But the circling stars and the swift-moving sun are the least part of
the splendid spectacle that might be seen from Saturn. He is surrounded
with no less than ten moons of more or less imposing size, and in
addition has three rings circling around with him, composed of myriads
of small satellites, together forming a band the outer diameter of
which is something more than twenty-one times broader than the diameter
of the earth. These are the famous rings of Saturn, the only objects
of their kind in the solar system, intensely interesting to scientific
observers, wonderful to the curious, and splendidly beautiful to
everybody. It is this profusion of rings and moons that entitles Saturn
to be called, as he often has been, the most spectacular of all the
planets.
The outer ring is nearly ten thousand miles broad, and is separated
from the next one by a space of about seventeen hundred miles. The
second ring is nearly eighteen thousand miles across. It is very bright
on the outer edge, but gradually grows less so, until, with a not
very perceptible division, it fades into the inner ring, which is but
slightly luminous, and is called the crape ring. This is about nine
thousand miles broad and nearly ten thousand miles from Saturn. This
gradual fading of the rings to a dusky hue toward the center, and then
the blackness of the space between them and the planet, gives them from
certain points of view a nest-like appearance; and my first impression
of Saturn, when I saw him through the telescope, was that he was
nestling in a concave body of light--an appearance that is intensified
by his extreme flatness at the poles.
Notwithstanding the imposing breadth of these rings, they are less
than a hundred miles in thickness. They are, in fact, nothing more
than an untold number of tiny satellites revolving about Saturn in
the same plane and close enough together to appear, at the distance
they are from us, as if they were one body. Just how close they are
together, and how they appear when near by, we do not yet know. It
was first shown by mechanical laws that they _must_ be composed of
separate bodies; the spectroscope shows that they _are_; and it has
recently been thought that they have even been _seen_ to be so through
a telescope.
Being all in the same plane, they form a flat, broad, thin ring, so
thin that when the edge of the ring is turned toward us we cannot see
them at all. We never see them at their full breadth. If we did, Saturn
would be much brighter at times than he ever is. The plane in which
they revolve is the plane of Saturn’s equator; and the axis of Saturn,
with the rings, has a tilt of twenty-seven degrees in his orbit. The
result of this is that at the time of Saturn’s equinoxes the edge of
the rings is turned toward us, and they practically disappear. Half-way
between the equinoxes they are open again as far as they ever are to
our view. This is why Saturn alternates in brightness. The times of his
equinoxes occur every fourteen and eight-tenths years, and he is then
alternately in Leo and Aquarius and is least bright. The times at which
the rings are most open occur at intervals of the same length, and he
is then alternately in Scorpio and Taurus and at his brightest.
[Illustration: SATURN AND ITS RINGS
Photographed at Mt. Wilson by E. E. Barnard, the six exposures being
made on one plate.]
It is believed that Saturn’s rings were never a part of the planet, but
are mere particles of cosmic materials which happened to be left over,
and which he has gathered up by his force of gravity and compelled to
revolve about him.
Saturn, more fortunate than Jupiter, has escaped the unimaginative
naming of his moons by number, though one would think that, having
such a numerous offspring, a shortage in names would be more likely to
occur in his than in any other planet family. They all have names more
or less connected with the great god whose name the planet bears, and
are, in order of their distance from Saturn: Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys,
Dione, Rhea, Titan, Hyperion, Japetus, Phœbe, and Themis. The
largest and brightest of them all is Titan. It is larger than our moon,
which is one of the large moons in the solar system, or than Mercury,
and is not much smaller than Mars. It is more than three-quarters as
large as all the other moons of Saturn put together. Naturally, it
was the first to be discovered, and was under observation as long ago
as 1655. Rhea and Japetus are next in size, and were discovered in
1671–72; Dione and Tethys were both discovered in 1684, and Enceladus
and Mimas in 1789.
Until 1848 seven moons were all that were known to belong to Saturn.
In that year little Hyperion, whose diameter, it is thought, can
hardly exceed two hundred miles, came into our view. A little more
than fifty years later (in 1898) Phœbe made her bright mark on a
photographic plate at Harvard, and was caught. By tracing her from one
plate to another her orbit was computed, her probable size determined,
and practically all that is known about her was found out before she
was seen, which was not until 1904. She is not much larger than a
good-sized mountain, but is a unique and interesting little satellite
that, far outside of the paths of any of the other moons, circles in an
eccentric orbit around Saturn in an opposite direction from the rest of
the satellites, and thus gives rise to many interesting astronomical
speculations. Themis, also a tiny body, was discovered in the same way
in 1906, and is thought to be the smallest body in the solar system.
Titan is the only one of this group of satellites whose true disc we
can see even with a telescope. Only one other (Rhea) can be seen in
transit across the planet. The others are not much more than bright
points of light, while Phœbe and Themis are almost at the limit of
visibility.
On account of their great distance from the sun Saturn’s moons are,
of course, not very bright, and all of them put together do not give
one-tenth as much light to Saturn as we receive from our moon. But,
such as they are, they may some day be very useful to Saturn as a
means of illumination. Receiving as he does a hundred times less light
from the sun than we do, he may be some day much in need of the light
reflected from all his rings and moons.