[190] _Egypt’s Place_, V. 188.
[191] This is illustrated by Ebers, in his romance of “Uarda;” where
the surgeon, Nebsecht, finds such difficulty in obtaining a human
heart, in order to its anatomical study. See, also, Birch’s statement,
in _Egypt’s Place_, V., 135, and Pierret’s _Dict. d’Arch. Égypt._,
s. v. “Cœur.”
[192] _Anc. Egypt._, III., 472, note 6.
[193] _Ibid._, III., 466, note 3.
[194] In the Book of the Dead, Chapter xxxvi. tells “How a Person has
his Heart made (or given) to him in the Hades.” And in preparing the
mummy, a scarabæus,--a symbol of the creative or life-giving god--was
put in the place of the heart. (See Rubric, chapter xxx., Book of the
Dead; _Anc. Egypt._, III., 346, 486; also, note in _Uarda_, I., 305 f.).
[195] _Egypt’s Place_, V., 14.
[196] _Ibid._, V., 283.
[197] _Anc. Egypt._, II., 27, note.
[198] Prov. 4 : 23.
[199] _Anc. Egypt._, II., 27, 31; III., 409.
[200] _Ibid._, II., 32, Plate No. 300.
[201] _Ibid._, II., 27 note 1.
[202] Comp. _Ibid._, III., 409, 416 f.
[203] See _Egypt’s Place_, V., 254.
[204] _Rec. of Past_, II., 137-152.
[205] See Lynd’s _Hist. of Dakotas_, p. 73.
[206] See citations from various original sources, in Bancroft’s
_Native Races of Pacific Coast_, II., 306-310, 707-709.
[207] The Nahuas were “skilled ones,” or “experts,” who had emigrated
Northward from the Maya land (Réville’s _Native Religions_, p. 20).
[208] Clavigero’s _Anc. Hist. of Mex._, II., 45-49, cited in Bancroft’s
_Native Races_, II., 307.
[209] The proper centre of the Maya nations lay in Yucatan (Réville’s
_Native Religions of Mexico and Peru_, p. 18).
[210] Gomara, cited in Bancroft’s _Native Races_, II., 310 f.
[211] Herrera, cited in Bancroft’s _Native Races_, II., 706 f.
[212] _Native Religions of Mexico and Peru_ (Hibbert Lectures, 1884),
p. 43 f. See, also, pp. 45, 46, 82, 99.
[213] See Pindar’s _Olympian Odes_, Ode 1, line 146; Sophocles’
_Trachiniæ_, line 766; Virgil’s _Æneid_, Bk. XI., line 81 f.
[214] Homer’s _Odyssey_, Bk. III., lines 11, 12, 461-463; _Iliad_, Bk.
II., lines 427, 428.
[215] Cicero’s _De Divinatione_, Bk. I., chap. 52, § 119.
[216] See Sanchoniathon’s references to blood libations, in Cory’s
_Ancient Fragments_, pp. 7, 11, 16.
[217] See “The Hindu Pantheon,” in Birdwood’s _Indian Arts_, p. 96.
[218] Frere’s _Old Deccan Days_, p. 266.
[219] Williams’s _Middle Kingdom_, I., 194.
[220] Edkins’s _Religion in China_, p. 22.
[221] Williams’s _Mid. King._, I., 76-78.
[222] The inscription was first found, in 1875, in the tomb of Setee
I., the father of Rameses II., the Pharaoh of the oppression. A
translation of it appeared in the _Transactions of the Society of
Biblical Archæology_, Vol. 4, Part I. Again it has been found, in the
tomb of Rameses III. Its earliest and its latest translations were
made by M. Édouard Naville, the eminent Swiss Egyptologist. Meantime,
Brugsch, De Bergmann, Lauth, Lefébure, and others, have aided in its
elucidation (See _Proceed. of Soc. of Bib. Arch._, for March 3, 1885).
Is there not a reference to this legend in the Book of the Dead,
chapter xviii., sixth section?
[223] Mandrakes, or “love-apples,” among the ancient Egyptians, as
also among the Orientals generally, from the days of Jacob (Gen.
30 : 14-17) until to-day, carried the idea of promoting a loving union;
and the Egyptian name for mandrakes--_tetmut_--combined the root-word
_tet_ already referred to as meaning “arm,” or “bracelet,” and
_mut_--with the signification of “attesting,” or “confirming.” Thus the
blood and the mandrake juice would be a true _assiratum_. (See Pierret’s
_Vocabulaire Hiéroglyphique_, p. 723.) “Belief in this plant [the
mandrake] is as old as history.” (Napier’s _Folk-Lore_, p. 90.) See,
also, Lang’s _Custom and Myth_, pp. 143-155.
[224] Mendieta’s _Hist. Eccl. Ind._, 77 ff.; cited in Spencer’s _Des.
Soc._, II., 38; also Brinton’s _Myths of the New World_, p. 258.
[225] See Cory’s _Anc. Frag._, p. 59 f.
[226] _Ibid._, p. 15.
[227] Comp. Fabri’s _Evagatorium_, III., 218.
[228] _Beginnings of History_, p. 52, note.
[229] Bryant’s _Odyssey_, Bks. x. and xi.
[230] See Sayce’s _Anc. Emp. of East_, p. 146.
[231] Among the ancient Peruvians, there was said to be a class of
devil-worshipers, known as _canchus_, or _rumapmicuc_, the members of
which sucked the blood from sleeping youth, to their own nourishing and
to the speedy dying away of the persons thus depleted. (See Arriaga’s
_Extirpacion de la Idolatria del Piru_, p. 21 f.; cited in Spencer’s
_Des. Soc._, II., 48.). See, also, Ralston’s _Russian Folk Tales_, pp.
311-328.
[232] Farrer’s _Primitive Manners and Customs_, p. 23 f.
[233] The primitive belief seems to have had a sound basis in
scientific fact.
[234] _Transfusion of Human Blood_, pp. 2-4.
[235] _Ibid._, p. 5.
[236] See pages 85-88, _supra_.
[237] _Transf. of Blood_, p. 5.
[238] 2 Kings 5 : 1-14.
[239] _Hist. Nat._ xxvi., 5.
[240] See _Notes and Queries_, for Feb. 28, 1857; with citation from
Soane’s _New Curiosities of Literature_, I., 72.
[241] _Ibid._; also Mills’s _History of Chivalry_, chap. IV., note.
[242] See citation from Soane, in _Notes and Queries_, supra.
[243] Citation from “Saturday Review,” for Feb. 14, 1857, in _Notes and
Queries_, supra.
[244] See Grimm’s _Household Tales_, I., 23-30.
[245] Cox and Jones’s _Popular Romances of the Middle Ages_, pp. 85-87.
[246] Cox and Jones’s _Romances of the Middle Ages_, p. 292.
[247] Lettsom’s _Nibel. Lied_, p. 158.
[248] _Kalila wa-Dimna_, p. 315-319.
[249] Fielde’s _Pagoda Shadows_, p. 88.
[250] _Croniques de France_, 1516, feuillet c c i j, cited from Soane,
in _Notes and Queries_, supra.
[251] Roussel’s _Trans. of Blood_, p. 6. A different version of this
story is given in Bruys’s _Histoire des Papes_, IV., 278; but the
other version is supported by two independent sources, in _Infessuræ
Diarium_, and _Burchardi Diarium_. See _Notes and Queries_, 5th Series,
III., 496, and IV., 38; also Hare’s _Walks in Rome_, p. 590.
[252] _Dict. Méd. et Chirurg. Prat._, Art. “Transfusion.”
[253] Shooter’s _Kafirs of Natal_, p. 117.
[254] _Ibid._, p. 216.
[255] Bonwick’s _Daily Life and Origin of Tasmanians_, p. 89; cited in
Spencer’s _Des. Soc._, III., 43.
[256] _Hist._, IV., 64.
[257] _Jesuits in No. Am. in 17th Cent._, p. 389 f.
[258] Ragueneau; cited by Parkman.
[259] _Jesuits in No. Am._, Introduction, p. xxxix.
[260] _Ibid._, p. 250.
[261] _City of the Saints_, p. 117. See also Appendix.
[262] _Reisen in Brit. Guian._, II., 430; cited in Spencer’s _Des.
Soc._, VI., 36.
[263] _Trans. of Ethn. Soc._ new series, III., 240, cited in Spencer’s
_Des. Soc._, III., 36.
[264] Beecham’s _Ashantee and the Gold Coast_, p. 211; cited in
Spencer’s _Des. Soc._, IV., 33.
[265] See Tylor’s _Primitive Culture_, I., 459; also Bock’s _Head
Hunters of Borneo_, passim.
[266] Mrs. Finn’s “Fellaheen of Palestine” in _Surv. of West. Pal._
“Special Papers,” p. 360.
[267] This is Mrs. Finn’s rendering of it; but it should be “I
_sacrificed_ him with my teeth.” The Arabic word is obviously _dhabaha_
(ذبح), identical with the Hebrew _zabhakh_ (זָבַח) “to sacrifice.”
[268] Lang’s _Custom and Myth_, p. 95 f.; also Grimm’s _Household
Tales_, p. lxviii.
[269] Cox and Jones’s _Pop. Rom. of Mid. Ages_, p. 310.
[270] Lettsom’s _Nibel. Lied_, p. 373.
[271] Thompson’s _Alcedo’s Geog. and Hist. Dict. of America_, I., 408;
cited in Spencer’s _Des. Soc._, VI., 19.
[272] _Travels in Nubia_, p. 356.
[273] _Trans. of Ethn. Soc._ II., 246, and Angas’s _Austr. and New
Zeal._ I., 73, 227, 462, cited in Spencer’s _Des. Soc._, III., 26.
[274] See _Dict. Méd. et Chir. Prat._ Art. “Transfusion”; also
Roussel’s _Transf. of Blood_, pp. 78-88.
[275] _Transf. of Blood_, p. 19.
[276] See page 20, _supra_.
[277] _Thro. Dark Cont._, I., 123-131.
[278] Thompson’s _Thro. Masâi Land_, p. 430.
[279] _Ibid._, p. 452.
[280] Shooter’s _Kafirs of Natal_, notes, p. 399.
[281] H. A. L., in _Sport in Many Lands_.
[282] See _Trans. Royal Asiat. Soc._, I., 69; cited in Spencer’s _Des.
Soc._, V., 26 f.
[283] Edwards’s _Hist. of Brit. West Ind._, I., 47; cited in Spencer’s
_Des. Soc._, VI., 36.
[284] Shooter’s _Kafirs of Natal_, p. 216.
[285] See Tylor’s _Prim. Cult._, II., 382, referring to Bastian’s
_Psychologie_.
[286] See Anderson’s _Norse Mythol._, p. 247.
[287] _Ibid._, p. 380; Lettsom’s _Nibel. Lied_, Preface, p. ix.; Cox
and Jones’s _Pop. Rom. of Mid. Ages_, p. 254 f.
[288] _Pop. Rom. of Mid. Ages_, p. 260; also _Nib. Lied_, p. x.
[289] See Bancroft’s _Native Races_, III., 150; Brinton’s _Myths of New
World_, p. 274 f.; Jackson’s _Alaska_, p. 103 f.
[290] Charles F. Oldham’s “Native Faiths in the Himalayah,” in _The
Contemporary Review_ for April, 1885.
[291] Napier’s _Folk-Lore of the West of Scotland_, p. 111 f.
[292] Farrer’s _Prim. Man. and Cust._, p. 276 f.
[293] Lettsom’s _Nibel. Lied_, p. 183; also Cox and Jones’s _Pop. Rom.
of Mid. Ages_, p. 47 f.
[294] Benson’s _Remarkable Trials_, p. 94, note.
[295] Cobbett’s _State Trials_, XI., 1371; cited in _Anecdotes of Omens
and Superstitions_, p. 47 f.
[296] _Superstition and Force_, pp. 315-323.
[297] Cited from Gamal. ben Pedahzur’s _Book of Jewish Ceremonies_,
p. 11.
[298] _Religion in China_, pp. 23, 32.
[299] _The Religions of China_, p. 55.
[300] Dr. Legge here seems to use the word “sacrifice” in the
light of a single meaning which attaches to it. There is surely
no incompatibility in the terms “banquet” and “sacrifice,” as we
find their two-fold idea in the banquet-sacrifice of the Mosaic
peace-offering (see Lev. 7 : 11-15).
[301] _The Relig. of China_, Notes to Lect. I., p. 66.
[302] _The Mid. King._, II., 194. See also Martin’s _The Chinese_,
p. 258.
[303] _The Relig. of China_, p. 53 f. Gray thinks differently (_China_,
I., 87.)
[304] _The Mid. King._, I., 76-78; _The Chinese_, p. 99; _Relig.
in China_, p. 21; _The Relig. of China_, p. 25; _Confucianism and
Taouism_, p. 87.
[305] _Relig. in China_, p. 22. The same is true in sacrifices to
Confucius (Gray’s _China_, I., 87).
[306] _Chow le_, cited by Douglas in _Confuc. and Taou._, p. 82 f.
[307] Edkins’s _Relig. in China_, p. 27.
[308] See page 156 f., _infra_.
[309] “The flesh of the horse is eaten both by the Chinese and the
Mongolians.” (Gray’s _China_, II., 174.)
[310] See C. F. Gordon Cumming’s article “A Visit to the Temple of
Heaven at Peking,” in _Lond. Quart. Rev._, for July, 1885.
[311] See Exod. 12 : 7-10.
[312] Gray’s _China_, II., 271 f.
[313] Gray’s _China_, I., 102.
[314] See Rev. 7 : 3; 9 : 4; 13 : 16; 14 : 1; 20 : 4; 22 : 4.
[315] _The Relig. of China_, p. 289.
[316] See The Rite in Burmah, in Appendix.
[317] See Dubois’s _Des. Man. and Cust. of People of India_, Part III.,
chap. 7; also Monier Williams’s _Hinduism_, p. 36 f.
[318] Monier Williams’s _Hinduism_, p. 35 f.
[319] _Ibid._, p. 37 f.
[320] Dubois’s _Des. of Man. and Cust. in India_, Part III., chap. vii.
[321] Heber’s _Travels in India_, II., 13 f.
[322] _Ibid._, II., 285.
[323] Dubois’s _Des. of Man. and Cust. of India_, Part II., chap. xxxi.
[324] Dubois’s _Des. of Man. and Cust. of India_, Part II., chap. xi.
[325] “The Hindu Pantheon,” in Birdwood’s _Indian Arts_, p. 76 f.
[326] _Ibid._, p. 42.
[327] 1 Cor. 11 : 29.
[328] See Roberts’s _Oriental Illus. of Scriptures_, pp. 484-489.
[329] See page 77, _supra_.
[330] See page 53, _supra_.
[331] See also page 194 ff., _infra_.
[332] See Sayce’s paper, in _Trans. Soc. Bib. Arch._, Vol. I., Part 1,
pp. 25-31.
[333] See page 13 f., _supra_.
[334] “Whether he has overcome his enemies or the wild beasts, he pours
out a libation from the sacred cup,” says Layard (_Nineveh and its
Remains_, Vol. II., chap. 7) concerning the old-time King of Nineveh.
[335] See H. Fox Talbot’s paper, in _Trans. Soc. Bib. Arch._, Vol. IV.,
Part 1, p. 58 f.
[336] Mal. 1 : 6, 7. See also Isa. 65 : 11.
[337] 2 Kings 19 : 37; Ezra 4 : 2; Isa. 37 : 38. See also
1 Cor. 10 : 21.
[338] _Rec. of Past_, III., 122 f.
[339] Sayce’s _Anc. Emp. of East_, p. 201; also, W. Robertson Smith’s
_Old Test. in Jew. Ch._, notes on Lect. xii.
[340] _Rec. of Past_, III., 135.
[341] Sayce’s _Anc. Emp. of East_, p. 266.
[342] Schaff-Herzog’s _Encyc. of Relig. Knowl._, art. “Parseeism.”
[343] _Anc. Emp. of East_, p. 266.
[344] See Wilkinson’s _Anc. Egypt._, III., 30, 400.
[345] Kenrick’s _Anc. Egypt._, I., 369 ff.
[346] Ebers’s _Ægypt. u. d. Büch. Mose’s_, p. 245 f.
[347] Wilkinson’s _Anc. Egypt._, III., 402.
[348] Cited from Castor, in Plutarch, in Wilkinson’s _Anc. Egypt._,
III., 407. See also Ebers’s _Ægypt. u. d. Büch. Mose’s_, p. 246.
[349] _Hist._, II., 59.
[350] Wilkinson’s _Anc. Egypt._, III., 409. See also page 102, _supra_.
[351] Wilkinson’s _Anc. Egypt._, III., 109; 410; Kenrick’s _Anc.
Egypt._, I., 373. See Herodotus, _Hist._, II., 47.
[352] _Hist._, II., 61.
[353] See references to this custom at page 85 ff., _supra_.
[354] See Wilkinson’s _Anc. Egypt._, III., 404-406.
[355] Renouf’s _The Relig. of Anc. Egypt_, pp. 138-147.
[356] See _Rec. of Past_, X., 79-134.
[357] See page 102 f., _supra_.
[358] “Man doth not live by bread only, but by every word that
proceedeth out of the mouth of the Lord doth man live.” (Deut. 8 : 3.
See, also, Matt. 4 : 4; Job 23 : 12; John 4 : 34.)
[359] See John 8 : 31, 32; 16 : 13; 17 : 19.
[360] See Réville’s _Native Relig. of Mex. and Peru_, pp. 63, 163;
Cory’s _Anc. Frag._, p. 5; Dubois’s _Des. Man. and Cust. of India_,
Part II., chap. 31; Tylor’s _Prim. Cult._, II., 278 ff.; Dorman’s
_Orig. of Prim. Supers._, p. 150; Andersson’s _Lake Ngami_, p. 220.
[361] Bancroft’s _Native Races_, V., 547 f.
[362] Monier Williams’s _Hinduism_, p. 60.
[363] Bancroft’s _Native Races_, V., 548.
[364] Bancroft’s _Native Races_, II., 710.
[365] Mendieta’s _Hist. Eccles. Ind._, p. 108 f.; cited in Spencer’s
_Des. Soc._, II., 20.
[366] Acosta’s _Hist. Nat. Mor. Ind._, Bk. V., chap. 27, cited in
Spencer’s _Des. Soc._, II., 26.
[367] Herrera’s _Gen. Hist. of America_, II., 379; cited in Dorman’s
_Orig. of Prim. Supers._, p. 152 f.
[368] Acosta’s _Hist. Nat. Mor. Ind._, Bk. V., chap. 23; cited in
Prescott’s _Conquest of Peru_, I., 108, note.
[369] Herrera’s _Gen. Hist._, III., 207 f.; cited in Spencer’s _Des.
Soc._, II., 20.
[370] Spencer’s _Des. Soc._, II., 20. See also Southey’s _Hist. of
Brazil_, II., 370.
[371] _Contra Apionem_, II., 7.
[372] See pages 105 f., 132, _supra_.
[373] See Clark’s _Indian Sign Language_, s. v., “Feast.”
[374] “Should he fail [to eat his portion], the host would be outraged,
the community shocked, and the spirits roused to vengeance. Disaster
would befall the nation--death, perhaps, the individual.” “A feaster
unable to do his full part, might, if he could, hire another to aid
him; otherwise he must remain in his place till the work was done.”
(Parkman’s _Jesuits in No. Am._, p. xxxviii.)
[375] “At some feasts guests are permitted to take home some small
portions for their children as sacred food, especially good for them
because it came from a feast.” (Clark’s _Ind. Sign Lang._, p. 168.)
[376] Edkins’s _Relig. in China_, p. 22, note.
[377] See pages 159, 168, 172, _supra_.
[378] Réville’s _Native Relig. of Mex. and Peru_, p. 183.
[379] _Ibid._, p. 76.
[380] See page 176 f., _supra_.
[381] _Des. of Man. and Cust. of India_, Part III., chap. 7.
[382] See William and Calvert’s _Fiji and the Fijians_, pp. 35 f.,
161-166, 181 f.
[383] Cited in Parkman’s _Jesuits in No. Am._, p. 228, note.
[384] _Ibid._, p. xxxix.
[385] _Ibid._, p. xl., note.
[386] _Origin of Prim. Supers._, p. 151 f.
[387] _Origin of Prim. Supers._, p. 150.
[388] _Native Relig. of Mex. and Peru_, p. 75 f.
[389] _Native Relig. of Mex. and Peru_, p. 76.
[390] See references to cannibalism as a religious rite among the
Khonds of Orissa, the people of Sumatra, etc., in Adams’s _Curiosities
of Superstition_.
[391] Gen. 49 : 11; Deut. 32 : 14; Ecclesiasticus 39 : 26; 50 : 15;
1 Macc. 6 : 34.
[392] In _Beduinen und Wahaby_, p. 86 f.
[393] _Desert of the Exodus_, I., 90.
[394] See page 72, _supra_.
[395] Wood’s _Wedding Day_, p. 144.
[396] Mason, in _Journ. of Asiat. Soc. of Bengal_, Vol. XXXV., Part
II., p. 17; cited in Spencer’s _Des. Soc._, V., 9.
[397] Andersson’s _Lake Ngami_, p. 220 f.
[398] Shooter’s _Kafirs of Natal_, p. 77.
[399] Williams and Calvert’s _Fiji and the Fijians_, p. 134.
[400] See Monier Williams’s _Sanskrit Dictionary_, s. v.
[401] See Pike’s _Sub-Tropical Rambles_, p. 198.
[402] See pages 77, 165, _supra_.
[403] This Oriental custom gives an added meaning to the suggestion,
that Christ was sent to bring us to his Father, “that we might receive
the adoption of sons” (Gal. 4 : 5).
[404] The citations above made are from Roberts’s _Oriental
Illustrations of the Scriptures_, p. 574, and from Dubois’s _Des. of
Man. and Cust. of India_, Part II., chap. 22; the latter being from the
Directory or Ritual of the Purohitas.
[405] Doolittle’s _Social Life of the Chinese_, I., 85-87.
[406] _China_, p. 72 f.
[407] Piedrahita’s _Hist. New Granada_, Bk. I., chap. 6; cited in
Spencer’s _Des. Soc._, II., 34.
[408] Malcolm, in _Trans. Royal Asiat. Soc._, I., 83; cited in
Spencer’s _Des. Soc._, V., 8.
[409] Wood’s _Wedding Day_, p. 142.
[410] _Ibid._, p. 66 f.
[411] _Ibid._, p. 124 f.
[412] Rous and Bogan’s _Archæologiæ Atticæ_, p. 167.
[413] Wood’s _Wedding Day_, pp. 36, 39.
[414] Wood’s _Wedding Day_, p. 151.
[415] _Ibid._, pp. 22, 23.
[416] _Ibid._, p. 247.
[417] _Ibid._, p. 247.
[418] _Ibid._, p. 248.
[419] _Ibid._, p. 173.
[420] Ross’s _The Book of Scottish Poems_, I., 218.
[421] Godwyn’s _Rom. Historiæ_, p. 66 f.
[422] Tylor’s _Prim. Cult._, I., 85-97.
[423] Kurtz’s _History of the Old Covenant_, I., 235.
[424] _Ibid._, I., 268.