Chapter 32

1763-1884

Conclusion

"This," said Earl Granville on his deathbed, "has been the

most glorious war and the most triumphant peace that England

ever knew." Not all were so well pleased, and many held

with Pitt that the House of Bourbon should have been forced

to drain the cup of humiliation to the dregs. Yet the fact

remains that the Peace of Paris marks an epoch than which

none in modern history is more fruitful of grand results. With

it began a new chapter in the annals of the world. To borrow

the words of a late eminent writer, "It is no exaggeration to

say that three of the many victories of the Seven Years War

determined for ages to come the destinies of mankind. With

that of Rossbach began the re-creation of Germany, with that

of Plassey the influence of Europe told for the first time since

the days of Alexander on the nations of the East; with the

triumph of Wolfe on the Heights of Abraham began the history of

the United States."[876]

[Footnote 876: Green, _History of the English People_, IV. 193

(London, 1880).]

So far, however, as concerns the war in the Germanic

countries, it was to outward seeming but a mad debauch of

blood and rapine, ending in nothing but the exhaustion of the

combatants. The havoc had been frightful. According to the

King of Prussia's reckoning, 853,000 soldiers of the various

nations had lost their lives, besides hundreds of thousands of

non-combatants who had perished from famine, exposure, disease, or

violence. And with all this waste of life not a boundary line had been

changed. The rage of the two empresses and the vanity and spite of the

concubine had been completely foiled. Frederic had defied them all,

and had come out of the strife intact in his own hereditary dominions

and master of all that he had snatched from the Empress-Queen;

while Prussia, portioned out by her enemies as their spoil, lay depleted

indeed, and faint with deadly striving, but crowned with glory, and with

the career before her which, through tribulation and adversity, was to

lead her at last to the headship of a united Germany.

Through centuries of strife and vicissitude the French

monarchy had triumphed over nobles, parliaments, and people,

gathered to itself all the forces of the State, beamed with

illusive splendors under Louis the Great, and shone with the

phosphorescence of decay under his contemptible successor;

till now, robbed of prestige, burdened with debt, and mined

with corruption, it was moving swiftly and more swiftly towards

the abyss of ruin.

While the war hastened the inevitable downfall of the

French monarchy, it produced still more notable effects.

France under Colbert had embarked on a grand course of maritime

and colonial enterprise, and followed it with an activity and vigor

that promised to make her a great and formidable ocean power. It was

she who led the way in the East, first trained the natives to fight

her battles, and began that system of mixed diplomacy and war which,

imitated by her rival, enabled a handful of Europeans to master all

India. In North America her vast possessions dwarfed those of every

other nation. She had built up a powerful navy and created an extensive

foreign trade. All this was now changed. In India she was reduced to

helpless inferiority, with total ruin in the future; and of all her

boundless territories in North America nothing was left but the two

island rocks on the coast of Newfoundland that the victors had given

her for drying her codfish. Of her navy scarcely forty ships remained;

all the rest were captured or destroyed. She was still great on the

continent of Europe, but as a world power her grand opportunities

were gone.

In England as in France the several members of the State

had battled together since the national life began, and the

result had been, not the unchecked domination of the Crown,

but a system of balanced and adjusted forces, in which King,

Nobility, and Commons all had their recognized places and

their share of power. Thus in the war just ended two great

conditions of success had been supplied: a people instinct

with the energies of ordered freedom, and a masterly leadership

to inspire and direct them.

All, and more than all, that France had lost England had

won. Now, for the first time, she was beyond dispute the

greatest of maritime and colonial Powers. Portugal and Holland,

her precursors in ocean enterprise, had long ago fallen

hopelessly behind. Two great rivals remained, and she had

humbled the one and swept the other from her path. Spain,

with vast American possessions, was sinking into the decay

which is one of the phenomena of modern history; while France, of

late a most formidable competitor, had abandoned the contest in

despair. England was mistress of the seas, and the world was thrown

open to her merchants, explorers, and colonists. A few years after

the Peace the navigator Cook began his memorable series of voyages,

and surveyed the strange and barbarous lands which after times were

to transform into other Englands, vigorous children of this great

mother of nations. It is true that a heavy blow was soon to fall

upon her; her own folly was to alienate the eldest and greatest

of her offspring. But nothing could rob her of the glory of

giving birth to the United States; and, though politically

severed, this gigantic progeny were to be not the less a source

of growth and prosperity to the parent that bore them, joined

with her in a triple kinship of laws, language, and blood. The

war or series of wars that ended with the Peace of Paris

secured the opportunities and set in action the forces that have

planted English homes in every clime, and dotted the earth

with English garrisons and posts of trade.

With the Peace of Paris ended the checkered story of New

France; a story which would have been a history if faults of

constitution and the bigotry and folly of rulers had not dwarfed

it to an episode. Yet it is a noteworthy one in both its lights

and its shadows: in the disinterested zeal of the founder of

Quebec, the self-devotion of the early missionary martyrs, and

the daring enterprise of explorers; in the spiritual and temporal

vassalage from which the only escape was to the savagery

of the wilderness; and in the swarming corruptions which were

the natural result of an attempt to rule, by the absolute hand

of a master beyond the Atlantic, a people bereft of every

vestige of civil liberty. Civil liberty was given them by the

British sword; but the conqueror left their religious system untouched,

and through it they have imposed upon themselves a weight of

ecclesiastical tutelage that finds few equals in the most Catholic

countries of Europe. Such guardianship is not without certain

advantages. When faithfully exercised it aids to uphold some of the

tamer virtues, if that can be called a virtue which needs the constant

presence of a sentinel to keep it from escaping: but it is fatal to

mental robustness and moral courage; and if French Canada would fulfil

its aspirations it must cease to be one of the most priest-ridden

communities of the modern world.

Scarcely were they free from the incubus of France when

the British provinces showed symptoms of revolt. The measures

on the part of the mother-country which roused their resentment,

far from being oppressive, were less burdensome than the navigation

laws to which they had long submitted; and they resisted taxation by

Parliament simply because it was in principle opposed to their rights

as freemen. They did not, like the American provinces of Spain at a

later day, sunder themselves from a parent fallen into decrepitude; but

with astonishing audacity they affronted the wrath of England

in the hour of her triumph, forgot their jealousies and quarrels,

joined hands in the common cause, fought, endured, and won. The disunited

colonies became the United States. The string of discordant communities

along the Atlantic coast has grown to a mighty people, joined in a union

which the earthquake of civil war served only to compact and consolidate.

Those who in the weakness of their dissensions needed help

from England against the savage on their borders have become

a nation that may defy every foe but that most dangerous

of all foes, herself, destined to a majestic future if she will

shun the excess and perversion of the principles that made her

great, prate less about the enemies of the past and strive more

against the enemies of the present, resist the mob and the

demagogue as she resisted Parliament and King, rally her

powers from the race for gold and the delirium of prosperity

to make firm the foundations on which that prosperity rests,

and turn some fair proportion of her vast mental forces to

other objects than material progress and the game of party

politics. She has tamed the savage continent, peopled the

solitude, gathered wealth untold, waxed potent, imposing, redoubtable;

and now it remains for her to prove, if she can, that the rule of the

masses is consistent with the highest growth of the individual; that

democracy can give the world a civilization as mature and pregnant,

ideas as energetic and vitalizing, and types of manhood as lofty and

strong, as any of the systems which it boasts to supplant.

Appendix A

Chapter 3. Conflict for the West

_Piquet and his War-Party_.--"Ce parti [_de guerre_] pour lequel

M. le Général a donné son consentement, sera de plus de 3,800

hommes.... 500 hommes de nos domicilies, 700 des Cinq nations

à l'exclusion des Agniers [_Mohawks_] qui ne sont plus regardés

que comme des anglais, 600 tant Iroquois que d'autres nations le

long de la Belle Rivière d'où ils espèrent chasser les anglais qui

y formentù des Établissemens contraires au bien des guerriers, 2,000

hommes qu'ils doivent prendre aux têtes plates [_Choctaws_] où

ils s'arresteront, c'est la où les deux chefs de guerre doivent proposer

a l'armée l'expédition des Miamis au retour de celle contre

la Nation du Chien [_Cherokees_]. Un vieux levain, quelques anciennes

querelles leur feront tout entreprendre contre les anglais

de la Virginie s'ils donnent encore quelques secours à cette

dernière nation, ce qui ne manquera pas d'arriver...."

"C'est un grand miracle que malgré l'envie, les contradictions,

l'opposition presque générale de tous les Villages sauvages, j'aye

formé en moins de 3 ans une des plus florissantes missions du

Canada.... Je me trouve donc, Messieurs, dans l'occasion de

pouvoir étendre l'empire de Jésus Christ et du Roy mes bons

maîtres jusqu'aux extrémités de ce nouveau monde, et de plus

faire avec quelques secours que vous me procurerez que la France

et l'angleterre ne pourraient faire avec plusieurs millions et toutes

leur troupes." _Copie de la Lettre écrite par M. l'Abbé Picquet,

dattée à la Présentation du 8 Fév. 1752_ (Archives de la Marine).

I saw in the possession of the late Jacques Viger, of Montreal,

an illuminated drawing of one of Piquet's banners, said to be still

in existence, in which the cross, the emblems of the Virgin and

the Saviour, the fleur-de-lis, and the Iroquois totems are all embroidered

and linked together by strings of wampum beads wrought into the silk.

_Directions of the French Colonial Minister for the Destruction

of Oswego_.--"La seule voye dont on puisse faire usage en temps

de paix pour une pareille operation est celle des Iroquois des cinq

nations. Les terres sur lesquelles le poste à été établi leur appartiennent

et ce n'est qu'avec leur consentement que les anglois s'y

sont placés. Si en faisant regarder à ces sauvages un pareil établissement

comme contraire à leur liberté et comme une usurpation dont les anglois

prétendent faire usage pour acquérir la propriété de leur terre on pourrait

les déterminer à entreprendre de les détruire, une pareille opération ne

seroit pas à négliger; mais M. le Marquis de la Jonquière doit sentir avec

quelle circonspection une affaire de cette espèce doit être conduite et

il faut en effêt qu'il y travaille de façon à ne se point compromettre."

_Le Ministre à MM. de la Jonquière et Bigot, 15 Avril, 1750_

(Archives de la Marine).

Appendix B

Chapter 4. Acadia

_English Treatment of Acadians._--"Les Anglois dans la vue de

la Conquête du Canada ont voulu donner aux peuples françois de

ces Colonies un exemple frappant de la douceur de leur gouvernement

dans leur conduite à l'égard des Accadiens."

"Ils leur ont fourni pendant plus de 35 ans le simple nécessaire,

sans élever la fortune d'aucun, ils leur ont fourni ce nécessaire

souvent à crédit, avec un excès de confiance, sans fatiguer les

débiteurs, sans les presser, sans vouloir les forcer au payement."

"Ils leur ont laissé une apparence de liberté si excessive qu'ils

n'ont voulu prendre aucune différence [_sic_] de leur différents, pas

même pour les crimes.... Ils ont souffert que les accadiens leur

refusassent insolemment certains rentes de grains, modiques &

très-légitimement dues."

"Ils ont dissimulé le refus méprisant que les accadiens ont fait

de prendre d'eux des concessions pour les nouveaux terreins

qu'ils voulaient occuper."

"Les fruits que cette conduite a produit dans la dernière guerre

nous le savons [_sic_] et les anglois n'en ignorent rien. Qu'on juge

là-dessus de leur ressentiment et des vues de vengeance de cette

nation cruelle.... Je prévois notamment la dispersion des jeunes

accadiens sur les vaisseaux de guerre anglois, oú la seule règle

pour la ration du pain suffit pour les detruire jusqu'au dernier."

_Roma, Officier à l'Isle Royale à----, 1750._

_Indians, directed by Missionaries, to attack the English in Time

of Peace._--"La lettre de M. l'Abbé Le Loutre me paroit si intéressante

que j'ay l'honneur de vous en envoyer Copie.... Les trois sauvages qui

m'ont porté ces dépêches m'ont parlé relativement à ce que M. l'Abbé

Le Loutre marque dans sa lettre; je n'ay eu garde de leur donner aucun

Conseil là-dessus et je me suis borné à leur promettre que je ne les

abandonnerai point, aussy ai-je pourvu à tout, soit pour les armes,

munitions de guerre et de bouche, soit pour les autres choses nécessaires."

"Il seroit à souhaiter que ces Sauvages rassemblés pussent

parvenir à traverser les anglois dans leurs entreprises, même dans

celle de Chibouctou [_Halifax_], ils sont dans cette résolution et

s'ils peuvent mettre à execution ce qu'ils ont projetté il est assuré

qu'ils seront fort incommodes aux Anglois et que les vexations

qu'ils exerceront sur eux leur seront un très grand obstacle.

Ces sauvages doívent agir seuls, il n'y aura ny soldat ny habitant,

tout se fera de leur pur mouvement, et sans qu'il paraisse

que j'en eusse connoissance."

"Cela est très essentiel, aussy ai-je écrit au Sr. de Boishébert

d'observer beaucoup de prudence dans ses démarches et de les

faire très secrètement pour que les Anglois ne puissent pas s'apercevoir

que nous pourvoyons aux besoins des dits sauvages."

"Ce seront les missionnaires qui feront toutes les négociations

et qui dirigeront les pas des dits sauvages, ils sont en très bonnes

mains, le R.P. Germain et M. l'Abbé Le Loutre étant fort au

fait d'en tirer tout le party possible et le plus avantageux pour nos

intérêts, ils ménageront leur intrigue de façon à n'y pas paroitre...."

"Je sens, Monseigneur, toute la délicatesse de cette negociation,

soyez persuadé que je la conduirai avec tant de précautions que

les anglois ne pourront pas dire que mes ordres y ont eu part."

_La Jonquière au Minístre, 9 Oct. 1749_.

_Missionaries to be encouraged in their Efforts to make the Indians

attack the English._--"Les sauvages.... se distinguent,

depuis la paix, dans les mouvements qu'il y a du côté de l'Acadie,

et sur lesquels Sa Majesté juge à propos d'entrer dans quelques

détails avec le Sieur de Raymond...."

"Sa Majesté luy a déjà observé que les sauvages ont été jusqu'à

présent dans les dispositions les plus favorables. Il est de la plus

grande importance, et pour le présent et pour l'avenir, de ne rien

négliger pour les y maintenir. Les missionnaires qui sont auprès

d'eux sont plus à portés d'y contribuer que personne, et Sa Majesté

a lieu d'être satisfaite des soins qu'ils y donnent. Le Sr. de

Raymond doit exciter ces missionnaires à ne point se relacher

sur cela; mais en même temps il doit les avertir de contenir leur

zèle de manière qu'ils ne se compromettent pas mal à propos avec

les anglois et qu'ils ne donnent point de justes sujets de plaintes."

_Mémoire du Roy pour servir d'Instruction au Comte de Raymond,

24 Avril, 1751_.

_Acadians to join the Indians in attacking the English._--"Pour

que ces Sauvages agissent avec beaucoup de Courage, quelques

accadiens habillés et matachés comme les Sauvages pourront se

joindre à eux pour faire coup sur les Anglois. Je ne puis éviter

de consentir à ce que ces Sauvages feront puisque nous avons les

bras liés et que nous ne pouvons rien faire par nous-mêmes, au

surplus je ne crois pas qu'il y ait de l'inconvenient de laisser

mêler les accadiens parmi les Sauvages, parceque s'ils sont pris,

nous dirons qu'ils ont agi de leur propre mouvement." _La Jonquière

au Minístre, 1 Mai_, 1751.

_Cost of Le Loutre's Intrigues._--"J'ay déjà fait payer a M.

Le Loutre depuis l'année dernière la somme de 11183l. 18s. pour

acquitter les dépenses qu'il fait journellement et je ne cesse de

luy recommander de s'en tenir aux indispensables en evitant toujours

de rien compromettre avec le gouvernement anglois." _Prévost

au Ministre, 22 Juillet, 1750_.

_Payment for English Scalps in Time of Peace._--"Les Sauvages

ont pris, il y a un mois, 18 chevelures angloises [_English scalps_,]

et M. Le Loutre a été obligé de les payer 1800 l., argent de

l'Acadie, dont je luy ay fait le remboursement." _Ibid., 16 Août,

1753_.

Many pages might be filled with extracts like the above. These,

with most of the other French documents used in Chapter 4, are

taken from the Archives de la Marine et des Colonies.

Appendix C

Chapter 5. Washington

_Washington and the Capitulation at Fort Necessity_.--Villiers,

in his Journal, boasts that he made Washington sign a virtual

admission that he had assassinated Jumonville. In regard to this

point, a letter, of which the following is an extract, is printed in

the provincial papers of the time. It is from Captain Adam

Stephen, an officer in the action, writing to a friend five weeks

after.

"When Mr. Vanbraam returned with the French proposals, we

were obliged to take the sense of them from his mouth; it rained

so heavy that he could not give us a written translation of them;

we could scarcely keep the candle lighted to read them by; they

were written in a bad hand, on wet and blotted paper, so that

no person could read them but Vanbraam, who had heard them

from the mouth of the French officer. Every officer there is

ready to declare that there was no such word as _assassination_

mentioned. The terms expressed were, _the death of Jumonville_. If

it had been mentioned we would by all means have had it altered,

as the French, during the course of the interview, seemed very

condescending, and desirous to bring things to an issue." He then

gives several other points in which Vanbraam had misled them.

Dinwiddie, recounting the affair to Lord Albemarle, says that

Washington, being ignorant of French, was deceived by the

interpreter, who, through poltroonery, suppressed the word assassination.

Captain Mackay, writing to Washington in September, after a

visit to Philadelphia, says: "I had several disputes about our

capitulation; but I satisfied every person that mentioned the subject

as to the articles in question, that they were owing to a bad

interpreter, and contrary to the translation made to us when we

signed them."

At the next meeting of the burgesses they passed a vote of thanks

for gallant conduct to Washington and all his officers by name,

except Vanbraam and the major of the regiment, the latter being

charged with cowardice, and the former with treacherous misinterpretation

of the articles.

Sometime after, Washington wrote to a correspondent who had

questioned him on the subject: "That we were wilfully or ignorantly

deceived by our interpreter in regard to the word _assassination_

I do aver, and will to my dying moment; so will every officer

that was present. The interpreter was a Dutchman little acquainted

with the English tongue, therefore might not advert to the tone and

meaning of the word in English; but, whatever his motives for so doing,

certain it is that he called it the _death_ or the _loss_ of

the Sieur Jumonville. So we received and so we understood it, until, to

our great surprise and mortification, we found it otherwise in a

literal translation." Sparks, _Writings of Washington_, II. 464, 465.

Appendix D

Chapter 7. Braddock

It has been said that Beaujeu, and not Contrecoeur, commanded

at Fort Duquesne at the time of Braddock's expedition. Some

contemporaries, and notably the chaplain of the fort, do, in fact,

speak of him as in this position; but their evidence is overborne

by more numerous and conclusive authorities, among them Vaudreuil,

governor of Canada, and Contrecoeur himself, in an official

report. Vaudreuil says of him: "Ce commandant s'occupa le 8

[_Juillet_] à former un parti pour aller au devant des Anglois;" and

adds that this party was commanded by Beaujeu and consisted of

250 French and 650 Indians (_Vaudreuil au Ministre, 5 Août,

1755_). In the autumn of 1756 Vaudreuil asked the Colonial Minister

to procure a pension for Contrecoeur and Ligneris. He says:

"Le premier de ces Messieurs a commandé longtemps au fort

Duquesne; c'est luy qui a ordonné et dirigé tous les mouvements

qui se sont faits dans cette partie, soit pour faire abandonner le

premier établissement des Anglois, soit pour les forcer à se

retirer du fort Nécessité, et soit enfin pour aller au devant de

l'armée du Général Braddock qui a été entièrement défaite" (_Vaudreuil

au Ministre, 8 Nov. 1756_.) Beaujeu, who had lately arrived with a

reinforcement, had been named to relieve Contrecoeur (_Dumas au Ministre,

24 Juillet, 1756_), but had not yet done so.

As the report of Contrecoeur has never been printed, I give an

extract from it (_Contrecceur à Vaudreuil, 14 Juillet, 1755_, in

Archives de la Marine):--

"Le meme jour [_8 Juillet_] je formai un party de tout ce que

je pouvois mettre hors du fort pour aller à leur rencontre. Il étoit

composé de 250 François et de 650 sauvages, ce qui faisoit 900

hommes. M. de Beaujeu, capitaine, le commandoit. Il y avoit deux

capitaines qui estoient Mrs. Dumas et Ligneris et plusieurs autres

officiers subalternes. Ce parti se mit en marche le 9 à 8 heures

du matin, et se trouva à midi et demie en présence des Anglois

à environ 3 lieues du fort. On commença à faire feu de part et

d'autre. Le feu de l'artillerie ennemie fit reculer un peu par deux

fois notre parti. M. de Beaujeu fut tué à la troisième décharge.

M. Dumas prit le commandement et s'en acquitta au mieux. Nos

François, pleins de courage, soutenus par les sauvages, quoiqu'ils

n'eussent point d'artillerie, firent à leur tour plier les Anglois qui

se battirent en ordre de bataille et en bonne contenance. Et ces

derniers voyant l'ardeur de nos gens qui fonçoient avec une vigeur

infinie furent enfin obligés de plier tout à fait après 4 heures d'un

grand feu. Mrs. Dumas et Ligneris qui n'avoient plus avec eux

q'une vingtaine de François ne s'engagerent point dans la poursuite.

Ils rentrerent dans le fort, parceq'une grande partie des

Canadiens qui n'estoient malheureusement que des enfants s'estoient

retirés à la première décharge."

The letter of Dumas cited in the text has been equally unknown.

It was written a year after the battle in order to draw the attention

of the minister to services which the writer thought had not been

duly recognized. The following is an extract (_Dumas au Ministre,

24 Juillet, 1756_, in Archives de la Marine):--

"M. de Beaujeu marcha donc, et sous ses ordres M. de Ligneris

et moi. Il attaqua avec beaucoup d'audace mais sans nulle disposition;

notre première décharge fut faite hors de portée; l'ennemi

fit la sienne de plus près, et dans le premier instant du combat,

cent miliciens, qui faisaient la moitié de nos Français

lâchèrent honteusement le pied en criant 'Sauve qui peut.' Deux

cadets qui depuis ont été faits officiers autorisaient cette fuite par

leur exemple. Ce mouvement en arrière ayant encouragé l'ennemi,

il fit retentir ses cris de Vive le Roi et avança sur nous à grand

pas. Son artillerie s'étant preparée pendant ce temps là commença

à faire feu ce qui épouvanta tellement les Sauvages que tout prit

la fuite; l'ennemi faísait sa troisième décharge de mousqueterie

quand M. de Beaujeu fut tué."

"Notre déroute se présenta a mes yeux sous le plus désagréable

point de vue, et pour n'être point chargé de la mauvaise manoeuvre

d'autrui, je ne songeai plus qu'à me faire tuer. Ce fut alors,

Monseigneur, qu'excitant de la voix et du geste le peu de soldats

qui restait, je m'avançai avec la contenance qui donne le désespoir.

Mon peloton fit un feu si vif que l'ennemi en parut étonné; il

grossit insensiblement et les Sauvages voyant que mon attaque

faisait cesser les crís de l'ennemi revinrent à moi. Dans ce moment

j'envoyai M. le Chev'r. Le Borgne et M. de Rocheblave dire

aux officiers qui étaient à la tête des Sauvages de prendre l'ennemi

en flanc. Le canon qui battit en tête donna faveur à mes ordres.

L'ennemi, pris de tous cotés, combattit avec la fermeté la plus

opiniâtre. Des rangs entiers tombaient à la fois; presque tous

les officiers périrent; et le désordre s'étant mis par là dans cette

colonne, tout prit la fuite."

Whatever may have been the conduct of the Canadian militia,

the French officers behaved with the utmost courage, and shared

with the Indians the honors of the victory. The partisan chief

Charles Langlade seems also to have been especially prominent.

His grandson, the aged Pierre Grignon, declared that it was he

who led the attack (Draper, _Recollections of Grignon_, in the

_Collections of the Wisconsin Historical Society,_ III.). Such evidence,

taken alone, is of the least possible weight; but both the

traveller Anbury and General John Burgoyne, writing many years

after the event, speak of Langlade, who was then alive, as the

author of Braddock's defeat. Hence there can be little doubt that

he took an important part in it, though the contemporary writers

do not mention his name. Compare Tassé, _Notice sur Charles

Langlade_. The honors fell to Contrecoeur, Dumas, and Ligneris,

all of whom received the cross of the Order of St Louis (_Ordres

du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres_, 1755).

Appendix E

Chapter 14. Montcalm

To show the style of Montcalm's familiar letters, I give a few

examples. Literal translation is often impossible.

À MADAME DE MONTCALM, À MONTRÉAL, 16 AVRIL, 1757.

(_Extrait._)

"Ma santé assez bonne, malgré beaucoup de travail, surtout

d'ecriture. Estève, mon secretaire, se marie. Beau caractère. Bon

autographe, écrivant vite. Je lui procure un emploi et le moyen

de faire fortune s'il veut. Il fait un meilleur mariage que ne lui

appartient; malgré cela je crains qu'il ne la fasse pas comme un

autre; fat, frivole, joueur, glorieux, petit-maître, dépensier. J'ai

toujours Marcel, des soldats copistes dans le besoin....Tous les

soldats de Montpellier se portants bien, hors le fils de Pierre

mort chez moi. Tout est hors de prix. Il faut vivre honorablement

et je le fais, tous les jours seize personnes. Une fois tous les

quinze jours chez M. le Gouverneur général et Mr. le Chev. de

Lévis qui vit aussi très bien. Il a donné trois beaux grands bals.

Pour moi jusqu'au carême, outre les dîners, de grands soupers de

dames trois fois la semaine. Le jour des devotes prudes, des concerts.

Les jours des jeûnes des violons d'hazard, parcequ'on me les

demandait, cela ne menait que jusqu'à deux heures du matin et

il se joignait l'après-souper compagnie dansante sans être priée,

mais sure d'être bien reçue à celle qui avait soupé. Fort cher,

peu amusant, et souvent ennuyeux.... Vous connaissiez ma

maison, je l'ai augmentée d'un cocher, d'un frotteur, un garçon

de cuisine, et j'ai marié mon aide de cuisine; car je travaille à

peupler la colonie: 80 mariages de soldats cet hiver et deux

d'officiers. Germain a perdu sa fille. Il a épousé mieux que lui;

bonne femme mais sans bien, comme toutes...."

À MADAME DE MONTCALM, À MONTRÉAL, 6 JUIN, 1757.

(_Extrait_.)

"J'addresse la première de cette lettre à ma mère. Il n'y a pas

une heure dans la journée que je ne songe à vous, à elle, et à mes

enfants. J'embrasse ma fille; je vous adore, ma très chère, ainsi que

ma mère. Mille choses à mes soeurs. Je n'ai pas le temps de leur

écrire, ni à Naujac, ni aux abbesses.... Des compliments au

château d'Arbois, aux Du Cayla, et aux Givard. P.S. N'oubliez

pas d'envoyer une douzaine de bouteilles d'Angleterre de pinte

d'eau de lavande; vous en mettrez quatre pour chaque envoi."

À BOURLAMAQUE, À MONTRÉAL, 20 FÉVRIER, 1757.

(_Extrait_.)

"Dimanche j'avais rassemblé les dames de France hors Mad.

de Parfouru qui m'a fait l'honneur de me venir voir il y a trois jours

et en la voyant je me suis apperçu que l'amour avait des traits de

puissance dont on ne pouvait pas rendre raison, non pas par l'impression

qu'elle a faite sur mon coeur, mais bien par celle qu'elle

a faite sur celui de son époux. Mercredi une assemblée chez Mad.

Varin. Jeudi un bal chez le Chev. de Lévis qui avait prié 65

Dames ou demoiselles; Il n'y en avait que trente--autant

d'hommes qu'à la guerre. Sa salle bien éclairée, aussi grand que

celle de l'Intendance, beaucoup d'ordre, beaucoup d'attention, des

rafraîchissements en abondance toute la nuit de tout genre et de

toute espèce et on ne se retira qu'à sept heures du matin. Pour

moi qui ay quitté le séjour de Québec, Je me couchai de bonne

heure. J'avais eu ce jour-là huit dames à souper et ce souper était

dédié à Mad. Varin. Demain j'en aurai une demi douzaine. Je ne

sais encore a qui il est dedié, Je suis tenté de croire que c'est à La

Roche Beaucourt Le galant Chev'r. nous donne encore un bal."

Appendix F

Chapter 15. Fort William Henry

WEBB TO LOUDON, FORT EDWARD, 11 AUG. 1757.

_Public Record Office._ (_Extract._)

"On leaving the Camp Yesterday Morning they [_the English

soldiers_] were stript by the Indians of everything they had both

Officers and Men the Women and Children drag'd from among

them and most inhumanly butchered before their faces, the party

of about three hundred Men which were given them as an escort

were during this time quietly looking on, from this and other circumstances

we are too well convinced these barbarities must have been connived at by

the French. After having destroyed the women and children they fell upon

the rear of our Men who running in upon the Front soon put the whole

to a most precipitate flight in which confusion part of them came into

this Camp about two o'Clock yesterday morning in a most distressing

situation, and have continued dropping in ever since, a great many men and

we are afraid several Officers were massacred."

The above is independent of the testimony of Frye, who did

not reach Fort Edward till the day after Webb's letter was written.

FRYE TO THOMAS HUBBARD, SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

OF MASSACHUSETTS, ALBANY, 16 AUG. 1757.

_Public Record Office._ (_Extract._)

"We did not march till ye 10th at which time the Savages were

let loose upon us, Strips, Kills, & Scalps our people drove them

into Disorder Rendered it impossible to Rally, the French Gaurds

we were promised shou'd Escort us to Fort Edward Could or

would not protect us so that there Opened the most horrid Scene

of Barbarity immaginable, I was strip'd myself of my Arms &

Cloathing that I had nothing left but Briches Stockings Shoes &

Shirt, the Indians round me with their Tomehawks Spears &c

threatening Death I flew to the Officers of the French Gaurds for

Protection but they would afford me none, therefore was Oblig'd

to fly and was in the woods till the 12th in the Morning of which

I arriv'd at Fort Edward almost Famished ... with what of

Fatigue Starving &c I am obliged to break off but as soon as I

can Recollect myself shall write to you more fully."

FRYE, JOURNAL OF THE ATTACK OF FORT WILLIAM HENRY.

_Public Record Office. (Extract.)_

"_Wednesday, August 10th_.--Early this morning we were ordered

to prepare for our march, but found the Indians in a worse

temper (if possible) than last night, every one having a tomahawk,

hatchett or some other instrument of death, and Constantly

plundering from the officers their arms &ca this Col'o.

Monro Complained of, as a breach of the Articles of Capitulation

but to no effect, the french officers however told us that if

we would give up the baggage of the officers and men, to the

Indians, they thought it would make them easy, which at last

Col'o. Monro Consented to but this was no sooner done, then

they began to take the Officers Hatts, Swords, guns & Cloaths,

stripping them all to their Shirts, and on some officers, left no

shirt at all, while this was doing they killed and scalp'd all the

sick and wounded before our faces and then took out from our

troops, all the Indians and negroes, and Carried them off, one of

the former they burnt alive afterwards."

"At last with great difficulty the troops gott from the Retrenchment,

but they were no sooner out, then the savages fell upon the

rear, killing & scalping, which Occasioned an order for a halt,

which at last was done in great Confusion but as soon as those

in the front knew what was doing in the rear they again pressed

forward, and thus the Confusion continued & encreased till we

came to the Advanc'd guard of the French, the savages still carrying

away Officers, privates, Women and Children, some of which

latter they kill'd & scalpt in the road. This horrid scene of blood

and slaughter obliged our officers to apply to the Officers of the

French Guard for protection, which they refus'd & told them they

must take to the woods and shift for themselves which many did,

and in all probability many perish't in the woods, many got into

Fort Edward that day and others daily Continued coming in, but

vastly fatigued with their former hardships added to this last,

which threw several of them into Deliriums."

AFFIDAVIT OF MILES WHITWORTH, SURGEON OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS REGIMENT, TAKEN BEFORE GOVERNOR

POWNALL 17 OCT.1757.

_Public Record Office. (Extract.)_

"Being duly sworn on the Holy Evangelists doth declare ... that

there were also seventeen Men of the Massachusetts Regiment

wounded unable to March under his immediate Care in the

Intrenched Camp, that according to the Capitulation he did deliver

them over to the French Surgeon on the ninth of August at two in the

Afternoon ... that the French Surgeon received them into his Custody

and placed Centinals of the French Troops upon the said seventeen

wounded. That the French Surgeon going away to the French Camp, the

said Miles Whitworth continued with the said wounded Men till five

o'clock on the Morn of the tenth of August, That the Centinals were

taken off and that he the said Whitworth saw the French Indians about

5 O'clock in the Morn of the 10th of August dragg the said seventeen

wounded men out of their Hutts, Murder them with their Tomohawks and

scalp them, That the French Troops posted round the lines were not further

than forty feet from the Hutts where the said wounded Men lay, that several

Canadian Officers particularly one Lacorne were present and that none,

either Officer or Soldier, protected the said wounded Men."

MILES WHITWORTH.

"_Sworn before me_ T. POWNALL."

Appendix G

Chapter 20. Ticonderoga

The French accounts of the battle at Ticonderoga are very

numerous, and consist of letters and despatches of Montcalm,

Lévis, Bougainville, Doreil, and other officers, besides several

anonymous narratives, one of which was printed in pamphlet

form at the time. Translations of many of them may be found in

_N.Y. Colonial Documents,_ X. There are, however, various others

preserved in the archives of the War and Marine Departments at

Paris which have not seen the light. I have carefully examined

and collated them all. The English accounts are by no means so

numerous or so minute. Among those not already cited, may be

mentioned a letter of Colonel Woolsey of the New York provincials,

and two letters from British officers written just after the

battle and enclosed in a letter from Alexander Colden to Major

Halkett, 17 July. (_Bouquet and Haldimand Papers._)

The French greatly exaggerated the force of the English and

their losses in the battle. They place the former at from twenty

thousand to thirty-one thousand, and the latter at from four

thousand to six thousand. Prisoners taken at the end of the battle

told them that the English had lost four thousand,--a statement

which they readily accepted, though the prisoners could have

known little more about the matter than they themselves. And

these figures were easily magnified. The number of dead lying

before the lines is variously given at from eight hundred to three

thousand. Montcalm himself, who was somewhat elated by his

victory, gives this last number in one of his letters, though he

elsewhere says two thousand; while Lévis, in his _Journal de la

Guerre,_ says "about eight hundred." The truth is that no pains

were taken to ascertain the exact number, which, by the English

returns, was a little above five hundred, the total of killed,

wounded, and missing being nineteen hundred and forty-four. A

friend of Knox, writing to him from Fort Edward three weeks

after the battle, gives a tabular statement which shows nineteen

hundred and fifty in all, or six more than the official report. As

the name of every officer killed or wounded, with the corps to

which he belonged, was published at the time (_London Magazine_,

1758), it is extremely unlikely that the official return was

falsified. Abercromby's letter to Pitt, of July 12, says that he

retreated "with the loss of four hundred and sixty-four regulars

killed, twenty-nine missing eleven hundred and seventeen wounded;

and eighty-seven provincials killed, eight missing, and two hundred

and thirty-nine wounded, officers of both included." In a

letter to Viscount Barrington, of the same date (Public Record

Office), Abercromby encloses a full detail of losses, regiment by

regiment and company by company, being a total of nineteen

hundred and forty-five. Several of the French writers state correctly

that about fourteen thousand men (including reserves) were engaged in

the attacks; but they add erroneously that there were thirteen thousand

more at the Falls. In fact there was only a small provincial regiment

left there, and a battalion of the New York regiment, under Colonel

Woolsey, at the landing.

A LEGEND OF TICONDEROGA.--Mention has been made of the

death of Major Duncan Campbell of Inverawe. The following

family tradition relating to it was told me in 1878 by the late

Dean Stanley, to whom I am also indebted for various papers on

the subject, including a letter from James Campbell, Esq., the

present laird of Inverawe, and great-nephew of the hero of the

tale. The same story is told, in an amplified form and with some

variations, in the _Legendary Tales of the Highlands_ of Sir Thomas

Dick Lauder. As related by Dean Stanley and approved by Mr.

Campbell, it is this:--

The ancient castle of Inverawe stands by the banks of the Awe,

in the midst of the wild and picturesque scenery of the western

Highlands. Late one evening, before the middle of the last century,

as the laird, Duncan Campbell, sat alone in the old hall,

there was a loud knocking at the gate; and, opening it, he saw

a stranger, with torn clothing and kilt besmeared with blood, who

in a breathless voice begged for asylum. He went on to say that

he had killed a man in a fray, and that the pursuers were at his

heels. Campbell promised to shelter him. "Swear on your dirk!"

said the stranger; and Campbell swore. He then led him to a secret

recess in the depths of the castle. Scarcely was he hidden when

again there was a loud knocking at the gate, and two armed men

appeared. "Your cousin Donald has been murdered, and we are

looking for the murderer!" Campbell, remembering his oath,

professed to have no knowledge of the fugitive; and the men went

on their way. The laird, in great agitation, lay down to rest in

a large dark room, where at length he feel asleep. Waking suddenly

in bewilderment and terror, he saw the ghost of the murdered

Donald standing by his bedside, and heard a hollow voice

pronounce the words: _"Inverawe! Inverawe! blood has been shed.

Shield not the murderer!"_ In the morning Campbell went to the

hiding-place of the guilty man and told him that he could harbor

him no longer. "You have sworn on your dirk!" he replied; and

the laird of Inverawe, greatly perplexed and troubled, made a

compromise between conflicting duties, promised not to betray

his guest, led him to the neighboring mountain, and hid him in

a cave.

In the next night, as he lay tossing in feverish slumbers, the

same stern voice awoke him, the ghost of his cousin Donald stood

again at his bedside, and again he heard the same appalling words:

_"Inverawe! Inverawe! blood has been shed. Shield not the murderer!"_

At break of day he hastened, in strange agitation, to the

cave; but it was empty, the stranger was gone. At night, as he

strove in vain to sleep, the vision appeared once more, ghastly

pale, but less stern of aspect than before. _"Farewell, Inverawe!"_

it said; _"Farewell, till we meet at TICONDEROGA!"_

The strange name dwelt in Campbell's memory. He had joined

the Black Watch, or Forty-second Regiment, then employed

in keeping order in the turbulent Highlands. In time he became

its major; and, a year or two after the war broke out, he went

with it to America. Here, to his horror, he learned that it was

ordered to the attack of Ticonderoga. His story was well known

among his brother officers. They combined among themselves to

disarm his fears; and when they reached the fatal spot they told

him on the eve of the battle, "This is not Ticonderoga; we are not

there yet; this is Fort George." But in the morning he came to

them with haggard looks. "I have seen him! You have deceived

me! He came to my tent last night! This is Ticonderoga! I shall

die to-day!" and his prediction was fulfilled.

Such is the tradition. The indisputable facts are that Major

Duncan Campbell of Inverawe, his arm shattered by a bullet,

was carried to Fort Edward, where, after amputation, he died and

was buried. (_Abercromby to Pitt_,19 _August_, 1758.) The stone

that marks his grave may still be seen, with this inscription: _"Here

lyes the Body of Duncan Campbell of Inverawe, Esq, Major to

the old Highland Regiment, aged 55 Years, who died on the 17th

July, 1758, of the Wounds he received in the Attack of the Retrenchment

of Ticonderoga or Carrillon, on the 8th July, 1758."_

His son, Lieutenant Alexander Campbell, was severely wounded

at the same time, but reached Scotland alive, and died in Glasgow.

Mr. Campbell, the present Inverawe, in the letter mentioned

above, says that forty-five years ago he knew an old man whose

grandfather was foster-brother to the slain major of the forty-second,

and who told him the following story while carrying a salmon for him

to an inn near Inverawe. The old man's grandfather was sleeping with his

son, then a lad, in the same room, but in another bed. This son,

father of the narrator, "was awakened," to borrow the words of

Mr. Campbell, "by some unaccustomed sound, and behold there was a

bright light in the room, and he saw a figure, in full Highland

regimentals, cross over the room and stoop down over his father's

bed and give him a kiss. He was too frightened to speak, but put his

head under his coverlet and went to sleep. Once more he was roused in

like manner, and saw the same sight. In the morning he spoke to his

father about it, who told him that it was Macdonnochie _[the Gaelic

patronymic of the laird of Inverawe]_ whom he had seen, and who came to

tell him that he had been killed in a great battle in America.

Sure enough, said my informant, it was on the very day that the

battle of Ticonderoga was fought and the laird was killed."

It is also said that two ladies of the family of Inverawe saw a

battle in the clouds, in which the shadowy forms of Highland

warriors were plainly to be described; and that when the fatal

news came from America, it was found that the time of the

vision answered exactly to that of the battle in which the head

of the family fell.

The legend of Inverawe has within a few years found its way

into an English magazine, and it has also been excellently told

in the _Atlantic Monthly_ of September of this year, 1884, by Miss

C.F. Gordon Cumming. Her version differs a little from that

given above from the recital of Dean Stanley and the present laird

of Inverawe, but the essential points are the same. Miss Gordon

Cumming, however, is in error when she says that Duncan Campbell

was wounded in the breast, and that he was first buried at

Ticonderoga. His burial-place was near Fort Edward, where he

died, and where his remains still lie, though not at the same spot,

as they were long after removed by a family named Gilchrist,

who claimed kinship with the Campbells of Inverawe.

Appendix H

Chapter 25. Wolfe at Quebec

FORCE OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH AT THE SIEGE OF QUEBEC.

"Les retranchemens que j'avois fait tracer depuis la rivière St.

Charles jusqu'au saut Montmorency furent occupés par plus de

14,000 hommes, 200 cavaliers dont je formai un corps aux ordres

de M. de la Rochebeaucour, environ 1,000 sauvages Abenakis et

des différentes nations du nord des pays d'en haut. M. de Boishébert

arriva ensuite avec les Acadiens et sauvages qu'il avoit rassemblés.

Je réglai la garnison de Québec à 2,000 hommes." _Vaudreuil

au Ministre, 5 Oct. 1759._

The commissary Berniers says that the whole force was about

fifteen thousand men, besides Indians, which is less than the number

given by Vaudreuil.

Bigot says: "Nous avions 13,000 hommes et mille à 1,200 sauvages,

sans compter 2,000 hommes de garnison dans la ville." _Bigot au Ministre,

25 Oct. 1759._

The Hartwell _Journal du Siége_ says: "II fut décidé qu'on ne

laisseroit dans la place que 1,200 hommes, et que tout le reste

marcheroit au camp, où l'on comptoit se trouver plus de 15,000

hommes, y compris les sauvages."

Rigaud, Vaudreuil's brother, writing from Montreal to Bourlamaque

on the 23d of June, says: "Je compte que l'armée campée

sous Québec sera de 17,000 hommes bien effectifs, sans les sauvages."

He then gives a list of Indians who have joined the army,

or are on the way, amounting to thirteen hundred.

At the end of June Wolfe had about eight thousand six hundred

effective soldiers. Of these the ten battalions, commonly mentioned

as regiments, supplied six thousand four hundred; detached

grenadiers from Louisbourg, three hundred; artillery, three hundred;

rangers, four hundred; light infantry, two hundred; marines,

one thousand. The complement of the battalions was in some cases

seven hundred and in others one thousand (Knox, II. 25); but

their actual strength varied from five hundred to eight hundred,

except the Highlanders, who mustered eleven hundred, their ranks

being more than full. Fraser, in his _Journal of the Siege_, gives a

tabular view of the whole. At the end of the campaign Lévis

reckons the remaining English troops at about six thousand (_Lévis

au Ministre, 10 Nov. 1759_), which answers to the report of General

Murray: "The troops will amount to six thousand" (_Murray

to Pitt, 12 Oct. 1759_). The precise number is given in the _Return

of the State of His Majesty's Forces left in Garrison at Québec_,

dated 12 Oct. 1759, and signed, Robert Monckton (Public Record

Office, _America and West Indies_, XCIX.). This shows the total

of rank and file to have been 6,214, which the addition of officers,

sergeants, and drummers raises to about seven thousand, besides

171 artillerymen.

Appendix I

Chapter 27. The Heights of Abraham

One of the most important unpublished documents on Wolfe's

operations against Quebec is the long and elaborate _Journal

mémoratif de ce qui s'est passé de plus remarquable pendant qu'a

duré le Siége de la Ville de Québec_ (Archives de la Marine). The

writer, M. de Foligny, was a naval officer who during the siege

commanded one of the principal batteries of the town. The official

correspondence of Vaudreuil for 1759 (Archives Nationales)

gives the events of the time from his point of view; and various

manuscript letters of Bigot, Lévis, Montreuil, and others (Archives

de la Marine, Archives de la Guerre) give additional particulars.

The letters, generally private and confidential, written to Bourlamaque

by Montcalm, Lévis, Vaudreuil, Malartic, Berniers, and others during

the siege contain much that is curious and interesting.

_Siége de Québec en 1759, d'après un Manuscrit déposé à la

Bibliothêque de Hartwell en Angleterre._ A very valuable diary,

by a citizen of Quebec; it was brought from England in 1834 by

the Hon. D.B. Viger, and a few copies were printed at Quebec in

1836. _Journal tenu a l'Armee que commandoit feu M. le Marquis

de Montcalm._ A minute diary of an officer under Montcalm

(printed by the Quebec Historical Society). _Memoire sur la Campagne

de 1759, par M. de Joannès, Major de Québec_ (Archives de la Guerre).

_Lettres et Depeches de Montcalm_ (Ibid.). These touch briefly

the antecedents of the Siege. _Mémoires sur le Canada depuis 1749

jusqu'à_ 1760 (Quebec Historical Society). _Journal du Siege de

Québec en 1759, par M. Jean Claude Panet, notaire_ (Ibid.). The

writer of this diary was in Quebec at the time. Several other journals

and letters of persons present at the siege have been printed by the

Quebec Historical Society, under the title _Événements de la Guerre

en Canada durant les Années 1759 et 1760. Relation de ce qui s'est

passé au Siége de Québec, par une Réligieuse de l'Hôpital Général

de Québec_ (Quebec Historical Society). _Jugement impartial

sur les Opérations militaires de la Campagne, par M'gr. de Pontbriand,

Évêque de Québec_ (Ibid.). _Memoirs of the Siege of Quebec, from

the Journal of a French Officer on board the Chezine Frigate, taken

by His Majesty's Ship Rippon, by Richard Gardiner, Esq., Captain of

Marines in the Rippon,_ London, 1761.

_General Wolfe's Instructions to Young Officers,_ Philadelphia,

1778. This title is misleading, the book being a collection of military

orders. _General Orders in Wolfe's Army_ (Quebec Historical

Society). This collection is much more full than the foregoing,

so far as concerns the campaign of 1759. _Letters of Wolfe_ (in

Wright's _Wolfe_), _Despatches of Wolfe, Saunders, Monckton, and

Townshend_ (in contemporary magazines). _A Short Authentic

Account of the Expedition against Quebec, by a Volunteer upon

that Expedition,_ Quebec, 1872. This valuable diary is ascribed to

James Thompson, a volunteer under Wolfe, who died at Quebec

in 1830 at the age of ninety-eight, after holding for many years

the position of overseer of works in the Engineer Department.

Another manuscript, for the most part identical with this, was

found a few years ago among old papers in the office of the

Royal Engineers at Quebec. _Journal of the Expedition on the

River St. Lawrence_. Two entirely distinct diaries bear this name.

One is printed in the _New York Mercury_ for December, 1759;

the other was found among the papers of George Alsopp, secretary

to Sir Guy Carleton, who served under Wolfe (Quebec Historical

Society). Johnstone, _A Dialogue in Hades_ (Ibid.). The Scotch

Jacobite, Chevalier Johnstone, as aide-de-camp to Lévis, and afterwards

to Montcalm, had great opportunities of acquiring information during

the campaign; and the results, though produced in the fanciful form

of a dialogue between the ghosts of Wolfe and Montcalm, are of

substantial historical value. The _Dialogue_ is followed by a

plain personal narrative. Fraser, _Journal of the Siege of Quebec_

(Ibid.). Fraser was an officer in the Seventy-eighth Highlanders.

_Journal of the Siege of Quebec, by a Gentleman in an Eminent Station

on the Spot, Dublin, 1759_. _Journal of the Particular Transactions

during the Siege of Quebec_ (_Notes and Queries_, XX.). The writer

was a soldier or noncommissioned officer serving in the light infantry.

_Memoirs of the Siege of Quebec and Total Reduction of Canada,

by John Johnson, Clerk and Quarter-master Sergeant to the

Fifty-eighth Regiment_. A manuscript of 176 pages, written when

Johnson was a pensioner at Chelsea (England). The handwriting

is exceedingly neat and clear; and the style, though often grandiloquent,

is creditable to a writer in his station. This curious production

was found among the papers of Thomas McDonough, Esq., formerly British

Consul at Boston, and is in possession of his grandson, my relative,

George Francis Parkman, Esq., who, by inquiries at the Chelsea Hospital,

learned that Johnson was still living in 1802.

I have read and collated with extreme care all the above authorities,

with others which need not be mentioned.

Among several manuscript maps and plans showing the operations

of the siege may be mentioned one entitled, _Plan of the

Town and Basin of Quebec and Part of the Adjacent Country,

shewing the principal Encampments and Works of the British

Army commanded by Major Gen'l. Wolfe, and those of the French

Army by Lieut. Gen'l. the Marquis of Montcalm_. It is the work

of three engineers of Wolfe's army, and is on a scale of eight

hundred feet to an inch. A facsimile from the original in possession

of the Royal Engineers is before me.

Among the "King's Maps," British Museum (CXIX. 27), is a

very large colored plan of operations at Quebec in 1759, 1760,

superbly executed in minute detail.

Appendix J

Chapter 28. Fall of Quebec

_Death and Burial of Montcalm_.--Johnstone, who had every

means of knowing the facts, says that Montcalm was carried after

his wound to the house of the surgeon Arnoux. Yet it is not quite

certain that he died there. According to Knox, his death took

place at the General Hospital; according to the modern author

of the _Ursulines de Québec_, at the Château St.-Louis. But the

General Hospital was a mile out of the town, and in momentary

danger of capture by the English; while the Château had been

made untenable by the batteries of Point Levi, being immediately

exposed to their fire. Neither of these places was one to which the

dying general was likely to be removed, and it is probable that he

was suffered to die in peace at the house of the surgeon.

It has been said that the story of the burial of Montcalm in a

grave partially formed by the explosion of a bomb, rests only

on the assertion in his epitaph, composed in 1761 by the Academy

of Inscriptions at the instance of Bougainville. There is, however,

other evidence of the fact. The naval captain Foligny, writing

on the spot at the time of the burial, says in his Diary, under the

date of September 14: "A huit heures du soir, dans l'église des

Ursulines, fut enterré dans une fosse faite sous la chaire _par le

travail de la Bombe_, M. le Marquis de Montcalm, décédé du matin

à 4 heures après avoir reçu tous les Sacrements. Jamais Général

n'avoit été plus aimé de sa troupe et plus universellement regretté.

Il étoit d'un esprit supérieur, doux, gracieux, affable,

familier à tout le monde, ce qui lui avoit fait gagner la confiance

de toute la Colonie: _requiescat in pace_."

The author of _Les Ursulines de Québec_ says: "Un des projectiles

ayant fait une large ouverture dans le plancher de bas,

on en profita pour creuser la fosse du général."

The _Boston Post Boy and Advertiser_, in its issue of Dec. 3,

1759, contains a letter from "an officer of distinction" at Quebec

to Messrs. Green and Russell, proprietors of the newspaper. This

letter contains the following words: "He [_Montcalm_] died the

next day; and, with a little Improvement, one of our 13-inch Shell-Holes

served him for a Grave."

The particulars of his burial are from the _Acte Mortuaire du

Marquis de Montcalm_ in the registers of the Church of Notre

Dame de Québec, and from that valuable chronicle, _Les Ursulines

de Québec_, composed by the Superior of the convent. A nun of

the sisterhood, Mère Aimable Dubé de Saint-Ignace, was, when a

child, a witness of the scene, and preserved a vivid memory of

it to the age of eighty-one.

Appendix K

Chapter 29. Sainte-Foy>

STRENGTH OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH AT THE BATTLE OF

STE-FOY

In the Public Record Office (_America and West Indies_, XCIX)

are preserved the tabular returns of the garrison of Quebec for

1759, 1760, sent by Murray to the War Office. They show the

exact condition of each regiment, in all ranks, for every month

of the autumn, winter, and spring. The return made out on the

24th of April, four days before the battle, shows that the total

number of rank and file, exclusive of non commissioned officers

and drummers, was 6,808, of whom 2,612 were fit for duty in

Quebec, and 654 at other places in Canada, that is, at Ste Foy,

Old Lorette, and the other outposts. This gives a total of 3,266

rank and file fit for duty at or near Quebec, besides which there

were between one hundred and two hundred artillerymen, and

a company of rangers. This was Murray's whole available force

at the time. Of the rest of the 6,808 who appear in the return,

2,299 were invalids at Quebec, and 669 in New York, 538 were

on service in Halifax and New York, and 36 were absent on furlough.

These figures nearly answer to the condensed statement of

Fraser, and confirm the various English statements of the numbers

that took part in the battle; namely, 3,140 (Knox), 3,000

(John Johnson), 3,111, and elsewhere, in round numbers, 3,000

(Murray) Lévis, with natural exaggeration, says 4,000. Three or

four hundred were left in Quebec to guard the walls when the

rest marched out.

I have been thus particular because a Canadian writer, Garneau,

says "Murray sortit de la ville le 28 au matin à la tête de toute

la garnison, dont les seules troupes de la ligne comptaient encore

7,714 combattants, non compris les officiers." To prove this, he

cites the pay-roll of the garrison, which, in fact, corresponds to

the returns of the same date, if noncommissioned officers, drummers,

and artillerymen are counted with the rank and file. But

Garneau falls into a double error. He assumes, first, that there

were no men on the sick list, and secondly, that there were none

absent from Quebec, when in reality, as the returns show, considerably

more than half were in one or the other of these categories.

The pay-rolls were made out at the headquarters of each

corps, and always included the entire number of men enlisted in

it, whether sick or well, present or absent. On the same fallacious

premises Garneau affirms that Wolfe, at the battle on the Plains

of Abraham, had eight thousand soldiers, or a little less than

double his actual force.

Having stated, as above, that Murray marched out of Quebec

with at least 1,714 effective troops, Garneau, not very consistently,

goes on to say that he advanced against Levis with six thousand

or seven thousand men, and he adds that the two armies were

about equal, because Levis had left some detachments behind to

guard his boats and artillery. The number of the French, after

they had all reached the field, was, in truth, about seven thousand;

at the beginning of the fight it seems not to have exceeded five

thousand. The _Relation de la seconde Bataille de Quebec_ says:

"Notre petite armée consistoit _au moment de l'action_ en 3,000

hommes de troupes reglées et 2,000 Canadiens ou sauvages." A

large number of Canadians came up from Sillery while the affair

went on, and as the whole French army, except the detachments

mentioned by Garneau, had passed the night at no greater distance

from the field than Ste-Foy and Sillery, the last man must

have reached it before the firing was half over.

Index

A

Abenaki Indians, 50, 122, 157, 262, 335

destruction of their town, 520

Abercromby, James, British general, 270, 409, 410, 432, 434, 460

arrives in Albany, 280

praises Robert Rogers, 309, 310n.

joy at fall of Louisbourg, 404

Wolfe's comments on, 411

his blunders, 418, 428

attacks Ticonderoga (1758), 422-424

his defeat, 425

his retreat, 426

Abraham, heights of, 523 (_See also_ Quebec)

Wolfe's plan to climb, 521-532, 537

guarded by Captain de Vergor, 533, 535

surprised and captured, 540

Abraham, Plains of, 542 (_See also_ Quebec)

Wolfe's army forms on, 542

battle for Quebec on, 544-550

rout of French forces,. 546-550

behavior of Canadians, 549-550

French and English losses, 547n.-548, 552, 637-638

report of battle on, 638-639

Acadia (Nova Scotia), Conflict for, 82-106

conquered by Nicholson, 82

ceded to England (1713), 82

guaranteed religious freedom, 82, 87

hostility of French-Canadian authorities, 82, 84, 174-175

English patience and moderation, 83, 85, 94-96, 175

Halifax founded, 84

treachery of French clergy, 86-102

British seize ship in, 97

British-French disputes over boundaries, 102-105

failure to settle boundary disputes, 105

life in, 189-190

emigration under French pressure (1748-1755), 17n.

its value to France, 175-176

British remove settlers, 186-205

delay in finding British settlers, 205

Acadian, oath of allegiance to George II, 83, 87

urged to leave by French, 87, 89, 93ff.

threats of Le Loutre, missionary priest, 93ff., 102, 174

forced from Beaubassin by Le Loutre, 98ff., 174

misery of refugees, 100-102

removal by British, 186-205

reasons for removal, 175, 177, 188-189, 191-193

their misery at Beauséjour, 179-180

heartless treatment from French authorities, 180-181

life of, 189-190

powers of church over, 190

refuse pledge of allegiance to George II, 191-193

English treatment of, 625

ordered by priests to join Indian attacks, 626

Adams, Captain, 194, 198

Africa, French driven from, 615

English power in, 615

Senegal ceded to England, 618

Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 31, 38, 102

Albemarle, Lord, British Minister to France (1752), 91n., 139

Lord Chesterfield's comment on, 139

dies in Paris, 142

Albany, New York, in the 1750's, 228-229

Albemarle, Earl of (1761), takes Havana, 615

Alembert, D', 35

Alequippa, Iroquois Chieftoness, 54

joins Washington's men, 120

Algonquin, or Algonkin Indians, 72, 122, 262, 335

divination practices of, 305n.

Allen, Ensign, 152

Amherst, Major-General Jeffry, 516, 526, 527, 531

commands Louisbourg expedition, 385

sails for Halifax, 387

reaches Louisbourg, 390

his siege of Louisbourg, 394-399

Louisbourg surrenders, 401-402

his courtesy to French, 403

takes French posts around Louisbourg, 405

his relations with Wolfe, 406

joins Abercromby, 406, 437

discusses attack on Ticonderoga, 438

prepare for advance on Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Montreal, 507

marches on Ticonderoga, 509

French retreat and fort falls, 510

rebuilds fort, 510, 516

postpones going to Wolfe's aid, 511

finally embarks, 517

turned back by storms, 518

winters at Crown Point, 518

his blunders, 518

his plan to capture Montreal, 590

sails from Oswego, 594

takes Fort Lévis, 595

arrives at Montreal, 596

Montreal surrenders, 597-598

Annapolis, Fort (Acadia), 83ff.

Anson, First Lord of the Admiralty (England 1754), 139

Anthonay D', Lieutenant-Colonel, 400

"Apostle of the Iroquois" (_see_ Piquet, Abbé)

Appleton, Nathaniel, 601

Apthorp, Boston merchant, 181

Argens, D', 607

Frederick the Great, letters to, 607-608

Argenson, D', French Minister of War (1743), 35, 252

appoints Montcalm to Canadian Command, 255

Armstrong, Colonel John, destroys Indian stronghold, 296-297

Arnoux, surgeon, Montcalm dies at his house, 556

Ashley, John, 272

Aubry, French officer, 513ff.

Augustus, Elector of Saxony, 32

Austria (_See also_ Maria Theresa)

her defeat at Rossbach, 380

signs treaty of Hubertsburg, 619

Avery, Ensign, 520

B

Bagley, Colonel Jonathon, Fort William Henry commander, 273-274

Barré, Major-General, 528

Barrington, Viscount, 610

Beaubassin (Acadia), occupied by British, 98

Le Loutre forces Acadians to leave, 98ff.

Beaujieu, Captain at Fort Duquesne, 157

plans to ambush Braddock, 158-160

Beauséjour, Fort, 100, 177-186

Lawrence authorizes attack on, 177

corruption in, 178-181

siege of, 182-185

its surrender, 185-186

name changed to Fort Cumberland, 186

Bedford, Duke of, 610

Belcher, Governor of New York, 276

Belleisle, Maréchalde, French war minister (1758), 376

forced to abandon Canada, 468

Berkeley, Sir William, Governor of Virginia, 44

Bernès, officer with Montcalm, 418

Berniers, Commissary-General, Quebec, 523, 567

Berry, with Montcalm at Ticonderoga, 411

defends fort, 422

Berryer, French Colonial Minister (1758), 375

accuses Bigot of fraud, 375-376

orders him to report to Montcalm, 378

refuses help to Canada, 466

Biddle, Edward, reports on Indian attacks, 244

Bienville, Celeron de (_See_ Céleron de Bienville)

Bigot, Francois, Intendant of Canada, 265, 322, 356, 535

his corruption, 76, 80, 178-179, 320, 366-377

reports on Le Loutre's work, 88

helps Le Loutre incite Indians, 89

appearance and personality, 365

investigation of his frauds, 377

at siege of Quebec, 485

votes to fight, 553

collects provisions, 558

returns to France, 604

jailed and tried for fraud, 605

Blanchard, Colonel, on Crown Point expedition, 212, 214

Blodget, Samuel, 220

Boishébert, Sieurde, French officer in Acadia, 87

sets Indians on British, 88

attributes misery of Acadians to priests, 193

attacks British in Acadia, 200

at siege of Louisbourg, 396

tried for fraud, 463-464, 605

Bonnecamp, Father, 49-50, 53, 58

Boscawen, British Admiral, 142

sails for Halifax with troops, 386-387

lands troops at Louisbourg, 390-391

takes part in siege, 400-401

Bougainville, aide-de-campe to Montcalm, 255ff., 263, 265, 304-305,

316ff., 589, 593

joins Indian war party, 299-300

his horror at Indian cruelties, 300, 356, 360

comments on Vaudreuil's treatment of Montcalm, 322

attends Indian feast, 329, 329n.

comments on Indians, 330, 331, 333-334, 345

carries terms to Monro at Fort William Henry, 346

sent to Montreal, 349

comments on official corruption, 371-372

comments on Vaudreuil's plans, 410

sent to France for help to Canada, 465-467

arranges marriage for Montcalm's son and daughter, 467

returns to Canada, 468

guards Quebec shores, 525, 533-534

is deceived by Wolfe's feint, 535-536, 538

despair at army's retreat, 552

sends troops to Quebec, 558

help arrives too late, 559

Bouquet, Colonel Henry, at Fort Duquesne, 440ff.

his difficulties on the march, 442, 445

his tact with Indian allies, 444

Bourlamaque, Chevalier de, third in command to Montcalm, 255, 315ff.

tries to stop Fort William Henry massacre, 350

Montcalm's letters to, 358-359

at Ticonderoga, 411, 416, 418, 426, 481

retires from Ticonderoga, 509, 516

hears from Montcalm, 532-533

Lévis asks him to hold on, 558

at defense of Montreal, 592

half his force deserts, 592

forced to retreat, 594

negotiates Montreal surrender, 597

Braddock, Major-General, 140-173, 174, 207

secret orders, 141

Shirley's opinion of, 144

Walpole's comments on, 144-148

Benjamin Franklin's opinion of, 144

anecdotes about, 145-146

meets with Colonial governors, 146-147

plans attacks on Fort Duquesne, 148-149

his fury at Colonial apathy, 150-151

Benjamin Franklin helps, 151-152

march on Fort Duquesne, 152-160

his ability, 152

George Washington's comments on, 152-153

his opinion and treatment of Indians, 154

hardships of march, 155-156

ambushed and defeated, 161-164, 165n.

horrors of massacre, 163

casualties of his forces, 164 and n.

his personal courage, 164

fatally wounded, 164

his retreat, 164-168

his death, 168

reports of massacre, 168-170

disastrous results of defeat to settlers, 230, 234-248

bones of his men found, 457

Contrecoeur's report on rout, 628-630

Bradstreet, Lieutenant Colonel John, 276-279

convoys stores to Oswego, 277

repels French attack, 278-279

some of his boatmen sent to Oswego, 284

in Ticonderoga campaign, 415, 417-418, 422

his plan to take Fort Frontenac, 436

his success, 437

prevents massacre of prisoners, 437

destroys Fort Duquesne supplies, 454

Bréard, naval comptroller at Quebec, 368

jailed and tried for fraud, 605

British Colonial troops, organization and pay, 271-272

discipline of, 272

British Colonies (_See_ English Colonies)

Brown, Lieutenant, carries mortally wounded Wolfe to rear, 546

Bull, Fort, destroyed by French, 264

Bullitt, Captain, 452-453

Burd, Colonel, in Duquesne expedition, 441, 443ff.

Burke, Captain, escapes Fort William Henry massacre, 351

Burney, Thomas, fur trader, escapes from French, 79

Burton, Lieutenant-Colonel,

with Braddock, 163

reports on Winslow's camp, 281-282

with Wolfe at Quebec, 537, 541, 542

receives Wolfe's last order, 546

Bury, Viscount, comments on Massachusetts, 408

Bussy, M. de, French envoy to London, 611

Bute, Earl of, Secretary of

State (1761), 610

Byng, Admiral, 384

defeat at Minorca, 48

death of, 48

Cadet, Joseph, Commissary-General of Canada, frauds of, 368-374

famine caused by, 370

sends supplies to Quebec, 482

jailed and tried for fraud, 605

Campbell, Major Duncan, at Ticonderoga, 414, 424

legend about his death, 635-637

Campbell, Captain John, killed at Ticonderoga, 424

Canada, 25

census of 1754, 38

census of 1755 and 1760, 38n.

Catholic influence in, 38-39

her military position, 40-41, 47

Indian tribes of, 40

power of Church (_See_ Acadia _and_ Acadians)

officials incite Indians to raid, 137

military life in, 267-268

social life in, 366-368

official corruption in, 365-374

Church fails to check corruption, 373

financial straits of, 374

loyalty of her people, 463

treatment of her people by officials, 463-464

dark days of 1758-1759, 460-470

France cannot help, 467-468

warned of attack on Quebec, 468

mobilizes for defense, 481

passes to British Crown, 598

people assured religious freedom, 598

people protected from Indians, 598

Captain Jacobs, Delaware Indian Chief, 296

killed, 297

Carleton, Sir Guy, Wolfe's friend, 476, 500

Carlos III of Spain, 612

Carter, Landon, 236

Carver, Jonathan, escapes Fort William Henry massacre, 351

Catawba Indians, 112, 444

Catherine of Russia, 614

Catholicism, influence on growth of New France, 38-39

Caughnawaga's Indians, 157

Cayuga Indians, 275

Chandler, Chaplain, 225

Céloron de Bienville, expedition to the Ohio (1749), 48-64

travel difficulties, 49-50, 57-58

hostility of Indians, 52-58

claims the Ohio for France, 52-55

warns English traders, 53-56, 58

sent to command Fort Detroit, 73

refuses to attack Pickawillany, 76

Charles VI of Austria, 37

Chesterfield, Lord, comment on Lord Albemarle, 139

reconciles Pitt and Newcastle, 380-381

his worry over England's future, 383

Cherokee Indians, 112, 323, 444

Chickasaw Indians, 112

Choiseul, Duc de, French minister (1761), 610

his character, 610-611

proposes European peace conference, 611

proposes negotiations with England on colonies, 611-612

negotiates secretly with Spain, 612

Choctaw Indians, 323

William Henry, 428, 430, 432, 436

Clerk, British engineer, 420-421

Clermont, Comte de, 384

Clinton, George, New York governor (1752), 63-64

complains French violate peace treaty, 75

Clive, victory at Plassey, 383

Connecticut, votes troops for Crown Point, 207

her sacrifices for Canadian campaigns, 409

Connor, James, scout, 290

Contrecoeur, Commandant at Fort Duquesne, 115, 118, 122, 157

awaits success of Braddock ambush, 159

his report on Braddock's rout, 628-630

Cope, Jean-Baptiste, Indian chief, treachery of, 90-91, 100

Corflans, French Admiral, his fleet crippled by British, 615

Cornwallis, Edward, Governor of Acadia (1749), 83

Wolfe's opinion of, 83

Walpole's comments on, 83

his patience and moderation, 83, 85, 94-96

asks pledge of allegiance from Acadians, 86

discovers treachery of French clergy, 92-93

sends troops to Beaubassin, 98

Corpron, accomplice of Cadet, 368, 373

jailed and tried for fraud, 605

Courserac, Chevalier de, 401

Crawford, Rev. William, comments on conditions in British camp,

283-284

Croghan, George, trader, 52, 59-60, 62-63

French offer reward for his scalp, 75-76

brings Indians to help Braddock, 154

Crown Point Expedition, 207-226

William Johnson named commander, 207

French prepare defense, 209

Johnson marches, 210ff.

battle at Lake George, 217-226

French routed, 221

British losses, 223

expedition a failure, 224

fort abandoned by French, 510

occupied and rebuilt by British, 511

Cumberland, Duke of, 30, 139, 294, 380, 383, 384

Cumberland, Fort, prepared for Braddock's expedition, 152

Cummings, Colonel, at site of Fort William Henry, 428

D

Dalling, Major, 573

Dalquier, Colonel, 551, 581

Dalzel, Captain, killed at Detroit, 433

De Cosne, British embassy secretary, 142

Delancey, New York Governor (1754), 132n., 226

asked for help against French in the Ohio, 114

attends Braddock's conference, 146

sides with William Johnson, 234

his cabal against Shirley, 270

Delancey, Oliver, British soldiers quartered on, 306

Delaware Indians, 50, 53, 54, 62-63, 101, 122, 154, 234, 275, 276,

296-298

Delouche, sends fire ships against Wolfe, 491

Demoiselle, Miami Chief, 57, 60-61, 78

killed by French Indians, 79

Desandrouin, French engineer, 418

Desauniers, Demoiselles, Canadian traders, 66

Desgouttes, naval commander at Louisbourg siege, 396, 400

Desherbes, harasses British in Acadia, 88ff.

Detroit, early days as French fort, 72

French try to build it up, 73

small-pox in, 77

Diderot, 35

Dieskau, Baron, commander of French regulars, 209

reaches Crown Point, 214

sends expedition toward Fort Lyman, 215-216

attacks William Johnson's forces, 218-220

wounded and captured, 220-221

his expedition routed, 221

Johnson protects him from Mohawks, 222

sent as prisoner to England, 222

returns to France and dies, 223

Dinwiddie, Robert, Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia

his opinion of Indian traders, 51

comments on Ohio Valley boundary dispute with Pennsylvania, 63

protests French invasion of the Ohio, 108-110

warns England, 111

ordered to drive French out, 112

difficulties with his Assembly, 112-114

failure of first expedition 115-116

his letter to Colonel Innes, 128

Assembly votes funds for Ohio defense, 130

his opinion of colonists' good sense, 131

advises war levies on colonies 133, 148

letter to Granville on number of French in the Ohio, 137

makes difficulties for George Washington defending Virginia

borders, 236-237

his dislike of Washington, 439

Dobbs, North Carolina governor, 144

attends Braddock's conference, 146

Doreil, French Commissary of War,

reports on official corruption, 464-465

sent to ask France for help, 465

Douville, French officer, 295

Drucour, Louisbourg governor, prepares defense, 390

his brave defense of Louisbourg, 395ff., 403

negotiates for surrender, 400-402

well-treated by Amherst, 403

Drucour, Mme., bravery of, 396, 403

Duchat, French, Captain, describes life at Ticonderoga, 267-268

Duchesnaye, 367

Dumas, French Captain at Fort Duquesne, 157, 158n., 161-162, 165,

235, 589

sets Indians on English settlers, 235ff.

reports destruction of Indiantown, 298

at defense of Quebec, 496, 499, 502

at defense of Montreal, 592

Dumas, M., tutor to Montcalm, 252-253

Dunbar, Colonel Thomas, with Braddock, 152

destroys supplies after ambush, 168

starts retreat, 168

reaches Fort Cumberland, 169

abandons frontier to its fate, 172-173

Dinwiddie calls conduct "monstrous," 173 and n.

disastrous results of retreat to settlers, 234-248

Duquesne, Fort, established, 115

garrison reinforced, 121

site of, 156

strength of, 156-157

Braddock ambushed from, 161

Washington urges capture of, 439

Forbes marches on, 439-459

its supplies cut off, 454-455

garrison destroys it and retires, 457

British occupy site, 457

its name changed to Pittsburg, 457

its conquest opens the West, 459

Duquesne, Marquis, Governor of Canada (1753), 51n.

sends expedition to occupy the Ohio, 79-80, 106ff.

recalled to France, 209

Durell, Admiral in Wolfe's Quebec fleet, 478

fails to intercept French ships, 482

arrives in Canada, 483, 486

E

Edwards, Jonathan, 42

Elder, John, reports Indian attacks, 244

Elizabeth of Russia, 36

her hatred of Frederic the Great, 250

her death, 614

England in the mid 1700's, 29-31

effect of Seven Years War, 26

political aspects, 29, 31

social aspects, 30

her military status, 31

her American colonies, 25, 38-47

her rule in Nova Scotia (_See_ Acadia)

her difficulties in Acadia, 82-102

extent of her claims in Acadia, 104n.

urges colonies to make joint treaties with Indians, 134

her naval strength, 139

her military strength, 139

her leadership weakness, 139

her bad faith toward France, 139-143 and n.

her policy of attack, 140

sends Braddock and troops to Virginia, 140

attacks French troop ships, 142-143

declares war on France (1756), 250

makes treaty with Frederic the Great, 250

loses Minorca, 380

William Pitt takes power, 380-381

her gloomy prospects in 1757, 383

Clive's victory in India, 383

fresh power under Pitt, 384-387

her joy at the fall of Louisbourg, 403

her celebrations on Quebec's surrender, 565

regains Minorca, 618

English colonies in the mid-1700's, 41-47

confined to Atlantic coast, 38

their population, 38

political differences, 41, 43-46

racial strains, 41, 44-45

Puritanism in New England, 42

religious differences, 42, 44

slavery in, 44, 236

jealousy between, 47

Estève, Montcalm's secretary, 255, 257

Europe in the mid 1700's, 31-38, 379-380, 619

the Seven Years War, 25-26

the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 31, 38, 102

France, 31-36

Germany, 36

Prussia, 36

Russia, 36

Austria, 37

the treaty of Utrecht, 75, 102

political aspects, 250-252

the Peace of Paris, 620-623

Eyre, Captain, 219

winters at Fort William Henry, 305-307

repulses French attack, 311-313

F

Ferdinand Prince of Brunswick, English commander, 384

his successes in Europe and Africa, 384-385

Ferdinand VI of Spain, death of, 612

Fitch, at Ticonderoga, 417

Five Nations (_See_ Iroquois)

Folsom, Captain at Fort Lyman, 221

Forbes, John, brigadier in charge of Fort Duquesne expedition, 385

his slow advance, 438-441 445

his character, 439-440

refuses Washington's advice, 441

his opinion of provincials, 441

his illness, 442-443, 455-456, 458

his ignorance of French strength, 444-445

builds Fort Bedford, 445

arranges Indian convention, 446-450

his peace overtures accepted, 451

occupies Fort Duquesne, 458

his death, 459

Forbes, Eli, 600-601

Foxcroft, Thomas, 600

France, in the mid 1700's, 31-36

her power, 31-32

signs of decay, 31, 34-35

Louis XV and Mme. Pompadour, 25, 34-35

her philosophers, 35

American colonies claimed, 25-26, 38-40, 50

Commission on Acadia boundaries fails, 102

threatens growth of English colonies, 133

her naval strength, 139

her military strength, 139

her leadership weakness, 139

need for time, 139

her policy of diplomacy, 139-140

bad faith toward England, 139-143

sends troops and ships to Canada, 140

ships intercepted by British, 142-143

French losses, 143

incites Indians to massacre British, 141-142, 234-248

(_See_ Piquet, Le Loutre, _and_ Acadia)

declares war on England, 250

war in colonies subordinated, 252

Montcalm sent to Canada, 255

few troops allowed him, 257

victory at Oswego, 289-290

defeat at Rosbach, 380

Pompadour's role in ruin of, 383

Fort Frontenac falls, 437

importance of its loss, 437

her finances ruined, 466

her navy crippled, 466

she abandons Canada, 468

her need for peace, 610

the Peace of Paris, 620-623

Franklin, Benjamin, 42, 617

his project of colonial union, 136

his opinion of Braddock, 144

helps Braddock get supplies, 150-152

leader in Pennsylvania Assembly, 240, 247n., 248-249

defends Shirley on loss of Oswego, 294

comments on General Loudon, 325

Franquet, engineer, 365

at siege of Louisbourg, 359-360

his stories of Bigot, 366-368

Fraser, trader, 109n., 111

Frederic the Great of Prussia, 36, 606-609

begins Seven Years War, 379

his defeats and victories, 379-380

his letter to Voltaire, 607

his letters to D'Argen, 607-608

Pitt's resignation a blow, 613

signs a peace with Russia and Sweden, 614

French army in Canada, camp conditions, 282

Frontiersmen, life of, 238

frequent fate of, 235-248

Frontenac, Fort, Piquet's reception at, 72

Bradstreet attacks, 436

fort surrenders, 437

prisoners protected from Indians, 437

fort leveled, 437

importance of loss to France, 437

Fry, Colonel Joshua, 114

illness and death of, 120

with Winslow in Acadia, 200

survives Fort William Henry massacre, 349-351

his reports on Fort William Henry massacre, 632-633

G

Gage, Lieutenant-Colonel, with Braddock, 159, 160-161

wounded in ambush, 164

takes over command from William Johnson at Niagara, 516

Galissonière, Marquis de la, Governor of Canada (1749), 103-104

asks for colonists from France, 38-39, 48

his character and appearance, 48

his plans to link Canada and Louisiana, 48

his recall to France, 74

Gardiner, Captain of the _Monmouth_, his historic fight, 386

Gates, officer wounded in Braddock ambush, 164

George II of England, 29

Acadians refuse oath of allegiance to, 83, 86

his comment on Wolfe, 477

his death, 609

George III of England, 609, 615, 616

Germain, French missionary in Acadia, 88 (_See also_ Piquet,

_and_ Le Loutre)

incites Indians to attack British, 90

Germany in the mid 1700's, 36

German Flats, massacre at, 357

Girard, Acadian priest, 92

Gist, Christopher, trader, 52

explores land for the Ohio Company, 58-60

guides Washington in the Ohio. 109ff.

his settlement, 117

brings news of Fry's death, 120

Gladwin, defends Fort Detroit, 164

wounded in Braddock ambush, 164

Glen, South Carolina governor, his correspondence with Dinwiddie, 177

Gorham, Captain, reconnoitres Louisbourg, 325

Graham, Rev. John, describes conditions in British camp, 282-284

Grant, Major

reconnoitres Fort Duquesne, 451-452

his blunders, 452-453

captured by French, 453, 454n.

Forbes upset by reverse, 454

Granville Stockade, burned by French, 295

Gray, Sergeant James, 229

Great Meadows, Washington's camp at, 116-117

French victory at, 125

French and British losses, 125 and n.

named Fort Necessity, 120

significance of British defeat, 127

Gridley, Colonel, 282

H

Haldimand, Colonel, rebuilds Oswego, 511-512

Half-King, Indian Chief, 107

friend of Washington, 109, 116, 117, 120, 121

French try to win, 110

his comments on English and French, 126

his comments on Washington, 126n.

Halifax, Lord, 139

Halifax, Nova Scotia, founding of, 84

harassed by Indians, 87

Halket, Sir Peter, 152, 162

killed with his son in Braddock ambush, 164

Halket, Major, finds father's and brother's skeletons, 457

Hamilton, James, Pennsylvania Governor (1753)

opinion of traders, 51

tries to strengthen Indian friendship, 62-63

his battles with Assembly for defense funds, 114, 130-131

Hanbury, John, 58, 150n.

Dinwiddie's letter to, 115-116

Hancock, Boston merchant, 181

Handfield, Major, 194, 200

Hardy, Sir Charles, New York Governor (1756), 270, 325

Harris, John, reports on Indian raids, 244

Harris, Mary, 60

Harris, Thomas, British scout, 290

Haviland, Colonel, at Fort Edward, 361

sets out for Montreal, 590

captures Canadian naval force, 594

makes contact with Murray, 594

Hawke, Sir Edward, intercepts French troop ships, 386-387

Hawley, Captain Elisha, 217

Hazan, Moses, British Captain at Beauséjour, 183, 299

routs French raiding party, 574

wounded at Sainte-Foy, 582

Hebecourt, French Captain at Ticonderoga, 360

Roger's Rangers plague him, 360

his revenge, 360-362

blows up the fort, 509-510

escapes with his men, 509

Heights of Abraham (_See_ Abraham, heights of)

Henderson, British volunteer,

helps carry mortally wounded Wolfe to rear, 546

Hendrick, Mohawk Chief,

complains of wrongs, 134

conference at Onondaga, 134-136

speech on joint treaty with Britain, 135

advises William Johnson, 217

killed in battle, 217

Hensey, Florence, French spy, 324

Hobbs, Captain, 196, 198

Hocquart, Captain, 142-143 and n.

Hodges, Captain, ambushed by French, 299

Holbourne, Admiral, 142, 324-325

gale shatters his fleet, 326

Holdernesse, Earl of, 130

letter from Wolfe, 530

Holland, Lieutenant, 81

Holmes, Admiral of Wolfe's Quebec fleet, 478, 525, 526, 531, 532,

535, 536

Hopson, Governor of Acadia, 96

Houlière, French officer, 400

Howe, Captain Edward, 99

murder of, 100

Howe, Captain of H.M.S. _Dunkirk_, 143 and n.

Howe, Colonel, with Wolfe at Quebec, 537-538, 542

Howe, Lord, 358

assigned to Ticonderoga campaign, 385, 415

Abercromby's praise of, 412

Pitt's opinion of, 412

Wolfe's praise of, 412

his character, 412-413

stories about, 413

his death a great blow, 420

approves plan to take Fort Frontenac, 436

Huguenots, persecution in France, 34, 39

Hugues, officer with Montcalm, 418

Huron Indians, 51, 104, 122, 157, 262, 335

Hutchins, Ensign, 531

I

Indian tribes:

Abenakis, 50, 122, 157, 262

Algonquins or Algonkins, 72, 122, 262

Catawbas, 112

Cherokees, 112, 323, 444

Chickasaws, 112

Choctaws, 323

Caughnawagas, 157

Delawares, 50, 53-54, 62-63, 107, 122, 154, 234, 296-298, 446-447,

451

Hurons, 51, 104, 122, 157, 262, 335

Illinois, 50, 77, 104

Iowas, 300, 335

Iroquois, 53, 54, 59, 112, 122, 154, 217, 262, 335

Miamis, 50, 57, 61, 63, 77, 107, 157, 335

Michillimackinacas, 328

Micmacs, 98, 100, 335

Mingoes, 50, 54, 63, 157, 235, 451

Mohawks, 81, 134-136, 208-209, 217, 220, 276, 323

Mohecans, 275, 276

Nipissings, 50, 72, 122, 335

Ojibwas, 78, 107, 157, 335

Oneidas, 276, 357

Onondagas, 134, 276

Osages, 77

Ottawas, 50, 61, 78, 122, 157, 333, 335

Piankishaws, 77

Pottawattamies, 107, 157, 305, 335

Senacas, 53, 134, 447

Shawanoes, 50, 55-56, 60, 62, 107, 157, 234, 275, 276, 446-447, 451

Wabash, 77

Winnebagoes, 335

Wyandot, 59

Indians, atrocities of, 79, 155, 158, 166, 214, 235-248, 267,

300, 333-334, 348-352, 353n., 356, 362, 434-435, 471, 519, 521

Innes, Colonel James, 236

Dinwiddie's letter to, 128

notifies Lord Fairfax of Braddock's defeat, 168-169

J

James II of England, 46

Jefferson, Thomas, 128

Jervis, John, Wolfe's friend, 538

Joannes, mayor of Quebec, negotiates terms of surrender, 559

Johnson, Sergeant John, 575

comments on men's love for Wolfe, 536

reports on battle of Sainte-Foy, 581, 583-584

Johnson, Sir William,

his influence with the Five Nations, 63-64, 134-136, 208-209,

446-447

protests French violations, 75

in command of Crown Point expedition, 207-226

his appearance and character, 208

advances on Crown Point, 210

manners and morale of his troops, 211

his Mohawks report French near, 212

names Lake George for King, 213

wounded, 219

routs French attack, 220-221

saves Dieskau from Mohawks, 222

gives up attack on Crown Point, 224

his men disperse, 225

he is knighted by King, 226

his dispute with Shirley, 233-234

fails to save Fort Bull, 264

effects of Crown Point failure, 269

persuades the Five Nations to fight for British, 274-275

fails to gain other tribes, 276

joins Webb at Fort Edward, 354

takes command at Siege of Niagara, 513

defeats reinforcements, 514

captures Niagara, 515

protects prisoners from Indians, 516

Brigadier Gage sent to take his command, 516

Johnstone, Chevalier de, Aide-de-camp to Lévis, 495, 496, 504, 543

his report on rout of French forces at Quebec, 550-551

his comments on Vaudreuil's behavior, 551

his grief over Montcalm's loss, 551

Joncaire-Chabert, 52, 54, 56, 62, 64, 69, 109

reports on Ohio Indians with British, 77

wins to France, 134

his influence with Indians, 447

Jonquière, Marquis de la, Governor of Canada (1749), 74ff.

his intrigues against British, 75-76, 85, 87, 90

his death, 77

Jumonville, Ensign Coulon de, killed in the Ohio, 118-119, 121

K

Kanon, 482, 485

Kaunitz, Austrian Minister, 251

Kennedy, Adjutant, 197

Kennedy, Lieutenant, on scouting party, 298-299

killed, 308

Keppel, English Commodore, 144

lends Braddock men, 152

Kikensick, Nipissing Chief, 336

Killick, in Wolfe's Quebec fleet, 487-488

Kittanning, Delaware Indian stronghold, 296

burned by Armstrong, 297

Knox, Captain John, 404

winters in Fort Cumberland, 471

describes New England troops, 472

sails to join Wolfe, 472

describes ascent of British fleet up the St. Lawrence to Quebec,

487-489

reports on Siege of Quebec, 492, 493, 497, 498-499, 501, 505, 527,

535

describes Quebec under British rule, 568-569, 572, 574

reports on defence of Quebec, 585-586

voyage to Montreal, 591-592

L

La Clue, French Admiral, 386

La Corne, Saint Luc de, French officer in Acadia, 90, 335-336, 343,

589

destroys British wagon train, 432

attacks camp at Oswego, 512

repulsed and wounded, 512

sails for France, 604

shipwrecked, 605

gets back to Quebec, 605

Lake George, battle of, 217-226

La Motte, French Admiral, 140ff., 551

helps defend Louisbourg, 326, 327n.

Langlade, Charles, 157, 336

leads French against Pickawillany, 78-79

at defense of Quebec, 495

Langly, French officer, 415ff.

La Perade, Chevalier de, 158

Lawrence, Major, lands British troops at Beaubassin, 98

Lawrence, Governor of Nova Scotia, proposes attack on Beauséjour, 177

serves in Louisbourg expedition, 391-393

Le Boeuf, Fort, 108

Le Guerne, French priest describes removal of Acadians, 204

Le Loutre, Abbé Louis Joseph,

French missionary in Acadia, 174

sets Indians on British, 87ff.

receives pension, 91

his Indian mission, 96

his character, 97

terrorizes Acadians, 179-180

authority at Beauséjour, 179

escapes after fort surrenders, 185

captured and imprisoned, 185

cost of his intrigues, 626-627

Le Mercier, Chevalier, 122, 312, 367

his frauds, 377

at Ticonderoga, 410

Léry, destroys Fort Bull, 264

Lévis, Chevalier de, Montcalm's second in command, 265, 322, 330, 526

his opinion on Jumonville killing, 120

pleases Montcalm, 267

describes social life of Montreal, 315-317

marches on Fort William Henry, 338-340

tries to stop massacres at fort, 350

Vaudreuil praises him, 359

quells Montreal riots, 360

his report of Roger's defeat, 364n.

at Ticonderoga defense, 410, 421, 426

he defends Quebec, 495-496, 503

is sent to reinforce Montreal, 517

profits from Amherst's blunders, 518

his horror at army's retreat from Quebec, 557

urges Vaudreuil to march back, 558

hopes to retake Quebec, 576

attacks outposts, 577-578

battle joined at Sainte-Foy, 580-582

his losses, 583

besieges Quebec, 584-585

British fleet forces his retreat, 586-587

prepares to defend Montreal, 589-590

tries for better surrender terms, 597-598

returns to France, 604

Lewis, Major, 452-453

Ligneris, French commander at Fort Duquesne, 157, 162, 165,

445ff., 513

dismisses troops for lack of food, 455

severely wounded, 515

Livingstone, William, 293

Longueil, Baron de, Governor of Canada (1752), 77-78, 122, 329

encourages hostility to British, 92

defends Ticonderoga, 410

Loudon, Earl of, Commander of British forces in America, 270

his difficulties with Colonial troops, 272, 281

his character, 280

gets poor reports of Colonial camps, 281-282

blames Shirley for loss of Oswego, 293

at Fort Edward, 294

his orders to Winslow, 305

demands quarters for British regulars, 306

plans attack on Louisbourg, 324-325

abandons attempt, 326

threatens reprisals for Fort William Henry, 354

is recalled by Pitt, 385

Massachusetts shares cost of his campaign, 408

his blunders, 439

Louis XIII of France, 34

Louis XIV of France, orders dispersal of New York Colony population,

206n.

Louis XV of France, 25, 34

Céloron de Bienville declares him lord of the Ohio, 52

his government's policy toward Acadians, 206

joins Austria against Prussians, 251-252

Louisbourg, Fortress of, 388-407 (_See also_ Drucour)

conquered by Nicholson (1710), 82

restored to France, 83

Loudon plans to attack, 324

plans abandoned, 326

its geography, 388

its strengths and weaknesses, 389-390

British fleet arrives, 390-391

British succeed in landing troops, 392-393

siege and defense of, 394-400

its surrender, 401-403

its garrison sent to England, 403

its civilians sent to France, 403

effect of its fall, 403-405

leveled by order of George II, 591

Loppinot, French officer at Louisbourg, 400

Loring, British naval commander, 511, 517

Lotbinière, engineer, strengthens Ticonderoga defenses, 263-266, 410

Lowendal, Marshal of France, 32

Lowther, Katherine, Wolfe's fiancée, 476, 477

Wolfe's last message to, 538

Lusignan, Commandant at Ticonderoga, 309

Lydius, Dutch trader, 303

suspected French spy, 303n.

Lyman, General Phineas, with Crown Point expedition, 210, 281, 282

builds Fort Lyman, 212

takes command after Johnson is wounded, 219

Johnson's jealousy of, 224, 226

at Fort Ticonderoga campaign, 417

Lyman, Fort, name changed to Fort Edward, 226

M

Machault, d'Arnouville, Comptroller-General of France (1750), taxes

clergy, 33

becomes Minister of Marine, 35

Pompadour has him dismissed, 383

Macnamara, French Admiral, 141

Macdonald, Captain Donald, 452

captures French post, 574

death of, 453, 582

Mackellar, engineer with Wolfe, 294n., 489

reports weakness of Oswego, 279

Mackay, Captain, with Washington, 121, 125

Mackenzie, Captain, 452-453

MacVicar, Anne, life in Albany, 228-229

Maillard, French missionary, 91, 100

Maria Theresa of Austria, 37

her hatred of Frederick the Great, 251

sides with Russia and France, 251

Marin, French officer, 229-300, 367, 515

commander of Ohio expedition, 80, 106ff.

his successful raid on Fort Edward, 334-335

ambushes Roger's Rangers, 433

his defeat, 434, 436n.

rescues Israel Putnam from Indians, 435

Martel, King's Store-keeper, 367

Martin, Ranger Sergeant Joshua, 309

Martin, Abraham, heights and plains of Abraham named for, 541

Maryland, votes defense funds, 132

Indian massacres in, 295

Maurin, François, 367-368

Massachusetts in 1750's, 42

votes funds for Ohio Valley expedition, 132

sends volunteers to fight French, 207

her war debts, 408

her economy, 409

celebrates Montreal victory, 600

Massey, British Colonel, 515

Mathevet, French missionary, 336

Mayhew, Rev. Jonathan, predicts growth of Colonies, 565

McBryer, Andrew, trader, 79

McGinnis, Captain, death of, 221

McCartney, Captain, 578

McMullen, Ranger Lieutenant, 519

Meech, Lieutenant with Wolfe, 489

Mellen, John, 600

Mercer, Lieutenant Colonel, left to hold Fort Duquesne, 458

Miami Indians, 50, 57, 61, 63, 77, 107, 157, 335

Micmac Indians, 98, 100, 335

Michillimackinaca Indians, 328

Mingoes (English traders' name for Iroquois Indians), 50, 54,

63, 157, 235, 451

Mirepoix, French Ambassador to London (1754), 139

Mohawk Indians, 43, 81, 134-136, 208-209, 212-213, 217, 220,

276, 323

Moltke, von, 602

Monckton, British Lieutenant Colonel, in Acadia, 177ff., 527

besieges Beauséjour, 182-184

declares Acadians rebels, 186-187

ordered to remove Acadians, 194

his insolence to Colonials, 195

as Brigadier with Wolfe, 478, 493, 504, 532, 542

takes Martinique, 615

Monro, Lieutenant Colonel commanding Fort William Henry, 341

(_See_ also William Henry, Fort)

attacked by French, 341

asks for reinforcements, 342

Webb fails to support him, 343

his brave defense, 343-347

his surrender, 347

Montcalm, Marquis de, Commander of French Army in Canada, 252, 255

his childhood, youth, and marriage, 252-254

letters to his family, 255-256, 257-258, 262-263, 315-317, 359,

460, 466, 469, 630-632

embarks for Canada, 257

reaches Quebec, 258

meets Governor, Marquis de Vaudreuil, 258-259

his dealings with Indians, 262-263, 316, 321

his opinions on Vaudreuil, 265-266, 321, 359

his social life in Montreal, 314-318, 358-359

decorated by the King, 315

his difficulties with Vaudreuil, 318, 321, 460-470

plans attack on Lake George forts, 328-329

calls council of Indian allies, 335-337

marches on Fort William Henry, 338

tries to stop massacres at fort, 350-351

saves some prisoners, 352

exposes corruption in Canada, 376-377

prepares to defend Ticonderoga, 410, 418-421

his letters on Ticonderoga victory, 426

plans defense of Quebec, 484-486

his tactics of defense, 490-498, 502, 525

his last letter, 533

deceived by Wolfe's strategy, 535-540

finds Wolfe's army on plains of Abraham, 543

help from Quebec fails to arrive, 544

attacks British too soon, 544, 549-550

French beaten, 545-546

mortally wounded, 547, 552

his last moments, 554-555

his death and burial, 555, 641

his character, 564

Montgomery, Captain Alexander, murders prisoners, 524

Montesquieu, 35

Montguet, Captain, 551

Montguy, French officer, 418

Montigny, French officer, 515

Montmorenci, battle at, 504-505, 506n.

Montreal, Social life, 314-318

food shortage in, 359-360

riots in, 359

Lévis quells riots, 360

besieged by British, 596

surrenders, 597-598

Montreuil, General, 220

advises Montcalm, 265

Montour, Catherine, 59

Montour, Andrew, interpreter, 59-60

Moore, Colonel William, 246

Moravians, their Indian missions, 447

contrast with Catholic missions, 447-448

Morris, Robert Hunter, Pennsylvania Governor (1755), 131, 243ff.

difficulties with his assembly, 131

attends Braddock's conference, 146

declares war on Delawares, 276

Morris, Captain Roger, aide-de-camp to Braddock, 153

wounded in ambush, 164

Murray, Captain Alexander, in charge of Fort Edward, 190-191, 195

helps Winslow in removal of Acadians, 195-200, 202

Murray, Brigadier James, with Wolfe, 478, 527

raids Deschambault, 525

in front lines with Wolfe, 542

his qualities, 579

in command of occupied Quebec, 570-571

his outposts threatened, 573

rumors of French attack on Quebec, 574

spies among his men, 576

learns of French attack plan, 578

meets French forces outside Quebec, 580-582

retreats into city, 582

stops disorders among troops, 584

defends city against French, 584

saved by English fleet, 585

pursues retreating French, 586-587

ordered to Montreal, 590

takes measures to ensure Canadian neutrality, 592

N

New Brunswick (_See_ Acadia)

Newcastle, Duke of, 30, 477

named Prime Minister of England, 137

Walpole's opinion of, 137-138

Smollett's opinion of, 138

his political character, 138

his opposition to Pitt, 380

reconciled by Lord Chesterfield, 381

named First Lord of the Treasury, 381

New England, in 1750's, 41-43

(_See also_ individual states)

Puritanism in, 42

politics of, 41, 43

its method of raising and equipping troops, 271-272

celebrates fall of Louisbourg, 403

joy at Quebec surrender, 565

New France, ends with Quebec surrender, 556

(_See also_ Canada)

New Hampshire, votes men for Crown Point expedition, 207

raises men for Canadian war, 409

New Jersey, refuses funds for Ohio Valley defense, 132

Indian massacres in, 295

New York in 1750's, 45-46

refuses funds for Ohio Valley defense, 131

votes funds after Fort Necessity defeat, 132

votes troops to fight French, 207

conflict between Governor and Assembly, 248

Indian massacres in, 295

celebrates fall of Louisbourg, 403-404

Necessity, Fort (_See_ Great Meadows)

Niagara expedition, 228-234

march to Oswego, 229-230

difficulties of, 230-233

expeditions abandoned, 234

disastrous results to settlers, 234-248

Niagara, Fort,

British besiege, 511

reinforcements fail, 513-514

fort surrenders, 515-516

garrison saved from Indians, 516

importance of its capture, 516

Nicholson, General, conquers Acadia, 82

Nipissing Indians, 50, 72, 122, 235

burial customs of, 340

Nova Scotia (_See_ Acadia)

Nuns at Quebec (_See_ Ursulines)

O

Ochterlony, Captain, with Wolfe, rescued by French from scalping, 505

Ogden, Captain, 520, 521

Ohio Company, the, 58-59

trading posts of, 115, 116

its posts destroyed by French, 127

Ohio Valley (_See also_ Céloron de Bienville)

French claims in, 48-58

Indians of, 50, 107, 112, 119, 122

English claims in, 58-64

Virginia and Pennsylvania disputes over, 63

importance as key to West, 64

Ohio Valley battles, 106-127

France establishes forts, 106-108

illness among French, 107-108

Virginia protests invasion, 108-111

English colonies refuse help, 113-114, 129ff.

French detachment defeated, 116-118

Indians join French, 122

French victory at Great Meadows, 125-127

French and British losses, 125 and n.

Ojibwa Indians, 78, 107, 157, 335

Oneida Indians, 276, 357, 436-437

Onondaga Indians, 134-276

Orme, Captain Robert, Aide-de-Camp to Braddock, 146, 153

wounded in ambush, 164

describes the ambush, 170-171

Osage Indians, 77

Osborn, Admiral, intercepts French fleet, 386

Osgood, Captain, in Acadia, 196, 198

Oswego, English fur trading post, 49

its attraction to Indians, 68-69

Oswego, Fort, battle for, 285-291

sickness and hunger of troops, 279

weakness of defenses, 280

camp conditions, 286

surrender to French, 289

losses at, 289-290

burned, 290

Loudon blames Shirley for loss, 293

Ottawa Indians, 50, 61, 78, 122, 157, 333, 335

P

Paris, treaty of, (1763), 619

Parkman, William, comments on Abercromby, 411

Parker, Colonel of Fort William Henry, 334

Patton, John, English trader, 75

Péan, Chevalier, 80, 106-107, 359, 367, 368

his frauds, 372

jailed and tried, 605

Péan, Mme., 80, 372

Penn, Thomas and Richard, 240-241

Penn, William, 46

Pennahouel, Ottawa Chief, 336, 337

Peniseault, Antoine, accomplice of Bigot, 367-368

jailed and tried for fraud, 605

Peniseault, Mme., 372-373

Pennsylvania in 1750's, 44-45

refuses funds for Ohio Valley defense, 130-131, 240ff.

Indian massacres in, 235-248, 295

conflict between Governor and Assembly, 240-247

Pepperell, regiment of, 229, 270

Perière, leads Indian war party, 299-300

Peter the Great of Russia, 36

Peter the III of Russia, 614

Petrie, John lost, Indian prisoner, 357

Peyton, Lieutenant, escapes scalping, 504-505

Philadelphia, celebrates Louisbourg victory, 403

Phillips, Lieutenant of Rogers' Rangers, 360

massacred, 362

Piankishaws, 77

Pichon, Thomas, British spy, 179 and n.

Pickawillany, Miami Indian town, 57

destroyed by French, 78-79

Piquet, Abbé, French missionary, 49, 58, 71, 336, 624

his appearance and character, 65

his success as missionary to Indians, 66-72, 134

schemes to drive English from Ohio, 68, 70

plants cross in Oswego ruins, 290

joins Indian attack on British, 512

Pitt, William, 29, 430

his fierce patriotism, 31, 138, 324, 382

made Secretary of State, 381

his character and abilities, 381-382, 384

turns efforts towards America, 385-387

recalls General Loudon, 385

asks and gets men from Colonies, 408

names Wolfe commander of Quebec expedition, 477

disliked by George III, 609-610

breaks off peace conference with French, 611-612

proposes to attack Spain, 612

opposed and resigns, 613

denounces treaty of Paris, 619

Pitt, Fort, 457

Pittsburg, new name for Fort Duquesne, 457

Pococke, Admiral Sir George, takes Havana, 615-616

Pomeroy, Rev. Benjamin, watches army leave for Niagara, 508

Pomeroy, Daniel, with Crown Point expedition, 210, 219

Pomeroy, Seth, comments on Crown Point march, 213

Pompadour, Mme. de, 25, 35, 139, 610

her hatred of Frederic the Great, 251-252

her power in France, 382-383

Pontiac, Indian Chief, 157, 164

Pontleroy, French engineer, 418

Pontbriand, Bishop at Quebec, 526

administers last rites to Montcalm, 555

Portneuf, French officer, 69

Portneuf, Cure, killed and scalped, 524

Post, Frederic, Moravian envoy to Indians, 447-451

dangers of his mission, 448-449

his success, 451

Pottawattamie Indians, 107, 157, 305, 335

Pouchout, Captain, Commandant at Niagara, 360, 421

besieged by British, 512

reinforcements fail him, 513-514

surrenders, 515

made commandant of Fort Levis, 595

surrenders to Amherst, 595

Poulariez, Lieutenant-Colonel, 551, 553

Pownall, Massachusetts Governor (1758), 408-409

Preble, Major Jedediah, 200

Présentation, la, French mission, 65-66, 69, 72n.

(_See also_ Piquet, Abbé)

Prévost, Intendant at Louisbourg, 90-91

Prideaux, British Brigadier, sent to take Niagara, 507

begins siege, 511

killed in action, 513

Pringle, Captain, British volunteer with Rogers' Rangers, 360-361

lost in forest, 362-363

saved from Indians by French officers, 363

Prussia (_See_ Frederick the Great)

Puritanism in New England, 42

Putnam, Israel, 210

his expert scouting praised, 299

at Ticonderoga, 416

captured by Indians, 433

his tortures, 434-435

rescued by Marin, 435

prisoner in Montreal, 436

exchanged, 436

Puysieux, Marquis de, 35

Pynchon, Dr., 220

Q

Quakers, characteristics of, 239

cause of military paralysis, 240-248

their quarrel with Presbyterians, 239

attitude toward Indians, 239

influence in Pennsylvania, 240-248

oppose defense of borders against Indians, 295

Quebec, (_See also_ Montcalm _and_ Vaudreuil)

Montcalm's praise of, 316

suspense over threat to, 324

Montcalm prefers to Montreal, 358, 360

Quebec, Siege of, 481-505, 523-548

threatened with attack, 468, 482

Montcalm and Vaudreuil arrive, 483

troops and Indians pour in, 483

patriotism of its people, 484

English fleet starts up the St. Lawrence, 486

nature of the countryside, 488-489

city's strength as natural fortress, 489

British army lands below, 489

fire ships fail to harm British, 491-492, 501

steady bombardment of, 494-498, 526

British treatment of prisoners, 498-501

French victory at Montmorenci, 523

sickness in Wolfe's army, 526

short rations of French, 526

Wolfe plans new attack, 531-532

heights of Abraham scaled, 540-542

British army forms on plains of Abraham, 543

French forces attack, 544

defeat and rout of French, 546-549

death of Wolfe, 546

death of Montcalm, 547, 555

French and British losses, 547n., 548, 552, 637-638

Quebec, fall of, 549-567

Vaudreuil's behavior after defeat, 550-551, 553, 558

army flees the city, 554

New France ends with, 556

Vaudreuil's responsibility for, 559

garrison refuses to fight, 559

city surrenders, 559

ruin and chaos from bombardment, 567-568

Quebec, under British rule, 571-588

troops suffer from cold and sickness, 571-572, 575

rumors of French attack, 573-574

French try to retake, 580-586

British ships arrive and French retire, 587

R

Ramesay, Chevalier de, commandant at Quebec, 485

refuses Montcalm artillery, 544

left without supplies after battle, 556

forced to surrender, 559

Raymond, Comte de, 57, 77

harasses British in Acadia, 89

Raymal, Abbé, 189

Rea, Dr. Caleb, 429, 430

Repentigny, Lieutenant, 495-496, 589

Rhode Island, votes to fight French, 207

Richelieu, Cardinal, 34

Richelieu, Duc de, 384

Rigaud (brother of Vaudreuil), 317, 319, 320, 329, 410

commands William Henry attack, 311-313

attack fails, 313

Robinson, John, his Story of Wolfe, 539

Robinson, Sir Thomas, Secretary to Duke of Newcastle, 138

William Pitt's opinion of, 138-139

gives Braddock secret orders, 141

authorizes attack on Beauséjour, 177-178

Roche, Lieutenant, British volunteer with Rogers Rangers, 360-361

lost in forest, 362-363

saved from Indians by French officers, 363

Rochbeau court, 589

Rodney, British Admiral, takes Martinique, 615

Rogers, Lieutenant Richard, 301

Rogers, Major Robert, Commander of Rogers Rangers, 274, 300

his raids into Canada, 301-302

reconnoitres Ticonderoga, 303-304

raids outskirts of fort, 307-309, 360

his group cut to pieces, 361-362

his report of fight, 363n.-364

activities in Ticonderoga Campaign, 412-415

ambushed near Fort Edward, 433-434

sent to destroy Abenaki town, 517

instructed to spare women and children, 519

takes and burns town, 520

miseries of return trip, 520-521

at Quebec siege, 524

Rollo, Lord, 591

Roma, French officer, comments on British rule in Acadia, 85-86

Roquemaure, 215, 593, 594

Roubaud, French missionary, 331ff.

goes over to the English, 566n.

Rouillé, De, French Colonial Minister, 91n.

Rous, British Navy Captain, 97

convoys troops to Nova Scotia, 182

watches attacks on Beauséjour, 183

occupies Beauséjour, 185

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 35

Russia, 36

Ryswick, treaty of, 52

S

St.-Florentin, Comte de, 35

Saint-Julien, Lieutenant-Colonel, 392

St. Paul, sacked and burned by British, 524

Saint-Pierre, Legardeur de,

French Commander of Ohio expedition, 107, 108, 110, 214

killed, 218

Sainte-Foy, battle of, 580-588

French and British losses, 583

near disaster for British, 584

strength of both forces, 642-643

Saunders, Admiral of Wolfe's Quebec fleet, 477, 478, 528

his feint to deceive Montcalm, 537

takes Wolfe's remains to England, 560

Saxe, Marshal of France, 32

comment on Mirepoix, 139

death of, 139

Saxony, joins league against Prussia, 251

Scarroyaddy, Indian Chief, 154

Schuyler, Colonel, prisoner in Montreal, 435

Schuyler, Mrs. of Albany, 413

her affection for Lord Howe, 413

her grief at his death, 417

Scotch regiments, 414, 424, 452ff.

Scott, Lieutenant Colonel George, 181, 183

Séjur, Comte de, 36

Seneca Indians, 53, 134

Senezerques, French Brigadier, 552

Seven Years War in Europe, 25

effect on world history, 26

Sewell, Colonel Matthew, 222

Sharpe, Maryland Governor, 146

Shawanoe Indians, 50, 55-56, 60, 62, 107, 157, 234, 275, 276

Shepherd, Captain, 303

Shirley, Captain John, son of Governor William Shirley, 230-232

death of, 23 In.

Shirley, William, son of Governor William Shirley, Secretary to

Braddock, 144, 146

his opinion of Braddock, 144, 153

his comments on Robert Orme, 153

killed in ambush, 164

Shirley, William, Massachusetts Governor, 241ff.

at Versailles Conference, 102

asked to help Virginia against French, 114

gets grant for expedition, 132

attends Braddocks' Conference, 146

his marriage in Paris, 147

advocates taxation of colonies, 148

takes command after Braddock's death, 173

orders renewed attack on Fort Duquesne, 173

his plan for removal of Acadians, 175, 188

his plan to capture Beausejour, 177-178, 181-182

names William Johnson as commander of Crown Point expedition, 207

his Niagara Campaign, 228-234

his plans to master Lake Ontario, 269

superseded in command, 270

reasons for failure of his plans, 292-293

blamed by General Loudon for Oswego loss, 293

his defense, 294

recalled to England, 294

made Governor of Bahamas, 294

Sinclair, Sir John, opens road for Braddock, 161

wounded in ambush, 164

advises on route to Fort Duquesne, 440

his inefficiency, 443

his annoyance with Indians, 444

Smith, James, treatment as Indian captive, 158 and n.

sees ambush of Braddock, 165

sees prisoners burned to death, 166

Smith, William, his feat at Ticonderoga, 424

Spain, secret negotiations with Choiseul, 612

loses Havana, Manila, and the Philippines, 616

gets Cuba back and cedes Florida, 618

Speakman, Captain, 200

Spikeman, Captain of Rogers Rangers, 307

killed, 308

Stanwix, General, builds Fort Pitt, 457

goes to reinforce Pittsburg, 507

Stark, Lieutenant John, 210, 301, 307-308, 310, 313, 415

Stephen, Adam, reports on Great Meadows, 125n.

Stephen, Lieutenant-Colonel, 444, 521

Stevens, his escape from Quebec, 534

Stewart, Captain, with Braddock, 164

Stobo, Major Robert, hostage to French at Fort Necessity, 125

his letters, 157n.

his escape from Quebec, 534

Stuarts, the, defeat at Culloden, 29

Sweden, joins league against Prussia, 251

T

Teedyuscung, Delaware Chief, 447

Titcomb, Moses, 210

killed, 220

Toronto, early days of, 69

Ticonderoga, Fort, 408-427

defenses strengthened, 263

description of first fort, 266

center for French-Indian raiding parties, 298, 300

troops withdrawn, 305

Montcalm's forces at, 329-335

provisioning problems, 331

British forces gather for attack, 410

British advance, 413-416

difficulties of the advance, 415-417

Lord Howe's death, 416-417

French defense and victory, 418-426

French and British losses, 425

Colonial report on defeat, 428-429

finally falls to Amherst, 510

French accounts of battle, 634-635

Townshend, Captain, fails in attempt to halt German Flats Massacre,

357

killed at Ticonderoga, 509

Townshend, Charles, Secretary of War (1761), 610

Townshend, George Brigadier with Wolfe, 478, 527, 532, 542

commands after Wolfe's death, 552

Quebec surrenders to him, 559

Trent, William, English trader, 52, 112, 115

reports on Indian massacres, 243

Trepezec, French officer, 415ff.

Turner, Lieutenant of Rogers Rangers, 520

Turnois, Father, 66

U

Ursulines, hospital of, 569-570

Utrecht, treaty of, 52, 75, 157

gives Acadia to England, 82, 84, 102

V

Valtry, M. de, 72

Vanbraam, Captain, French interpreter, 109

negotiates surrender of Fort Necessity, 125

kept as hostage, 125

Vannes, French officer at Beauséjour, 183, 184

Varin, Naval Commissary in Canada, 367

his frauds, 367

jailed and tried, 373

Vaudreuil, Marquis de, appointed Governor of Canada

in 1754, 140, 298, 323, 525 557, 561

sends Dieskau to defend Crown Point, 209

meets Montcalm, 258-259

strengthens posts on Lake Ontario, 265

Montcalm's opinion of, 265-266

sends Indians to Ticonderoga, 305

exaggerates British losses, 309, 310n., 358n.

resents and disparages Montcalm, 318, 320-321, 355 460-470, 561-563

takes credit for all success, 318-319, 356

dislike of French Regulars, 319-320, 322-323

character traits of, 322

encourages Indian massacres, 355-356, 358, 525

intrigues to replace Montcalm, 359, 461

fails to save Ticonderoga, 410

his boasts and exaggerations, 445-446, 464, 482, 483, 532-533

Montcalm placed over him, 462

his defense of Quebec, 481-505

his blunders and indecision, 526, 544, 551-553, 556

responsibility for loss of Quebec, 559

blames Ramesay for surrender, 561

corruption of his government (_See also_ Bigot) 373-374, 562,

563

retires to Montreal, 576

prepares Montreal defense, 589-590, 593

forced to surrender, 597-598

rebuked by Louis XV, 599

sails for France, 604

jailed and tried for fraud, 605

Vaudreuil, Rigaudde, (_See_ Rigaud)

Vauquelin, bravery of, 395

captured by British, 586

Verchires, M. de, 72

Vergor, Duchambon de, Commandant of Beauséjour, 177

his appearance and character, 178-179

Le Loutre and, 179

besieged by British, 182-184

surrenders the fort, 185

his trial for cowardice and acquittal, 186, 535

guards heights of Abraham, 533, 535

captured by Wolfe's men, 540

Vicars, Captain John, 279-280

Villeray, Commandant at Fort Gaspereau, surrenders to British, 186

tried for cowardice, 186

Villiers, Coulon de, French officer, 121-122

marches on Fort Necessity, 123ff.

defeats Washington's forces, 125-127

marches on Oswego and repulsed, 277

taken prisoner, 515

Virginia in 1750's, 43-44

refuses funds for Ohio Valley defense, 112

social life in Williamsburg, 128-129

votes funds after Fort Necessity defeat, 129-130

Indian massacres in, 235 238-239, 267

fear of slave uprisings, 236

Vitré, Denis de, forced to pilot British fleet, 486

Voltaire, 25, 35

letter from Frederick the Great, 607

W

Waggoner, Captain, 163, 236

Walpole, Horace, 29

opinion of Edward Cornwallis, 83

of Braddock, 144-148

of Duke of Newcastle, 137-138

comments on George Townshend, 478

on Wolfe and Quebec victory, 564-565

on French siege of Quebec, 587

on death of George II, 609

on Pitt, 619

Ward, Ensign, surrenders to French, 115

Warde, George, Wolfe's boyhood friend, 476

Washington, George, 25, 58, 106-127, 167

as envoy to French at Fort le Boeuf, 108-111

adventure at Murdering Town, 110-111

defeats French detachment, 116-118

his character at 22 years, 119, 126n., 237-238

defense of Fort Necessity, 120-125

defeat at Fort Necessity, 126-127, 627-628

named Braddock's Aide-de-Camp, 153

describes Braddock's march 159-160

his courage at ambush, 164

describes ambush, 170-171

commands Virginia troops guarding border, 235-237

his difficulties with Governor Dinwiddie, 439

urges capture of Fort Duquesne, 439-440

criticized by Forbes, 441, 443

Waterbury, provincial officer, 299

Webb, Colonel Daniel, 270, 280

sent to relieve Oswego, 284

arrives too late, 290

at Fort Edward, 341, 354

fails to support Fort William Henry, 342-346

his explanation, 343n.

his report to Loudon, 632

Wedell, General, defeat by Russians, 606

Weld, Chaplain, 284 and n.

Weiser, Conrad, Indian interpreter, 67, 71, 126, 246

Wesley, John, 29

West, Captain Benjamin, finds bones of Braddock's men, 457

Whiting, Lieutenant-Colonel, ambushed, 218

Whitmore, brigadier, in Louisbourg expedition, 385, 391-393

becomes Governor after its fall, 403

Whitworth, Dr. Miles, in Acadia, 197

at Fort William Henry Massacre, 350

his report on massacre, 633-634

William Henry, Fort, established, 226

first attack on fort fails, 310-313

threatened by new attack, 329

under siege, 339-347

description of fort, 341

Monro's brave defense of, 343-347

its surrender to Montcalm, 347

Indians break pledge to Montcalm, 348

massacre and atrocities at, 348-352, 353n.

survivors reach Fort Edward, 351-352

fort burned, 352

camp life and health in, 429-432

William of Orange, 29

William III of England, 29

Williams, Ephraim, 210

comments on Crown Point army, 211-212

killed at Lake George, 218

Williams, Stephen, Chaplain with Crown Point expedition, 210, 213

Williams, Thomas, surgeon at Crown Point, 210, 212

at Lake George battle, 219-220

his anxiety for Oswego, 284

report on fall of Oswego, 285

Williams, Colonel William, comment on Oswego loss, 285

his letters on Ticonderoga defeat, 428

his reports of illness at Fort William Henry, 431-432

Williamsburg, Virginia, social life in (1754), 128-129

Winnebago Indians, 335

Winslow, John, 132

raises Massachusetts regiment, 181

leads Colonials at Beauséjour, 183 and n.

oversees removal of Acadians, 194-204

his appearance and character, 198

his treatment of Acadians, 199-203

named Commander of Ticonderoga Campaign, 269-270

prepares attack on Ticonderoga, 273-274

confers with General Loudon, 281

at Lake George, 294-295

his praise of Israel Putnam, 299

comments on Crown Point failure, 305

Massachusetts shares cost of his expeditions, 408

Wolfe, Major-General Edward, father of James, 473, 475

Wolfe, Major General James, 83

named head of Louisbourg expedition, 385

his ill health, 391, 406, 475, 527, 529, 534

lands at Louisbourg, 391-393

his siege of Louisbourg, 394 ff.

letters to his family, 405-406, 474-478, 529

his desire to attack Quebec, 405

ordered to destroy French settlements, 406

returns to England, 406

comments on Abercomby, 411

praise of Lord Howe, 412

his appearance and character, 471 ff., 534

his childhood and youth, 473

his early military service, 473-474

named commander of Quebec expedition, 477

lands with British army, 489

difficulties of siege, 489-490, 492

driven back at Montmorenci, 504, 523

retaliates for French barbarities, 524-525

sickness in his troops, 526

his last dispatch to Pitt, 529-530

losses among his men, 531

plans new attack, 531-532

his last general orders, 536

his prestiment of death, 538

his plan of attack, 539

heights taken, 540-541

army forms on plains of Abraham, 542

battle for Quebec, 544-545

his last words after mortal wound, 546

his body returned to England, 560

reports on his siege of Quebec, 638-640

Wolfe, Major Water, Uncle of James, 476

James's letters to, 476, 477, 478

Wooster, Colonel David, at Fort Edward, 274

Wraxall, William Johnson's Secretary, 216n., 226

Wyandot Indians, 59

Z

Zingendorf, Count, 59 and n.