp. 63 and 68. Puvis also has

collected ('De la Degeneration,' 1837, p. 36) several other instances; but

it is not in all cases possible to distinguish between the direct action of

foreign pollen and bud-variations.

[945] T. de Clermont-Tonnerre, in 'Mem. de la Soc. Linn. de Paris,' tom.

iii., 1825, p. 164.

[946] 'Transact. of Hort. Soc.,' vol. v. p. 68.

[947] 'Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' 1844, s. 347-351.

[948] 'Die Fruchtbildung der Orchideen, ein Beweis fuer die doppelte Wirkung

des Pollen,' Botanische Zeitung, No. 44 et seq., Oct. 30, 1863; and 1865,

s. 249.

[949] 'Philos. Transact.,' 1821, p. 20.

[950] Dr. Alex. Harvey on 'A remarkable Effect of Cross-breeding,' 1851. On

the 'Physiology of Breeding,' by Mr. Reginald Orton, 1855. 'Intermarriage,'

by Alex. Walker, 1837. 'L'Heredite Naturelle,' by Dr. Prosper Lucas, tom.

ii. p. 58. Mr. W. Sedgwick in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical

Review,' 1863, July, p. 183. Bronn, in his 'Geschichte der Natur,' 1843, B.

ii. s. 127, has collected several cases with respect to mares, sows, and

dogs. Mr. W. C. L. Martin ('History of the Dog,' 1845, p. 104) says he can

personally vouch for the influence of the male parent of the first litter

on the subsequent litters by other fathers. A French poet, Jacques Savary,

who wrote in 1665 on dogs, was aware of this singular fact.

[951] 'Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge,' 1865, p. 59.

[952] 'Flora Anomala,' p. 164.

[953] 'Schriften der Phys.-Oekon. Gesell. zu Koenigsberg,' Band vi., Feb. 3,

1865, s. 4.

* * * * *

Corrections made to printed original.

p. 65. "constant osteological characters": 'charcters' in original.

p. 76. "Phacochoerus": 'Phascochoerus' in original, corrected by Errata

page.

p. 213. "From what we now see occasionally": 'occasionlly' in original.

p. 275. "Amherstiae": 'Amherstii' in original, corrected by Errata page.

p. 282. "Anser AEgyptiacus": 'Tadorna AEgyptiaca' in original, corrected by

Errata page.

p. 286 (last row of table). "717": '713' in original, corrected by Errata

page.