[3765] The people of Arethusa, a city of Syria, not far from Apamea,

situate between Epiphania and Emesa. In later times, it took the name

of Restan.

[3766] The people of Berœa, a town of Syria, midway between Antioch and

Hierapolis. Seleucus Nicator gave to it the Macedonian name of Berœa;

but, in A.D. 638, it resumed its ancient name of Chaleb, or Chalybon.

The modern Haleb, or Aleppo, occupies its site. Some excavations, on

the eastern side of it, are the only vestiges of ancient remains in the

neighbourhood.

[3767] The people of Epiphanæa, placed by Ptolemy in the district

of Cassiotis, in which also Antioch and Larissa were situate. The

Itinerary of Antoninus places it sixteen miles from Larissa, thirty-two

from Emesa, and 101 from Antioch of Syria. It is supposed to have been

identical with the ancient Hamath, mentioned in 2 Sam. viii. 9; 1 Kings

viii. 65; Isaiah x. 9, and called “Hamath the great” in Amos vi. 2,

which name it also retained in the time of St. Jerome.

[3768] The people of Laodicea ad Libanum, a city of Cœle-Syria, at

the northern entrance to the narrow valley, between Libanus and

Anti-Libanus. During the possession of Cœle-Syria by the Greek kings of

Egypt, it was the south-west border fortress of Syria. It was the chief

city of a district called Laodicene.

[3769] Of Leucas, or Leucadia, nothing is known. Larissa, in Syria, was

a city in the district of Apamene, on the western bank of the Orontes,

about half-way between Apamea and Epiphania. The site is now called

Kulat-Seijar.

[3770] In the western branch of the plateau of Iran, a portion of

the Taurus chain. Considerable changes in the course of the lower

portion of the river have taken place since the time when Pliny wrote.

Caranitis is the modern Arzrum, or Erzrúm, of the Turks.

[3771] Now called Dujik Tagh, a mountain of Armenia.

[3772] It has been suggested, that the proper reading here would be

_Xerxene_.

[3773] Probably the district where the goddess Anais was worshipped,

who is mentioned by Pliny in B. xxxiii. c. 24.

[3774] From the place of confluence where the two mountain streams

forming the Euphrates unite. This spot is now known as Kebban Ma’den.

[3775] A fortress upon the river Euphrates, in Lesser Armenia. It has

been identified with the ferry and lead-mines of Kebban Ma’den, the

points where the Kara Su is joined by the Myrad-Chaï, at a distance

of 270 miles from its source; the two streams forming, by their

confluence, the Euphrates.

[3776] Other readings have “Pastona” here, said by D’Anville to be the

modern Pastek.

[3777] Called the metropolis of Lesser Armenia by Procopius. It was

situate between Anti-Taurus and the Euphrates, and celebrated for its

fertility, more especially in fruit-trees, oil, and wine. The site

of the city Melitene is now called Malatiyah, on a tributary of the

Euphrates, and near that river itself.

[3778] It is generally supposed that “twenty-four” would be the correct

reading here.

[3779] There were two places of this name. The one here spoken of was

a town of Lesser Armenia, on the right bank of the Euphrates, at the

first, or principal curve, which takes place before the river enters

Mount Taurus. It is represented by the modern Iz Oghlu.

[3780] No other writer is found to make mention of the Lycus, which

flows into the Euphrates, though there is a river formerly so called,

which flows into the Tigris below Larissa, the modern Nimroud.

D’Anville is of opinion, that it is formed from the numerous springs,

called by the people of the district Bing-gheul, or the “Thousand

Springs.”

[3781] Now called the Myrad-Chaï. Ritter considers it to be the south

arm of the Euphrates. The Arsanus is mentioned by no writer except

Pliny.

[3782] The defile at this place is now called the Cataract of Nachour,

according to Parisot.

[3783] The more general reading here is “Omira.” Hardouin is of

opinion, that this is the district referred to in the Book of Judith,

ii. 24. In the Vulgate, it appears to be twice called the river

_Mambre_; but in our version it is called _Arbonaï_.

[3784] Burnouf has concluded, from a cuneiform inscription which he

deciphered, that the name of this people was Ayurâ, and that Hardouin

is wrong in conjecturing that it was a name derived from the Greek

ὄρος, “a mountain,” and designating the people as a mountain tribe. If

Burnouf is right, the proper reading here would seem to be Arœi, or

Arrhœi.

[3785] The length of the _schœnus_ has been mentioned by our author in

C. 11 of the present Book. M. Saigey makes the Persian parasang to be

very nearly the same length as the schœnus of Pliny.

[3786] Commagene was a district in the north of Syria, bounded by the

Euphrates on the east, by Cilicia on the west, and by Amanus on the

north. Its capital was Samosata.

[3787] The place here spoken of by Pliny is probably the same mentioned

by Ptolemy as in Cataonia, one of the provinces of Cappadocia.

According to Parisot, the site of the place is called at the present

day ‘Ra Claudie.’

[3788] Salmasius has confounded these cataracts with those of Nachour,

or Elegia, previously mentioned. It is evident, however, that they are

not the same.

[3789] Now called Someisat. In literary history, it is celebrated as

being the birth-place of the satirist Lucian. Nothing remains of it but

a heap of ruins, on an artificial mound.

[3790] In the district of Osrhoëne, in the northern part of

Mesopotamia. It was situate on the Syrtus, now the Daisan, a small

tributary of the Euphrates. Pliny speaks rather loosely when he places

it in Arabia. It is supposed that it bore the name of Antiochia during

the reign of the Syrian king, Antiochus IV. The modern town of Orfahor

Unfah is supposed to represent its site.

[3791] “The beautiful stream.” It is generally supposed that this was

another name of Edessa.

[3792] Supposed to be the Haran, or Charan, of the Old Testament.

It was here, as alluded to by Pliny, that Crassus was defeated and

slain by the Parthian general, Surena. It was situate in Osroëne, in

Mesopotamia, and not far from Edessa. According to Stephanus, it had

its name from Carrha, a river of Syria, and was celebrated in ancient

times for its temple of Luna, or Lunus.

[3793] According to Strabo, the Aborras, now the Khabur, flowed round

this town. By Tacitus it is called Anthemusias. According to Isidorus

of Charax, it lay between Edessa and the Euphrates.

[3794] Now Rakkah, a fortified town of Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates,

near the mouth of the river Bilecha. It was built by order of Alexander

the Great, and completed probably by Seleucus. It is supposed to

have been the same place as Callinicum, the fortifications of which

were repaired by Justinian. Its name was changed in later times to

Leontopolis by the Emperor Leo.

[3795] Now called Sinjar, according to Brotier. Some writers imagine

that this was the site of “the plain in the land of Shinar,” on which

the Tower of Babel was built, mentioned in the Book of Genesis, xi. 2.

[3796] Mentioned in C. 17 of the present Book.

[3797] Probably not that in the district of Cassiotis, and on the

western bank of the Orontes, mentioned in C. 19 of the present Book.

Of this locality nothing seems to be known, except that Dupinet states

that it is now called Adelphe by the Turks.

[3798] Probably the “Antiochia ad Taurum” mentioned by the geographer

Stephanus, and by Ptolemy. Some writers place it at the modern Aintab,

seventy-five miles north-east of Aleppo.

[3799] Now called Roum-Cala, or the “Roman Castle.” For Zeugma see p.

424.

[3800] In the north-east of the district of Astropatene, originally

called Rhaga. It was rebuilt by Seleucus Nicator, and by him called

Europus. Colonel Rawlinson has identified it with the present Veramin,

at no great distance from the ancient Rhages.

[3801] Its ruins are to be seen at the ford of El Hamman, near the

modern Rakkah. It stood on the banks of the Euphrates; and here was

the usual, and, for a long time, the only ford of the Euphrates. It is

supposed to have derived its name from the Aramean word “Thiphsach,”

signifying “a ford.”

[3802] Or “Dwellers in Tents.” See p. 422.

[3803] According to Ortelius and Hardouin, this is the place called

Sura by Pliny, in C. 26 of the present Book; but Parisot differs from

that opinion. Bochart suggests, that “Ur, of the Chaldees,” is the

place referred to under this name; but, as Hardouin observes, that

place lay at a considerable distance to the south.

[3804] So called from the circumstance that Palmyra stood in the midst

of them. It was built by King Solomon, in an oasis of the Desert,

in the midst of palm groves, from which it received its Greek name,

which was a translation also of the Hebrew “Tadmor,” “the city of

palm-trees.” It lay at a considerable distance from the Euphrates. Its

site presents considerable ruins; but they are all of the Roman period,

and greatly inferior to those of Baalbec or Heliopolis.

[3805] The rock fortress of the Idumæans in Arabia Petræa, now called

Wady-Musa, half-way between the head of the Gulf of Akabah and the Dead

Sea.

[3806] Which it continued to do until it was conquered under its

queen, Zenobia, by the Emperor Aurelian, in A.D. 270. It was partially

destroyed by him, but was afterwards fortified by Justinian; though it

never recovered its former greatness.

[3807] See B. vi. c. 30.

[3808] Pliny is the only author that makes mention of Stelendene.

[3809] In C. 19 of the present Book.

[3810] Previously mentioned by Pliny. See p. 439. Of Elatium nothing is

known.

[3811] The same place that is also mentioned in history as Flavia Firma

Sura. The site of Philiscum is totally unknown.

[3812] Nothing is known of this place.

[3813] Parisot remarks, that it is true that the Euphrates increases

periodically, much in the same manner as the Nile; but that its

increase does not arise from similar causes, nor are the same results

produced by it, seeing that the river does not convey the same volume

of water as the Nile, and that the country in the vicinity of its bed

does not, like Egypt, form a valley pent up between two ranges of hills.

[3814] So called probably from the Greek διαφανὴς, “transparent.” It

has not been identified, but it was no doubt a small stream falling

into the Gulf of Issus.

[3815] Or “Passes.” As to Mount Amanus, see C. 18 of the present Book.

[3816] Parisot suggests that this is the Chersos of Xenophon, the

modern Kermes.

[3817] The Deli-Su of modern times according to D’Anville, the Maher-Su

according to Pococke.

[3818] Pliny is the only writer that mentions this river Lycus.

[3819] The Gulf of Issos is now called the Gulf of Scanderoon or

Iskenderun, from the town of that name, the former Alexandria ad Issum,

mentioned here by Pliny. In the vicinity of Issus, Alexander defeated

the army of Darius. The exact site of the town appears not to have been

ascertained.

[3820] Which still preserves its name in Iskenderun, on the east side

of the Gulf. It probably received its name in honour of Alexander the

Great.

[3821] Or the “Green” River. Its identity is unknown.

[3822] Now called Ayas Kala or Kalassy. It was a place, in the Roman

period, of some importance.

[3823] The modern river Jihan.

[3824] Or “Passes” of Cilicia, through the range of Taurus.

[3825] Called Mallo in modern times, according to Hardouin and Dupinet.

[3826] At the mouth of the Pyramus, according to Tzetzes.

[3827] Famous as the birth-place of St. Paul, the Apostle of the

Gentiles. Its ruins still bear the name of Tersus. During the civil

war it took part with Julius Cæsar, and from him received the name of

Juliopolis.

[3828] They lie between the rivers Djihoun and Syhoun, according to

Ansart.

[3829] Now called Messis, according to D’Anville and Mannert. The site

of Cassipolis, or Cassiopolis according to some readings, is unknown.

[3830] The sites of Thynos and Zephyrium appear to be unknown. Anchiale

was situate on the coast, upon the river Anchialeus, according to the

geographer Stephanus. Aristobulus, quoted by Strabo, says that at

this place was the tomb of Sardanapalus, and on it a relief in stone

representing a man snapping the fingers of the right hand. He adds,

“It is said that there is an Assyrian inscription also, recording that

Sardanapalus built Anchiale and Tarsus in one day, and exhorting the

reader to eat, drink, &c., as everything else is not worth That, the

meaning of which was shown by the attitude of the figure.” Athenæus

however cites Amyntas as his authority for stating that the tomb of

Sardanapalus was at Nineveh. Leake is of opinion that a mound on the

banks of the river beyond the modern villages of Kazalu and Karaduar

forms the remains of Anchiale.

[3831] The modern Syhou, according to Ansart.

[3832] Now called the Tersoos Chai. It is remarkable for the coldness

of its waters, and it was here that Alexander the Great nearly met with

his death from bathing when heated, in the stream.

[3833] Now Chelendreh. It was a strong place on the coast, situate on

a high rock nearly surrounded by the sea. None of its ruins seem older

than the early period of the Roman empire. The Turks call it Gulnare.

[3834] Probably so called from a temple to the Sea Nymphs there.

[3835] To distinguish it from Solæ or Soli of Cyprus. It was situate

between the rivers Cydnus and Lamus, and was said to have been

colonized by Argives and Lydians from Rhodes. Alexander mulcted its

inhabitants of 200 talents, for their adhesion to the Persians. It was

celebrated as the birth-place of the Stoic philosopher Chrysippus, the

comic poet Philemon, and the poet and astronomer Aratus. Its name is

perpetuated in the word _Solecism_, which is said to have been first

applied to the corrupt dialect of Greek spoken by the inhabitants of

this city, or as some say, of Soli in Cyprus.

[3836] It still retains its ancient name, and is situate on the western

side of the Sarus, now the Syhoun or Syhan. Pompey settled here some of

the Cilician pirates whom he had conquered.

[3837] Leake, in his ‘Asia Minor,’ p. 196, says, “The vestiges of

Cibyra are probably those observed by Captain Beaufort upon a height

which rises from the right bank of a considerable river about eight

miles to the eastward of the Melas, about four miles to the west of

Cape Karáburnu, and nearly two miles from the shore.” Ptolemy mentions

Cibyra as an inland town of Cilicia Trachea, but Scylax places it on

the coast.

[3838] Its ruins are still called Pinara or Minara. It was an inland

city of Lycia, some distance west of the river Xanthus, and at the foot

of Mount Cragus.

[3839] Or perhaps ‘Podalie.’ Of it nothing seems to be known.

[3840] Or Selinuntum, now Selenti, on the coast of Cilicia. In

consequence of the death here of the Emperor Trajan, it received the

name of Trajanopolis. Of Ale, if that is the correct reading, nothing

whatever is known.

[3841] On the coast of Cilicia; mentioned by Strabo as having a port.

Leake places it at or near the ruined castle called Sokhta Kalesi,

below which is a port, and a peninsula on the east side of the harbour

covered with ruins.

[3842] In the district of Selenitis. It has been identified with the

site of the modern fortress of Lambardo. It is also suggested that it

may have been the same place as Laerte, the native city of Diogenes

Laertius. Of Doron nothing seems to be known.

[3843] Its ruins are supposed to be those seen by Leake near the island

of Crambusa. Here the walls of an ancient city may still be traced, and

a mole of unhewn rocks projects from one angle of the fortress about

100 yards across the bay.

[3844] Strabo describes this cave as a vast hollow of circular form,

surrounded by a margin of rock on all sides of considerable height; on

descending it, the ground was found full of shrubs, both evergreens and

cultivated, and in some parts the best saffron was grown. He also says

that there was a cave which contained a large spring, from which arose

a river of clear water which immediately afterwards sank into the earth

and flowed underground into the sea. It was called the Bitter Water.

This cave, so famed in ancient times, does not appear to have been

examined by any modern traveller. It was said to have been the bed of

the giant Typhon or Typhœus.

[3845] Now known as the Ghiuk-Su.

[3846] Supposed to be the same as the modern Lessan-el-Kahpeh.

[3847] Or Holmi, on the coast of Cilicia Tracheia, a little to the

south-west of Seleucia. Leake thinks that the modern town of Aghaliman

occupies the site of Holmœ.

[3848] Probably the same place as the Aphrodisias mentioned by Livy,

Diodorus Siculus, and Ptolemy.

[3849] On the headland now called Cape Anemour, the most southerly

part of Asia Minor. Beaufort discovered on the point indications of a

considerable ancient town.

[3850] Its site is now called Alaya or Alanieh. This spot was Strabo’s

boundary-line between Pamphylia and Cilicia. Some slight remains of the

ancient town were seen here by Beaufort, but no inscriptions were found.

[3851] Identified by Beaufort with the modern Manaugat-Su.

[3852] So called, either from an adjacent mountain of that name, or

its founder, Anazarbus. Its later name was Cæsarea ad Anazarbum. Its

site is called Anawasy or Amnasy, and is said to display considerable

remains of the ancient town. Of Augusta nothing is known: Ptolemy

places it in a district called Bryelice.

[3853] Identified by Ainsworth with the ruins seen at Kara Kaya in

Cilicia.

[3854] Pompey settled some of the Cilician pirates here after his

defeat of them. It was thirty miles east of Anazarbus, but its site

does not appear to have been identified.

[3855] An island off the shore of Cilicia, also called Sebaste.

[3856] Some of the MSS. read “Riconium” here.

[3857] Its ruins are called Selefkeh. This was an important city of

Seleucia Aspera, built by Seleucus I. on the western bank of the river

Calycadnus. It had an oracle of Apollo, and annual games in honour of

Zeus Olympius. It was a free city under the Romans. It was here that

Frederick Barbarossa, the emperor of Germany, died. Its ruins are

picturesque and extensive.

[3858] Meaning that the inhabitants of Holmia were removed by Seleucus

to his new city of Seleucia.

[3859] Said by Vitruvius to have had the property of anointing those

who bathed in its waters. If so, it probably had its name from the

Greek word λιπαρὸς, “fat.” It flowed past the town of Soloë. Bombos and

Paradisus are rivers which do not appear to have been identified.

[3860] A branch of the Taurus range.

[3861] It bordered in the east on Lycaonia, in the north on Phrygia, in

the west on Pisidia, and in the south on Cilicia and Pamphylia.

[3862] A well-fortified city at the foot of Mount Taurus. It was

twice destroyed, first by its inhabitants when besieged by Perdiccas,

and again by the Roman general Servilius Isauricus. Strabo says that

Amyntas of Galatea built a new city in its vicinity out of the ruins

of the old one. D’Anville and others have identified the site of Old

Isauria with the modern Bei Sheher, and they are of opinion that Seidi

Sheher occupies the site of New Isaura, but Hamilton thinks that the

ruins on a hill near the village of Olou Bounar mark the site of New

Isaura. Of the two next places nothing seems to be known at the present

day.

[3863] In the last Chapter.

[3864] In Pisidia, at the southern extremity of Lake Caralitis.

Tacitus, Annals, iii. 48, says that this people possessed forty-four

fortresses: whereas Strabo speaks of them as the most barbarous of all

the Pisidian tribes, dwelling only in caves. They were conquered by the

consul Quirinius in the time of Augustus.

[3865] Pisidia was a mountainous region formed by that part of the main

chain of Mount Taurus which sweeps round in a semicircle parallel to

the shore of the Pamphylian Gulf; the shore itself at the foot of the

mountains forming the district of Pamphylia. On the south-east it was

bounded by Cilicia, on the east and north-east by Lycaonia and Isauria,

and by Phrygia Parorios on the north, where its boundaries greatly

varied at different times.

[3866] Generally called “Antioch of Pisidia,” was situate on the south

side of the mountain boundary between Phrygia and Pisidia. The modern

Yalobatch is supposed to occupy its site. The remains of the ancient

town are numerous. Its title of Cæsarea was probably given to it on its

becoming a Roman colony early in the imperial period.

[3867] D’Anville suggests that the modern Haviran occupies its site,

and that Sadjakla stands on that of Sagalessos.

[3868] This country was bounded on the north by Galatia, on the east

by Cappadocia, on the south by Cilicia Aspera, on the south-west by

Isauria and Phrygia Parorios, and on the north-west by Great Phrygia.

It was assigned under the Persian empire to the satrapy of Cappadocia,

but considered by the Greek and Roman geographers the south-east part

of Phrygia.

[3869] Phrygia, or the western part of Asia, the first part of the

Asiatic continent that received the name of Asia. Sec Chapters 28 & 29

of the present Book.

[3870] D’Anville thinks that the place called Il-Goun occupies the site

of Philomela.

[3871] Hardouin suggests that the reading here is “Tibriani,” the

people of Tibrias. Ansart is of opinion that Thymbrium is meant, the

place at which Cyrus defeated the army of Crœsus.

[3872] Its site is unknown. It was probably so called from the quarries

of white stone or marble in its vicinity. Pelta and Tyrium are also

equally unknown.

[3873] Iconium was regarded in the time of Xenophon as the easternmost

town of Phrygia, while all the later authorities described it as the

principal city of Lycaonia. In the Acts of the Apostles it is described

as a very populous city, inhabited by Greeks and Jews. Its site is now

called Kunjah or Koniyeh.

[3874] It has been suggested that this may be the Tarbassus of

Artemidorus, quoted by Strabo. Hyde was in later times one of the

episcopal cities of Lycaonia.

[3875] Their district is called Melyas by Herodotus, B. i. c. 173. The

city of Arycanda is unknown.

[3876] United with Cilicia it now forms the province of Caramania or

Kermanieh. It was a narrow strip of the southern coast of Asia Minor,

extending in an arch along the Pamphylian Gulf between Lycia on the

west, Cilicia on the east, and on the north bordering on Pisidia.

[3877] Tradition ascribed the first Greek settlements in this country

to Mopsus, son of Apollo (or of Rhacius), after the Trojan war.

[3878] Now called the Gulf of Adalia, lying between Cape Khelidonia and

Cape Anemour.

[3879] Now called Candeloro, according to D’Anville and Beaufort.

[3880] Or Aspendus, an Argeian colony on the river Eurymedon. The

“mountain” of Pliny is nothing but a hill or piece of elevated ground.

It is supposed that it still retains its ancient name. In B. xxxi. c.

7, Pliny mentions a salt lake in its vicinity.

[3881] Hardouin suggests that the correct reading is ‘Petnelessum.’

[3882] A city of remarkable splendour, between the rivers Catarrhactes

and Cestrus, sixty stadia from the mouth of the former. It was a

celebrated seat of the worship of Artemis or Diana. In the later Roman

empire it was the capital of Pamphylia Secunda. It was the first place

visited by St. Paul in Asia Minor. See Acts, xiii. 13 and xiv. 25.

Its splendid ruins are still to be seen at Murtana, sixteen miles

north-east of Adalia.

[3883] Now known as the Kapri-Su.

[3884] Now called Duden-Su. It descends the mountains of Taurus in a

great broken waterfall, whence its name.

[3885] Probably occupying the site of the modern Atalieh or Satalieh.

[3886] On the borders of Lycia and Pamphylia, at the foot of Mount

Solyma. Its ruins now bear the name of Tekrova.

[3887] It was inclosed by Caria and Pamphylia on the west and east, and

on the north by the district of Cibyrates in Phrygia.

[3888] The Gulf of Satalieh or Adalia.

[3889] Still known as Cape Khelidonia or Cameroso.

[3890] Parisot remarks here, “Pliny describes on this occasion, with an

exactness very remarkable for his time, the chain of mountains which

runs through the part of Asia known to the ancients, although it is

evident that he confines the extent of them within much too small a

compass.”

[3891] The Caspian and the Hyrcanian Seas are generally looked upon

as identical, but we find them again distinguished by Pliny in B. vi.

c. 13, where he says that this inland sea commences to be called the

_Caspian_ after you have passed the river Cyrus (or Kúr), and that the

Caspii live near it; and in C. 16, that it is called the _Hyrcanian_

Sea, from the Hyrcani who live along its shores. The western side would

therefore in strictness be called the _Caspian_, and the eastern the

_Hyrcanian_ Sea.

[3892] “The name of Imaüs was, in the first instance, applied by the

Greek geographers to the Hindú-Kúsh and to the chain parallel to the

equator, to which the name of Himâlaya is usually given at the present

day. The name was gradually extended to the intersection running north

and south, the meridian axis of Central Asia, or the _Bolor_ range. The

divisions of Asia into ‘intra et extra Imaum,’ were unknown to Strabo

and Pliny, though the latter describes the knot of mountains formed

by the intersections of the Himâlaya, the Hindú-Kúsh, and Bolor, by

the expression ‘quorum (Montes Emodi) promontorium Imaüs vocatur.’ The

Bolor chain has been for ages, with one or two exceptions, the boundary

between the empires of China and Turkestan.”—_Dr. Smith’s Dictionary of

Ancient Geography._

[3893] The Gates of Armenia are spoken of in B. vi. c. 12, the Gates of

the Caspian in C. 16 of the same Book, and the Gates of Cilicia in C.

22 of the present Book.

[3894] See C. ix. of the next Book.

[3895] “Strabo gives this name to only the eastern portion of the

Caucasian chain which overhangs the Caspian Sea and forms the northern

boundary of Albania, and in which he places the Amazons. Mela seems to

apply the name to the whole chain which other writers call Caucasus,

confining the latter term to a part of it. Pliny (B. v. c. 27 & B. vi.

c. 11) gives precisely the same representation, with the additional

error of making the Ceraunii (_i. e._ the Caucasus of others) part of

the Great Taurus Chain. He seems to apply the name of Caucasus to the

spurs which spread out both to the north-east and the south-east from

the main chain near its eastern extremity, and which he regarded as a

continuous range, bordering the western shores of the Caspian. See B.

vi. c. 10.”—_Dr. Smith’s Dictionary of Ancient Geography._

[3896] Of Chelidonium, now Khelidonia, formed by the range of Taurus.

[3897] See B. ii. c. 110. The flame which continually burned on this

mountain has been examined by Beaufort, the modern traveller. The name

of the mountain is now Yanar: it is formed of a mass of scaglia with

serpentine. Spratt says that the flame is nothing more than a stream

of inflammable gas issuing from a crevice, such as is seen in several

places in the Apennines. By Homer it is represented as a fabulous

monster, which is explained by Servius, the commentator of Virgil, in

the following manner. He says that flames issue from the top of the

mountain, and that there are lions in the vicinity; the middle part

abounds in goats, and the lower part with serpents. Simena appears to

be unknown.

[3898] So called from Ἥφαιστος, the Greek name of Vulcan. Pliny

mentions this spot also in B. ii. c. 110. The flame probably proceeded

from an inflammable gas, or else was ignited by a stream of naphtha.

[3899] More generally known as Phœnicus, a flourishing city on Mount

Olympus; now Yanar Dagh, a volcano on the eastern coast of Lycia, with

which it often exchanged names. Having become the head-quarters of the

pirates, it was destroyed by the Roman general Servilius Isauricus. Its

ruins are to be seen at a spot called Deliktash.

[3900] Mentioned again in B. xxxvi. c. 34, as the spot whence the

_gagates lapis_ or ‘agate’ took its name. The ruins at Aladja are

regarded by Leake as marking the site of Gagæ; but Sir Charles Fellowes

identifies the place with the modern village of Hascooe, the vicinity

of which is covered with ruins.

[3901] On the road from Phaselis in Lycia to Patara. Its site is a

village called Hadgivella, about sixteen miles south-west of Phaselis.

The remains are very considerable.

[3902] The remains of Rhodiopolis were found by Spratt and Forbes in

the vicinity of Corydalla.

[3903] On the Limyrus, probably the modern Phineka; the ruins to the

north of which are supposed to be those of Limyra.

[3904] The modern Akhtar Dagh.

[3905] Now Andraki. This was the port of Myra, next mentioned. It stood

at the mouth of the river now known as the Andraki. Cramer observes

that it was here St. Paul was put on board the ship of Alexandria, Acts

xxvii. 5, 6.

[3906] Still called Myra by the Greeks, but Dembre by the Turks. It was

built on a rock twenty stadia from the sea. St. Paul touched here on

his voyage as a prisoner to Rome, and from the mention made of it in

Acts xxvii. 5, 6, it would appear to have been an important sea-port.

There are magnificent ruins of this city still to be seen, in part hewn

out of the solid rock.

[3907] From an inscription found by Cockerell at the head of the

Hassac Bay, it is thought that _Aperlæ_ is the proper name of this

place, though again there are coins of Gordian which give the name as

_Aperræ_. It is fixed by the Stadismus as sixty stadia west of Somena,

which Leake supposes to be the same as the Simena mentioned above by

Pliny.

[3908] Now called Antephelo or Andifilo, on the south coast of Lycia,

at the head of a bay. Its theatre is still complete, with the exception

of the proscenium. There are also other interesting remains of

antiquity.

[3909] Fellowes places the site of Phellos near a village called

_Saaret_, west-north-west of Antiphellos, where he found the remains

of a town; but Spratt considers this to mark the site of the Pyrra of

Pliny, mentioned above—judging from Pliny’s words. Modern geographers

deem it more consistent with his meaning to look for Phellos north of

Antiphellos than in any other direction, and the ruins at Tchookoorbye,

north of Antiphellos, on the spur of a mountain called Fellerdagh, are

thought to be those of Phellos.

[3910] The most famous city of Lycia. It stood on the western bank

of the river of that name, now called the Echen Chai. It was twice

besieged, and on both occasions the inhabitants destroyed themselves

with their property, first by the Persians under Harpagus, and

afterwards by the Romans under Brutus. Among its most famous temples

were those of Sarpedon and of the Lycian Apollo. The ruins now known

by the name of Gunik, have been explored by Sir C. Fellows and other

travellers, and a portion of its remains are now to be seen in the

British Museum, under the name of the Xanthian marbles.

[3911] Its ruins still bear the same name. It was a flourishing

seaport, on a promontory of the same name, sixty stadia east of the

mouth of the Xanthus. It was early colonized by the Dorians from Crete,

and became a chief seat of the worship of Apollo, from whose son

Patarus it was said to have received its name. Ptolemy Philadelphus

enlarged it, and called it Arsinoë, but it still remained better known

by its old name. This place was visited by St. Paul, who thence took

ship for Phœnicia. See Acts xxi. 1.

[3912] This was more properly the name of a mountain district of Lycia.

Strabo speaks of Cragus, a mountain with eight summits, and a city of

the same name. Beaufort thinks that Yedy-Booroon, the Seven Capes, a

group of high and rugged mountains, appear to have been the ancient

Mount Cragus of Lycia.

[3913] Probably the Gulf of Macri, equal in size to the Gulf of

Satalia, which is next to it.

[3914] This place lay in the interior at the base of Cragus, and

its ruins are still to be seen on the east side of the range, about

half-way between Telmessus and the termination of the range on the

south coast.

[3915] Its ruins are to be seen at Mei, or the modern port of Macri.

[3916] Its site is unknown. That of Candyba has been ascertained to be

a place called Gendevar, east of the Xanthus, and a few miles from the

coast. Its rock-tombs are said to be beautifully executed. The Œnian

grove or forest, it has been suggested, may still be recognized in the

extensive pine forest that now covers the mountain above the city. The

sites of Podalia and Choma seem to be unknown.

[3917] In some editions “Cyane.” Leake says that this place was

discovered to the west of Andriaca by Cockerell. It appears from

Scott and Forbes’s account of Lycia, that three sites have been found

between port Tristorus and the inland valley of Kassabar, which from

the inscriptions appeared anciently to have borne this name, Yarvoo,

Ghiouristan, and Toussa. The former is the chief place and is covered

with ruins of the Roman and middle-age construction. At Ghiouristan

there are Lycian rock-tombs.

[3918] Its ruins are to be seen near the modern Doover, in the interior

of Lycia, about two miles and a half east of the river Xanthus. Of the

three places previously mentioned the sites appear to be unknown.

[3919] Mentioned by the geographer Stephanus as being in Caria.

[3920] Its site is fixed at Katara, on both sides of the Katara Su, the

most northern branch of the Xanthus. The ruins are very considerable,

lying on both sides of the stream. Balbura is a neuter plural.

[3921] It lay to the west of Balbura, near a place now called Ebajik,

on a small stream that flows into the Horzoom Tchy. In B. xxxv. c. 17,

Pliny mentions a kind of chalk found in the vicinity of this place. Its

ruins are still to be seen, but they are not striking.

[3922] In the south-west corner of Asia Minor, bounded on the north and

north-east by the mountains Messagis and Cadmus, dividing it from Lydia

and Phrygia, and adjoining to Phrygia and Lycia on the south-east.

[3923] Caria.

[3924] Now Cape Ghinazi. It was also called Artemisium, from the temple

of Artemis or Diana situate upon it.

[3925] Discharging itself into the bay of Telmissus, now Makri.

[3926] “Telmissus” is the reading here in some editions.

[3927] Situate in the district of Caria called Peræa. It was also the

name given to a mountainous district. In Hoskyn’s map the ruins of

Dædala are placed near the head of the Gulf of Glaucus, on the west

of a small river called Inegi Chai, probably the ancient Ninus, where

Dædalus was bitten by a water-snake, in consequence of which he died.

[3928] On the Gulf of Glaucus: Stephanus however places it in Lycia.

Mela speaks only of a promontory of this name.

[3929] Leake places this river immediately west of the Gulf of Glaucus.

[3930] Placed by Strabo sixty stadia from the sea, west of the Gulf

of Glaucus, and east of Carinus. Its site is uncertain, but it may

possibly be the place discovered by Fellows, which is proved by

inscriptions to have been called Cadyanda, a name otherwise unknown to

us. This lies N.N.E. of Makri, on the Gulf of Glaucus or Makri, at a

place called Hoozoomlee, situate on an elevated plain.

[3931] The same as the river Calbis of Strabo and Mela, at present the

Dalamon Tchy, Quingi or Taas, having its sources in Mount Cadmus above

Cibyra. It was said to have derived its name from an Indian, who had

been thrown into it from an elephant.

[3932] Their district was Cibyratis, of which the chief city was

Cibyra. This place, uniting with the towns of Balbura, Bubon, and

Œnianda, had the name of Tetrapolis; of which league Cibyra was the

head, mustering 30,000 infantry and 2000 cavalry. The iron found in

this district was easily cut with a chisel or other sharp tool. The

site of this powerful city has been ascertained to be at Horzoom, on

the Horzoom Tchy, a branch of the Dalamon Tchy or Indus. The ruins are

very extensive, and the theatre in fine preservation.

[3933] Placed by Strabo west of Calynda. The ancient descriptions of

its locality vary, but the place now known as Kaiguez is said to denote

its site. The Caunii are frequently mentioned in the Persian, Grecian,

and Roman histories. It was noted for its dried figs, mentioned by

Pliny in B. xv. c. 19.

[3934] Supposed by Mannert to be the Physcus of Strabo and the Phuscæ

of Ptolemy.

[3935] Leake says that this harbour is now called Aplothíka by the

Greeks, and Porto Cavaliere by the Italians, lie also says that on its

western shore are the ruins of an Hellenic fortress and town, which are

undoubtedly those of Loryma.

[3936] It had a port of the same name.

[3937] Called Pandion by Mela, according to Parisot.

[3938] Parisot suggests that it is the same as Loryma previously

mentioned.

[3939] Like the Gulf of Schœnus, a portion probably of the Dorian Gulf,

now the Gulf of Syme.

[3940] The modern name of this promontory is not given by Hamilton, who

sailed round it. It has been confounded with the Cynos Sema of Strabo,

now Capo Velo. The site of Hyda or Hyde is unknown.

[3941] There was a town of this name as well. Stephen of Byzantium

tells us that it received its name from a shepherd who saved the life

of Podalirius, when shipwrecked on the coast of Caria.

[3942] Part of it was situate on an island now called Cape Krio,

connected by a causeway with the mainland. Its site is covered with

ruins of a most interesting character in every direction. The Triopian

promontory, evidently alluded to by Pliny, is the modern Cape Krio.

[3943] It has been remarked that in his description here Pliny is very

brief and confused, and that he may intend to give the name of Triopia

either to the small peninsula or island, or may include in this term

the western part of the whole of the larger peninsula.

[3944] Of these _conventus_. For an account of Cibyra see last page.

[3945] On the Lycus, now known as the Choruk-Su. By different writers

it has been assigned to Lydia, Caria, and Phrygia, but in the ultimate

division of the Roman provinces it was assigned to the Greater Phrygia.

It was founded by Antiochus II. on the site of a previous town, and

named in honour of his wife Laodice. Its site is occupied by ruins

of great magnificence. In the Apostolic age it was the seat of a

flourishing Christian Church, which however very soon gave signs of

degeneracy, as we learn from St. John’s Epistle to it, Revel. ii.

14-22. St. Paul also addresses it in common with the neighbouring

church of Colossæ. Its site is now called Eski-Hissar, or the Old

Castle.

[3946] A tributary of the Phrygian Mæander.

[3947] The people of Hydrela, a town of Caria, said to have been

founded by one of three brothers who emigrated from Sparta.

[3948] The people of Themisonium, now called Tseni.

[3949] The people of Hierapolis, a town of Phrygia, situate on a

height between the rivers Lycus and Mæander, about five miles north

of Laodicea, on the road from Apamea to Sardis. It was celebrated for

its warm springs, and its Plutonium, or cave of Pluto, from which

issued a mephitic vapour of a poisonous nature; see B. ii. c. 95. The

Christian Church here is alluded to by St. Paul in his Epistle to the

Colossians, iv. 13. Its ruins are situate at an uninhabited place

called Pambuk-Kalessi.

[3950] Situate in the north of Phrygia Salutaris; its ruins being

probably those to be seen at Afiour-Kara-Hisar. From the time of

Constantine this place became the capital of Phrygia Salutaris. It

stood in a fruitful plain, near a mountain quarry of the celebrated

Synnadic marble, which was white with red veins and spots. This marble

was also called “Docimiticus,” from Docimia, a nearer place.

[3951] As already mentioned in C. 25 of the present Book.

[3952] The site of Appia does not appear to be known. Cicero speaks

of an application made to him by the Appiani, when he was governor of

Cilicia, respecting the taxes with which they were burdened, and the

buildings of their town.

[3953] Eucarpia was a town of Phrygia, not far from the sources of the

Mæander, on the road from Dorylæum to Apamea Cibotus. The vine grew

there in great luxuriance, and to its fruitfulness the town probably

owed its name. Kiepert places it in the vicinity of Segielar, but its

exact site is unknown.

[3954] The site of Dorylæum is now called Eski-Shehr. The hot-baths

here are mentioned by Athenæus, and its waters were pleasant to the

taste. Sheep-feeding appears to have been carried on here to a great

extent, and under the Greek empire it was a flourishing place. The site

of Midæum does not seem to be known.

[3955] The people of Julia, Juliopolis, or Julianopolis, a town of

Lydia, probably to the south of Mount Tmolus.

[3956] This place was built near Celænæ by Antiochus Soter, and named

after his mother Apama. Strabo says that it lay at the mouth of the

river Marsyas. Its site has been fixed at the modern Denair. Some

ancient ruins are to be seen.

[3957] Pliny commits an error here; Celænæ was a different place from

Apamea, though close to it.

[3958] Meaning the “Fountains of the Pipe,” and probably deriving

its name from the legend here mentioned by Pliny, and in B. xvi. c.

44. Strabo describes the Marsyas and Mæander as rising, according to

report, in one lake above Celænæ, which produced reeds adapted for

making the mouth-pieces of musical instruments, but he gives no name

to the lake. Hamilton found near Denair or Apamea, a lake nearly two

miles in circumference, full of reeds and rushes, which he looks upon

as the lake on the mountain Aulocrene, described by Pliny in the 31st

Chapter of the present Book. His account however is very confused, as

he mentions on different occasions a _region_ of Aulocrene, a _valley_

of Aulocrene, and a _mountain_ of Aulocrene.

[3959] People of “the Mother City,” said by Stephen of Byzantium to

have received that name from Cybele, the _Mother_ of the Gods.

[3960] Nothing is known of the site of Dionysopolis. It is mentioned in

a letter of Cicero’s to his brother Quintus, in which he speaks of the

people of this place as being very hostile to the latter.

[3961] The site of Euphorbium is denoted, according to Leake, by the

modern Sandukli. It lay between Synnas and Apamea, and not improbably,

like Eucarpia, received its name from the fertility of its territory.

[3962] The site of Acmona has been fixed at Ahatkoi, but it seems

doubtful.

[3963] The site of Pelta is by D’Anville called Ris-Chak or Hou-Chak.

[3964] The people of Silbium or Silbia, near Metropolis.

[3965] The Dorian settlements on the coast of Caria were so called. The

Dorian Gulf was probably the Sinus Ceramicus mentioned below.

[3966] Of these places nothing whatever seems to be known.

[3967] Pitaium and Eutane seem to be unknown.

[3968] A member of the Dorian Hexapolis, or League of the Six Cities.

The site of this famous city is occupied by the modern Boodroum, and

its ruins are very extensive. It was famous as being the birth-place of

the two historians Herodotus and Dionysius. It was the largest and best

fortified city of Caria.

[3969] According to Parisot the site of this place is now called Angeli

and Karabaglas.

[3970] This place must not be confounded with Telmessus or Telmissus in

Lycia, which has been previously mentioned. It was situate six miles

from Halicarnassus. Of the other places here mentioned nothing seems to

be known.

[3971] Now the Gulf of Staneo, Kos, or Boodroum. It took its name from

the port of Ceramus, now Keramo, according to D’Anville.

[3972] Now the Gulf of Mandeliyeh. It took its name from the city of

Iasus, the site of which is now called Askem or Asyn-Kalessi.

[3973] Its ruins are to be seen at the port called Gumishlu. This was

a Dorian colony on the coast of Caria, founded probably on the site of

the old town of the Leleges.

[3974] It has been suggested that this was only another name for the

new town of Myndos, in contradistinction to Palæomyndos, or “old

Myndos.”

[3975] Scylax the geographer is supposed to have been a native of this

place. The town is supposed to have been built partly on the mainland

and partly on an island. Pastra Limani is supposed to have been the

harbour of Caryanda.

[3976] A Dorian city on the Promontory of Termerium.

[3977] Situate near Iasus and Myndos. Leake conjectures that it may

have been on the bay between Pastra Limâne and Asyn Kalesi. There was

a statue here of Artemis Cindyas, under the bare sky, of which the

incredible story was told that neither rain nor snow ever fell on it.

[3978] See note [3972] on the last page.

[3979] Its ruins are to be seen at the spot still called Melasso. It

was a very flourishing city, eight miles from the coast of the Gulf of

Iasus, and situate at the foot of a rock of fine white marble. It was

partly destroyed in the Roman civil wars by Labienus. Its ruins are

very extensive.

[3980] Hamilton has fixed the site of this place between four and

five miles south-east of Kuyuja, near the mouth of the valley of the

Kara-Su. The surrounding district was famous for the excellence of its

figs. The city was built by Antiochus, the son of Seleucus.

[3981] Now called the Mendereh or Meinder.

[3982] Pococke thinks that the present Jenjer is the Orsinus, while

Mannert takes it to be the Hadchizik, a little winding river that falls

into the Mæander.

[3983] Now called Guzel-Hissar, according to Ansart.

[3984] On the road from Dorylæum to Apamea. It is said to have received

its name from Attalus II., who named the town after his brother and

predecessor Eumenes II. Its site is known as Ishekle, and it is still

marked by numerous ruins and sculptures.

[3985] A tributary of the Mæander. Its modern name is not mentioned.

[3986] Mannert takes the ruins to be seen at Jegni-Chehr to be those

of ancient Orthosia. The town of Lysias does not appear to have been

identified.

[3987] The situation of this district is not known. See B. xvi. c. 16,

where it appears that this region was famous for its boxwood.

[3988] One of the numerous places of that name devoted to the worship

of Bacchus. It was built on both sides of the ravine of the brook

Eudon, which fell into the Mæander. Its ruins are to be seen at

Sultan-Hissar, a little to the west of Hazeli.

[3989] Its ruins are to be seen at Ghiuzel-Hissar, near Aidin. This was

a flourishing commercial city, included sometimes in Ionia, sometimes

in Caria. It stood on the banks of the Eudon, a tributary of the river

Mæander. Under the Seleucidæ it was called Antiochia and Seleucia.

[3990] From the beauty and fertility of the surrounding country.

[3991] An Ionic town of Caria, on the north side of the Sinus Latmicus,

fifty stadia from the mouth of the Mæander.

[3992] Or Euromus, a town of Caria, at the foot of Mount Grion, which

runs parallel with Latmos. Ruins of a temple to the north-west of

Alabanda are considered to belong to Euromus.

[3993] A town of uncertain site. It must not be confounded with the

place of the same name, mentioned in c. 31 of the present Book.

[3994] The ruins of its citadel and walls still exist on the east side

of Mount Latmos, on the road from Bafi to Tchisme.

[3995] Situate about twenty miles south of Tralles. The modern site is

doubtful, but Arab Hissa, on a branch of the Mæander, now called the

Tchina, is supposed to represent Alabanda. It was notorious for the

luxuriousness of its inhabitants. A stone found in the vicinity was

used for making glass and glazing vessels. See B. xxxvi. c. 13.

[3996] Built by Antiochus I. Soter, and named, in honour of his wife,

Stratonice. It stood south of Alabanda, near the river Marsyas. It is

supposed that it stood on the site of a former city called Idrias, and

still earlier, Chrysaoris.

[3997] D’Anville identifies it with a place called Keramo, but no such

place appears to be known. Strabo places it near the sea between Cnidus

and Halicarnassus, and Ceramus comes next after Cnidus. Ptolemy seems

to place it on the south side of the bay. Of Hynidos nothing appears to

be known.

[3998] Its situation is unknown; but there can be little doubt that it

was founded by the Dorians who emigrated to the coast of Asia Minor

from Argolis and Trœzene in the Peloponnesus. Phorontis appears to be

unknown.

[3999] Parisot observes that many of the towns here mentioned belonged

to the northern part of Phrygia.

[4000] The people of Alinda in Caria, which was surrendered to

Alexander the Great by Alinda, queen of Caria. It was one of the

strongest places in Caria. Its position has been fixed by Fellowes at

Demmeergee-derasy, between Arab-Hissa and Karpuslee, on a steep rock.

[4001] Of Xystis, as also of Hydissa, nothing appears to be known.

[4002] Inhabitants of Apollonia in Caria, of which place nothing

appears to be known.

[4003] Pococke says that the modern site of Trapezopolis is called

Karadche.

[4004] The people of Aphrodisias, an ancient city of Caria, situate at

the modern Ghera or Geyra, south of Antiochia on the Mæander. Aphrodite

or Venus seems to have been principally worshipped at this place.

Strabo places it in Phrygia.

[4005] Or Coscinia, a place in Caria, which, as we may gather from

Strabo, ranked below a town. Leake thinks that Tshina, where Pococke

found considerable remains, is the site of this place.

[4006] On the eastern bank of the Harpasus, a tributary of the Mæander.

Its ruins are supposed to be those seen at a place called Harpas

Kalessi. In B. ii. c. 98, Pliny speaks of a wonderful rock at this

place.

[4007] Now known as the Harpa.

[4008] By this name alone it is known to Homer.

[4009] Its ruins, now called Sart, are very extensive, though

presenting nothing of importance. Its citadel, situated on a rock, was

considered to be almost impregnable.

[4010] Now called Kisilja Musa Dagh. It was famous for its wine,

saffron, and gold.

[4011] Now called the Sarabat. It was famous for its gold-producing

sands.

[4012] On the road between Thyatira and Sardes: near it was situate the

necropolis of Sardes.

[4013] Strabo says that some persons called the citadel only by that

name.

[4014] There was a city of Mysia or Phrygia of the name of Cadus or

Cadi; but nothing is known of the place here alluded to, whose people

would appear to have been a colony from Macedonia.

[4015] The people of Philadelphia, now Ala-Cher, or the “Fine City,”

twelve leagues south-east of Sardes, and nine leagues south of Attalia.

[4016] So called from the Greek Ἀπόλλωνος ἱερὸν, “the temple of

Apollo,” in the vicinity of which, south-east of Pergamus, their town

was probably situate. Nothing is known of these localities.

[4017] Dwellers in Mesotmolus, a town which, from its name, would

appear to have been situate on the middle of Mount Tmolus.

[4018] Now called the Gulf of Melasso.

[4019] Now the Cape of Melasso.

[4020] The remains of the Temple of Didymæan Apollo at Branchidæ are

still visible to those sailing along the coast. It was in the Milesian

territory, and above the harbour Panormus. The name of the site was

probably Didyma or Didymi, but the place was also called Branchidæ,

from that being the name of a body of priests who had the care of the

temple. We learn from Herodotus that Crœsus, king of Lydia, consulted

this oracle, and made rich presents to the temple. The temple, of which

only two columns are left, was of white marble.

[4021] The ruins of this important city are difficult to discover on

account of the great changes made on the coast by the river Mæander.

They are usually supposed to be those at the poor village of Palatia on

the south bank of the Mendereh; but Forbiger has shown that these are

more probably the remains of Myus, and that those of Miletus are buried

in a lake formed by the Mendereh at the foot of Mount Latmus.

[4022] See B. vii. c. 57. Josephus says that he lived very shortly

before the Persian invasion of Greece.

[4023] Now called the Monte di Palatia.

[4024] Generally called “Heraclea upon Latmus,” from its situation at

the western foot of Mount Latmus. Ruins of this town still exist at the

foot of that mountain on the borders of Lake Baffi.

[4025] Its ruins are now to be seen at Palatia. It was the smallest

city of the Ionian Confederacy, and was situate at the mouth of the

Mæander, thirty stadia from its mouth.

[4026] Mannert says that its ruins are to be seen at a spot called by

the Turks Sarasun-Kalesi.

[4027] One of the twelve Ionian cities, situate at the foot of Mount

Mycale. It stood originally on the shore, but the change in the coast

by the alluvial deposits of the Mæander left it some distance from the

land. It was celebrated as being the birth-place of the philosopher

Bias. Its ruins are to be seen at the spot called Samsun.

[4028] Now called Cape Santa Maria, or Samsun.

[4029] He implies that it is derived from φυγὴ “flight.”

[4030] Between Ephesus and Neapolis. It belonged to the Samians who

exchanged with the Ephesians for Neapolis, which lay nearer to their

island. The modern Scala Nova occupies the site of one of them, it is

uncertain which.

[4031] Its ruins are to be seen at the modern Inek-Bazar. It was

situate on the river Lethæus, a tributary of the Mæander. It was famous

for its temple of Artemis Leucophryene, the ruins of which still exist.

[4032] See B. ii. c. 91.

[4033] Now known as Ak-Hissar or the “White Castle.” Strabo informs us

that it was founded by Seleucus Nicator.

[4034] From the excellence of its horses.

[4035] Its ruins are to be seen near the modern Ayazaluk. It was

the chief of the twelve Ionian cities on the coast of Asia Minor,

and devoted to the worship of Artemis, whose temple here was deemed

one of the wonders of the world. Nothing, except some traces of its

foundations, is now to be seen of this stupendous building.

[4036] It was more generally said to have been founded by the Carians

and the Leleges.

[4037] Now called the Kara-Su, or Black River, or Kuchuk-Meinder, or

Little Mæander.

[4038] It has been observed that though Pliny seems to say that the

Caÿster receives many streams, they must have had but a short course,

and could only be so many channels by which the rivers descend from the

mountain slopes that shut in the contracted basin of the river.

[4039] This lake or marsh seems to be the morass situate on the road

from Smyrna to Ephesus, into which the Phyrites flows, and out of which

it comes a considerable stream.

[4040] The Phyrites is a small river that is crossed on the road from

Ephesus to Smyrna, and joins the Caÿster on the right bank ten or

twelve miles above Ayazaluk, near the site of Ephesus.

[4041] See B. ii. c. 91. for further mention of this island.

[4042] Said to be derived from the Greek, meaning “The beautiful

(stream) from Pion.”

[4043] One of the twelve Ionian cities of Asia, founded by Andræmon.

Notium was its port. There do not seem to be any remains of either of

these places.

[4044] Called also the Hales or Ales, and noted for the coolness of its

waters.

[4045] At Clarus, near Colophon. When Germanicus was on his way to the

East, this oracle foretold to him his speedy death. Chandler is of

opinion that he discovered the site of this place at Zillé, where he

found a spring of water with marble steps to it, which he considers to

have been the sacred fountain. Others again suggest that these ruins

may be those of Notium.

[4046] Its site was probably near the modern Ekklesia, but no traces of

the city itself are to be found.

[4047] Implying that in his time Notium was not in existence, whereas

in reality Notium superseded Old Colophon, of which it was the port,

and was sometimes known as New Colophon.

[4048] Now known as Cape Curco.

[4049] The site of this place is now known as Ritri, on the south side

of a small peninsula, which projects into the bay of Erythræ. The ruins

are considerable.

[4050] On the south side of the bay of Smyrna. In Strabo’s time this

city appears to have been removed from Chytrium, its original site.

Chandler found traces of the city near Vourla, from which he came to

the conclusion that the place was very small and inconsiderable.

[4051] According to Nicander, this was a mountain of the territory of

Clazomenæ, almost surrounded by sea.

[4052] Or “the Horses,” originally four islands close to the mainland,

off Clazomenæ.

[4053] This was probably the same causeway that was observed by

Chandler in the neighbourhood of Vourla, the site of ancient Clazomenæ.

[4054] See B. ii. c. 91, where he speaks of this place as being

swallowed up in the earth.

[4055] From Clazomenæ.

[4056] Now called Izmir by the Turks, Smyrna by the western nations of

Europe; the only one of the great cities on the western coast of Asia

Minor that has survived to the present day. This place stood at the

head of the cities that claimed to be the birth-place of Homer; and

the poet was worshipped here for a hero or demi-god in a magnificent

building called the Homereum. There are but few remains of the ancient

city: the modern one is the greatest commercial city of the Levant.

[4057] Hardouin takes this to be the name of a town, but Ortelius and

Pinetus seem to be more correct in thinking it to be the name of a

mountain.

[4058] It does not appear that all these mountains have been

identified. Cadmus is the Baba Dagh of the Turks.

[4059] Mentioned in C. 29 of the present Book.

[4060] In the time of Strabo this tributary of the Hermus seems to have

been known as the Phrygius.

[4061] Its site is now called Menemen, according to D’Anville. The

Cryus was so called from the Greek κρύος, “cold.”

[4062] The present Gulf of Smyrna.

[4063] Or the “Ants.”

[4064] Probably so called from the whiteness of the promontory on

which it was situate. It was built by Tachos, the Persian general, in

B.C. 352, and remarkable as the scene of the battle between the Consul

Licinius Crassus and Aristonicus in B.C. 131. The modern name of its

site is Lefke.

[4065] Its ruins are to be seen at Karaja-Fokia or Old Fokia,

south-west of Fouges or New Fokia. It was said to have been founded by

Phocian colonists under Philogenes and Damon.

[4066] The people of Hyrcania, one of the twelve cities which were

prostrated by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius Cæsar; see B. ii.

c. 86.

[4067] The people of Magnesia “ad Sipylum,” or the city of Magnesia on

the Sipylus. It was situate on the south bank of the Hermus, and is

famous in history as the scene of the victory gained by the two Scipios

over Antiochus the Great, which secured to the Romans the empire of the

East, B.C. 190. This place also suffered from the great earthquake in

the reign of Tiberius, but was still a place of importance in the fifth

century.

[4068] The people, it is supposed, of a place called Hierocæsarea.

[4069] The people probably of Metropolis in Lydia, now Turbali, a

city on the plain of the Caÿster, between Ephesus and Smyrna. Cilbis,

perhaps the present Durgut, was their chief place.

[4070] A people dwelling in the upper valley of Caÿster.

[4071] Or Mysian Macedonians.

[4072] The people of Mastaura in Lydia. Its site is still known as

Mastaura-Kalesi.

[4073] The people of Briula, the site of which is unknown.

[4074] The people of Hypæpæ, a small town of Lydia, on the southern

slope of Mount Tmolus, forty-two miles from Ephesus. Under the Persian

supremacy, the worship of Fire was introduced at this place. Arachne,

the spinner, and competitor with Minerva, is represented by Ovid as

dwelling at this place; he calls it on two occasions “the _little_

Hypæpæ.” Leake is of opinion that the ruins seen at Bereki belong to

this place.

[4075] The people of Dios Hieron, or the “Temple of Jupiter.” This

was a small place in Ionia between Lebedus and Colophon. It has been

suggested that it was on the banks of the Caÿster, but its site is

uncertain.

[4076] Æolis, properly so called, extended as far north as the

promontory of Lectum, at the northern entrance of the bay of

Adramyttium.

[4077] Near Cyme, a place of Pelasgian origin. It was called Egyptian

Larissa, because Cyrus the Great settled here a body of his Egyptian

soldiers. According to D’Anville its site is still known as Larusar.

[4078] Said to have been so called from Cyme an Amazon. It was on

the northern side of the Hermus: Herodotus gives it the surname of

Phriconis. Its site is supposed to be at the modern Sanderli or

Sandarlio. The father of the poet Hesiod was a native of this place.

[4079] It was probably so called in honour of the Emperor Augustus.

[4080] Situate at a short distance from the coast. We learn from

Tacitus that it suffered from the great earthquake in the time of

Tiberius. Its site is called Guzel-Hissar, according to D’Anville.

[4081] Originally named Agroeira or Alloeira. There is a place still

called _Adala_, on the river Hermus, but Hamilton found no remains of

antiquity there.

[4082] Or the “New Walls.” Strabo speaks of it as distant thirty stadia

from Larissa.

[4083] Its site is unknown; but it must not be confounded with the

place of that name mentioned in the last Chapter, which stood on the

sea-coast. It suffered from the great earthquake in the reign of

Tiberius Cæsar.

[4084] Or Grynium, forty stadia from Myrina, and seventy from Elæa. It

contained a sanctuary of Apollo with an ancient oracle and a splendid

temple of white marble. Parmenio, the general of Alexander, took the

place by assault and sold the inhabitants as slaves. It is again

mentioned by Pliny in B. xxxii. c. 21.

[4085] This passage seems to be in a corrupt state, and it is difficult

to arrive at Pliny’s exact meaning.

[4086] The port of the Pergameni. Strabo places it south of the river

Caïcus, twelve stadia from that river, and 120 from Pergamum. Its site

is uncertain, but Leake fixes it at a place called Kliseli, on the road

from the south to Pergamum.

[4087] Its modern name is said to be Ak-Su or Bakir.

[4088] On the coast of the Elaitic gulf. It was almost destroyed by

an earthquake in the reign of the Emperor Titus. Its site is by some

thought to have been at Sanderli.

[4089] Supposed to have been situate near the modern Cape Coloni. It

was here that in the war with Antiochus, B.C. 191-190, the Roman fleet

was hauled up for the winter and protected by a ditch or rampart.

[4090] So called from Lysimachus, the son of Agathocles.

[4091] A strong place opposite to Lesbos. It was on the road from

Adramyttium to the plain of the Caïcus. Its site is generally fixed at

Dikeli Koi.

[4092] Or Carine. The army of Xerxes, on its route to the Hellespont,

marched through this place. Its site is unknown.

[4093] It lay outside of the bay of Adramyttium and the promontory of

Pyrrha.

[4094] Mentioned in the Iliad with Chryse and Tenedos.

[4095] A place called Kutchulan, or, as some write it,

Cotschiolan-Kuni, is supposed to occupy its site.

[4096] Or Thebes, in the vicinity of Troy.

[4097] In the plain of Thebes between Antandros and Adramyttium. It had

a temple of Artemis, of which the Antandrii had the superintendence.

Its site does not appear to have been ascertained.

[4098] Not improbably the Chryse, mentioned by Homer in the Iliad, B.

i. ll. 37, 390, 431; but there were several places of this name.

[4099] See the note [4105] to Scepsis in the present Chapter.

[4100] Or Gergis, Gergithus, or Gergithes, a town in the Troad, north

of Scamander. It was a place with an acropolis and strong walls.

Attalus, king of Pergamus, transplanted the people of Gergis to another

spot near the sources of the Caïcus, whence we afterwards find a place

called Gergetha or Gergithion, in the vicinity of Larissa. The old town

of Gergis was by some said to have been the birth-place of the Sibyl,

and its coins have her image impressed on them.

[4101] Also called Neandria, upon the Hellespont.

[4102] South of Adramyttium; in its vicinity were copper-mines and

celebrated vineyards. It was here that Thucydides is said to have died.

[4103] In the district of Coryphantes, opposite to Lesbos, and north of

Atarneus. Pliny speaks of the oysters of Coryphas, B. xxxii. c. 6.

[4104] This Aphrodisias does not appear to have been identified.

[4105] Again mentioned by Pliny in B. xi. c. 80. Scepsis was an

ancient city in the interior of the Troad, south-east of Alexandria,

in the mountains of Ida. Its inhabitants were removed by Antigonus to

Alexandria; but being permitted by Lysimachus to return to their homes,

they built a new city, and the remains of the old town were then called

Palæscepsis. This place is famous in literary history for being the

spot where certain MSS. of Aristotle and Theophrastus were buried to

prevent their transfer to Pergamus. When dug up they were found nearly

destroyed by mould, and in this condition were removed by Sylla to

Athens.

[4106] Sometimes called the Lycormas, now known as the Fidhari or

Fidharo.

[4107] Frequently mentioned by Homer.

[4108] Still known as Ida or Kas-Dagh.

[4109] More generally known as Adramyttium or Adramyteum, now Adramiti

or Edremit. According to tradition it was founded by Adramys, the

brother of Crœsus, king of Lydia. It is mentioned as a sea-port in the

Acts, xxvii. 2. There are no traces of ancient remains on its site.

[4110] One of the heights of Mount Ida in the Troad, now called

Kaz-Dag. The territory in this vicinity, as we learn from Virgil and

Seneca, was famous for its fertility. The modern village of Iné is

supposed to occupy the site of the ancient town of Gargara.

[4111] Now Antandro, at the head of the Gulf of Adramyttium. Aristotle

also says that its former name was Edonis, and that it was inhabited by

a Thracian tribe of Edoni. Herodotus as well as Aristotle also speak of

the seizure of the place by the Cimmerii in their incursion into Asia.

[4112] Now Cape Baba or Santa Maria, the south-west promontory of the

Troad.

[4113] Or Sminthian Apollo. This appears to have been situate at the

Chrysa last mentioned by Pliny as no longer in existence. Strabo places

Chrysa on a hill, and he mentions the temple of Smintheus and speaks of

a symbol which recorded the etymon of that name, the mouse which lay

at the foot of the wooden figure, the work of Scopas. According to an

ancient tradition, Apollo had his name of Smintheus given him as being

the mouse-destroyer, for, according to Apion, the meaning of Smintheus

was a “mouse.”

[4114] According to tradition this place was in early times the

residence of Cycnus, a Thracian prince, who possessed the adjoining

country, and the island of Tenedos, opposite to which Colone was

situate on the mainland. Pliny however here places it in the interior.

[4115] The site of this Apollonia is at Abullionte, on a lake of

the same name, the Apolloniatis of Strabo. Its remains are very

inconsiderable.

[4116] Or Lycus, now known as the Edrenos.

[4117] Of this people nothing whatever is known.

[4118] D’Anville thinks that the modern Bali-Kesri occupies the site of

Miletopolis.

[4119] Stephanus Byzantinus mentions a place called Pœmaninum near

Cyzicus.

[4120] The inhabitants of Polichna, a town of the Troad.

[4121] The people of Pionia, near Scepsis and Gargara.

[4122] They occupied the greater part of Mysia Proper. They had a

native divinity to which they paid peculiar honours, by the Greeks

called Ζεὺς Ἀβρεττηνὸς.

[4123] The same as the Olympeni or Olympieni, in the district of

Olympene at the foot of Mount Olympus; next to whom, on the south and

west, were the Abretteni.

[4124] On the south-western coast of the Troad, fifty stadia south of

Larissa. In the time of Strabo it had ceased to exist. No ruins of

this place have been known to be discovered, but Prokesch is induced

to think that the architectural remains to be seen near Cape Baba are

those of Hamaxitus.

[4125] Or Cebrene or Cebren. It was separated from the territory of

Scepsis by the river Menander. Leake supposes it to have occupied the

higher region of Ida on the west, and that its site may have been at a

place called Kushunlu Tepe, not far from Baramitsh.

[4126] Mentioned in Acts xvi. 8. It is now called Eski Stambul or

Old Stambul. It was situate on the coast of Troas, opposite to the

south-eastern point of the island of Tenedos, and north of Assus.

It was founded by Antigonus, under the name of Antigonia Troas, and

peopled with settlers from Scepsis and other neighbouring towns. The

ruins of this city are very extensive.

[4127] Or Nea, mentioned in B. ii. c. 97.

[4128] Now called the Mendereh-Chai.

[4129] On the north-west promontory of Troas. Here Homer places the

Grecian fleet and camp during the Trojan war. The promontory is now

called Yenisheri.

[4130] Now called Jeni-Scher, according to Ansart. It was at this spot

that the Greeks landed in their expedition against Troy.

[4131] Usually identified with the Mendereh-Chai or Scamander.

[4132] The modern Gumbrek.

[4133] Or “ancient Scamander.”

[4134] Now known as the Koja-Chai; memorable as the scene of the three

great victories by which Alexander the Great overthrew the Persian

empire, B.C. 334. Here also a victory was gained by Lucullus over

Mithridates, B.C. 73.

[4135] Or Sea of Marmora.

[4136] It is not exactly known whether _New_ Ilium was built on the

same site as the Ilium or Troy which had been destroyed by the Greeks;

but it has been considered improbable that the exploits mentioned

in the Iliad should have happened in so short a space as that lying

between the later Ilium and the coast. The site of New Ilium is

generally considered to be the spot covered with ruins, now called

Kissarlik, between the villages called Kum-kioi, Kalli-fath, and

Tchiblak.

[4137] The Dictator Sylla showed especial favour to Ilium.

[4138] Now called Cape Intepeh or Barbieri.

[4139] The modern Paleo Castro probably occupies its site.

[4140] More generally called Dardanus, or Dardanum, said to have been

built by Dardanus. It was situate about a mile south of the promontory

Dardanis or Dardanium. Its exact site does not appear to bo known: from

it the modern Dardanelles are supposed to have derived their name.

[4141] Situate between Percote and Abydus, and founded by Scamandrius

and Ascanius the son of Æneas. The village of Moussa is supposed to

occupy its site. The army of Alexander mustered here after crossing the

Hellespont.

[4142] Alexander the Great visited this place on his Asiatic expedition

in B.C. 334, and placed chaplets on the tomb of Achilles.

[4143] So called from Æas, the Greek name of Ajax.

[4144] Teuthrania was in the south-western comer of Mysia, between

Temnus and the borders of Lydia, where in very early times Teuthras was

said to have founded a Mysian kingdom, which was early subdued by the

kings of Lydia: this part was also called Pergamene.

[4145] Called Pionitæ in the preceding Chapter.

[4146] A town in the Troad, the site of which is unknown.

[4147] A town on the Propontis, according to Stephanus. The sites of

most of the places here mentioned are utterly unknown.

[4148] Also called Pergama or Pergamus. Its ruins are to be seen at

the modern Pergamo or Bergamo. It was the capital of the kingdom of

Pergamus, and situate in the Teuthranian district of Mysia, on the

northern bank of the river Caïcus. Under its kings, its library almost

equalled that of Alexandria, and the formation of it gave rise to the

invention of parchment, as a writing material, which was thence called

_Charta Pergamena_. This city was an early seat of Christianity, and is

one of the seven churches of Asia to whom the Apocalyptic Epistles are

addressed. Its ruins are still to be seen.

[4149] At the beginning of the preceding Chapter.

[4150] The people of Thyatira, mentioned in B. v. c. 31.

[4151] The people of Mygdonia, a district between Mount Olympus and the

coast, in the east of Mysia and the west of Bithynia.

[4152] “The people of the Holy Village.” Hierocome is mentioned by Livy

as situate beyond the river Mæander.

[4153] The people of Attalia, mentioned in C. 32.

[4154] Previously mentioned in the present Chapter.

[4155] Or “the Table.” Now known as Capo de Janisseri.

[4156] Also called the Milyæ, probably of the Syro-Arabian race; they

were said to have been the earliest inhabitants of Lycia.

[4157] The Leleges are now considered to have been a branch of the

great Indo-Germanic race, who gradually became incorporated with the

Hellenic race, and thus ceased to exist as an independent people.

[4158] A nation belonging probably more to mythology than history.

Strabo supposes them to have been of Thracian origin, and that their

first place of settlement was Mysia.

[4159] By some supposed to have been a people of Phrygia.

[4160] Mentioned in C. 29 of the present Book.

[4161] From the Greek δαμάω, “to subdue.” Hardouin thinks that this

appellation is intended to be given by Pliny to Asia in general, and

not to the city of Apamea in particular, as imagined by Ortelius and

others.

[4162] It is so described by Homer.

[4163] This was the light-house built upon it by Ptolemy II.

Philadelphus, whence the name of _pharus_ came to be applied to similar

structures. It was here also that, according to the common story, the

seventy Translators of the Greek version of the Old Testament, hence

called the Septuagint, were confined while completing their work.

[4164] The _narrow_ or _fortified_ channel.

[4165] The _Neptunian_ channel.

[4166] Mentioned also in C. 14 of the present Book.

[4167] In C. 17 of the present Book.

[4168] The boatmen of Ruad, the ancient Aradus, still draw fresh water

from the spring Ain Ibrahim, in the sea, a few rods from the shore of

the opposite coast.

[4169] Now called Kibris.

[4170] Strabo makes it 425. Hardouin remarks that Isidorus has not made

allowance for the margin of the creeks and bays.

[4171] The north-eastern extremity of Cyprus. It is now called Capo

Sant Andreas. It is more generally known in the editions of Pliny by

the name of Dinaretum.

[4172] Now called Capo Sant Epifanio, or Pifano, after the celebrated

metropolitan of Cyprus. It is the western extremity of the island.

[4173] From the Greek κέρας, “a horn.” It was not improbably so called

from the numerous _horns_ or promontories on its coast.

[4174] From the Greek μακάριος, “blessed,” in compliment to its fertile

soil and delightful temperature.

[4175] Apparently from the Greek κρυπτὸς, “concealed.” Stephanus

Byzantinus says that it was so called because it was frequently hidden

beneath the surface of the sea.

[4176] Or New Paphos. The spot is still called Bafa or Bafo.

[4177] Or Old Paphos, now Kukala or Konuklia. Old Paphos was situate

near the promontory Zephyrium on the river Bocarno, where it had a good

harbour; while New Paphos lay more inland, in the midst of a fertile

plain, sixty stadia from the former. Old Paphos was the chief seat of

worship of Aphrodite or Venus, who was said to have landed at that

place after her ascent from the sea.

[4178] Situate on the most southerly point in the island; now Capo

Gavatta or delle Gatte.

[4179] A town situate on the south coast of Cyprus. Its ruins are to be

seen between Larnika and the port now known as Salines; they are very

extensive. In B. xxx. c. 9, Pliny speaks of the salt lakes near this

place, which are worked at the present day.

[4180] In the middle of the east coast. It was said to have been

founded by Teucer the son of Telamon, who gave it the name of his

native land from which he had been banished by his father.

[4181] Now called Old Limasol, a town on the south coast, celebrated

for its worship of Aphrodite or Venus. It was a Phœnician settlement,

and Stephanus calls it the most ancient city in the island. It long

preserved its oriental customs, and here the Tyrian Hercules was

worshipped under his name of Melkart.

[4182] Its site is now called Lapitho or Lapta.

[4183] Probably the same as the Temese of Homer. It was situate in a

fertile district in the middle of Cyprus, and in the neighbourhood

of extensive copper mines. Near it was a celebrated plain, sacred to

Venus, mentioned by Ovid.

[4184] Now called Chytria, a town of Cyprus on the road from Cerinea to

Salamis.

[4185] In the east of Cyprus, near the Promontory of Acamas, formerly

called Marion. Ptolemy Soter destroyed this town, and removed the

inhabitants to Paphos. The modern name of its site is Polikrusoko or

Crisophou, from the gold mines in the neighbourhood. There was more

than one city of this name in Cyprus, which was probably bestowed on

them during its subjection to the princes of the line of Lagus. Another

Arsinoë is placed near Ammochostus to the north of the island, and a

third of the same name appears in Strabo with a harbour, temple and

grove, between Old and New Paphos.

[4186] Or Carpasia, to the north-east of the island, facing the

Promontory of Sarpedon on the Cilician coast. It was said to have

been founded by Pygmalion, king of Tyre. Pococke speaks of remains at

Carpas, the site of this place, especially a long wall and a pier.

[4187] Or Golgos, famous for the worship of Aphrodite or Venus, which

had existed here even before its introduction at Paphos by Agapenor.

Its position is unknown.

[4188] Or Idalia, adjoining to which was a forest sacred to Aphrodite.

The poets, who connect this place with her worship, give us no

indications whatever of its precise locality. Engel identifies it with

the modern Dalin, situate to the south of Leucosia, at the foot of

Mount Olympus.

[4189] Now Cape Anamur.

[4190] “Aulon Cilicium,” now the Sea of Caramania or Cyprus.

[4191] The Cilician Sea, namely.

[4192] There were several islands of this name. It is not improbable

that Pliny alludes to the one lying off the coast of Caria between

the isle of Rhodes and the mainland, and which seems to be the island

marked Alessa in the maps. There was another of the same name close to

the shore of Cilicia, afterwards known by the name of Sebaste.

[4193] Or Cleides, meaning the “Keys.” This was a group of small

islands lying to the north-east of Cyprus. The name of the islands was

afterwards transferred by some geographer to the Cape which Pliny above

calls Dinæ, and others Dinaretum.

[4194] Cape Acamas, now Pifano.

[4195] Or the “Sacred Garden.” The names of this and the Salaminiæ do

not appear to be known to the modern geographers.

[4196] This is identified by Beaufort with the islet called Bœshat,

which is separated by a narrow channel from the Lycian shore. The

others do not seem to have been identified. Attelebussa is supposed to

take its name from a kind of destructive grasshopper without wings,

called by the Greeks ἀττέλεβος.

[4197] Situate off the commencement of the sea-coast of Pamphylia, on

the borders of Lycia. Beaufort speaks of them as five in number; he did

not meet with any of the dangers of the navigation here mentioned by

Pliny. The Greeks still call them Chelidoniæ, and the Italian sailors

Celidoni, which the Turks have corrupted into Shelidan.

[4198] Hardouin supposes these four islands to be the names of the

group forming the Pactyæ. The names given appear to signify, the “Wild”

or “Rough Islands,” the “Isle of the Nymphs,” the “Long Island,”

and the “Greatest Island.” They were off the coast of Lycia, and

seem to have belonged to the Rhodians. The modern name of Megista is

Kastelorizo, according to Ansart.

[4199] Or Doliche, the “Long Island,” in the Lycian Sea, west of the

ruins of Myra. Its modern name is Kakava. It is now uninhabited.

[4200] Still known as Grambousa, a small island off the east coast of

Lycia. There seems to have been another of the same name off the Lycian

coast.

[4201] An island off the coast of Lycia.

[4202] Hardouin thinks that they were opposite to the city of Dædala on

the coast of Caria.

[4203] Off the city of Crya, probably, in Caria.

[4204] On the coast of Lycia.

[4205] In Lycia. See C. 29 of the present Book.

[4206] Probably so called from the number of hares found there.

[4207] On the coast of Caria.

[4208] Still known as Lindo and Camiro, according to D’Anville.

[4209] One of the three ancient Doric cities of Rhodes. It lay

three-quarters of a mile to the south-west of the city of Rhodes,

with which Pliny seems here to confound it. Its site is occupied by a

village which still bears the name of Ialiso, and where a few ancient

remains are to be found.

[4210] From its productiveness of serpents.

[4211] Either from Asterius, its former king, or from its being a

“constellation” of the sea.

[4212] Probably because of the clearness and serenity of its

atmosphere. See B. ii. c. 62.

[4213] From its three-cornered shape.

[4214] Perhaps so called from its fruitfulness in ivy, in Greek

κορυμβήθρα, or else from κόρυμβος, “a summit,” from its elevated

position.

[4215] From its verdant and grassy soil.

[4216] Either from King Atabyrius, or the mountain Atabyrion; or else

from the temple of Jupiter Tabyrius, which Appian speaks of as situate

in this island.

[4217] The “fortunate,” or “blessed” island.

[4218] “Venomous,” or “deadly.” This name it most probably had in early

times (and not more recently, as Pliny says), when it was covered with

dense forests, the retreats of serpents and noxious reptiles.

[4219] Now known as Skarpanto.

[4220] Mentioned by Homer, Il. ii. 676. See also B. iv. c. 23 of the

present work. It is described by Ross as a single ridge of mountains,

of considerable height.

[4221] Signifying “sea-foam.”

[4222] Still known as Nicero.

[4223] From its production of the ‘murex,’ or ‘purple.’

[4224] Now called Symi, a small island off the south-west coast of

Caria, at the mouth of the Gulf of Doris, to the west of the Promontory

of Cynossema.

[4225] Now called the Island of St. Catherine, according to Ansart.

[4226] Stephanus Byzantinus mentions these islands as lying in the

vicinity at Syme. Perhaps they are the group lying to the south of it,

now called Siskle.

[4227] Distant about fifty miles from Carpathus, or Skarpanto. It was

probably subject to Rhodes, in the vicinity of which it was situate.

Its present name is Chalki.

[4228] An island, according to Hardouin, not far from Halicarnassus, on

the coast of Ionia.

[4229] So called from its productiveness of the νάρθηξ, or ferula.

[4230] More probably Calydnæ, because there were several islands

forming the group, of which Calymna was the chief. See B. iv. c. 23,

where Pliny mentions only one town, that of Coös. There are some

remains of the ancient towns still to be seen.

[4231] A small island of Caria, south of Halicarnassus. It is now

called Orak-Ada.

[4232] Probably so called from the almost continual rains there.

[4233] Now called Stanko, or Stanchio, a corruption of ἐς τὰν Κῶ.

[4234] Which has been previously mentioned in this Chapter.

[4235] In C. 29, Pliny has mentioned a Caryanda on the mainland. It

is probable that there was a town on the mainland and another in the

island of the same name. Leake says, that there can be little doubt

that the large peninsula, towards the west end of which is the fine

harbour called by the Turks Pasha Limani, is the ancient island of

Caryanda, now joined to the mainland by a narrow sandy isthmus.

[4236] The island of Hyali, near the harbour of Meffi, on the coast of

Caria, according to Dupinet.

[4237] Probably so called from the worship of the god Priapus there.

[4238] Few, if any, of these islets can now be recognized. Sepiussa was

probably so called from the abundance of the sepia, or cuttle-fish,

there.

[4239] Over against the isle of Samos.

[4240] B. iv. c. 23.

[4241] Near the city of Miletus.

[4242] So called from their resemblance to camels.

[4243] Lying before the Promontory of Trogilium, mentioned in C. 31.

[4244] Augustus gave their liberty to the Samians. The island is still

called by the Greeks Samo, and by the Turks Susam Adassi.

[4245] The “Virgin’s Island,” if so called after Juno, as some say; but

according to Strabo, it received its name from the river Parthenius.

[4246] From its numerous oaks.

[4247] From the abundance of its flowers.

[4248] “Of dark,” or “black foliage;” in allusion probably to its

cypresses.

[4249] “Cypress-bearing.”

[4250] This is not improbably a compound, formed by a mistake of

the copyists, of the two names, Parthenia and Aryusa, mentioned by

Heraclides.

[4251] “The Crown.” This island was the birth-place of Pythagoras.

[4252] Now known as Khio, Scio, Saka Adassi, or Saksadasi. Chios was

declared free by the Dictator Sulla.

[4253] Χιὼν, gen. Χιόνος.

[4254] Macris, from its length, and Pityusa, from its pine-trees.

[4255] Dalechamps says 112 is the correct measurement.

[4256] Mentioned in C. 31 of the present Book.

[4257] Meaning “green and flourishing.”

[4258] “Productive of laurels.” None of these islets appear to have

been recognized by their modern names.

[4259] By Strabo called Pordoselene. He says that the islands in its

vicinity were forty in number; of which Pliny here gives the names of

two-and-twenty.

[4260] South of Proconnesus; now called Aloni.

[4261] Near the city of Clazomenæ. It is now called Vourla, according

to Ansart.

[4262] Now Koutali, according to Ansart.

[4263] We learn from Strabo and other writers, that this city was on

a peninsula, and that it stood on the southern side of the isthmus,

connecting Mount Mimas with the mainland of Lydia. It was the

birth-place of Anacreon and Hecatæus.

[4264] Or the “Dove Islands;” probably from the multitude of those

birds found on those islands.

[4265] Now called Antigona, according to Ansart.

[4266] Now Mitylene, or Metelin.

[4267] We find it also stated by Herodotus, that this island was

destroyed by the Methymnæans. The cities of Mitylene, Methymna, Eresus,

Pyrrha, Antissa, and Arisbe, originally formed the Æolian Hexapolis, or

Confederation of Six Cities.

[4268] The ruins found by Pococke at Calas Limneonas, north-east of

Cape Sigri, may be those of Antissa. This place was the birth-place of

Terpander, the inventor of the seven-stringed lyre.

[4269] Or Eressus, according to Strabo. It stood on a hill, reaching

down to the sea. Its ruins are said to be near a place still called

Eresso. It was the birth-place of the philosopher Theophrastus, the

disciple of Aristotle.

[4270] Still called Mitylene, or Metelin.

[4271] Strabo makes it about only 137 miles.

[4272] Or the White Islands.

[4273] So called from its fruitfulness in quinces, or “_Mala Cydonia_.”

[4274] These were three small islands, near the mainland of Æolis. It

was off these islands that the ten generals of the Athenians gained a

victory over the Spartans, B.C. 406. The modern name of these islands

is said to be Janot.

[4275] One of the Leucæ, previously mentioned.

[4276] So called from the φελλὸς, or “cork,” which it produced.

[4277] Still known as Tenedos, near the mouth of the Hellespont. Here

the Greeks were said to have concealed their fleet, to induce the

Trojans to think that they had departed, and then introduce the wooden

horse within their walls.

[4278] “Having white eye-brows;” probably from the whiteness of its

cliffs.

[4279] In C. 33 of the present Book.

[4280] Opposite to Sestos, made famous by the loves of Hero and

Leander. Aidos, or Avido, a village on the Hellespont, is thought to

occupy its site.

[4281] Now called Bergase, according to D’Anville.

[4282] Its ruins are still known as Lapsaki. This important city was

celebrated for its wine, and was the chief seat of the worship of the

god Priapus.

[4283] Its site is now called Camanar, according to D’Anville.

[4284] According to Ansart, the modern Caraboa marks its site.

[4285] Now called the Satal-dere, according to Ansart.

[4286] Its locality was not far from the modern Biga, according to

Ansart.

[4287] Now the Sea of Marmora.

[4288] Mentioned in C. 33 of the present Book.

[4289] Now called Artaki, or Erdek, a town of Mysia, and a Milesian

colony. A poor town now occupies its site.

[4290] Its ruins are called by the Turks Bal Kiz, probably meaning “Old

Cyzicus.” There are many subterraneous passages, and the ruins are of

considerable extent. Its temples and storehouses appear to have been

built on a scale of great magnificence. See Pliny, B. xxxvi. c. 15.

[4291] The “Island of the Bears,” which animals frequented the mountain

in its vicinity.

[4292] Called Dindymum by Herodotus; probably the modern Morad Dagh, in

which the river Hermus rises.

[4293] Now called Saki, according to Ansart.

[4294] Now called the Lartacho, according to Ansart.

[4295] Previously mentioned in C. 32 of the present Book.

[4296] In its limited sense; considered as a portion only of Asia Minor.

[4297] On the west it bordered on Mysia, and on the south on Phrygia

and Galatia, while the eastern boundary seems to have been less

definite.

[4298] Ephorus, as quoted by Stephanus Byzantinus, says, that the

Halizones inhabited the district lying between Caria, Mysia, and Lydia.

Hesychius incorrectly places them in Paphlagonia.

[4299] Meaning the “Village of Gordius,” one of its ancient kings. It

was also called Gordium. After falling to decay, it was rebuilt by

Augustus, and called Juliopolis. It is celebrated in history as the

place where Alexander the Great cut the Gordian knot; the scene of the

adventure being the Acropolis of the town, the former palace of King

Gordius.

[4300] There were several Asiatic cities of the similar name of

Dascylium. The site of the one here mentioned does not appear to have

been ascertained.

[4301] More generally read “Gebes.”

[4302] The “Bull’s Bed,” or “Den.” It probably took its second name

from the Roman general Germanicus.

[4303] Now called Medania, or Mutania. It received its name of Apamea

from Prusias, king of Bithynia, in compliment to his wife. In the time

of the first Cæsars, it was made a Roman colony.

[4304] The Bay of Cios. The river runs into a lake, formerly known as

Lake Ascanius; probably that mentioned by Pliny in B. xxxi. c. 10.

[4305] Stephanus Byzantinus says that it was the same as the town of

Cios, or Cius, here mentioned as near to it. It was on the shores of

the Propontis.

[4306] Cape Baba, or Santa Maria; the south-western promontory of the

Troad.

[4307] In Phrygia Epictetus, or “Conquered Phrygia,” so called from its

conquest by certain of the kings of Bithynia. Strabo calls this place a

“small city, or hill-fortress, towards Lydia.” It was probably situate

near the source of the Macestus, now the Susugherli Su, or the Simaul

Su, as it is called in its upper course.

[4308] The place from which the citizens were removed to Apamea, as

mentioned in C. 29 of the present Book. Hamilton (Researches, &c., p.

499) supposes its acropolis to have been situate about half a mile from

the sources of the river Marsyas.

[4309] First mentioned by Herodotus, and situate on the Lycus, a

branch of the Mæander. It had greatly declined in Strabo’s time, and

in the middle ages there rose near it a town of the name of Chonæ, and

Colossæ disappeared. Hamilton found extensive ruins of an ancient city

about three miles north of the modern Khonos. It was one of the early

Christian churches of Asia, and the Apostle Paul addressed one of his

Epistles to the people of this place. It does not appear from it that

he had ever visited the place; indeed, from Chap. ii. 1 we may conclude

that he had not.

[4310] This does not appear to be the same as the Carine mentioned in

C. 32 of this Book, as having gone to decay. Its site is unknown.

[4311] Or Cotiæum, or Cotyæum. It was on the Roman road from Dorylæum

to Philadelphia, and in Phrygia Epictetus, according to Strabo. The

modern Kutahiyah is supposed to denote its site; but there are no

remains of antiquity.

[4312] It was bounded on the west, south, and south-east by those

countries; and on the north-east, north, and north-west by Pontus,

Paphlagonia, and Bithynia.

[4313] Mentioned in C. 40, under the name of Gordiucome.

[4314] Who invaded and settled in Asia Minor, at various periods during

the third century B.C.

[4315] Near a small stream, which seems to enter the Sangarius. It

originally belonged to Phrygia, and its mythical founder was Midas, the

son of Gordius, who was said to have found an anchor on the spot, and

accordingly given the name to the town; which story would, however,

as it has been observed, imply that the name for anchor (ἄγκυρα)

was the same in the Greek and the Phrygian languages. The Tectosages,

who settled here about B.C. 277, are supposed to have been from the

neighbourhood of Toulouse. It is now called Angora, or Engareh; and

the fine hair of the Angora goat may have formed one of the staple

commodities of the place, which had a very considerable trade. The

chief monument of antiquity here is the marble temple of the Emperor

Augustus, built in his honour during his lifetime. In the inside is the

Latin inscription known as the _monumentum_, or _marmor Ancyranum_,

containing a record of the memorable actions of Augustus. The ruins

here are otherwise interesting in a high degree.

[4316] Now Tchoroum, according to Ansart.

[4317] Its ruins are called Bala-Hisar, in the south-west of Galatia,

on the southern slope of Mount Didymus. This place was celebrated as a

chief seat of the worship of the goddess Cybele, under the surname of

Agdistis, whose temple, filled with riches, stood on a hill outside of

the city.

[4318] Hardouin suggests that these are the Chomenses, the people of

the city of Choma, in the interior of Lycia, mentioned in C. 28 of the

present Book.

[4319] The people of Lystra, a city of Lycaonia, on the confines of

Isauria, celebrated as one of the chief scenes of the preaching of Paul

and Barnabas. See Acts xiv.

[4320] The people of Seleucia, in Pisidia.

[4321] The people of Sebaste, a town of the Tectosages.

[4322] The people of Timonium, a town of Paphlagonia, according to

Stephanus Byzantinus.

[4323] Thebasa, a town of Lycaonia, has been mentioned in C. 25 of the

present Book.

[4324] See C. 25 of the present Book.

[4325] The town of Oroanda, giving name to this district, is mentioned

at the end of C. 24 of the present Book.

[4326] The Caÿster, the Rhyndacus, and the Cios.

[4327] Now called the Sakariyeh, the largest river of Asia Minor after

the ancient Halys.

[4328] Now called the Lefke, which discharges itself into the

Tangarius, or Sakariyeh.

[4329] Called “Galli.” They were said to become mad from drinking of

the waters of this river, and to mutilate themselves when in a frantic

state. See Ovid’s Fasti, B. iv. l. 364 _et seq._

[4330] Now called Brusa. It stood on the north side of Mount Olympus,

fifteen Roman miles from Cius. According to most accounts, it was

built by Prusias, king of Bithynia. It is most probable that Hannibal

superintended the works, while staying as a refugee at the court of

Prusias.

[4331] Now Lake Iznik.

[4332] Its ruins are to be seen at Iznik, on the east side of the lake

of that name. Its site is supposed to have been originally occupied by

the town of Attæa, and afterwards by a settlement of the Bottiæans,

called Ancore, or Helicore, which was destroyed by the Mysians. On this

spot, shortly after the death of Alexander the Great, Antigonus built

a city which he named after himself, Antigonæa; but Lysimachus soon

afterwards changed the name into Nicæa, in honour of his wife. Under

the kings of Bithynia, it was often the royal residence, and it long

disputed with Nicomedia the rank of capital of Bithynia. The modern

Iznik is only a poor village, with about 100 houses. Considerable ruins

of the ancient city are still in existence. Littré seems to think that

there are two Nicæas meant in these passages; but it would seem that

the same place is alluded to in both lines. The only thing that seems

to give countenance to Littré’s supposition (in which he is supported

by Hardouin) is, the expression “Et Prusa _item_ altera.”

[4333] It has been suggested, that this is only another name for the

town of Cios, previously mentioned; but it is most probable that they

were distinct places, and that this was originally called Cierus,

and belonged to the territory of Heraclea, but was conquered by King

Prusias, who named it after himself. It stood to the north-west of the

other Prusa.

[4334] Or the “Golden Stream.”

[4335] Suggested by Parisot to be the modern Cape Fagma.

[4336] From the Greek κράσπεδον, a “skirt.”

[4337] Or Astacus, a colony originally from Megara and Athens. From

Scylax it would appear that this city was also called Olbia. Its site

is placed by some of the modern geographers at a spot called Ovaschik,

and also Bashkele.

[4338] Called Gebiseh, according to Busbequis,—at least in his day. The

modern Hereket, on the coast, has been suggested.

[4339] Its ruins now bear the name of Izmid, or Iznikmid, at the

north-eastern corner of the Sinus Astacenus, or Gulf of Izmid. It was

the chief residence of the kings of Bithynia, and one of the most

splendid cities in the world. Under the Romans it was made a colony,

and was a favourite residence of Diocletian and Constantine the Great.

Arrian the historian was born here.

[4340] Now Akrita. It is also called Akritas by Ptolemy.

[4341] The Straits, or Channel of Constantinople.

[4342] Its site is supposed to have been about two miles south of

the modern Scutari, and it is said that the modern Greeks call it

Chalkedon, and the Turks Kadi-Kioi. Its destruction was completed by

the Turks, who used its materials for the construction of the mosques

and other buildings of Constantinople.

[4343] So called, Hardouin thinks, from its being opposite to the

Golden Horn, or promontory on which Byzantium was built.

[4344] Or Myrlea, mentioned above in C. 40. See p. 490.

[4345] Or Bithynium, lying above Tius. Its vicinity was a good feeding

country for cattle, and noted for the excellence of its cheese, as

mentioned by Pliny, B. xi. c. 42. Antinoüs, the favourite of the

Emperor Adrian, was born here, as Pausanias informs us. Its site does

not appear to be known.

[4346] These rivers do not appear to have been identified by the modern

geographers.

[4347] The modern Scutari occupies its site. Dionysius of Byzantium

states, that it was called Chrysopolis, either because the Persians

made it the place of deposit for the gold which they levied from the

cities, or else from Chryses, a son of Agamemnon and Chryseis.

[4348] A king of the Bebrycians. For some further particulars relative

to this place, see B. xvi. c. 89 of the present Book.

[4349] Situate on a promontory, which is represented by the modern

Algiro, according to Hardouin and Parisot.

[4350] Other writers say that it was erected in honour of the Twelve

Greater Divinities.

[4351] Called Phinopolis in most of the editions. It is very doubtful

whether this passage ought not to be translated, “At a distance thence

of eight miles and three-quarters is the first entrance to this strait,

at the spot,” &c. We have, however, adopted the rendering of Holland,

Ajasson, and Littré.

[4352] Mentioned in C. 28 of the present Book.

[4353] In B. iv. c. 24.

[4354] Or “Deer Island.”

[4355] Now Afzia, according to D’Anville.

[4356] There is still an island in the Sea of Marmora known by the

name Alon, which is separated from the north-western extremity of the

Peninsula of Cyzicus by a narrow channel.

[4357] Hesychius says, that there were two islands near Byzantium

called by the common name of Demonnesi, but severally having the names

of Chalcitis and Pityusa. Pliny, on the other hand, places Demonnesus

opposite to Nicomedia, and at the same time mentions Chalcitis and

Pityodes (probably the same as Pityusa) as distinct places. D’Anville

calls Demonnesus “The Isle of Princes.”

[4358] The position assigned to this island by Pliny and Strabo

corresponds with that of Kalolimno, a small island ten miles north of

the mouth of the Rhyndacus.

[4359] Now called Prota, according to Parisot.

[4360] So called from its copper-mines; now called Khalki, or Karki.

[4361] Now called Prinkipo, east of Khalki.

[4362] See end of B. iii.

[4363] A celebrated Roman general, who was successively governor

of Numidia and Britain, where he defeated Queen Boadicea. He was a

supporter of the Emperor Otho, but afterwards obtained a pardon from

Vitellius on the plea that he had betrayed Otho at the battle of

Bedriacum, and so contributed to his defeat; which, however, was not

the case.

[4364] See end of B. ii.

[4365] See end of B. iii.

[4366] See end of B. ii.

[4367] See end of B. iii.

[4368] See end of B. iii.

[4369] See end of B. iii.

[4370] Brother of Cæsonia, the wife of Caligula, and father of Domitia

Longina, the wife of Domitian. He was the greatest general of his day,

and conquered Tiridates, the powerful king of Parthia. He slew himself

at Cenchreæ, A.D. 67, upon hearing that Nero had given orders for his

execution.

[4371] See end of B. ii.

[4372] The Roman emperor, grandson of Livia, the wife of Augustus. As

an author, the character in which he is here referred to, he occupied

himself chiefly with history, and was encouraged in the pursuit by

Livy the historian. At an early age he began to write a history from

the death of the Dictator Cæsar, a plan which he afterwards abandoned,

and began his work with the restoration of peace, after the battle of

Actium. Of the earlier period he had written only four books, but the

latter work he extended to forty-four. He also wrote memoirs of his own

life, which Suetonius describes as written with more silliness than

inelegance. A fourth work was a defence of Cicero against the attacks

of Asinius Pollio. He also wrote histories of Carthage and of Etruria

in Greek. All of his literary works have perished.

[4373] See end of B. iii.

[4374] Nothing whatever is known of this son of T. Livius, the

great Roman historian. It is not improbable that the transcribers

have committed an error in inserting the word _filio_, and that the

historian himself is the person meant.

[4375] See end of B. ii.

[4376] “Acta Triumphorum” probably mean the registers kept in the

Capitol, in which were inscribed the names of those who were honoured

with triumphs, and the decrees of the senate or the people in their

favour. This register must not be confounded with the “Tabulæ

Consulares.”

[4377] Juba II., king of Mauritania. After the defeat of his father at

Thapsus, he was carried a prisoner to Rome, though quite a child, and

compelled to grace the conqueror’s triumph. Augustus Cæsar afterwards

restored to him his kingdom, and gave him in marriage Cleopatra, or

Selene, the daughter of Antony and Cleopatra. To his literary pursuits

he is chiefly indebted for his reputation. His works are continually

quoted by Pliny, who regards his authority with the utmost deference.

Among his numerous works he seems to have written a History of Africa,

Assyria, Arabia, and Rome; as also Treatises on the Stage, Music,

Grammar, and Painting.

[4378] Of Miletus. See end of B. iv.

[4379] See end of B. iv.

[4380] See end of B. iv.

[4381] See end of B. ii.

[4382] He was employed by Alexander the Great in measuring distances in

his marches. He wrote a work upon this subject, entitled, “Distances of

the Marches of Alexander.”

[4383] See end of B. iv.

[4384] See end of B. iv.

[4385] See end of B. iv.

[4386] See end of B. iv.

[4387] See end of B. iv.

[4388] See end of B. ii.

[4389] See end of B. iv.

[4390] Of Chalcis. See end of B. iv.

[4391] See end of B. iv.

[4392] See end of B. ii.

[4393] See end of B. ii.

[4394] Of Rhodes, the friend of P. Scipio Æmilianus and Lælius. He was

the head of the Stoic School at Athens, where he died. His principal

work was a Treatise on Moral Duties, which served as a model for Cicero

in the composition of his work, “De Officiis.” He also wrote a work on

the philosophical sects.

[4395] See end of B. ii.

[4396] See end of B. iv.

[4397] See end of B. iv.

[4398] See end of B. iv.

[4399] See end of B. ii.

[4400] See end of B. ii.

[4401] See end of B. iv.

[4402] See end of B. iii.

[4403] See end of B. iii.

[4404] See end of B. ii.

[4405] There are four literary persons mentioned of this name. 1. An

Athenian comic poet of the middle comedy. 2. A native of Maronæa, in

Thrace, or else of Crete, who wrote lascivious and abusive verses,

and was at last put to death by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He was

the inventor of the Sotadean verse, or Ionic a Majore, Tetrameter

Brachycatalectic. 3. An Athenian philosopher, who wrote a book on

mysteries. 4. A Byzantine philosopher, of whom nothing whatever is

known.

[4406] There were two writers of this name, before the time of Pliny.

1. Periander of Corinth, one of the Seven Wise Men, who wrote a

didactic poem, containing moral and political precepts, in 2000 lines;

and, 2. a physician and bad poet, contemporary with Archidamas, the son

of Agesilaüs. It is uncertain to which Pliny here refers.

[4407] Probably a writer on geography. Nothing appears to be known of

him.

[4408] Of Cyzicus, see end of B. ii.; of Cnidos, see end of B. iv.

[4409] A Greek historian, who appears, from Plutarch, to have written a

history of the expeditions of Alexander the Great.

[4410] See end of B. iii.

[4411] See end of B. iii.

[4412] See end of B. iii.

[4413] The author of the Periplus, or voyage which he performed round

a part of Libya, of which we have a Greek translation from the Punic

original. His age is not known, but Pliny states (B. ii. c. 67, and B.

v. c. 1) that the voyage was undertaken in the most flourishing days of

Carthage. It has been considered on the whole, that he may be probably

identified with Hanno, the son or the father of Hamilcar, who was slain

at Himera, B.C. 480.

[4414] Mentioned also by Pliny, B. ii. c. 67, as having conducted a

voyage of discovery from Gades towards the north, along the western

shores of Europe, at the same time that Hanno proceeded on his voyage

along the western coast of Africa. He is repeatedly quoted by Festus

Avienus, in his geographical poem called _Ora Maritima_. His voyage is

said to have lasted four months, but it is impossible to judge how far

it extended.

[4415] See end of B. iii.

[4416] See end of B. iii.

[4417] See end of B. ii.

[4418] A Greek geographer, and friend of Seleucus Nicator, by whom

he was sent on an embassy to Sandrocottus, king of the Prasii, whoso

capital was Palibothra, a town probably in the vicinity of the present

Patna. Whether he had accompanied Alexander on his invasion of India is

quite uncertain. He wrote a work on India in four books, to which the

subsequent Greek writers were chiefly indebted for their accounts of

India. Arrian speaks highly of him as a writer, but Strabo impeaches

his veracity; and we find Pliny hinting the same in B. vi. c. 21. Of

his work only a few fragments survive.

[4419] See end of B. ii.

[4420] See end of B. iv.

[4421] There was a philosopher of this name, a nephew of Chrysippus,

and his pupil; but it is not known whether he is the person referred

to, in C. 10, either as having written a work on universal geography,

or on that of Egypt.