Fine situations and well inhabited banks--A gay party--Slate and coal
strata--Point Pleasant--River Kenhawa--Battle of Point Pleasant--
Lord Dunmore’s campaign against the Indians--Indians justified--
Reasons why there are but few writers in their favour--Short account
of the causes of the last Indian war, and the settlement of
Kentucky.
Two miles and a half below Jones’s is Leading creek, a beautiful
little river with high sloping banks on the right, and just below it a
Mr. Kerr has a good log house, and a garden with a handsome stoccado
{122} fence, behind which is a small cleared farm. A vein of coal is
said to be on the Virginia side opposite, not much approved of by the
blacksmiths, probably because not wrought deep enough. Three miles
further on the right is a very good, new, two story house, clapboarded,
and painted white, and a large horse mill; and half a mile lower on the
opposite shore is a large unfinished house, lately purchased by a Mr.
Long from Col. Clendinning, who began to build it nine years ago.[97]
It resembles a church, and is not only a good feature in the prospect,
but impresses the traveller with lively ideas of the advanced state of
population of the neighbouring country.--Close to it is a small hamlet,
or quarter, of a few cabins, the whole in a beautiful situation on a
high bank commanding a view of Eight Mile island, just below, and both
banks of the river, which are here well inhabited and very pleasant.
Two miles lower is Six Mile island, very small, and half a mile beyond
it on the left is a house most delightfully situated, commanding the
whole vista of the river seven miles up to Leading creek, with the two
intermediate islands. The house is sheltered from the northern blasts
of winter by a fine grove purposely left standing, when the surrounding
farm was cleared.
I observed that in general, from Le Tart’s falls, trees were left
standing very tastily in places where they can have a good or pleasing
effect, particularly the gigantick beeches along the margin of the
river.
About a mile lower down, we met a large canoe, paddled against the
stream by five well drest young men, while a respectable looking
elderly man steered. They had five very smart looking girls with
them, and, from their gaiety, were apparently returning from some
_frolick_--the epithet used in this country for all neighbourly
meetings for the purpose of assisting each other in finishing some
domestick or farming {123} business, which generally conclude with
feasting and dancing, which sometimes lasts two or three days, and is
not seldom the fruitful source of many a tender and lasting connexion.
Near this we perceived a stratum of slate over one of coal, but the
latter too much under the level of the river to be wrought. The slate
stratum extends several rods, and is topped and squared as if done by
art.
It may not be amiss to remark that all strata throughout the whole of
this western country, have been hitherto found to be horizontal.
The banks from hence four miles to Point Pleasant are apparently rich
with good bottoms on both sides, yet but thinly inhabited.
Point Pleasant, where we arrived at seven o’clock in the evening, is
beautifully situated on a bank, at least forty feet above the common
level of the Ohio, at the conflux of the Great Kenhawa with that river.
It contains twenty-one indifferent houses, including a court-house of
square logs, this being the seat of justice of Mason county. The town
does not thrive on account of the adjacent country not settling so fast
as the opposite side in the state of Ohio, where lands can be bought in
small tracts for farms, by real settlers, at a reasonable rate, whereas
the Virginia lands belonging mostly to wealthy and great landholders,
are held at four or five times the Ohio price.
The river Ohio is here six hundred yards wide, and the Kenhawa is two
hundred and twenty-five, the latter navigable about eighty miles to the
falls.
On the 10th of October, 1774, a battle was fought here by the Virginia
and Pennsylvania militia under general Lewis, against the Indians, who
had attacked them in great force, but were defeated and compelled to
retreat across the Ohio, carrying their dead and wounded with them
according to their invariable custom; as, like the ancient Greeks, they
deem it an {124} irreparable disgrace, to leave the unburied bodies of
their slain fellow warriours to the disposal of the victorious enemy.
The Americans bought their victory at the expense of a number of their
most active men, amongst whom was Col. Lewis, brother to the general, a
brave and enterprizing officer. They were buried near the edge of the
river bank, which has since mouldered away, occasionally discovering
their remains to the present inhabitants, who have always re-interred
them.
This was a military station above thirty years ago. It is twenty years
since it was laid out for a town, but it had no houses erected in
consequence until after Wayne’s Indian treaty, it being unsafe before
to live outside the stoccado.
Lord Dunmore, who was then governour of Virginia, and
commander-in-chief on the expedition against the Indians, at the
time of the battle of Point Pleasant, had penetrated by the way of
Wheeling across the Ohio, to within a short march of their principal
settlement, near where Chilicothe now is; when, instead of following
up Lewis’s success, while they were yet under the influence of the
panick occasioned by it, and by his lordship’s approach with the main
body of the militia, and of exterminating them, or of driving them out
of the country, he received their submission and patched up a treaty
with them, which they observed no longer than during the short time
that he continued with a military force in their country, for which he
was much blamed by the back settlers and hunters. Humanity, however,
must plead his excuse with every thinking or philosophick mind; and
volumes might be written to prove the justice of the Indian cause;
but in all national concerns, it has never been controverted by the
history of mankind from the earliest ages of which we have any record,
but that interest and power always went hand in hand to serve the
mighty against the {125} weak, and writers are never wanting to aid the
cause of injustice, barbarity and oppression, with the sophistry of a
distorted and unnatural philosophy; while the few who would be willing
to espouse the rights of the feeble, have not enough of the spirit of
chivalry, to expose themselves to an irreparable loss of time, and the
general obloquy attending an unpopular theme: even in this so much
boasted land of liberty and equality, where nothing is to be dreaded
from the arbitrary acts of a king and council during a suspension of a
habeas corpus law, or the mandate of an arbitrary hero in the full tide
of victory.
Is not popular opinion frequently as tyrannical as star chambers, or
lettres de cachets?
The Indians north of the Ohio, under the name of the Five Nations, and
their dependants, had been gradually, but rapidly, forced back more and
more remote from the country of their ancestors, by the irresistible
and overswelling tide of population of Europeans and their descendants.
They at last abandoned all the continent of America east of the great
chain of the Allegheny mountains, to the enlightened intruders, and
besides that natural barrier, they added an immense wilderness of
nearly five hundred miles in breadth, west of those mountains, to the
space which divided them; settling themselves in that country which
has since become the state of Ohio, having Lake Erie for its northern
boundary, and the river Ohio for its southern. The woods and savannahs
to the southward of that river abounded in game, such as buffaloes,
deer, elk, bears, and innumerable smaller animals, valuable for their
flesh, skins, and furs. They were tempted to make hunting excursions
into this country, during which they frequently met with parties of
hunters of other Indian nations, called Chocktaws, Chickasaws, and
Cherokees, who resided far south of it, but who had been accustomed to
consider it as their exclusive property {126} for hunting in, from time
immemorial. Battles with various success were generally the consequence
of those meetings. The southern Indians were the most numerous--the
northern the most warlike.
Finding that they exhausted each other to no purpose, by such constant
hostility, necessity at last obliged them to make a peace, the basis
of which was, that the hunting country should be common to both as
such, to the exclusion of all other people, and that neither would ever
settle on it themselves, nor permit others to do so.
They enjoyed in quiet the uninterrupted use of this immense common
forest, for many years after; but the Virginians having extended their
settlements to the westward of the mountains, the frontier inhabitants,
who, like the aborigines, supported themselves principally by hunting,
were led in quest of game, as far west as the banks of Kentucky river,
in the very centre of the Indian hunting country.
On their return to their settlements, the report spread from them
to the colonial government, that they had discovered a country most
abundant in game, and far exceeding in natural fertility any of the
settled parts of Virginia.
Small armed parties were sent out to establish blockhouses for the
protection of hunters or settlers, while the lands were divided into
tracts and granted or sold to proprietors, as suited the convenience of
the government.
The Indians, indignant at being followed to so remote a part of the
continent, after the great sacrifice to peace before made by them in
the abandonment of their native country, did their utmost to repel the
invaders. The northern tribes were the most ferocious and the most
exasperated, and sometimes alone, and sometimes aided by their southern
auxiliaries, carried on a most bloody and exterminating war against
all the whites who had the temerity to brave {127} their decided and
fixed determination to adhere to their mutual guarantee of their
hunting grounds.
Much blood was shed on both sides, and many parties of the whites were
cut off, but their perseverance at last prevailed, and Kentucky became
one of the United States of America.
The negro who carried our baggage from the boat to the tavern,
regretted much that we had not arrived a little earlier in the
day, to get some of the people’s money who had been assembled at a
gathering. On our inquiring “how”--he replied by asking if we were
not _play-actors_, and if we had not got our _puppetshew things_ in
some of the trunks and boxes we had with us. He had probably conceived
this idea from our having in the skiff a large box of medicines, which
we had taken in at Marietta for a doctor Merrit at French Grant, and
besides we had more baggage than it was usual for him to see carried by
travellers, who had occasion to stop at Point Pleasant.
Our landlord’s name was John Allen, a young man, who had lived here
since his infancy twenty years.--On a late journey to Richmond he had
married a young woman there, who sat at supper with us, but who seemed
to wish to appear rather above the doing the honours of a tavern table.
He had lately been chosen one of the members of the legislature for
Mason county, and seemed fond of discussing politicks, but apparently
more for the sake of information, than for insisting _dogmatically_,
according to the prevailing mode, on any opinion of his own. In
short, he seemed to regret the blind illiberality of the improperly
self-termed federalists, and of their equally prejudiced democratick
antagonists, and seemed desirous of meriting the character of a
disinterested patriot, and a federal republican in its real and literal
sense, without perhaps understanding either term.
FOOTNOTES:
[97] Colonel George Clendennin, a prominent pioneer of Western
Virginia, was born in Scotland in 1746. His first services in the West
were in Colonel Lewis’s army at the battle of Point Pleasant (1774).
Later he bought the site of Charleston, West Virginia, and laid out
the town (1788). The house on the Ohio which Cuming saw had been
built by Clendennin in 1796; the following year, however, he died at
Marietta.--ED.
{128} CHAPTER XIX
Galliopolis--A Canadian boat’s crew--Menager’s store and tavern--Mons.
and Madame Marion--A family migrating from Baltimore--Red
Birds--Meridian creek--Mercer’s and Green’s bottoms--Hanging
rock--Federal creek--Bowden’s.
On Sunday 26th July, we left Point Pleasant, and passing Great Kenhawa
river on our left, and Galliopolis island, half a mile long on the
right, at 7 we landed on the Ohio side, at Galliopolis four miles below
Point Pleasant.
We found at the landing a keel loaded with lead from Kaskaskias on
the Mississippi;[98] It was worked by eight stout Canadians, all
naked, except a breech clout. They are the descendants of the original
French settlers, and they resemble the Indians both in their manners
and customs, and complexion; which last is occasioned by their
being exposed naked to all weathers from their infancy; which also
renders them very hardy, and capable of enduring much fatigue. They
are temperate in the use of spiritous liquors, while engaged in any
laborious employment, but they must be fed with double the quantity of
food which would suffice American or English labourers. The meat which
they prefer is bacon or salt pork, of which they use daily about four
pounds each man, besides bread and potatoes.
They are preferred to any other description of people for navigating
the craft on the rivers in this country, being patient, steady, and
trusty, and never deserting their boats until their engagement is
fulfilled, which the American boatmen frequently do.
We got an excellent breakfast at Mr. Menager’s, a French emigrant,
who keeps a tavern and a store of very well assorted goods, which he
goes yearly to Baltimore to purchase. He is a native of Franche {129}
Comté, and his wife is from Burgundy. They are very civil and obliging,
and have a fine family. It is fifteen years since they arrived in this
country, together with nearly 800 emigrants from France, of whom only
about twenty families now remain at Galliopolis; the rest having either
returned to France, descended the Ohio to French Grant, proceeded to
the banks of the Mississippi, or fallen victims to the insalubrity
of the climate, which however no longer, or only partially exists,
as it has gradually ameliorated in proportion to the progress of
settlement.[99]
Menager has a curious machine for drawing water from his well forty or
fifty feet deep, and which will answer equally well for any depth. He
got the model from Mr. Blennerhasset. As I am not mechanick enough to
give an adequate description of it, I shall only remark, that it is
equally simple and ingenuous, and saves much labour; the full bucket
flying up and emptying itself into a small wooden cistern, while the
empty bucket sinks at the same time into the well, and that without
being obliged to work a winch as in the common mode, where wells are
too deep for pumps.
In Galliopolis there are about fifty houses all of wood, in three long
streets parallel to the river, crossed at right angles by six shorter
ones, each one hundred feet wide. A spacious square is laid out in the
centre, on which they are now making brick to build a court-house for
Gallia county.
During a walk through the town after breakfast, we were civilly
accosted by an old man at the door of the most western house, who
invited us to enter and rest ourselves. He was named Marion, and with
his old wife, reminded me of Baucis and Philemon, or of Darby and Joan.
They came here with the first emigrants from Burgundy--bought some
town lots, on which they planted fruit trees, and converted into corn
fields, as they could not procure tenants {130} nor purchasers to build
on them. They have no children--they seem much attached to each other,
and are healthy, and content with their situation.--They insisted with
much hospitality on our tasting the old lady’s manufacture of cherry
bounce, before they knew that we could converse with them in their
native tongue; but, when they found that we could not only do so, but
that I could make a subject of conversation of their own country, and
even of their own province, from having visited it long since they had
bid it a final adieu--it was with difficulty they would permit us to
leave them, before we had spent at least one day with them. Indeed I
never saw the amor patriæ more strongly manifested, than in the fixed
and glistening eyes, which they rivetted on my face, whilst I described
the present state of their provincial capital Dijon.
Galliopolis abounds with fruit, to the planting of which, French
settlers always pay great attention; but the town does not thrive,
although very pleasantly situated on an extensive flat.
Pursuing our voyage at ten o’clock, half a league below Galliopolis, we
passed a skiff containing a family, the head of which was a carpenter
and farmer from Baltimore, going to Green river about five hundred
miles lower down.
At two o’clock we had rowed fourteen miles, having passed Racoon island
and creek on the right, during which the bottom was so extensive on
each side, that we could not see the tops of the river hills over the
banks. We were here charmed with the melody of the red birds responding
to each other from the opposite banks, particularly on passing Racoon
island. Our exercise having given us an appetite, we landed and dined
under a shady bank on the right, opposite to a creek, which from that
circumstance, and its not being noticed in our chart or Navigator, we
named Meridian creek.
{131} Here we began to see again the tops of the low river hills on
the right, but on the left the extensive bottom still continued,
notwithstanding which the settlements are very thinly scattered,
especially for the last eight miles.
At half past two we were abreast of Eighteen mile creek on the right,
so called from its being that distance from Point Pleasant.
Five miles from where we dined is Swan creek, a handsome rivulet on the
right, and Mercer’s bottom, a fine settlement on the left, and a mile
further, it is separated from Green’s bottom by the Little Guiandot, a
beautiful small river.
Green’s bottom settlements, which are very fine and populous, extend
along the left bank three miles, and a mile beyond them the river hills
approaching within a quarter of a mile of the bank, a remarkable cliff
called the Hanging rock, impends from about half their height, and they
again recede. On the right opposite to Hanging rock, is a bank of clay
under which is a substratum of fine potter’s clay.
It is two miles from Green’s bottom to the next settlement. A gust
threatening, we stopped to shelter at it--but the house was locked up,
and no one at home. Every thing here testified to its being an honest
neighbourhood, as the smoke-house was left open, with a quantity of
fine bacon in it--a crib was full of corn, and shirts and jackets were
left drying on the garden fence.
After the shower, we went on three miles to Miller’s farm house at
the mouth of Federal creek on the right, where we landed and bought
some salt pork for stores, and some milk for supper. Miller seems to
be active and industrious, and keeps a keel boat for freighting on the
river, but he says he gets very little encouragement.[100]
It was now half past six, and in an hour and three quarters we rowed
eight miles further, when it coming {132} on dark, and I not being
willing to lose the view of any part of the river, we stopped at
Joel Bowden’s tavern and farm on the right, contrary to A----’s wish
of letting the boat float down the current all night. Though we had
provided our supper, yet we preferred ordering one at Bowden’s, for the
sake of whiling away a little time, and gaining information about the
country.
He had removed his family here from Marietta in April 1806, and had to
begin to clear away the forest to make room for a cabin, and he now has
twelve acres completely cut, grubbed and smooth, and eight acres cut,
but not grubbed, all planted and under fence, besides a natural orchard
of sugar maple of seven acres, out of which he has cleared every thing
else except about four hundred sugar trees, which will be enough to
supply his family with sugar.[101]
{133} He has also planted an apple and peach orchard and a nursery,
and will cut six tons of hay this year. Such instances of industry
and perseverance are frequently seen in this country amongst the New
England settlers, of which Bowden is one, who are generally remarkably
enterprising, and judiciously economical. His house not promising
superior accommodation for sleep to our skiff, we re-embarked after
supper, and on our platform enjoyed undisturbed repose, until five
o’clock next morning, when we loosed from the bank, and proceeded at
our usual rate of from three to four miles an hour.
FOOTNOTES:
[98] For the history of the French settlement of Kaskaskia, see
Michaux’s _Travels_, vol. iii of this series, p. 69, note 132.--ED.
[99] For a history of the settlement of Gallipolis and the French
Grant, see Michaux’s _Travels_, vol. iii of this series, pp. 182-185.
Claudius R. Menager, one of the original emigrants, had been a baker,
and made use of his skill both as a merchant and tavern-keeper. He
became the richest man in the colony, and died much respected.--ED.
[100] Miller removed from Washington County, Pennsylvania, and was
one of the first Methodists of this part of West Virginia. Upon his
petition a preacher was sent to the backwoods settlements in 1803.
Bishop Morris, an eminent divine of the same denomination, was born
here in 1798, and passed his early years in this vicinity.--ED.
[101] Would it not be a wise and prudent foresight in the present
generation, in order that posterity might continue to enjoy the product
of this invaluable tree, to plant orchards of them on the sides of
untillable hills and other vacant grounds of little or no use? They
might become a source of considerable wealth, in the course of twenty
or thirty years, when the country gets thickly populated, and the trees
made scarce from the present plan of destroying them in clearing of the
lands. The expense of setting out an orchard of 500 or 1000 trees on
each plantation, might cost, say, twenty-five cents each tree, together
with the interest of the money for thirty years, at which period they
would be worth about one dollar per year for about fifty or a hundred
years thereafter. The following observations on the Maple tree, we copy
from Dr. _Mease’s_ “_Geological account of the United States_:”
“The genus _acer_, or maple, is useful for various purposes. The _a.
negundo_, or white or ash leaved maple, is much used in cabinet work,
being firm and smooth, takes a fine polish, and stain. The _a. rubrum_,
or scarlet maple, when sawed into boards, exhibits the most beautiful
waving appearance, and makes articles of furniture equal to satin
wood. A species of maple abounds in Nova Scotia, and no doubt, farther
south, called bird-eye maple, which also is very beautiful. But the _a.
saccharinum_, or sugar maple, ranks in the first importance among our
forest trees. This valuable native is peculiarly dear to the citizens
of this country, as it furnishes an article of the first necessity,
by the labour of free men, and of equal quality, to that produced by
the sugar cane; and the timber is highly useful for various mechanical
purposes, particularly for saddle trees. From the maple may also be
made a pleasant molasses, an agreeable beer, a strong sound wine, and
an excellent vinegar.
“The following facts upon the flowing of maple-juice, are curious, and
deserve investigation.
“The flowing of maple-juice is as completely _locked up_ by continued
warmth as by frost, and only flows by the alternate operation of
these agents. Yet the same degrees of heat, even after frost, have
not always the same effect. Thus, a warm south wind stops the flowing
more than a cool north-west wind. To judge from sensations, generally
a bracing wind facilitates the discharge, and a relaxing wind acts to
the contrary. Whether, or how far, electricity may operate in this
case, must be left for future inquirers to determine. The juice flows
for about twenty-four hours after a frost; but, when a tapped tree has
ceased, tap a new tree, and it will flow considerably, as if a certain
quantity was discharged by the frost. The juice flows from all sides of
the incision.
“Cut a sugar maple early in the morning, if the night has been cold,
and it will appear comparatively dry and devoid of juice, in every part
of the tree. Cut it a few hours after, if the day is moderately warm,
and the juice will issue almost in streams.”--CRAMER.
{134} CHAPTER XX
Big Guiandot river--Crumps’s farm--Inhospitable reception--General
remark--Two hunters--Cotton plantation, and gin for cleaning the
cotton--Snakes--Remedy for their bite--Great Sandy river--State
boundary--Hanging rock.
Six miles below Bowden’s, we passed Big Guiandot river which joins
the Ohio from the left, and is about eighty yards wide, having one
Buffington’s finely situated house and farm on the bank just below it.
From Bowden’s to Big Guiandot, the banks of the Ohio are well settled
on both sides. In the next eleven miles, we passed three creeks on the
right, and one on the left hand, the second one called Indian Guiandot,
only worth remarking. It coming on to rain very heavy, we stopped here
at the end of eleven miles, just above the mouth of a fine little river
on the left called Twelve Pole creek, about thirty yards wide, with a
ferry and a large scow or flat for carrying over horses or cattle. The
house we stopped at was very well situated on the top of a high sloping
bank, and was the residence of one Crumps, who had removed here from
Kentucky, and possessed the rich and well cultivated surrounding farm.
The family were at breakfast, but no place was offered at the table to
the wet travellers, though it was well loaded with viands, which Mr.
Crumps apparently knew how to make the best use of for fattening, as
his corpulency and general appearance strongly indicated a propensity
to boorish gluttony. Indeed we were not permitted to enter the eating
room, but with a sort of sullen civility, were desired to sit down
in an open space which divides two enclosed ends from each other,
but all covered with the same roof, and which is the usual style of
the cottages in this part of the country. The space in the middle is
probably {135} left unenclosed, for the more agreeable occupancy of
the family during the violent heats of summer.
I have observed that wherever we have stopped on the banks of the
river, we have rarely experienced that hospitality, which might be
expected to prevail amongst people so remote from polished society.
Two hunters sat down with us after they had finished their breakfast,
and they entertained us above an hour with their feats of deer and bear
killing, in which the one always related something more extraordinary
than the other. At last they bantered each other to go out and kill a
deer.
It still rained very heavy, but nothing deterred by it, they each took
their rifle, stuck their tomahawks into the belts of their hunting
shirts, and accompanied by a fine dog, led by a string to prevent his
breaking (or hunting the game beyond the reach of their rifles) they
set off for the woods.
Seeing some cotton regularly planted on the opposite side of the river,
on inquiry, I learned that from hence down the Ohio, a good deal of
cotton is raised, although on account of its not standing the winter,
it must be planted every year. Though the climate farther south is more
congenial to it, it is nevertheless an annual throughout the continent
to the northward of Cape Florida, differing from the countries between
the tropicks, where I have sometimes seen the same plants bear to the
seventh year; but that only in places where it was neglected, as the
common usage there is to replant every third or fourth year. A few
miles from Crumps’s there is a large gin worked by two men, which can
clean seven hundred pounds per day; the toll for ginning is one eighth
of the quantity cleaned.
The copperhead snake[102] abounds here, but the rattlesnake is scarce.
Crumps told us that the bark of the root of the poplar, particularly
the yellow poplar, made into a strong decoction and taken inwardly,
{136} while a part pounded and applied to the bite of any snake, is an
infallible remedy: And that it is also a most powerful alterative, and
purifier of the blood.
There being no prospect of the rain subsiding, at eleven o’clock we
proceeded, sitting under our awning and letting the boat drop with the
current, which she did about two miles an hour.
At half past twelve we passed Great Sandy river on the left, four miles
below Crumps’s. It is about a hundred yards wide, and is the boundary
between Virginia and Kentucky; in the latter of which, on the bank
above the confluence, are two large houses, one of logs and the other
framed and clapboarded, with a sign post before the door--probably the
scite of some future town.[103]
Three miles from hence are two small creeks opposite each other, and a
good brick house building at the mouth of that on the left. Three miles
and a half further is Big Storm creek on the right, a mile and a half
below which, we passed on the left, an excellent house of a Mr. Colvin,
nearly opposite to which, on the right is a small insulated mountain
named Hanging Rock, from its being a bare perpendicular rock, from half
the elevation to the top.
This is a very picturesque and agreeable object to the eye, fatigued
with the perpetual sameness of the banks below Point Pleasant.
Two miles further on the right, a little way below Ferguson’s sand
bar, we observed a wharf or pier of loose paving stones, and some mill
machinery on the bank above it--the remains of a floating mill carried
away last winter by the floods.
Half a mile below this is a remarkable point, and fine beach of coarse
gravel on the right, and a delightfully situated farm almost opposite.
Judge Boon has a good house on the left about three miles further
down,[104] opposite to which on the Ohio side is the beginning of
French Grant.
{137} The Ohio which had ran generally between the south and west,
(except for about thirty miles near Le Tart’s falls where it takes a
northerly course) had altered its direction to the north westward, from
the confluence of Big Sandy river.
FOOTNOTES:
[102] The copperhead (_trigonocephalus contortrix_), a rather
small venomous snake, gives no warning before it bites. The name
was, therefore, applied during the War of Secession to disloyal
Northerners.--ED.
[103] This was the future town of Catlettsburg. The first land was
surveyed on the Big Sandy in 1770, when Washington laid out bounty
lands for Captain John Savage’s company, who had served in the French
and Indian War.--ED.
[104] This was Jesse Boone, son of the well-known pioneer Daniel,
who had removed to Missouri with his other sons in 1798. Jesse Boone
remained behind, was inspector of salt-works for West Virginia, and
justice of the Kentucky county court for Greenup. This information
is derived from personal relation of Nathan Boone, another son, in
Wisconsin Historical Society Draper MSS., 6 S 212.--ED.