THE PANAMA-PACIFIC EXPOSITION
When, on February 20, 1915, the Panama-Pacific International
Exposition opens its gates to the world, in celebration of the
completion of the Panama Canal, it expects to offer to the nations of
the earth a spectacle the like of which has never been equaled in the
history of expositions. It is estimated that $50,000,000 will be spent
in thus celebrating the great triumph of American genius at Panama.
And those who know the spirit of the people of California, who are
immediately responsible to the United States and to the world for the
success of the undertaking, understand that nothing will be overlooked
that might please the eye, stir the fancy, or arouse the patriotism of
those who journey to the Golden Gate to behold the wonders of this
great show.
The spirit that was San Francisco's following the terrible calamity of
April 18, 1906, when the city was shaken to its foundations by a great
earthquake, and when uncontrollable fire completed the ruin and
devastation which the earthquake had begun, has been the spirit that
has planned and is carrying to a successful culmination the
Panama-Pacific Exposition. The San Francisco earthquake came as the
most terrific blow that ever descended upon an American city. It left
the metropolis of the Pacific a mass of ruins and ashes. In five years
a newer and a prouder San Francisco arose from the ashes of the old,
and greeted the world as the highest example of municipal greatness to
which a community can rise at times when nothing is left to man but
hope, and that hope is half despair.
The fire destroyed 8,000 houses, leaving such a hopeless mass of
débris that $20,000,000 had to be raised to reclaim the bare earth
itself. In five years 31,000 finer and better houses had taken their
places. Assessed values before the fire were $30,000,000 less than
five years after. Bank clearings increased by a third and savings-bank
deposits were greater after only five years than they were before the
terrible catastrophe.
It may be imagined what wonders this spirit of the Golden West will
accomplish when applied to the creation of an exposition. It is easy
to forecast that, beautiful as have been the expositions of the past,
and magnificent as has been the scale upon which they were planned,
fresh palms will be awarded to San Francisco and the great fair it
will offer to the World in 1915.
The city of the Golden Gate was planning a great celebration nearly
two years before the calamity which overtook it in 1906. The first
suggestion for holding a world's fair at San Francisco was made on
June 12, 1904, when Mr. R. B. Hale wrote a letter to the San Francisco
Merchants' Association advising its members that it would be wise to
take steps toward securing for that city a great celebration of the
400th anniversary of the discovery of the Pacific Ocean, in 1913. The
matter was agitated for a year and a half and, a little more than
three months prior to the earthquake, Representative Julius Kahn
introduced in the National House of Representatives a bill providing
for the celebration of the discovery of the Pacific, in 1913. Then
followed the great catastrophe, and for the eight months next ensuing
the problems of planning a new and greater San Francisco demanded all
the attention of the people of that city. In December, 1906, however,
the Pacific Ocean Exposition Company was incorporated with a capital
stock of $5,000,000.
By 1910 New Orleans had loomed up as an aspirant for the honor of
holding the great international celebration of the completion of the
Panama Canal, and San Francisco understood that time for action was at
hand, and, moreover, that money raised at home for the exposition
would be the most eloquent advocate before Congress. Realizing this, a
great mass meeting was called and in two hours subscriptions amounting
to $4,089,000 were raised, headed by 40 subscriptions of $25,000 each.
In the fall of that year San Francisco was afforded an opportunity of
attesting the universality of its interest in the success of the
exposition. A proposition to vote $5,000,000 worth of bonds for the
exposition was referred to the people. It carried by a vote of 42,040
to 2,122. The State of California also gave its citizens an
opportunity to show their feeling, and by a vote of 174,000 to 50,000
made available bonds for $5,000,000 for the purposes of the
exposition. The result has been that from first to last, within the
confines of California's borders, a sum approximating $20,000,000 has
been raised for exposition purposes. To this, $30,000,000 will be
added by outside governments and by exhibitors and concessionaires.
The fight which led to the choosing of San Francisco as the city for
holding the Panama celebration is, for the most part, familiar
history. The law under which this choice was made was signed by
President Taft on February 15, 1911. The presidential signature was
the signal for the beginning of operations looking to the completion
of all of the exposition buildings a full six months ahead of the
opening date. The details of the site were worked out promptly. The
site selected includes the western half of Golden Gate Park; Lincoln
Park, which is situated on a high bluff overlooking the approach from
the Pacific Ocean and the Golden Gate; and Harbor View, which is an
extensive tract of level land, stretching along the shore of San
Francisco Bay and back to the hills and the principal residential
portion of the city.
Each element in this extensive site possesses its own peculiar charm;
Golden Gate Park with its great variety of flowers and semitropical
plants and trees; Lincoln Park with its outlook on the broad Pacific
and along the rugged coastline to the north; and Harbor View with the
Golden Gate to the left, a chain of climbing hills across the harbor
in front, and the long sweep of bay and islands to the right. What
nature has not done for the site of the exposition will be done by
the art of the landscape gardener.
An ocean boulevard, to be made one of the most beautiful drives in the
world, will become one of the permanent memorials of the exposition. A
great esplanade, planted with cypress and eucalypti and liberally
provided with seats, will extend along the water's edge for about half
the entire length of the exposition grounds, affording ample
opportunity for the thousands of visitors to watch the great water
events which will constitute one of the features of the exposition. On
the south side of this esplanade the principal exposition buildings,
consisting of eight great palaces, will be located. A great wall, 60
feet high, will be built along the northern and western waterfronts
for the purpose of breaking the winds which sweep down the harbor, and
will be continued around the other two sides of the exposition grounds
proper so as to constitute a walled inclosure which, in appearance,
will remind one of the old walled towns of southern France and Spain.
The two principal gateways to the exposition grounds will open into
great interior courts, around which the buildings will be ranged. It
will be possible for the visitor to go from one building to another
and complete the entire circuit of eight main exhibition palaces
without once stepping from under cover. The three largest courts are
named: The Court of the Sun and Stars, the Court of Abundance, and the
Court of the Four Seasons. The Court of Abundance represents the
Orient, and the Court of the Four Seasons, the Occident; the Court of
the Sun and Stars, uniting the other two, will typify the linking of
the Orient and the Occident through the completion of the Panama
Canal. There will also be two lesser courts, known as the Court of
Flowers and the Court of Palms. Outside of the walled city there will
be five other important exhibition palaces.
The Panama-Pacific Exposition will be different from any that has gone
before. Where others have been built on broad, level plains, this one
will be located in one of nature's most beautiful natural
amphitheaters, with the residential portions of San Francisco and the
towns of the surrounding country looking down upon it. The
architecture will be of such a nature that will make the "Fair City"
indeed a fair city to behold.
If Chicago had its "White City," the San Francisco fair will be all
aglow with rich color. It will be made to harmonize with the "vibrant
tints of the native wild flowers, the soft browns of the surrounding
hills, the gold of the orangeries, the blue of the sea." The artist in
charge of this phase of the work declares that, "as the musician
builds his symphony around a motif or chord," so it became his duty to
"strike a chord of color and build his symphony upon it." The one
thing upon which he insisted was that there should be no white, and
the pillars, statues, fountains, masts, walls, and flagpoles that are
to contrast with the tinted decorations are to be of ivory yellow.
Even the dyeing of the bunting for flags and draperies is under the
personal supervision of the artist in charge of the color scheme of
the exposition. The roofs of the buildings will be harmoniously
colored and the city will be a great party-colored area of red tiles,
golden domes, and copper-green minarets. "Imagine," said Jules Guerin,
the artist, "a gigantic Persian rug of soft melting tones with
brilliant splotches here and there, spread down for a mile or more,
and you may get some idea of what the Panama-Pacific Exposition will
look like when viewed from a distance."
The lighting of the exposition will be by indirect illumination,
affording practically the same intensity of light by night as by day.
Lights will be hidden behind the colonnades, above the cornices, and
behind masts on the roofs. Sculpture will stand out without shadow at
night as by day. Great searchlights, many of them concentrated upon
jets of steam, and playing in varying color, will add to the beauty of
the scene. Even the fogs of the harbor will be made to contribute to
the night effect of the exposition, and auroras will spread like
draped lilies in the sky over the exhibition.
The sculpture will be unique in the history of exposition-giving. That
phase of the work is under the control of Karl Bitter. In front of the
main entrance, at the tower gate, there will be an allegory of the
Panama Canal called "Energy; the lord of the Isthmian way." It will be
represented by an enormous horse standing on a heavy pedestal, the
horse carrying a man with extended arms pushing the waters apart. In
the Court of the Sun and Stars two great sculptural fountains,
typical of the rising and setting of the sun, will carry out the idea
of "the world united and the land divided." In every part of the
exposition scheme the sculpture will tell the story of the unification
of the nations of the East and the West through the construction of
the Panama Canal.
Nothing seems to have been overlooked in the plans that have been made
to celebrate the opening of the Panama Canal at San Francisco. There
will be a working model of the Panama Canal, with a capacity of
handling 2,000 people every 20 minutes. A reproduction of the Grand
Canyon of Arizona will be another feature. The liberality of the
prizes offered is indicated by the fact that premiums in the
live-stock exhibits alone aggregate $175,000.
One of the greatest events of the exposition will be the rendezvous of
representative ships from the fleets of all the nations of the earth
in Hampton Roads in January and February, 1915. Their commanders will
visit Washington and be received by the President. He will return with
them to Hampton Roads and there review what promises to be the
greatest international naval display in history. After this a long
procession of fighting craft, perhaps accompanied by an equally long
procession of tourist steamers, private yachts, and ships of commerce,
will steam out of the Virginia Capes and turn their prows down the
Spanish Main to Colon. Here the canal authorities will formally
welcome the shipping world and pass its representatives through to the
Pacific, whence they will sail to San Francisco, there to participate
in the great celebration during the months which will follow. It may
be that this great procession will be headed by the U. S. S. _Oregon_,
whose trip around South America in 1898 proclaimed in tones that were
heard in every hamlet in the United States the necessity of building
the great waterway.
In addition to the great exposition at San Francisco, another will
throw open its gates during 1915--the Panama-California Exposition at
San Diego. This exposition will be held at a total outlay of, perhaps,
$20,000,000. Nearly $6,000,000 is being spent on a magnificent sea
wall. The San Diego and Arizona Railway is being built on a new and
lower grade for nearly 220 miles. About $5,000,000 will be spent in
making the exposition proper in Balboa Park. Over 11 miles of docks
and a thousand acres of reclaimed land for warehouses and factory
sites will be ready when the exposition opens on January 1, 1915. The
fair will have 30 acres of Spanish gardens. A great Indian congress
and exhibit will be held, representing every tribe of North and South
America. This exposition will in nowise interfere with the big show at
San Francisco, but will be supplemental to it.
When the Suez Canal was finished, its opening was celebrated by the
most magnificent fete of modern times, the profligate Khedive Ismail
Pasha apparently endeavoring to outdo the traditions of his Mussulman
predecessors, Haroun al Raschid and Akbar. The fete lasted for four
weeks, Cairo was decorated and illuminated as no city, of either
Occident or Orient, ever had been before. The expense of the month's
carnival was more than $21,000,000.
An opera house was built especially for the occasion, and Verdi, the
famous Italian composer, was employed to write a special opera for the
occasion. That the opera was "Aida," and that it marked the high tide
of Verdi's genius, was perhaps more than might have been expected of a
work of art produced at the command of an extravagant prince's gold.
The canal itself was opened on November 16, 1869, a procession of
forty-eight ships, men of war, royal yachts and merchantmen, making
the transit of the Isthmus in three days' time. In the first ship was
Eugenie, Empress of the French. In another was the Emperor of Austria,
and in still another the Prince of Wales, afterwards Edward VII. A
more imposing gathering of imperial and royal personages never before
had been witnessed, and all of them were the Christian guests of the
Moslem Ismail.
When the procession of royal vessels had passed through, the captains
and the kings went to Cairo for the fete. The canal was open for
traffic. It was significant that the first vessel to pass through in
the course of ordinary business, paying its tolls, flew the British
ensign. The building of the canal had wrecked Egypt, financially and
politically; was destined to end forever the hope of Asiatic empire
for France; and was to make certain England's dominion over India, a
thing de Lesseps and Napoleon III had intended it to destroy.
The celebration of the completion of the Suez Canal was the wildest
orgy of modern times, the last attempt to Orientalize a commercial
undertaking of the Age of Steam and Steel.
The celebration at San Francisco will be more magnificent in its way,
and will cost more money. But the millions will not be thrown away for
the mere delectation of the senses of two score princes--they will be
expended for the entertainment and the education of millions of
people, the humblest of whom will have his full share in the
celebration.
From the spruce woods of Maine, from the orange groves of Florida,
from the wide fields of the Mississippi Valley, from the broad plains
of the Colorado, from the blue ridges of the Alleghenies and the snow
peaks of the Rockies, Americans will go to the Golden Gate to
commemorate in their American way the closer union of their States,
the consummation of the journeys of Columbus: The Land Divided--the
World United.
THE END
[Illustration: A MAP SHOWING THE ISTHMUS WITH THE COMPLETED CANAL]
INDEX
Accessory Transit Company, 199
Accidents, 72
Amador, Dr., 238, 239
Accounting department, 315
American Federation of Labor, 271
American clings to home habits, 177
American Federation of Women's Clubs, 176, 180
American mind wanted canal, 11
American Rivers and Harbors Congress, 346
Amsterdam Canal, 341-342
Amundsen, 4
Amusements, 178, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192
Ancon Hill, 89
Ancon Study Club, 183
Animal life, 331
Ants, 331
Appropriations for canal, 269
Aspinwall, William H., 102
Babel of American ambitions, 80
Bailey, John, 197
Balboa, 6, 7, 89, 90, 333
Barnacles, 40
Beef, Price of, 166, 167
Beauregard, P. T. G., 204
Bitter, Karl, 374
Blackburn, Joseph C. S., 138, 142, 250, 252, 258
Board of consulting engineers, 32
Boswell, Helen Varick, 180
Bridles, 77
British bondholders, 365
Brooke, Mark, 133
Bryce, James, 20, 23
Buccaneers, English, 334
Bull-fighting, 328
Bunau-Varilla, Philippe, 222, 230, 237, 238, 246, 327
Burke, John, 143
"Bush dwellers," 155
Cables, 78
Caisson gates, 62, 63
Caledonia, 159
Camp Fire Girls, 183
Cantilever pivot bridges, 57
Canada, Western, 20
Canal not constructed to make money, 10
Canal Zone, 6, 7, 247, 326
Canal Zone government, 256-267, 271, 312
Canals, 335-346
Canals, Isthmian, 194-205
Cargo ship, 319
Central and South American Telegraph Company, 253
Chagres River, 2, 5, 27, 32, 33, 36, 37, 40, 82, 110, 214, 280, 330
Chagres Valley, 33, 36
Chain for stopping vessels, 58, 59, 60
Channel, Sea-level, 46
Charles V, 194
Chauncey, Henry, 103
Cheops, Pyramid of, 24
Chicago Drainage Canal, 345
Childs, Orville, 199
Choice of route, 221-232
Chucunoques, 332
Civil administration, 138
Civil-service requirements, 136
Claims, Adjustment of, 323
Claims for lands, 260
Clay, Henry, 197
Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 15, 17, 198, 302, 303
Cleveland (Ship), 297
Clutches, Friction, 57
Clubhouses, 186
Coaling, 320
Coaling plants, 91, 92
Cock-fighting, 328
Cole, H. O., 143
Collisions, 60
Colombia, 227, 228, 231, 233-245
Colon Beach, 101
Columbus, Christopher, 3, 194, 347
Comber, W. G., 143
Commercial map, 347-357
Commissary, 164-175
Commissary department, 30
Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interoceanique, 213, 214
Concession, Extension of, 104
Concession to the French, 196
Concrete mixers, 54
Congress and the canal, 268-276
Conquerers, Spanish, 334
Constantinople, Capture of, 347, 348
Constantinople, Convention of, 292
Contra Costa Water Company, 43
Contract system, 13
Contractor's Hill, 79
Controversy with Colombia, 233-245
Cook, Thomas F., 144
Corozal (Dredge), 84
Corruption, 14
Corruption in building French canal, 9, 207
Cortez, Hernando, 195
Cost of canal, 5
Cost of French canal, 208
Cotton production, Center of, 355
Coupon books, 169
Court system, 261
Courtesy of West Indian Negro, 157
Courtesy of workmen, 147
Cranes, Floating, 322
Cristobal, 6, 7
Cromwell, William Nelson, 280, 287, 327
Cronstadt and St. Petersburg Canal, 343
Cruelty of natives, 329
Cruelty of Spaniards, 333
Culebra Cut, 5, 13, 21, 26, 34, 35, 40, 70-81, 214, 216, 277, 278
Culebra Mountain, 4, 20, 79, 80, 196, 277
Cullom, Shelby M., 282
Culverts, 50
Dams, Emergency, 60, 61
Davis, Charles H., 196
Davis, George W., 134, 256
Death rate, 303
Debts of American Republics, 365
Department store, 166
Deportation of laborers, 152
Devol, C. A., 143
Dikes, 126
Dikes of Holland, 44
"Dingler's folly," 208
Diplomatic entanglements, 17
Dredges, Ladder, 84
Dredges, Suction, 83
Duty on imports, 325
Dynamite, 28, 74
Eads, James B., 202, 203
Eastern Roman Empire, 3
Eating places, 170
Economy in handling material, 55
Efficiency records, 72, 73
Eight-hour working day, 137, 271
Elections in Panama, 251, 327
Electric current, 67
Electrical department, 315
Endicott, Mordecai T., 135
"Energy; the lord of the Isthmian way," 394
Engineering department, 314
Engineering difficulties, 29
Engineering project of all history, 23
Englishman defies Tropics, 177
Equipment for hauling material, 53
Erie Canal, 346
Expense of operating canal, 313
Extravagance in building French canal, 207
Ernst, Oswald H., 135
Filibusters, French, 334
Finley, Carlos, 11, 106
Fire department, 264
Fishing, 192
Flamenco Island, 88
Flowers, 330
Foreign trade of U. S., 353
Fortifications, 18, 283-294
Foundations, 90
Fraser, John Foster, 355
French began work in 1880, 5
French canal, 53
French failure, 206-220
French Panama Canal Company, 200
French spent $300,000,000, 8
French Canal Company, 9, 93, 252
Fruits, 330
Gaillard, D. D., 138, 139
Gamboa, 40
Gatun Dam, 13, 21, 23, 25, 26, 32-34, 36, 41-43, 56, 279
Gatun Lake, 36, 37, 38, 45, 47, 50, 56, 60, 62, 82, 95, 315, 330
Goethal, George Washington, 13, 18, 33, 43, 119-132, 273
Gold Hill, 79
Golf links, 315
Good Hope, Cape of, 19
Gorgas, William C., 105, 108, 134, 138, 142
Government ownership of railways, 99
Graft, 14
"Great undertaker," 218
Guayaquil, 19
Gudger, H. A., 263
Guerin, Jules, 374
Gulf States, 20
Hains, Peter C., 135
Handling the traffic, 317-325
Hanna, Marcus A., 227, 230
Harding, Chester, 143
Harrod, Benjamin A., 135
Hay, John, 246
Hay-Herran treaty, 16, 231, 232, 233, 235
Hay-Pauncefote treaty, 17, 225, 300, 301, 303, 304
Health of canal workers, 210
Heat of the Tropics, 179
Hepburn, William P., 223
High cost of living, 175
Hise, Elijah, 198
Hodges, Harry F., 139, 141
Honolulu, 19
Hoosac Tunnel, 71
Hospitals, 112, 208, 209
Hotels, 100, 101, 171
Hunter, Henry, 278
Hunting, 191, 192
Hydraulic excavation, 79
Hydraulic Fill, 35
Ice plant, 92
Ice, Price of, 168
Iguana, 329
Immigration, 157
Incas Society, 152
Injury to the canal, 324
International commerce, 3
Isthmian Canal Commission, 12, 88, 96, 97, 109, 119, 201, 224,
225, 229, 268, 269, 311
Johnson, Emory H., 18, 299, 306
Kahn, Julius, 370
Kaiser-Wilhelm Canal, 340-341
Kid Canal, 340-341
Knox, Philander C., 43, 243
Labor in passing ships through, 68, 69
Laborers, 307
Land, Prices of, 333
Laws of Canal Zone, 268, 267
Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 8, 132, 211-219
Lidgerwood cableways, 53
Lidgerwood dirt car, 25
Lidgerwood dirt trains, 76
Lidgerwood flat cars, 74, 77
Life on the zone, 176-193
Lighting of locks, 325
Liquor question, 186
Lloyd, J. A., 196
Lloyds, 324
Lock canal, 13, 18, 137, 216, 217, 281
Lock machinery, 57-67
Locks, 19, 26, 46, 48-55, 58, 62, 318
Locomotives, Electric, 65-67
Lottery, 217, 254
Loulan, J. A., 148
Lusitania, 297
Machinery, Dependable, 57
Machinery, Abandoned, 207
Machinery, Value of, 219
MacKenzie, Alexander, 119
Magellan, 4
Magellan, Straits of, 19
Magoon, Charles E., 109, 135, 136, 264
"Making the dirt fly," 27
Malaria, 9, 11, 106, 207, 211
Man-made peninsula, 45
Manchester ship canal, 20, 30, 339
Manila, 19
Manson, Sir Patrick, 11, 106
Manufacturers of U. S., 363
Margarita Island, 284
Maritime Canal Company, 200, 223
Markets, 329
Marriage, 155
Married men more content, 179
Materia medica of Panamans, 381
Matrimony, Premium on, 179
Mears, Frederick, 143
Melbourne, 19
Menocal, A. G., 200
Metcalf, Richard L., 189
Miraflores, 26, 27, 40, 47, 55, 61, 67, 82, 89, 126
Mississippi Valley, 20
Mistakes in building, 12
Mahogany, 330
Money for building always ready, 11
Monroe doctrine, 7, 15, 360, 361
Morgan, Henry, 334
Morgan, John T., 221
Mosquito Coast, 198
Mosquitoes, 9, 11, 12, 105-107, 114, 115
Naos Island, 87, 284
National geographic society, 23
National Institute, 327
Naval display, 375
Navy, Efficiency of, 348
Negroes, 154-163
Nelson, Horatio, 197
New Caledonia, 7
New Granada, 237
New Panama Canal Company, 133, 219, 221, 224-228, 233,
235-237, 242, 270
Nicaraguan Canal, 15, 16, 198, 199, 201, 222, 230, 231
Nicaraguan Canal Commission, 199
Nombre de Dios, 7, 53
North Sea Canal, 342-343
Olympic, 59
Operating force, 309-312
Orchids, 330
Oregon (U. S. Ship), 10
Organization, 133-144
Organization of government on Canal Zone, 313
Pacific Ocean Exposition Company, 370
Pacific Steamer Navigation Company, 321
Palmer, Aaron H., 197
Pan American Conference, 7
Panama, 230, 237, 238, 240, 241, 243, 246-255
Panama, Bay of, 280
Panama-California Exposition, 376
Panama Canal Company, 133, 218
Panama City, 12, 43
Panama-Pacific Exposition, 368-378
Panama (Republic), 6, 15, 326-334
Panama Railroad, 7, 34, 68, 88, 93, 104, 136, 214, 228, 245
Panama Railroad Steamship Line, 100
Pay-day, 160, 161
Pay of Americans, 178
Paying off canal army, 30
Pedro Miguel, 25, 27, 47, 48, 55, 61, 89
Pennsylvania tubes, 50
Perico Island, 88, 285
Pilots, Canal, 60
Police force, 262, 263
Population of the zone, 315
Porto Rico, 358-360
Position of canal, 5
Postal service, 261
Prize fighting, 328
Purchase of material, 272
Quartermaster's department, 174, 314
Quellenec, F., 278
Railroads opposed to canal, 222
Rates, Passenger, 103
Rates, Railroad, 99
Rating of employees, 151
Reed, Walter, 106
Reimbursement to owners of vessels for accidents, 323
Rental for Canal Zone, 326
Religious activities, 183
Roads, 191, 264, 265
Robinson, Tracy, 215, 216
Root, Elihu, 242
Ross, Roland, 11, 106
Rosseau, Armand, 217
Rourke, W. G., 143
Rousseau, Harry H., 138, 139, 148
Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, 321
Safety appliances, 57
Safety for ships, 281
Sailing ships, Death blow to, 322
Salaries, 310
San Blas Indians, 332
San Diego and Arizona Railway, 376
San Francisco earthquake, 368-369
Sanitary department, 30
Sanitation, 105-117, 328, 332, 352
Sault Ste. Marie canal, 314, 335, 343-344
Saville, Caleb M., 41, 143
School system, 264
Schools, Night, 187
Sea-level canal, 13, 18, 137, 272, 279-282
Secret societies, 184
Servants, 181, 182
Shanton, George R., 262
Shaw, Albert D., 232
Ship railway, 202, 203, 204
Shipping routes, International, 351
Shonts, Theodore P., 135, 137
Shovels, Steam, 83, 150
Sibert, William L., 138, 139
Simplon Tunnel, 71
Site of exposition, 371
Slides, 77, 78
Smith, Jackson, 138, 139
Social diversion, 182
Society of the Chagres, 152, 153
Soda fountain, 178
"Soo" locks, 62
Spanish American war veterans, 128
Spanish language, Study of, 181, 188
Spanish Main, 356
Spillway, 26, 37, 38, 39
Spooner, John C., 229
Steamship lines, 98
Stegomyia, 11, 107, 115, 211
Stevens, John F., 27, 102, 119, 129, 130, 136, 138
Stoney Gate valves, 50
Strangers' Club, 182
Street-car system, 191
Strikes, 129
Suez Canal, 21, 29, 335-339, 376, 377
Suez Canal rules, 292
Supplies for building canal free of duty, 323
Switches, Limit, 57
Tabernilla, 78
Taboga Island, 285
Taboga Sanitarium, 113
Taft, Wm. Howard, 33, 118
Tehuantepec, Isthmus of, 202, 204
Tehuantepec railroad, 203
Tierra del Fuego, 4
Thatcher, Maurice H., 139
Tivoli Hotel, 100, 170
Titanic marine stairway, 45
Tolls, 18, 295-308, 319
Toro Point, 46, 87, 284
Towing, 322
Track shifter, 76
Trade opportunities, 358-367
Traffic, 18, 19
Tramp steamer, 320
Transcontinental tonnage, 350
Transportation of material excavated, 75
Traveling salesmen, 363-364
Treaties with Colombia and Panama, 244
Tropics, Diseases of, 9
Type of canal, 275
University Club, 182
Vaccination of negroes, 162
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 199
Voting, 184, 185
Wages, 146, 165
Wallace, John Findley, 130, 133, 135
Washington Hotel, 101
Washington monument, 23, 25, 26
Water, Control of, 65
Water supply, 265, 266
Watertight material, 41
Wickedness of the City of Panama, 328
Williams, E. J., 143, 160
Williamson, S. B., 143
Wilson, Eugene T., 143
Wilson, T. D., 204
Wire screens, 12
Women's clubs, 180, 181
Women's Federation of Clubs, 183
Wood, Leonard, 108
Workmen, 145-153
Wyse, Lucien Napoleon Bonaparte, 212, 218
Yellow fever, 9, 11, 12, 105, 109, 110, 112, 211
Yellow fever commission, 106
Young Men's Christian Association, 178, 180, 207
The American Government
The Book That Shows Uncle Sam at Work
By Frederic J. Haskin
This is the only book that tells accurately and without partisan bias
just what the working machinery of the great American Government
accomplishes for its people.
It has been endorsed by scores of public officials, has been placed in
hundreds of libraries, studied in thousands of schools and read by
hundreds of thousands of Americans.
It is the book Woodrow Wilson read on the night of his election to the
Presidency.
It will hold your interest whether you are nine or ninety, a man or
woman, boy or girl. _Illustrated._
Published by
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
Philadelphia
* * * * *
The Immigrant
An Asset and a Liability
By Frederic J. Haskin
The author has succeeded to a remarkable degree in investing the
subject of Immigration with intense interest. The story of the
greatest human migration of all the ages is told in vivid, incisive
and picturesque style. The three centuries of this great world
movement are spread out before the reader like a panoramic parade of
all nations. Accurate historical statement, philosophic presentation
of the underlying principles and a judicial consideration of the
ultimate influence on our country characterize this latest and in many
respects most satisfactory and complete handbook. _Illustrated._
Published by
FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY
New York
* * * * *
_The Haskin Letter_
The daily letter by Frederic J. Haskin has more readers than any other
newspaper feature in the United States. Its great popularity is due to
its accurate presentation of worth-while information.
* * * * *
The New Freedom
By
WOODROW WILSON
Certain it is that the more pertinent phase: of present day conditions
have never been more simply and more luminously set forth. The large,
free lines in which the story is told, the easy style of
extemporaneous talk, the homely illustrations, remove every impediment
from the reader's mind and give to each sentence the tang of life.
Every phrase is fresh as a May morning, and every thought is quick
with life.
_Fifth Large Printing_
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO.
Garden City New York
* * * * *
Transcriber's note:
Variations in spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been
retained except in obvious cases of typographical error.
Facing page 10: The photo of George Goethals includes a signature.
The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up
paragraphs, thus the page number of the illustration might not
match the page number in the List of Illustrations.