THE MOSCOW FOUNDLING ASYLUM.
The foundling asylum (Vospitàtelny Dom) is as well known in Moscow
as the Tsar Kolokol. Any droschky-driver can take you there by the
shortest cut, if you engage him by the “course.” Every _mujik_ in the
streets can and will direct you to it with the greatest pleasure. He
may think that you want to adopt a child out of it, or to put one into
it. As a man of Moscow, he is interested in both those operations.
Let me not be misunderstood. The foundling asylum is not intended
to receive only children born out of wedlock. It is indeed a refuge
for those poor little waifs. Many a baby, over whom the Moskwa would
otherwise close its dark and swift waters, is saved to become a good
soldier for the Tsar or a modest and prettily dressed house-maid,
simply because the newborn could be put by the mother within the folds
of the foundling asylum and none be the wiser. She has only, in the
darkness of night, to place the child in a sort of cradle attached to
a door outside of the building, and pull a bell. This gives a signal
and starts some machinery. The door revolves on its hinges, landing the
little stranger on the inside. At the same time, a nurse responds to
the summons and takes charge of the baby. If the mother has left any
bit of a trinket tied around its neck, or a letter, or a card pinned
to its dress, or anything else to identify it, she can claim her own
at any time afterward, on proving her maternal rights. If she wants to
keep her painful secret forever to herself, she may be sure that her
child will be well fed, neatly clothed, taught to read and write, cared
for in health and morals, and trained in the religion of the Greek
Church, till he or she is old enough to be apprenticed, or adopted out
by some respectable citizen, and put in the way of an honest living.
But the most frequent patrons of the asylum are married folk. If they
have more children than they can rear, they turn over the surplus to
the state--more often as a loan than a gift. They know that the good
doctors and nurses of the institution will do all in their power to
preserve the little lives unharmed. At the end of five or six years
they are more likely to find their Nicolaievitch or Feodorovna well
and happy, than if it had run the dreadful gantlet of scarlet fever,
cholera infantum, and diphtheria in their own squalid homes. It is a
misfortune to feel obliged to surrender a child to such a corporation,
though the biggest of souls animates it. The parents are to be
pitied--perhaps blamed--but it is not a disgrace to them.
I said that anybody in Moscow could pilot you to the foundling asylum,
but you must know the Russian word for it. The landlord of your hotel
will give it to you, and you may commit it to memory, or write it
down by the sounds. It will not bear the slightest resemblance to
the name of a foundling asylum in French, German, Italian, or any
other language of which you may have a smattering. The surname of the
present writer has always appeared, when chalked in script on the
blackboard directories of Russian hotels, as “Tymour,” or something to
that effect. It reminded him of that monster in history--Timour the
Tartar--and such a liberty taken with his patronymic was not at all
agreeable.
But to get on to the foundling asylum. Before presenting myself at
the visitors’ door of the vast building, I took an admission-ticket
from my pocket-book. This ticket is made of flimsy paper, about four
inches long by three wide; it bears a portrait of the Tsar, a number
of Russian words, and a facsimile of somebody’s signature. It is
popularly known as the “ruble.” When a man has this between his thumb
and finger, so that it can be seen of men, it will take him through
doors that are locked and bolted to all other forms of passport. The
same gratifying effects follow the exhibition of the shilling in
England, the franc in France, the lira in Italy, the mark in Germany,
and the florin in Austria. The door was opened by a dignified person.
He loomed up so very large that I thought my ruble was a little too
small for his measure; so I did not offer it, but crumpled it suddenly
in the palm of my hand. The tall man looked as if he did not expect
or desire a “tip.” Speaking in French, he kindly asked me in, and I
followed him.
I was just in time to see something very interesting. We entered a room
at the end of a short passage. At that moment a poorly dressed old
woman was in the act of unrolling a huge bundle of shawls and wraps.
Over her was bending a matronly person with a very sympathetic face.
My polite guide drew near to this group of two, and I stood at his
elbow. The old woman peeled off the clothes as if she were unrolling
a mummy. Nobody spoke a word, but I heard a faint cry from the center
of the mysterious bundle. Then I knew that this was the reception-room
for babies, and that here was the newest of the comers. A moment more,
and a child was sprawling before us in its unadorned beauty. It lay in
the middle of the heap of shawls as in a soft nest, which it was loath
to quit. As it made another little piping cry, a tear moistened the
old woman’s eye, but she showed no other sign of agitation. I surmised
that she was the grandmother of the baby, and had come to discharge a
duty for which the mother was ashamed. The secret--whatever it was--was
confided to the care of the good matron alone, not even my guide being
allowed to share it. Then a little Greek cross of filigree silver was
handed over as a keepsake and means of identifying and reclaiming the
child.
These preliminaries over, the matron touched a bell. In response, there
came a woman bearing a steelyard scale, and a measuring-tape. She held
the scale aloft with a firm hand, and the matron lifted the baby gently
from its nest and placed it in the large bowl-like receptable for
weighing. Between its bare pink flesh and the cold metal there was a
thin sheet of soft cloth. The baby performed its part bravely, for it
lay perfectly quiet, while the matron rapidly adjusted the weight till
the beam hung true. She could not have done the job more carefully if
she had been selling the baby at a hundred rubles a pound. The exact
weight was then entered in a great ledger.
Next came the nice measuring of the head--all around just above the
eyes--and its length through the ears from crown to chin; then the
girth of its little body below the arms; and, finally, the candidate
was raised aloft again and turned in every direction in the strong
light of a large bay-window. The aspirants for the honor of the
princess’s hand in the “Arabian Nights” were not more critically
inspected for blemishes. The object of this minute examination of the
body was to note birth-marks, if any. Not one was found, as I can
certify, who witnessed the operation at short range. This over, a small
ticket or medal made of hard wood, numbered 11,283, and attached to
an India-rubber cord, was hung about baby’s neck. It would receive a
name later on; for the present it was only a numerical expression. Thus
ended the first stage of baby’s initiation. At that point, the old
woman whom I provisionally call “grandmother,” left the scene, carrying
the pile of shawls and wraps loosely upon her arm. If she felt any
emotions in parting with the child, she completely stifled them.
The baby, still stark naked, but not shivering in the warm air of the
room, was then carried away. The guide beckoned me to follow it with
him, and I did so. We entered a small bath-room where were a nice
porcelain-lined bath-tub, of baby size, with silver plated stop-cocks,
a showering apparatus, sponges, soap and scrubbing-brush all complete.
A stout woman, with fat arms bared clear to the shoulder, officiated
at baby’s first bath, and I was expected to see it through. It is one
of the penalties of visiting public institutions anywhere with guides,
that you are in their hands and must go the rounds. But I had become
interested in baby’s fortunes, and found myself watching the soaping
and sponging and scrubbing without being much bored. If that baby takes
all the ills of life as bravely as it took the water in its ears, and
the soap its eyes, then there will be one angelic disposition more in
this wicked world. It sputtered a little, but never cried or sniveled
once. After it was all wiped dry and powdered with a flour-dredger, the
stout woman shouldered her charge and led the way to another room. I
found myself really curious to see what would happen to baby next. So I
followed, with the guide at my heels.
We were now in the dressing-room; there was a large wardrobe with
glass doors; through these I could see baby-dresses hung on pegs. They
were variously trimmed with blue, red, and yellow ribbons, and I soon
found myself wondering which color would fall to baby’s share. Thus
concerned in its affairs had I unconsciously become. On shelves in the
wardrobe were displayed little stockings, soft knitted shoes, and caps.
There was plenty of clothes on hand for every emergency. The woman
reached up and took down a long, white dress trimmed with yellow. Now
I had noticed baby’s eyes and they were blue; so I took the liberty
of suggesting, through the guide, that the ribbons ought to match the
eyes. The hint was graciously adopted. If any future visitor to the
Foundling Asylum of Moscow should happen to observe the fine blue eyes
of No. 11,283, he will appreciate my good taste in matching them with
the ribbons, which, if worn out, I trust will be renewed.
“And, now,” said my guide, “you must see the baby nursed.” I murmured
a few modest objections. I did not wish to intrude upon such strictly
private functions. The nurse would not like it, etc. The guide smiled,
and said I must follow the baby. So we passed through another doorway,
and entered the nurses’ room.
It was a long apartment, spotless as to wooden floor and whitewashed
ceiling. Along one side was a row of strong, wooden cradles; on the
other side were the nurses’ beds with frames of iron. The sheets were
snowy and the pillows without crease. There were ten or twelve nurses
present, each one rocking a cradle or holding a child to her breast.
Ruddier and more robust women I never saw. They were mostly under
thirty years old, I should say. The contour of their faces was more
oval than the type of head seen between St. Petersburg and Moscow, and
they were handsomer in other respects. They were dressed for business
in neat and appropriate costumes, less scanty and more reserved than
one sees at the opera.
Inquiring, I learned that the best nurses come from provinces south
of Moscow, and that most of these were of that select class. As we
entered they arose, still nursing their babies, and courtesied to us
gracefully. At first, I felt that I ought to apologize for disturbing
this large but peaceful family. The nurses, however, soon put me at
ease. They took the visit quite as a matter of course. They could
not have been less self-conscious had I been an artist, and they
professional models. As we passed down the line, the guide chucked some
of the babies under the chin or patted their heads. Not to be singular
I did the same thing. Each nurse seemed to think the act complimentary
to herself, as well as to the baby. I dare say, if her own chin had
been chucked, she would not have taken offense. But we did not try it.
Near the end of the line stood a nurse, who had no baby in her arms.
The cradle just behind her was empty. Death had removed its little
tenant. She was the destined custodian of the neophyte in blue ribbons.
I was glad of it. In looking at her honest face and healthy complexion,
one felt sure that she was not to blame for that loss in the fold. The
nourishment she supplied must have been life-giving. On that broad and
generous bosom there was room for twins. As she saw the baby borne
toward her, she knew what it meant. Her large eyes shone with pleasure.
As the baby stopped opposite her, both reached out their arms. It was
an act of nature and spontaneous. That nurse and that child were made
for each other. Its own mother could not have folded it to her heart
more tenderly. I felt that I had no right to push curiosity further. I
was satisfied that baby’s fortunes, so far followed with interest, had
reached one happy stage. As I turned to depart, the last sounds I heard
from baby were faint gurgles of satisfaction.
My initiation into the mysteries of the foundling asylum was now
complete. I would gladly have stepped out of window on to the green
grass, with that touching picture of suckling innocence still in my
mind. But a guide, like a sentinel, must go his rounds. So I was
taken by moral force through other rooms full of nurses and babies,
whom I passed in review. The prevalent quietness of the infants was
surprising. Those who were awake were not crying. Like everybody else
in the building, they appeared to be on their good behavior during
my visit. One touch of human nature--if only the clinching of a tiny
fist--would have been a relief amid all that angelic display of sweet
temper. It made one suspect that they had been dosed with something to
keep them quiet. I was glad to pass on to the laundry, the hospital
(with only two or three little inmates) the kitchen and the pantry,
till finally we came to a refectory. There was a tableful of children
large enough to sit and ply the spoon. The oldest of the thirty or
forty could not have been more than six years. They were boys and
girls, simply and neatly dressed in uniform style. They all rose as we
entered, and held up their spoons in salute. It was a pretty sight and
more confusing to the visitor than one would think. Such courtesy seems
to demand a better response than a bow. A distribution of sugar-plums
or of small coin would seem the proper thing. But this is not allowed;
so that, all we can do, besides bowing, is to walk around this company
of little people, and smile at them in a vague, benevolent way. Through
the guide I begged them to be seated. They did not need to be asked
twice, for they were hungry, and I had interrupted them in the act
of eating what looked like hasty-pudding and milk. It recalled my own
early fondness for that dish, and I would gladly have been invited to
join the simple repast, even at the risk of spoiling a keen appetite
for the forthcoming elaborate dinner at the Slaviansky Bazaar. It was
a pleasure to note the size of the bowls. They held an honest quart
apiece, and had been so scrupulously filled that some of the children
stopped plying their spoons before they got to the bottom; others
rapidly emptied their bowls and polished off the interiors. For those
greedier ones there was still a supply of sweetened bread in stacks,
waiting a signal to be passed around. It was plain that the older
children, as well as the babies themselves, were objects of a provident
care which would shame many parents. Not otherwise can I explain
the bright eyes, contented faces, and chubby bodies I saw in that
refectory. Many of the children were strikingly good-looking. I recall
the seraphic face of a five-year-old girl, with large black eyes, and a
perfect mouth, and two dimples dotting cheeks of rose-leaves. And one
of the boys looked almost like a twin brother of the child in the arms
of the Sistine Madonna. There was the same dreamy, far-away gaze in his
eyes. I wondered how parents could abandon such beautiful children to
the care of other people.
This was the climax of interest at the foundling-asylum, as the guide
then candidly informed me upon being questioned. It was much against
the good man’s wishes that I tore myself away from him. But, I hope,
when I pressed a humble gift into his hand, that he felt the more
reconciled to my departure, though it is only due to him, as to all of
his class whom I met in Russia, to say that they have the rare tact of
not appearing to want one’s money. One always feels a little delicacy
about offering _pour boires_. But the truth binds me to say that they
are never declined.