Preparations for Journey.—Breaking-in Oxen.—Departure from
Scheppmansdorf.—An infuriated Ox.—The Naarip Plain.—The
scarlet Flower.—The Usab Gorge.—The Swakop River.—Tracks of
Rhinoceros seen.—Anecdote of that Animal.—A Sunrise in the
Tropics.—Sufferings from Heat and Thirst.—Arrival at Daviep:
great resort of Lions.—A Horse and Mule killed by them.—The
Author goes in pursuit.—A troop of Lions.—Unsuccessful
Chase.—Mules’ flesh palatable.
Mr. Galton had now so far altered his plans that, instead of proceeding
up the country with only one half of his party for the purchase of
cattle, it was arranged that we should make the journey together. The
wagons and the bulk of our effects were to be left at Scheppmansdorf,
and we were only to take with us some few articles of exchange, a small
quantity of provisions, and a moderate supply of ammunition.
Finding, however, that the cart could not conveniently hold all our
baggage, though now reduced to the smallest quantity possible, it was
resolved to pack a portion on oxen. These animals, on account of their
great hardihood, are invaluable in South Africa; the more so, as they can
be equally well used for draft, the “pack,” or the “saddle.” But as we
had no cattle trained for either of these purposes, and only one or two
were procurable at the missionary station, we were necessitated, prior to
our departure thence, to break in a few. No easy matter, by-the-by; for
oxen are of a wild and stubborn disposition, and it requires months to
make them tractable. We were, however, totally at a loss how to set to
work.
But fortunately, at this time, Mr. Galton had engaged a Mr. Stewardson,
tailor by profession, but now “jack of all trades,” to accompany us up
the country in the capacity of cicerone, etc.; and as this man, from
long residence among the Hottentots, was thoroughly conversant with the
mysteries of ox-breaking, to him, therefore, we deputed the difficult
task.
At the end of a “riem,” or long leather thong, a pretty large noose is
made, which is loosely attached to, or rather suspended from, the end
of a slight stick some five or six feet in length. With this stick in
his hand, a man, under shelter of the herd, stealthily approaches the
ox selected to be operated on. When sufficiently near, he places the
noose (though at some little distance from the ground) just in advance
of the hind feet of the animal; and when the latter steps into it, he
draws it tight. The instant the ox finds himself in the toils, he makes
a tremendous rush forward; but, as several people hold the outer end of
the “riem,” he—in sailor language—is quickly “brought up.” The force of
the check is indeed such as often to capsize one or more of the men. He
now renews his efforts; he kicks, foams, bellows; and his companions, at
first startled, return and join in chorus; the men shout, the dogs bark
furiously, and the affair becomes at once dangerous and highly exciting.
The captured animal not unfrequently grows frantic with rage and fear,
and turns upon his assailant, when the only chance of escape is to let
go the hold of the “riem.” Usually he soon exhausts himself by his own
exertions, when one or two men instantly seize him by the tail, another
thong having also been passed round his horns; and by bringing the two
to bear in exactly opposite directions, or, in other words, by using the
two as levers at a right angle with his body, he is easily brought to the
ground. This being once effected, the tail is passed between his legs and
held forcibly down over his ribs, and the head is twisted on one side,
with the horns fixed in the ground. A short, strong stick, of peculiar
shape, is then forced through the cartilage of the nose, and to either
end of this stick is attached (in bridle fashion) a thin, tough leathern
thong. From the extreme tenderness of the nose he is now more easily
managed; but if he is still found very vicious, he is either packed in
his prostrate position, or fastened with his head to a tree, while two
or three persons keep the “riem” tight about his legs, so as to prevent
him from turning round or injuring any person with his feet. For the
“packing,” however, a more common and convenient plan is to secure him
between two tame oxen, with a person placed outside each of these animals.
For the first day or two, only a single skin, or empty bag, is put on
his back, which is firmly secured with a thong eighty or ninety feet in
length (those employed by the Namaquas for the same purpose are about
twice as long); but bulk as well as weight is daily added; and though he
kicks and plunges violently, and sometimes with such effect as to throw
off his pack, the ox soon becomes more tractable. Strange enough, those
who show the most spirit in the beginning are often the first subdued.
But an ox that lies down when in the act of “packing” him generally
proves the most troublesome. Indeed, not one in ten that does so is fit
for any thing.
I have seen oxen that no punishment, however severe, would induce
to rise; not even the application of fire. This would seem a cruel
expedient; but when it is remembered that his thus remaining immovable is
entirely attributable to obstinacy, and that a person’s life may depend
on getting forward, the application of this torture admits of some excuse.
But even when, at last, he has been trained to carry the pack or the
saddle, there is another difficulty, scarcely less formidable, to
overcome. From the gregarious habits of the ox, he is unwilling either
to proceed in advance of the rest, or to remain at any distance behind
his comrades; and if there is no one to lead, the whole troop will
instantly come to a stand-still. Only a few can be trained as leaders.
Such animals are always selected as have a quick step, and of themselves
are in the habit of keeping ahead, and apart from the rest of the herd.
Oxen of this description at all times hold the first rank in a traveling
caravan.
At length, after great exertions and endless delays, we were able to fix
upon the day for our departure. Our arrangements were as follows: On
the cart, which was drawn by eight mules, we placed about one thousand
pounds, consisting chiefly of guns, presents for chieftains and others,
articles for barter, implements of natural history, bedding, &c. Six
hundred weight (ammunition and provisions) were besides distributed among
four “pack”-oxen and one mule.
The object of the expedition being entirely for the purpose of obtaining
cattle for draft and slaughter, we were given to understand that after
about eight to ten days’ journey we should arrive at some native
villages, where we might procure any number of beasts required. Our
course, as far as we could understand, was to the northeast, and through
an exceedingly wild and sterile part of the country.
On the morning of the 19th of September we left Scheppmansdorf. The
young cattle proved exceedingly unmanageable; and we had not been on
the road many minutes before a small handsome ox, which from the very
beginning had given us much trouble in breaking-in, left the herd, and
was apparently about retracing his steps to the missionary station. To
prevent this, Galton and I endeavored to head him, on which he set off
at a rapid pace. On finding himself hard pressed, however, he suddenly
wheeled round and rushed toward my friend at headlong speed. Thinking
it merely a demonstration, Mr. Galton remained stationary; but by so
doing he nearly lost his life, for the infuriated beast charged home.
Fortunately, however, his horn merely grazed my friend’s leg, though it
inflicted some injury on the shoulder of the horse.
After this little adventure, we continued our route at a pretty quick
pace over a hard, crisp, gravely country, totally devoid of water, with
scarcely a vestige of vegetation.
It was not until about ten o’clock at night, and after having traveled
nearly twelve hours, that we reached a small granite rock, at the foot of
which we succeeded in obtaining a few pints of very brackish water. Both
Mr. Galton and myself were very tired. In order to save the horses, and
to give the men an occasional mount, we had walked a considerable part of
the way; and after partaking of some coffee, &c., we quickly resigned our
weary limbs to sleep.
At break of day we were again stirring; and while the men were harnessing
the mules, &c., I ascended the rock, where I discovered a most beautiful
air-plant in full blossom, of a bright scarlet color, with the lower part
of the interior of the corolla tinged with lemon.
The sight of such a lovely flower in this dreary and desolate region
excited within me some emotion, and I now fully appreciated the touching
expression of Mungo Park, when, having in a state of complete exhaustion
thrown himself down to die, he discovered at his side a beautiful little
moss, and exclaimed, “Can that Being who planted, watered, and brought to
perfection in this obscure part of the world a thing which appears of so
small importance, look with unconcern upon the situation and sufferings
of a creature formed after his own image? Surely not.”
Even the mighty Nimrod, Gordon Cumming, whose whole soul one would
imagine to be engrossed by lions and elephants, seems to have been struck
with equal delight as myself at the sight of this charming flower: “In
the heat of the chase,” says he, “I paused, spell-bound, to contemplate
with admiration its fascinating beauty.”
We continued our journey over the same sterile plain (Naarip) till about
ten o’clock A.M., when we suddenly entered a narrow and desolate-looking
mountain gorge, called Usab, sloping rapidly toward the bed of a
periodical river. Here, under the shade of a stunted acacia, Stewardson
recommended us to “outspan;” and, leaving our cook in charge of the cart,
we proceeded with the animals at once in search of water.
For more than two miles we continued to follow the gorge, which, as we
approached the river, assumed a more gloomy, though perhaps more striking
appearance, being overhung with towering and fantastically-shaped granite
rocks. Notwithstanding this, the river—to which the natives give the name
of Schwackaup, or Swakop, as Europeans call it—presented a most cheerful
and pleasant aspect; for, though not flowing at the time, its moist bed
was luxuriantly overgrown with grass, creepers, and pretty ice-plants.
The banks on either side were also more or less lined with gigantic
reeds, of a most refreshing color; and above the reeds rose several
beautiful trees, such as the acacia, the black ebony, &c.
Under a projecting rock, a few hundred paces from the spot where we
struck upon the river, we discovered a pool of excellent water, where man
and beast, in long and copious drafts, soon quenched a burning thirst.
This being done, we indulged in a delicious bath, which highly refreshed
our fatigued and dusty limbs.
On a lofty and inaccessible rock overhanging the river-bed I again saw
some of those beautiful flowers which in the early morning had caused
me so much delight, and, with a well-directed ball, I brought down one
almost to my feet.
In the sand we discovered the broad footprints of a rhinoceros. From
their freshness it was apparent that the monster had visited the
river-bed during the preceding night, but all our endeavors to rouse him
proved ineffectual.
While still talking about the prospect of soon seeing this singular
animal in his native haunts, I remembered a story Mr. Bam had told us of
a wonderful escape he once had from one of these beasts, and which I
will endeavor to give in his own words.
“As we entered the Swakop River one day,” said he, “we observed the
tracks of a rhinoceros, and, soon after unyoking our oxen, the men
requested to be allowed to go in search of the beast. This I readily
granted, only reserving a native to assist me in kindling the fire and
preparing our meal. While we were thus engaged, we heard shouting and
firing; and, on looking in the direction whence the noise proceeded,
discovered, to our horror, a rhinoceros rushing furiously at us at the
top of his speed. Our only chance of escape was the wagon, into which
we hurriedly flung ourselves. And it was high time that we should seek
refuge, for the next instant the enraged brute struck his powerful horn
into the ‘buik-plank’ (the bottom boards) with such force as to push the
wagon several paces forward, although it was standing in very heavy sand.
Most providentially, he attacked the vehicle from behind; for, if he had
struck it on the side, he could hardly have failed to upset it, ponderous
as it was. From the wagon he made a dash at the fire, overturning the pot
we had placed alongside it, and scattering the burning brands in every
direction. Then, without doing any further damage, he proceeded on his
wild career. Unfortunately, the men had taken with them all the guns,
otherwise, I might easily have shot him dead on the spot. The Damara,
however, threw his assegai at him, but the soft iron bent like a reed
against his thick and almost impenetrable hide.”
The greater part of the afternoon was spent under the shade of some
wide-spreading acacias, and in hunting for specimens of natural history.
A species of Francolin (_francolinus adspersus_), and one or two pretty
kinds of fly-catchers, were among the day’s spoil.
A little before sunset we returned to the camp; and, as we were to
continue our journey on the morrow’s dawn, we picketed the mules and
horses, and made our encampment as snug as possible. Though the ground
was our couch, and the sky our canopy, we slept soundly, and awoke early
the next morning, greatly refreshed. We much needed this renewal of our
vigor, for the day proved exceedingly trying both to men and cattle.
Once more we were on the Naarip plain, though this time we traveled
parallel with the Swakop (which here pursued an easterly course), on the
edge of those gloomy rocks through which its deep and turbulent channel
has forced its way.
Just as we entered this wild and dreary waste, the sun rose in all its
refulgence, converting, as if by magic, the whole of the eastern sky into
one mass of the most dazzling light—tinting the distant mountains with a
soft vermilion, and causing the dew-bespangled pebbles beneath our feet
to sparkle like so many diamonds. He who has not witnessed a sunrise or a
sunset in the tropics (rendered the more remarkable by the nearly total
absence of twilight) can not form the least idea of its magnificence and
splendor.
But alas! these sights, so lovely to the eye, are often followed by such
intense heats as to be nearly insupportable to the way-worn traveler.
We were now in the month of September, and the rays of the sun, at noon
falling almost vertically on our heads, caused a fearfully high state of
temperature. The hot sand, moreover, cruelly burnt our feet, and not a
breath of wind stirred the glaring and seething atmosphere. To complete
our misery, we suffered from the most violent thirst, which our scanty
supply of water, half boiling as it was, could in no way tend to mitigate.
Our poor animals seemed to suffer as much as ourselves. Their gait,
protruding tongues, and drooping heads indicated great distress. Still
they toiled on, but slowly and painfully, through the sand, which had
now become soft and yielding. Long before we had accomplished the day’s
stage, one of the mules dropped down from exhaustion, and we were
obliged to leave the poor animal to its fate, trusting, however, that
when the atmosphere should become a little cooler, it would follow on our
track. We dared not stop, nor would delay have been of any avail, for as
far as the eye could reach neither bush nor blade of grass was to be seen.
In the early morning I rode one of the horses, but after a time,
observing that some of the men looked jaded and faint, I dismounted, and
gave it up to them, proceeding myself on foot during the remainder of the
day. Mr. Galton had ridden in advance on the other shore, and when we met
I was almost speechless from thirst, with my mouth and lips dreadfully
parched. Often subsequently have I suffered cruelly from want of water,
and for a much longer period than on the present occasion, but never
do I remember to have been so much distressed as now; for though from
childhood accustomed and inured to privations of all kinds, I had not
previously experienced the effect of thirst under a tropical sun.
Again we left our cart some little way from the river, and drove the
thirsty and weary animals loose to the water, which was fortunately not
far distant; but, though men and beasts drank to repletion, the water
seemed to have lost its property, for our best endeavors to slake our
thirst proved unavailing.
The name of the place was Daviep, and it was reported to be a favorite
resort of lions, who regularly reared their young in a neighboring
mountain, called Tincas, whence they made predatory excursions. We
accordingly lost no time in reconnoitring the ground; but, not finding
any indications of the presence of lions, or even that they had haunted
the place lately, we had little apprehension of their paying us a visit;
and as the mules and horses sadly wanted rest and food, we deemed it
advisable to leave them to themselves during the night, merely taking the
precaution to “knee-halter” them. We paid dearly, however, for our too
easy confidence.
As, on our return to the cart in the evening, the mule that had been left
behind in the course of the day had not yet made her appearance, I and
Stewardson, each mounting an ox, returned to the spot where she had last
been seen. The animal, however, had disappeared; and finding that her
tracks led toward the river, where it would have been next to madness
to follow her in the dark, we retraced our steps at once, trusting that
instinct, which had made her go in search of water, would also be a guide
in seeking her companions.
Early on the following morning one of the wagon-drivers was dispatched to
the river to look after our animals, while Mr. Galton and myself followed
at our ease; but what was our horror, on entering the bed of the stream,
to find that several lions had recently passed and repassed it in every
direction! This, together with the absence of the mules and horses, at
once foreboded evil. We were not long left to conjectures, for almost
immediately our servant joined us, and said that a mule and a horse had
been killed by the lions, and partly devoured. He added, that on his
approaching the scene of the catastrophe, he saw five of those beasts
feasting on the carcasses, but on perceiving him they had retreated with
terrible growlings! Instead of his presence having scared the lions from
their prey, however, as he asserted, we had reason to believe that,
so soon as he was aware of them, he immediately hid himself among the
rocks, and that it was not until emboldened by seeing us he had left his
hiding-place. Had it been otherwise, he would have had ample time to give
us notice of what had occurred prior to our leaving the encampment.
Singularly enough, the dead mule was the identical one we had been in
search of on the preceding night, and it would appear that it had just
rejoined its companions, or was on the point of doing so, when it was
attacked and killed. Being a remarkably fine and handsome animal, its
loss was much regretted: the horse, moreover, was the best of the two we
had brought from the Cape.
On examining the ground, we were glad to find that the other horse and
remaining mule had made good their escape down the bed of the river,
though evidently pursued by the lions for some distance. How many of
these beasts there really had been we were unable to ascertain, but they
could not have been less than seven or eight.
Having thus far ascertained the fate of the poor animals, we dispatched
our brave wagon-driver for Stewardson and the remainder of the men, as
also for proper guns and ammunition, as we had determined, if possible,
to have our revenge.
On leaving Scheppmansdorf, we had, unfortunately, only brought with us
three or four small goats as provision for the journey. This scanty
supply was now nearly exhausted, and it being uncertain when we should
meet with any native village where we could barter for more, we deemed
it advisable, in order to provide against contingencies, to lay in
a store of mule-flesh and horse-flesh; and though our people seemed
horror-stricken at the idea, there was not a second alternative. While
waiting the return of the men, we accordingly set about cutting off from
the slain animals such pieces as had not been defiled by the lions. This
being accomplished, we covered the meat with a heap of stones, and the
men having arrived, we proceeded in search of the depredators.
But, though we beat both sides of the river for a considerable distance,
we were unable to discover the beasts. At one time, and when I was quite
alone on the inner side of the thick reed-bed that lined the bank, I
observed some beautiful “klip-springers,” or mountain gazelles, and fired
both barrels, though, unfortunately, without effect. The report of my gun
caused a momentary consternation to Mr. Galton and the men, who imagined
that I had fallen in with the lions, while, from the nature of the
ground, they would have been unable to render me any assistance.
Being at last obliged to give up the search, two or three of the men on
whom we could best depend were sent on the tracks of the scared mules and
the remaining horse. After many hours’ hard walking they were discovered,
but the poor beasts had received such a fright that it was only with
great trouble and exertion that they were secured.
Thinking that the lions would in all probability return during the night
to make an end of what was left of the horse and mule, Galton and I
determined to watch for them, and selected for our ambush the summit of a
steep rock immediately near one of the carcasses.
Shortly after sunset we proceeded to put our plan into execution, and,
having arrived within a short distance of the slain animals, one of the
people suddenly exclaimed, “Oh! look at the six bucks!” Imagine our
astonishment when, turning our eyes in the direction to which he pointed,
we saw, instead of antelopes, six magnificent lions; and this, moreover,
on the very rock on which we had purposed ambushing ourselves, and where,
as we foolishly imagined, we should have been in perfect security!
On perceiving that they were discovered, the beasts retreated behind
the rock, but one or another of them would nevertheless steal from its
hiding-place occasionally and take a peep at us.
Contrary to the counsel of Mr. Galton and others of our party, I now
ascended the acclivity where we had last seen the beasts; but, although
they were nowhere visible, I had every reason to believe the whole troop
was not far distant from the spot where I stood.
To have ambushed ourselves in the rock originally selected was (from the
evidence we had just had of its insecurity) not now to be thought of, and
we therefore looked out for a safer place. The only one that offered,
however, was a large acacia; but it was more than two hundred yards from
either of the carcasses, and its stem was so thick and straight that it
was impossible to ascend it. Moreover, total darkness had now succeeded
the short twilight; and, however reluctantly, we left the lions in full
possession of the field and the remnant of their prey.
On returning to our encampment, we found a wagon had arrived, belonging
to Mr. Hahn, a missionary of the Rhenish Society, settled among the
Damaras. The vehicle was on its road to Scheppmansdorf, in order to fetch
some goods that had recently arrived from the Cape. The driver civilly
supplied us with a few sheep, which, to the great joy of our people,
enabled us to dispense with the store of horse-flesh and mule-flesh we
had just laid in. We did not, however, throw the meat away altogether,
for both Mr. Galton and myself subsequently dined upon it on more than
one occasion, and really found it very palatable, more especially that of
the horse.