CHAPTER XIV.

THE MISSIONS: ROMAN CATHOLIC AND PROTESTANT.

Arrival of the Roman Catholic Mission in Labuan--Signor

Cuarteron its head--Curious reports--His real history--Finding

the Treasure--Turns Priest--Ostensible object of the

Mission--Not attempted--Ease with which Captives could

escape--No Inclination to do so--Turned Mahomedans--Return of

Signor Cuarteron--Courtesy of the Brunei Government--Intentions

of the Italian Priest--Model Village--The Italian Priests--The

Churches--Old Battery--Regret at the withdrawal of the Roman

Catholic Mission--Protestant Mission at Sarawak--Present

Condition--Comparative Failure--Partial Success at Lingga

and Lundu--Mr. Chalmers and the Land Dayaks--Causes of his

Influence--Mistake in establishing the Mission at Kuching--The

Reasons--Objectionable Position for Schools--Proper Position

for the Mission--Suitable spots--Waste of Funds in Boats and

Plantations--Deplorable Secession of Missionaries--Reasons

to account for it--Present Management faulty--Mr. Gomez in

Lundu--Christian Dayaks warn the Government--Missionaries

always welcome in Sarawak--Important political effect--The

Church should be among the Dayaks--Suitable Men for

Missionaries--What the Head of a Mission should be--What he

too often is, and should not be--Five Recommendations to

increase Efficiency--Unoccupied Room for a great Increase of the

Number of Missionaries--Method of distributing them--Personal

Character--Dayaks an interesting Race--A Tribe half Mahomedans

half Pagans--Use of eating Pork--Districts unoccupied--Position

of the Missionary in Sarawak--The Bornean Mission an important

one.

I will first notice the Roman Catholic, as it has proved of the least

importance; and perhaps I shall best explain its complete failure by

giving an account of its chief.

In the spring of the year 1857, a Roman Catholic mission arrived at

our colony of Labuan. Its principal, Signor Cuarteron, a Spaniard,

soon became an object of interest, from the various reports that

were spread respecting his previous life, and from its becoming

generally known that he was the possessor of great wealth acquired by

extraordinary means. Strange stories were soon afloat, which would have

done more credit to his adventurous spirit than to his honesty: it was

asserted--and with truth--that the Manilla government had once set a

price upon his head; and absurd whispers were abroad that he had been

concerned in the slave-trade, and in buccaneering pursuits.

I have often heard him tell his own story, and it is a curious one.

He had noticed a ship loading treasure in Hongkong harbour, and

accidentally heard afterwards that a wreck had been seen on a certain

shoal in the China seas which answered the description of the treasure

ship: he went there and recovered a large amount of silver. He took

it to Hongkong, and ultimately, there being no claimants, received

the whole. Some of his enemies in Manilla took offence at his not

bringing it to his own port, and accused him of having committed

acts of piracy during the time he was engaged trading in the isles

farther east. He heard of this charge while cruising in the Sulu seas,

passing the necessary time before the treasure would be adjudged to

him. Distrusting colonial justice, and to avoid pursuit, he burnt his

vessel and escaped in a native boat. After some months all charges were

withdrawn, and he returned to Europe, and presenting himself before

the Pope, explained his desire to found and manage a mission in Borneo.

He was permitted to do so, and remained in Rome some years, in order to

study, and after visiting Spain and Manilla, at last reached Labuan,

with four Italian priests, two destined for the Bornean mission. I need

not comment on the singularity of some parts of this history.

He placed one of the priests at Brunei, the other at Labuan, while

he himself commanded a station at Gaya Bay. His principal object in

establishing the mission was, he said, to recover from slavery those

poor Christian brethren who, having been captured by pirates, had been

sold on the north-west coast of Borneo. They are there doubtless, but

he never appears to have made a sensible effort to free them. There

are three hundred in Brunei, all of whom could have been obtained

at 7_l._ a head, but I never heard of his paying but for one

old woman. He used to threaten the Brunei authorities with Spanish

steamers, but I imagine his own Government was too well aware of the

real state of the case to listen to him. Nine-tenths of the Manilla

captives could be free if they chose, as they might easily escape to

our colony of Labuan, but the fact is, they have intermarried with the

inhabitants and turned Mahomedans, and, therefore, will not leave the

country, except under compulsion.

Signor Cuarteron entrusted a large amount of his funds to the Papal

Government, as a permanent support for his mission, but they have been

applied to the pressing secular needs of the Pope; and, on my return

to Borneo, last year, I found the Italian priests had left, and nothing

of the mission remained but closed churches and Signor Cuarteron, and

that the funds he had retained in his own hand were being rapidly

dissipated by his own unsuccessful commercial pursuits. I believe he

has since returned to Manilla; so that practically the mission has

closed. This I think a very fortunate circumstance, as Signor Cuarteron

was totally unfit to conduct so important an undertaking, and his

constant intriguing and mixing in political affairs were productive of

serious mischief.

I may add that the courtesy shown by the authorities of Brunei

was exemplary; they submitted patiently to language to which they

were totally unaccustomed, and put no obstacles in the way of the

missionaries. The sultan made them a present of a piece of ground

on which they built a church, and said they might have as much land

as their converts could cultivate. Signor Ripa, the Italian priest

who had charge of this mission, intended to have made it the nucleus

round which those among the Manilla men who desired to rejoin the

Church, might congregate, and his object was to afford them sufficient

assistance to enable them to make gardens round the church, and support

themselves by their agricultural operations. As he was himself well

acquainted with agriculture, being the son of a landed proprietor

living near Lecco, he hoped in time to establish a sort of model

village, and a superior kind of cultivation.

All the Italian priests who came with this mission were from Milan,

and had an interesting story to tell, as they had all been engaged

in the effort to throw off the yoke of Austria in 1848. Two had

carried muskets, and two had attended to the wounded on the field. The

eldest, Signor Reyna, appeared to me to be one of those remarkable men

occasionally found among the missionaries of the Romish Church, of the

most pleasing manners, winning address, and acute mind, and yet he

was sent with four companions to New Guinea, where three of them were

killed and eaten by the inhabitants, while he escaped in shattered

health to die shortly afterwards.

The church in Brunei was built on a remarkable headland called

Brambañgan, where formerly was erected a battery to play upon the boats

of Sir Thomas Cochrane’s squadron, and where even now may be seen the

iron guns thrown down the bank by the marines and blue jackets, but

rendered useless by having their trunnions knocked off. The church

looks well amid the pretty hills that rise around it. At Labuan a

church was also commenced, but I believe never quite finished; and at

Gaya Bay, the chapel when I saw it consisted of a little leaf house,

which would not last a couple of years. No difficulty appears to have

been thrown in the way of the mission, even in these distant stations;

in fact, the people believing that all Europeans are under the

protection of England would never think of injuring them.

In many respects it is to be regretted that the Roman Catholic mission

was not more fortunate in its head, and that the funds should have

failed, as though we must all be anxious to extend the influence of

the English Church throughout the world, yet it is better the natives

should be Roman Catholics than remain in their present low state of

civilization. Nothing but Christianity can alter the real condition

of the people, as that only will turn their minds in a new direction

and free them from practices and habits which keep the country poor

and undeveloped. Some enterprising missionaries who would abandon all

regular communication with the world, and establish themselves in the

upper Trusan, among the Adangs, far from all Mahomedan influence, and

beyond the reach of the Malay government, might have even a greater

effect than those Roman Catholic missionaries had, whom Dr. Barton

mentions having met in the far interior of the Yang-tse-kiang, during

that enterprising expedition under Colonel Sarel.

I will now make a few remarks on the Protestant Mission, which left

England in 1847, to establish itself in Sarawak. I think the object

so very important, even regarded solely from a political point of

view, that I shall not hesitate freely to explain what I think the

causes of its comparative failure. Its condition, when I left Borneo

in September, 1861, was this: Mr. Koch, and a schoolmaster, Mr. Owen,

superintended the head mission at Kuching; Mr. Chambers was at his

station at Lingga, and Mr. Gomez at Lundu, both Sea Dayak tribes; while

Mr. Chalmers was at Quop, but had given notice of his intention to quit

the country at the end of the year, and now he has left.

Mr. Chambers and Mr. Gomez, though their actually baptized converts are

not numerous, have done great good at their respective stations. It

is not generally a just course to reckon results by the number of

converts in a tribe, as the majority may be almost prepared to join the

church, though kept back from a variety of motives. And this I believe

to be practically the case at both these stations, but especially at

Lundu.

[Illustration:

T. Picken, lith.

Published by Smith, Elder & C^o. 65, Cornhill, London.

Day & Son, Lith^{rs} to the Queen.

LUNDU CHURCH.]

The Borneo mission has been fortunate in securing these men, as they

appear thoroughly to act on what should be the guiding principle of a

missionary--that once he has entered on the profession, he should not

be turned to other paths, or forsake his work on account of personal

fears or petty annoyances. Of the numbers who have joined this mission

but four remain.

Mr. Chalmers is the only one who has attempted the task of converting

the Land Dayaks, and also the only one who ever made the slightest

progress in their language. He was beginning to have a great influence

over the Quop Dayaks, even inducing the girls to attend his school, and

in a short time, I believe, would have brought to baptism the whole of

this section of the Santah Dayaks. I hear they sincerely regret his

departure; and well they may, as it will be difficult to find another

so suited to the work. He had an aptitude for learning languages, a

genuine kindliness of disposition, and with ability to have ultimately

influenced the whole Land Dayaks through his converts at the Quop.

His influence partly arose from his determination not only to live

among them, but to speak to them in their own language. Most of our

intercourse with these people is carried on in the manner in which a

Frenchman would speak to a Spaniard through the means of imperfect

English. It is impossible properly to explain religion through such a

channel. Some of the Dayaks, but comparatively few, speak Malay well.

I am afraid a summary of results will show that little has been yet

done towards christianizing the Dayaks of the Sarawak districts, and

this failure has, I believe, arisen from many causes: among others,

from the position of the head mission, and from a mistaken view of the

way in which it should be conducted.

I am not aware of the exact amount granted to the Borneo mission,

but it appears to a looker-on that the greater portion is expended

in keeping up the staff and disbursements for the head mission at

Kuching, which does not, in fact, much influence the missionary work.

Kuching is a town almost exclusively composed of Mahomedan Malays and

Buddhist Chinese; and the only effect of establishing the mission

among the former is to have rendered them more zealous Mahomedans.

Before the arrival of the clergy, the mosque was nearly deserted, now

it is crowded. The same effect followed the arrival of the Catholic

priests at Brunei. It may be better for men to be earnest in a mistaken

religion than lukewarm; but to arouse their zeal will not assist our

efforts to spread Christianity.

The Chinese are almost impassible to the missionaries’ doctrines, and

always must be so, while their teaching is through interpreters, or the

medium of a foreign language.

The pretty church, the expensive and uncomfortable mission-house, the

schools, are all interesting objects at Kuching, but they do not

further the work among the aborigines.

There is another great objection to the present position of the

schools: it is too close to the trading town, and the children are

consequently exposed to every temptation; in fact, the girls’ school

was entirely ruined; and the boys must be injured by the constant

contact with the vicious among their countrymen. Since I left last

year, the Government have established a girls’ school in a situation

that promises greater success.

The proper position for a mission undertaken to christianize the Land

Dayaks should be among them, not twenty miles from the nearest tribe.

If the head mission had been established at San Pro, on the left-hand

branch of the Sarawak--and what lovelier position could be desired?--or

about Siniawan, on the right-hand branch, I believe I should have had

very different results to record.

It would not have been a popular recommendation to banish the bishop

of Labuan and his staff from the charming society that was always to

be found at Kuching to what would have been called the wilds of the

interior; but they would not have been in so isolated a position as the

Government officers who live in the out-stations, San Pro being within

four hours’ pull of the capital.

At Kuching, a chaplain is required to perform the services of our

Church for the Europeans resident there, but this clergyman should be

paid from some special fund by Government, or by the inhabitants, and

not from the allowance to the Bornean mission.

I have mentioned that there are at present three stations besides

Kuching where missionaries are established. The first is Lingga, which

requires a coasting voyage of thirty miles; the second, Lundu, which in

rough weather may be reached by inland water passages; and the third is

the Quop, a branch of the Sarawak.

None of these stations necessitates the expensive modes of

communication adopted: there was, first, a life-boat, which proved

useless; then the “Sarawak Cross” was bought and fitted up at an

expense of 1,200l., to be sold for a third of its cost; and now I hear

another life-boat is to be purchased. The last kind is neither so safe

for a shore voyage, nor so comfortable as a well fitted up native

prahu, which would cost less than 20_l._ All this appears to be a

great waste of the mission funds. It was necessary for Bishop Selwyn to

have a schooner in New Zealand, as he had many islands to visit; but

the Bornean Mission does not require it.

I have heard that several missionaries are on their way out. If these

be kept at Kuching, or sent to the very distant out-stations, they

will prove nearly useless, as in these positions there is no familiar

intercourse with the natives on account of a variety of circumstances.

Efforts should be concentrated, not scattered; and the best way of

influencing the Dayaks is to let the missionaries proceed to their

villages and learn their language. There are fifty thousand Land Dayaks

in Sarawak, Samarahan, and Sadong, who have not a missionary among

them, and any work undertaken there will yield good results.

I am not anxious to find fault with past mismanagement, but to

recommend to the bishop of Labuan and the Society for the Propagation

of the Gospel, the abandonment of a system which has proved a failure.

If I rightly understand the intention in establishing the mission, it

was to endeavour to spread Christianity among the Dayaks, and this has

not been as yet fairly attempted. I believe one of the reasons for the

deplorable secession of men who had acquired some knowledge of the

language and the people, was keeping them too much at Kuching. They

wanted to have a home of their own among the Dayaks, where a personal

interest could be created, where their work would be clear to them, and

where their efforts would produce results.

Ten missionaries out of fourteen have abandoned their duties in

Borneo, and it is most probable that few of them would have left had

a defined work been placed before them, and had they been told to

consider a certain tribe, or a certain group of tribes, as their own to

manage;--in fact, placing them in a similar position to a clergyman in

his parish in England.

I think this plan should be well weighed before it is rejected, as

in two instances it has been partially tried, and has in some degree

succeeded, as at Lundu and Lingga.

That the present management is decidedly faulty, may be gathered from

this, that of all the officers in the Sarawak government service

who have been employed there during the last fourteen years, I only

know of one who has abandoned his position, and that one under

peculiar circumstances; while, as I have said, five-sevenths of the

missionaries have left their posts, though their work is not harder,

certainly not nearly so dangerous as that of the officers, and is as

well paid.

I am quite sure that a missionary placed as Mr. Gomez is, among an

interesting people like the Sibuyaus of Lundu, would never think of

abandoning them, unless from being disheartened by ill-considered

and unnecessary interference. He has acquired a great influence

among them, and is personally liked by the whole tribe. I have heard

the Dayak Chief speak of him with the greatest respect, saying, “He

is to us as our father--he watches over us, and does everything to

produce unanimity among us.” It was one of the Lundu converted Dayaks

who in the year 1859 first gave notice to the Government that some

discontented, discarded Malay chiefs were hatching plots against the

Europeans.

At Lingga, also, one of Mr. Chambers’s Dayak friends sent the same

warning; and this leads me to the consideration of what a change it

would effect in Sarawak if the mass of the Dayaks were Christians. The

Sarawak government officers are fully alive to this, and the missionary

is heartily welcomed at every station, and every assistance and

encouragement given him that can be done without awakening the jealousy

of the Mahomedans. Care, of course, is necessary where a government

rules all religions, and depends for its principal support on the

Malays. If a few thousand Dayaks were Christians, they would become the

mainstay of the Europeans.

It has been partially forgotten that the Dayak will not generally

come and ask to be converted, particularly if it involves a journey

of twenty miles. The missionary must be with him always, understand

his ways and his language, feel an interest in his local affairs, and

assist him with his matured advice.

With regard to the missionaries themselves, they should not only be

earnest men, but have a practical acquaintance with the world, and this

knowledge cannot be better obtained than at Oxford, Cambridge, and

our other universities. Medical acquirements are also of singular use

to the missionary. The present bishop of Labuan possesses them to a

remarkable extent; and I, among the other Englishmen who have dwelt in

Sarawak, have to thank him for a patient and skilful attendance.

Perhaps no position is more difficult than that of the head of a

mission; it requires the greatest tact, the calmest temper, the most

complete government of tongue, a generous enthusiasm to warm the

enthusiasm of others, a knowledge in the management of men and things,

rarely found. I have heard that the bishops of New Zealand and Columbia

answer to my description. Too often men otherwise estimable, when they

are placed in authority, become overbearing, coarse in their manner

towards subordinates, hasty in temper, uncertain in arrangement,

and ungenerous to the foibles of their associates; and, if to these

unfortunate qualities be added a systematic disparagement of the

work done by others, unwarranted expressions about their neighbours,

and continued and unnecessary absence from their posts on trifling

pretexts, much injury must be done to the missions placed under their

care, and would account for the failure of many.

In thus publishing my own opinion of the mission, I am but giving

the result of the experience of a looker-on, who has no practical

acquaintance with the management or working of religious societies; but

as a disinterested observer, I have made some recommendations which

cannot at once be followed, though all may be in time.

First. The head mission should be placed among the Dayak tribes, and a

chaplain left at Kuching, as work, not society, should be the object

aimed at.

Second. The schools should be removed from the contaminating influence

of the town, and the left-hand branch of the river offers suitable

spots.

Third. The missionaries should be placed in responsible positions over

certain tribes, and with the same kind of authority as a clergyman in a

parish at home.

Fourth. The bishop should not interfere with the internal management of

the local mission and the local schools, more than is at present done

in England.

Fifth. The funds should not be dissipated in buying useless boats,

or in trying to keep up abortive plantations, on which already large

sums have been wasted. Enough has been lost to have built a church and

missionary house in every section of Sarawak.

If these recommendations be stringently carried out at the first

opportunity, there may be yet a bright future for the Sarawak Mission,

which is, without doubt, one of the most interesting in the world.

I would earnestly draw attention to the fact that there is unoccupied

room for missionaries in nearly all the rivers. Mr. Gomez does his duty

well at Lundu, but there are not perhaps more than a thousand Dayaks

there. Mr. Chambers at Lingga has probably seven thousand around him,

and requires assistance to enable him to influence the whole tribe.

There remain, therefore, nearly two hundred thousand Dayaks without

a teacher among them, and there would be work there for a hundred

missionaries. I am, however, convinced that spreading your strength

is comparative weakness. The ground should be gradually occupied; and

when one tribe had its teacher, it should not be considered enough to

influence all the surrounding ones; but as the missionaries arrived,

they should be sent to the very next tribe, and not away a hundred

miles. The teaching would then act and react: the Dayaks would take an

interest in comparing the ways and methods of their different pastors;

and once awaken an interest, half the work is done.

One missionary left among a large population is lost. I have heard it

said that occasional preaching in a tribe would do great good. I think

not. Influence in the East depends on the personal character; but even

defects may, and would be overlooked if the missionary showed a real

interest in the affairs of his people, and this can only be displayed

by one who has acquired his knowledge by continued and familiar

intercourse with the tribe.

I think those who have read my chapters on the Dayaks will not fail to

observe that they are an improvable race; that they do not possess any

superstitions or beliefs likely to offer great obstacles to Christian

teaching. If I have not created an interest in them, the fault is mine,

not theirs.

Another point is worthy of attention. In the districts lately ceded

to Sarawak, there is a curious population of Milanaus, half of them

Mahomedans, the other half Pagans. They live together in the same

villages, and probably their conversion is but skin-deep. At all

events, the rest have refused to join the Islamites, as pork would then

be forbidden. It is a great satisfaction to all the Dayaks, Kayans,

and unconverted Milanaus, that the English, the superior and governing

race, indulge in the flesh of the prohibited animal: they often talk of

it with pleasure.

Within the territory of Sarawak there are, as I have said, many

districts totally unoccupied--as Samarahan and Sadong, with its

population of Land Dayaks. And the branches of the great river Batang

Lupar, occupied by Sea Dayaks, are all free to new-comers, except

Lingga. The Seribas, the Kalaka, the Rejang, and the rivers flowing out

of the hundred and thirty miles of coast between the last and Bintulu,

are totally untouched by the missionaries.

What a field it offers to brave and earnest men! No officer who has

dwelt among these people has left them without regret: the desertion of

so many missionaries must be ascribed to defects of management rather

than to dislike of the country. In Sarawak missionaries possess this

great advantage, that they associate freely, and of course on terms

of the most perfect equality with all the officers of the government,

an advantage which I have heard said is not extended to them in India.

It is useful in many ways, as it shows the Dayaks that all the English

take a warm interest in their religious welfare; and the very fact that

many of the missionaries have accompanied the government officers on

their official tours has not been lost on these tribes.

I may repeat that I am not sufficiently acquainted with the practical

working of our great Religious Societies to know what action could be

taken on this question, but I am convinced it is an important one,

and that all missionaries who go to convert the Dayak, and spread

our religion in Borneo, will be heartily welcomed by the Sarawak

government.

APPENDICES.

APPENDIX A.

DAYAK LANGUAGES.

SAMBAS TO BATANG LUPAR.

In forwarding me the four vocabularies which I now insert, the

Rev. William Chalmers mentioned that the Lara people say they came

originally from the neighbourhood of Brunei, the capital.

NOTE.

“The Sarawak Land Dyak is in the dialect of the Sentah tribe. The ū

of this tribe is changed into “o” in the other tribes of the river

Sarawak. Sentah River is a tributary of the southern branch of the

Upper Sarawak.

“The Sadong Dayak is the dialect spoken by the tribes on the river

Kadup, a tributary of the Upper Sadong.

“The Lara is a tribe of Upper Sambas, part of which now resides on the

Upper Lundu.”

* * * * *

“ē = English a.

e = English e in m_e_t.

ū = French u.

ŭ = English u in c_u_b.

au = ow in n_ow_.

ai = English i.

ei = English ay in l_ay_.

ō = aw in l_aw_.

ch final = German ch.”

--------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+------------------

---- | SARAWAK. | SADONG. | LARA. | SIBUYAU.

--------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+------------------

Able | shaūn | inshaūn | kaän | bulih

Across (river) | kadipa | sisa | pahja | sebrang

Acquainted with | kŭnyet | ŭmpuon | nŭmparu | tau

Afraid | taru | teroun | buut | takut

Agree | bepaiyu | janggi | bepusun | berjanji

Alligator | buai | buoi | buro | gaiyaŭ

Ant | subi | subi | subē | semut

Angry | boji | deroch | baji | hing-at

Arise from sleep | bura | mungkat | kias | dani

Ataps, leaf mats | ilaŭ | iraŭ | aro | atap

Above | sombu | sombu | samo | atas

All | perūg | samoa | sŭman-man | samoa

Ask (beg) | mite | minta | mahi | minta

Ask (enquire) | sikyen | pŭsik | masikan | tanya

Bathe | mamuch | ngumon | mamu | mandi

Below | ribo, sogan | sigan | saroch | dibahōa

Before | diŭ | taiyŭ | uru | dulu

Behind | {di kŭnang | di kŭnang } | buntot | dudi

| {di sundich | di sundich } | |

Beads | tumbis | tumbis | tumi | marēk

Black | singŭt | bihis | sungut | chelum

Bird | manuk | manok | manuk | burong

Blood | dēya | dēya | daya | daha

Blind | kerak | bŭkap | buta | buta

Break (in two) | pŭtah | pŭtah | patah | patah

Breathe | ngashūng | ngashūng | misingat | sipuat

Burn | mupun | nyahu | nyahu, ninu | tunoh

Bad | arap | bēek | jahē | jai

Boy | anak kŭnya | anak kŭnya | kangot | anak biak

Bachelor | bujang | bujang | bujang | bujang

Brave | pogan | pogan | pagan | brani

Bridge | teboiyan | ŭnyan | titi | andaŭ

BODY (HUMAN) | pŭrūng, tibu | tibo | ungan | tuboh

Head | ubak | bak | abak | pala

Forehead | arū | dēich | kaning | dai

Cheeks | pŭnding | pŭmpi | koko | koyu

Eye | betuch | matuch | matu | mata

Eyebrow | buruch kŭning | buruch kŭning | burun rimin | bulu kanīang

Eyelash | buruch kirat | kilat matuch | burun matu | bulu mata

Nose | unugn | undung | dudugn | idong

Nostrils | rubang unugn | rubang undung | rubang dudugn | lubang idong

Mouth | boba | boba | boba | mulut

Teeth | jipuch | jipun | japu | gigi

Tongue | jura | jilē | rata | dila

Throat | gunggong | tegunggong | gangogn | batang hukōang

Ear | kojit | kŭping | rajak | pundīang

Chin | seraka | raäng | rang | dagu

Hair of head | ubōk | buruch | abōk | buak

Neck | tungō | kukō | jangok | hukōang

Side | tigang | tigahang | silet | husua

Shoulder | kowin | kowi | kaī | bauh

Breast | sudō | ishuk | sadō | dada

Back | punok | jaju | rutuk | blakang

Belly | tain | putong | putugn | pahut

Posterior | kŭnang | pŭmpi kŭnang | rabat | buhīat

Loins | kupong | kupong | apagn | punggōang

Arm--shoulder | pupung | pumpong | barangu | buah langan

to elbow | | | |

Do.--elbow to | birēng | brungō | baregn | langan

wrist | | | |

Elbow | sukuch | sikuch | siku | siku

Hand | tŭngan | tŭngan | baregn | jahi

Fingers | trinyu | buah tŭngan | trinyo | tunjōi

Nails | siruch | siruch | siru | kuku

Wrist | brungō | ŭng-gŭm | ladak | angg-am

Thumb | sindu tŭngan | indu tŭngan | indu baregn | tunjōa indu

Thigh | pūūch | pūūch | pa | pa

Calf | bitēs | bitēs | batis | betis

Foot | kŭja | kŭja | kŭja | kaki

Ancle | buku siōk | tulang kelali | matu dudegn | buku alē

Knee | bak karŭb | bak tuod | tukugn | pala patōang

Heel | tiga | peniga | tigak | tumit

Palm | pura tŭngan | pŭpach tŭngan | parapa baregn | tapa jahi

Lips | bibich | bibich | bibich | mulut

Flesh | ishin | isi | inshin | isi

Bones | turang | tulang | turang | tulang

Navel | pŭshid | pŭshid | pusat | pusat

Knuckle | buku tŭngan | bukuck tŭngan | raka | buku tunjōa

Sole | pura kuja | pupach kuja | parapa kuja | tapa kaki

Skin | kurit | kulit | kurit | kulit

BEASTS:-- | | | |

Deer (rusa) | paiyu | paiyu | anyung | rusa

Monkey (kra) | oyung | kara | kara | kara

Dog | kŭshōng | kosho | kashu | asu

Cat | bushing | sengau | uching | maiau

Pig, domestic | aiyō | pongan | uwē | babi humah

Pig, jungle | pongan | laba | lauk | babi kampong

Rat | babu | babu, jupor | tikus | tikus

Cough (to) | mokūd | mungkud | mukut | batōak

Come | menūg | monūg | utung | datei

Cold | mŭdud | bŭbi, madud | sangu | chilap

Cry out | nai kiak | siak | ngampak | nyawa

Cry (weep) | sien | nŭngis | munse | nyabak

Cook | tanuk | nŭnuk | nanuk | nyumai

Companion | dingān | dingan | agē | pangan

Commit adultery | tŭngach | nyowang | bebaiyu | bambai

Covet | lipōng | kilek | murun | dika

Cut | kapūg | kapūg | mŭmagn | putus

Come out | ruach | luach | mungkas | pansut

DRESS:-- | | | |

Jacket | jipō | bojuch | jūpo | baju

Head-dress | bung ubōk burang| tundō | bung abak | labōang

Petticoat | jomuch | jomuch | jamu | kaiin

Trowsers | sinyang | saluar | salauar | tanchúat

“Chawat” | tāup | tahup | patung | sihat

“Tambok” | juach | juach | jua | jua

Do., small, | tambōk | tungking | tokeng | tambōak

worn on the | | | |

side | | | |

Pinang knife | sinda | sinda | sunda | lungga

Sheath of Pinang | randung |landong | sario | bandōang

knife | | | |

Parang | bukō tŭkin | bukō | bai | isau

Sheath of do. | sibōng | sibōng | dohong | tangkin

Day | ŭnu | onu | ano | ahi

Dance | berejang | belangi | nari | ngigal

Drink | nōk | nyūhūp | man pain | nyihup ai

Dumb | bawa, baku | kaku | awa | bisu

Deaf | bongam | tebodung | būngal | mandap

Destroy | rusak | rusak | rusak | husak

Divide | kutung | bedodŭg | punugn | daman

Doctor, to (bilian) | būrich, nguri | ... | ... | bilian

Doctor, a (male) | dayah beruri | ... | ... | manang

Do. (female) | bŭrich | dayung pancha,| bari | ...

| | bŭrich | |

Door | tiban | jigan | pintu | pintu

Dead | kŭbūs | kŭbūs | kabia | mati

Diligent | gŭgach | rijung | gŭgah | hajin

Enough | raput, sedang | luput | chukup | umbas

Eat | man | maän | uman | makai

Egg | turoch | ŭntulo | tura | telo

Enter | murūt | murūt | maru | masōk

Enemy | pūngănyu | pŭngaiyu | pengaiyu | munsoh

Fire | opui | opui | api | api

Forbidden (tabooed) | pūrich | pŭrich | pari | mali

Fish | ikyen | ikan | ikan | lawak

Fly (a) | tura | tura | nyamok | lalat

Fly (to) | mukābur | ŭnchaling, | mibir | terbang

| | [mobur | |

Fat | gŭmu | ... | manu | gumu

Fowl | siōk, siap | siōk, siap | siap | manok

Fall (“jatoh”) | rŭbu | rŭbu | mana | labōa

Forget | kambut | ngkomut | karimut | lupa

Father | sama | ŭmang | sama | apai

Firefly | bŭkarūp | ŭngkarup | kalamiu | chutlut

FRUIT:-- | | | |

Durian | dēan | dihŭn | dihan | hian

Plantain | borak | pisang | barak | pisang

Mangustin | sikuk | gunau | sikuk | langaiīn

Langsat | lishēt | lashat | sarikan | langsat

Go | ŭdi | oji | ana | jalei

Go up | maäd | nyumak | maka | niki

Go down | mun | muhun | disa | nuhun

Girl | anak dayung | anak dayung | angot | anak biak indu

Grown up (as | jukut | jukut | abut | sikut

brushwood, selut) | | | |

Get | dapūd | dapud | daput | tŭmu

Gape (yawn) | kuab | ngkuhab | chabun | nguap

Good | rŭmus | paguch | lŭmus | badas

God | Tŭpa | Tŭmpa | Penita | Batara

Give | nyen, jugan | jugon | mangkan | bahi

Glad | raän, awang | kira, awang | rēpo | dika-hati

Gold | berowan | berowan amas | berawan | mas

HOUSE:--Outside | rŭmin | rŭmin | rŭmin | humah

platform | tŭnyu | tonyu | bŭntahan | tanyu

Common room | awach | awach | sambi | ruei

Private room | arūn | rŭmin | ohang | lawang

Garret | rŭnga | rŭnga | rŭnga | sadau

High | omu | sŭmu | nyŭmu | tinggi

Hill | derūd | darūd | munggu | bukit

Hide | chukān | nyukān | nukan | lalei

Hungry | seburūk | seburūk | seburuk | lapah

Hear | dinga | ngŭping | danga | dingah

Husband | bonūch | bonūch | banun | laki

Hot (“panas”) | sura | nyowa, shiru | jera | panas

Hot (“angat”) | paras | paras | paras | angat

Is | ŭgi | aduch | uni | bisi

Is not | meting, doi { | kadū] aduch }| |

| { | inyap raiya }| kati | nadai

Jump over { | menyakir } | | |

{ | merejok } | melompat | nyantang | merejōak

Jump down | ngŭngung | ŭmpapu | nyangugn | trajun

Jungle | tarun | tarun | tarun | kampong

Kneel | sedikang | unyuch | nungkogn | nyerunkōang

Keep (“pliara”) | { kiugat | nagoch } | ngingu | ibun

| { nguän | nyingat } | |

Know | puän | ŭmpuon | penanē | tau, numŭ

Kill | siū | kenobūs | ngamis | bunoh

Large | bās | bahas | aihyo | besei

Lazy | sorut | bojag | ŭga | kelalāh

Lean | mănyuch | kurus | kurus | kuhus

Light, in weight | jangan | nyangan | nyaän | lempōang

Little, quantity | shīt | ichīuk | igēat | sikēat

Long | omu | ombuch | ŭngho | panjei

“Lesong” (a mortar)| lishōng | lesong | rensungan | lesong

“Alu” (a pestle) | aruch | alu | aru | alu

Laugh | tawūch | natau | guluk | tawa

Lie down | guring | ngulēng | guring | gali

Lie (speak falsely) | kādong | mudōng | lachē | bula

Many | bogū | tŭbun | kara | banyau

Melt | ririch | lilich | luluch | anchuah

Merciful | masi | masi | masē | kaseh

Moon | buran | buran | buran | bulan

Mother | sindu | aiyang, ŭndu | sindo | indei

Morning | ishan-ishan | pagi | ngakap ano | magi-pagi

Mat (“klasa”) | kasa | krŭsah | bidē | bidei

Mat (“tikar”) | ŭmok | ŭmak | bido | klaia

Man | dayah, naän | nūūch, inya | soök | ohang

Musquito | prungang | prunggang | pŭntujok | hyamōak

Mud | Jijūb | jijub | lulok | hubōah

Night | ngarūm | ngarūm | ngarum | malam

New | baüch | baüch | bahu | bahu

Not | dūch | kadū | kati | adai, nda

Not (do) | ma | ba | | anang

Now | madin | matē | mati dia | kamaia tu

Name | adūn | gŭnŭn | gaän | nama

Noon | yun ŭnu | narang onu | tŭno ano | s’tengah ahi

Old, man | nyamba | nya tuüch | ŭma | tuei

Old, thing | ŭma | dŭmba | tuhi | lama

Oil | inyō | inyō | aiyan | minyak

Open (to) | kuka | tuhas | nukas | silak

Other | bŭkūn | bukūn | lain | lnin

Outside | disopa | luäch sopa | sato | di luäch

One | ni | indi | ŭsa | sa

Once | ni, sidach | ni, idah | nisidah | sekali

Parang, forge a | moba | ngoba | maba | tŭmpa

Posts | rōs | oros | nahi | tiang

Poor | cherāta | babō | papa | seranta

Provisions | onyad | bokol | sanga | bekal

Perspiration | udās | udās | adas | peloh

“Pinang” (betel nut)| baï | pinang, bahai | ohē | pinang

Put down | na | jimpan | nana | ŭngkah

Put by | nikūa | jimpan | mogan | simpan

Paddy | padi | padi | padē | padi

Pleasant | sidi | sidi | ahwan | nyamei

Quickly | likas | pantas | japat | lekas

Red | birē | ŭnchalak | teransak | mirah

Return | mŭri | maring | urē | pulei

Remember | ingat | tian | ingat | ingat

Road | ŭran | jŭran | pagala | jalei

“Rotan” | wi | wi | wē | hutan

Remove (pindah) | beringar | berpindah | pindah | pindah

Run away | bu | buhu | boho | lari

Rotten | modām | modam | modam | buhua

Receive | kambat | kira | nyamut | terima

Rice | bras | bras, boru | nahas | bahas

boiled | tubi | sungkoi | nasi | asi

Straight | tŭnggūn | bujog | tamut | luhus

Strike (pukul) | mukōng | nŭntong | mangkugn | palu

Sick | mŭnam | mŭnam | ŭnam | pedīas

Short | purok | kŭdūk | punok | pandak

Sleep | būūs | būūs | buus | tindōak

Sun | betuch ŭnu | matūch shiru | matu ano | mat’ari

Stars | bintang | bintang | bintang | bintang

Shut (to) | tup | punut, tutu | tutup | tutup

Sandfly | biās | sirap | bihas | singīat

Scald | rāus | rōus | batu | angus

See | kirich | tŭbūk | mēlē | peda

Sharp | roja | roja | ruja | tajam

Shake, to (neuter) | beguyut | guyut | begotē | beguyu

Speak | mīnyu, sinda | besinda | kaséna | bejako

Sneeze | pasin | bekuchēsh | berusun | berkasi

Sit down | guru | ngulu | munyung | duduk

Stand up | mejōg | mijōg | agun | berdiri

Spider | tŭka | ŭngkŭka | ŭnga | tampa lawa

Steal | nŭku | nŭngku | nangko | chuhi

Sweet | nibŭnyich | sija | mamis | manis

Squeeze | pishū | michet | ngerachet | pichīat

Satiated | bisoch | bisō | baso | kenyang

Spacious | baiya tawash | nyowa | tawas | tawas

Sorry | susah-ŭtin | susah-ati | suba-latē | tusah

Small (size) | shīt | ichīŭk | inek | mukat, miet

“Sirih” | baïd | baïd | uït | sirih

Sky | lŭngit | langit | langit | langit

Snake | jipūch | nyipuch | nipa | ulah

Spit | ngiruja | nguruja | ngeruja | berludah

Spittle | ruja | rēyang | rayang | ai lioch

Stop (to) |rūū, mōkō | ngŭndei | madi | bado

Still (to be) | rūū | mŭndu | moko | diaû

Take | mit | tumit | tangkap | ambi

Touch | tŭma | tŭgūch | nyankam | jamah

Track | arōk, inyak | indich | tawan, aju | bakaŭ

To-morrow | sepagi | pagi | jakap | pagi

This | ati, iti, anū | siti, siech | dia | tu

That | ajech, inū | saäch | kako, tēan | nyun

Throw away | taran | bŭtan | matan | buei

Thirsty | bodūch ashūng | haus | karing ashung | haûs

Vegetables | kudōsh | ŭngkŭnūch | apu | daûn kayu

Wing | orad | arad | arat | sayap

White | buda | buda | ranagu | putih

Well (baik) | kena | paguch | baik | baiak

Walk | ponu | jalan | berjalan | bejalei

Woman | dayung | dayung | mahu | indu

Wife | sowūn | ŭshaū | saûun | bini

Water | piīn | umon | paīn | ai

Weary | kowūk | kunyoch | tukur | lelak

Wind (the) | sobak | mohu | nyaru | angin

Worms (stomach) | regyu | ŭngkiho | biar | belut

Work (to) | kamīnyang | kaminyang | mukut | jama

What? | uni, mani | ŭnich | jai | aû

Whither? | kamaki | gupich | kumē | kini

Whence? | so aki | sopich | utung adumē | arini

Who? | osi | osi | asi | apa

Young | mura | ŭngōd | angot | mudei

Yesterday | ŭnu mījach | ngŭndu | rami | kamahi

Year | sawa | sowa | sawa | taun

PRONOUNS:-- | | | |

I | aku | aku | ikin | aku

Thou | kuu | omu | ako | kōa

He | eiyūch | aiyech | ini | tu

We | kiech | ami | kaī | kami (exclusive of

| | | | persons addressed.)

| | | | kitei (inclusive.)

Ye | ŭngan | kita | akum | kita

They | eiyūch | aiyech | ini | tu

NUMERALS:-- | | | |

One | ni, ikan | | |

Two | duūch | | |

Three | taru | | |

Four | pat | | |

Five | rimūch | | |

Six | num | | |

Seven | juh | | |

Eight | maï | | |

Nine | priï | | |

Ten | simūng | | |

--------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+--------------------

I add now a short vocabulary, forwarded to me by the Rev. William

Gomez, who has been stationed at Lundu during many years. It involves

a little repetition, but is useful to compare with that collected by

the Rev. William Chalmers. By Lundu, Mr. Gomez refers to the original

inhabitants of that river.

NAMES OF TEN MEN AND WOMEN IN THE TRIBE.

Husband. Wife.

1. Kalong, O. K. Gunja.

2. Gali Binda.

3. Langi Rinja.

4. Itak Indak.

5. Samuling Rimba.

6. Nyinkong Jeba.

7. Bulang Mingga.

8. Lunsong Burong.

9. Mangga Sara.

10. Sageng Tamo.

HEIGHTS.

MEN.

OK Istia Rajah 5 ft. 2½ in.

Garai 5 ft. 4 in.

Bulang 5 ft. 3 in.

Jinal 4 ft. 10½ in.

Lunsong 4 ft. 11 in.

WOMEN.

Pungut 5 ft.

Ria 4 ft. 10½ in.

SPECIMENS OF THE DAYAK LANGUAGE.

-------------+-------------+--------------+-------------+-------------

---- | SABUYAU. | LARA. | SALAKAU. | LUNDU.

-------------+-------------+--------------+-------------+-------------

NUMERALS:-- | | | |

One | sa | asa | asa | ni

Two | dua | dua | dua | duo

Three | tiga | taru | talu | taru

Four | ampat | apat | ampat | pat

Five | lima | rima | lima | rimo

Seven | tujoh | ijo | tujoh | jo

Eight | lapan | mahi | delapan | mahi

Nine | sambilan | pire | sambilan | pire

Ten | sapuloh | sapuloh | sapuloh | samoong

| | | |

Waist | punggong | apakng | pinggang | kupong

Navel | pusat | pusat | pusat | pesud

Knee | pala paton | tukung | tuut | bakorob

Foot | kaki | kaja | paha | po, on

Heel | tumbit | tigak | tumit | tiga

Skin | kulit | kurit | ku, it | kulit

Bone | tulang | turakng | tuang | tulang

Flesh | isi | insin | isi | daging

Sinew | uhat | uhat | urat | at

Milk | susu | susu | susu | sisun

Heart | ati | ate | hati | atin

Spleen | kuha | kura | kura | kura

Gall | umpadu | umpadu | padu | podun

Brains | untak | untuk | otak | otuk

Blood | daha | daya | darah | daya

Spittle | di lioh | rayakng | ai uja | royang

Snivel | insak | buduk | edoh | dok

Tears | ai mata | pain matu | ai mata | eu boton

Perspiration | peloh | adas | pau | das

Dandriff | daki | dunuk | dati | ing

Pus | nana | penunu | nana | penona

Face | mua | bahas | muha | jawin

Dumb | bisu | awa | awa |

Deaf | bengal | bagi | banga | bangam

Blind | buta | buta | buta | buta

Dimness | ulon | kabor | kabor | kabor

Stammer | kat | mah | awah | awah

Silly | budon | bagah | bagah | budoh

Mad | gila | gila | gila | gila

Cough | batok | mukut | batok | mukud

Boil | bisul | tampusu | bisoan | perkis

Sea | laut | laut | laut | kirekng

Sun | matahari | matoano | mata ari | mata nanu

Moon | bulan | buran | buan | bulan

Star | bintang | bintang | bintang | bintang

Light | trang | tawas | tarang | java

Darkness | petang | petakng | petang | mapong

Heat | panas | jara | darang | putek

Cold | chelap | panut | dingin | modud

Cloud | remang | rahu | niga | gening ayong

Lightning | kilat | kilat | elak | kilat

Thunder | guntoh | guntor | guntor | dudu

Rainbow | unggoaja | meraje | antu ai | berengan

Mankind | manusia | sok | manusia | nyaah

Man | ohang laki | areh | angaki | nyaah dadari

Woman | ohang indoh | mahu | ang bini | dayung

Body | tuboh | ungan | tuboh | genan

Hair | bok | abok | bu, uk | bok

Head | pala | abak | kapala | bak

Forehead | dahi | kaning | kaning | uru

Temples | pisan | kingkek | tangengeng | ponyip

Eyebrow | bulu keneng | bulu rimin | bulu ramang | kening

Eye | mata | matu | mata | botun

Ear | pendeng | rajak | tere, nyek | kajip

Nose | idong | dudukng | idong | nogong

Cheek | pipi | kuko | koko | panig, ng

Mouth | mulut | baba | mulut | beba

Tongue | dila | rata | jia | jera

Lip | mulut | bibih | bibir | bibin

Teeth | gigi | japu | gigi | jupon

Neck | hakong | jangok | tegeh | tungoh

Chin | dagu | rākng | jago | rang

Back | blakang | rutuk | ba, ikang | punok

Feet | kaki | kaja | paha | po, on

Hand | langan | barekng | angan | tangan

Chest | dada | sadoh | dada | sodo

Finger | tunjok | terinyo | kukot | terinyo

Nails | kuku | siru | kuku | sirun

Stomach | prut | putukng | parut | tain

Fire | api | api | api | apoi

Smoke | asap | asup | asap | asu

Rain | hujan | hujan | hujan | jan

Wind | angin | nyaru | angin | sebak

Storm | bahat | tupan | nyaru | ribut

Sand | paseh | krasik | krasik | sumat

Stone | batu | batu | batu | batu

Mountain | bukit | mungu | bukit | doron

Hill | munggu | muton | muton | motang

Mud | reboh | paya | ochak | rapak

-------------+-------------+--------------+-------------+-------------

APPENDIX B.

The following vocabulary is compiled from materials furnished me by the

late Mr. Brereton. The Sea Dayak language is spoken by the aborigines

on the Batang Lupar and all its tributaries, the Seribas, Kalaka, and

the streams which flow to the left bank of the Rejang. The Bugaus, who

live in the districts bordering the great Kapuas river, speak the same

language. There are local variations, but they are of minor importance.

The Malau is the language of the aborigines living at the very interior

of the Kapuas, and, it is said, not many days’ walk from the great

mountain of Tilong.

-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------

---- | MALAY. | SEA DAYAK. | MALAU.

-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------

Straight | lurus | rurus | mupi

Crooked | bengkok | bingkok, simpin | kong kong

Square | ampat persagi | ampat bersgi | kuata

Round | bulat | bulat sagala | ga gulun

Long | panjang | panjai | ba lankei

Broad | lebar | besai | broh

Thick | tabal | tabal |

Thin | nipis | nipauh, mipis | nipis

Deep | dalam | dalam | ba jalam

High | tinggi | tinggi | ba lankie

Short | pandak | pondak |

Without | deluar | de ruai | tanga sauh

Within | dedalam | dedalam |

Light (in weight)| ringan | lumpong |

Heavy | brat | brat |

Above | deatas | datas | de asit

Below | debawa | de baroh | de yaum

Behind | deblakang | deblakang |

Before | demuka | demua | de roka

Between | antara | antara dua |

Here | sini | kitu, ditu | loku

There | sana | kinu duinyin | ke mangeh

Far | jauh | jauh |

Near | ampir | dampi | ampensop

Where | mana | nei iya | di selananu

At | de | de |

To | ka | ka |

From | deri | arri |

All | samoa | samoa | aus

Many | baniak | meio | byu

Few | sidikit | mimit | tetopit

Small | kechil | mit | keh kih

Large | Besar | besai | brah

Like | rupa | boka | si bangun

Now | sakarang | kamiyatu | anindehen

When | apabila | kamiya | endisi

Then | kamudien | kamiyania |

To-morrow | besok | pa gila balik | mina

Yesterday | kulmarin | ka mani | malam

Old | tuah | tuai | tuah

New | bharu | bharu obas | baruh

Slow | lambat | lobah | ba laun

Rapid | pantas | jumpat | ba riah

Strike | pukul | dadat | malun tongi

Break | patah | patah kru | poloh

Open | buka | telengah | ilakkeinih

Shut | tutup | tutup, tikup | tulopu

Lift | angkat | katon | angkat

Throw | kibar | tampalon | keiniko

Wet | basah | basah |

Dry | kring | rankai | kumbat tor

Light | trang | tawas tumpak | manara

Darkness | glap | petang | raun

Black | itam | chilum | an tarun

White | putih | burak | uteh uteh

Red | merah | mansoh | di darah

Yellow | kuning | kuning | tantu mūūn

Blue | biru | biru | biru

Green | ijau | ijo |

Country | negri | benua |

Earth | tanah | benua |

Stone | batu | batu |

Gold | mas | mau | mas

Silver | perak | perak | perak

Iron | besi | besi | besi

Mountain | gunong | bukit | bukit

Valley | lembah | darong lengkap | lengkap

Cave | guah | lobang batu | long batu

Hill | bukit | bukit | bukit

Plain | padang | padang | padang

Island | pulau | pulaū | pulau

Water | ayer | ai | danum

Sea | laut | tasik | rong jawa

River | suñgei | suñgēi | suñgai

Wind | angin | ribut | ribut

Hurricane | ribut | ribut bungat |

Cloud | awan | niga | dom

Rainbow | pulangi | anakraja |

Rain | ujan | ujan |

Lightning | kilat | kilat | suran

Thunder | guntur | guntur | dolok

Day | ari | ari | asoh

Night | malam | lamai |

Morning | pagi | pagi | kau ko

Sun | matahari | matahari | mat asoh

Noon | tangah hari | tiñgari |

Sky | lañgit | lañgit | suan

Moon | bulan | bulan | bulan

Star | bintang | apei andau | bintang

Hot | panas | panaa | panas

Fire | api | api | si siak

Burn | bakar | tunoh | tuton

Smoke | asap | asap | rimbu

Ashes | abu | abus | kutu au

Cocoa-nut | nior | buah miniakunjor|

Plantain | pisang | pisang | buah unti

Paddy | padi | padi | asseh

Rice | bras | brauh | brauh

Pumpkin | labu | antakai | parangi

Yam | ubi | abuk | miah

Seed | benih | banih, igi, | tulang ah

Tree | pokoh | pohn | akak kaya

Root | akar | randah, urat, | banarun

Leaf | daun | daun | daunah

Flower | buñgah | bungai | bukas

Fruit | buah | buah | buārah

Raw | mantah | matah | mutoh

Ripe | masak | mansoh | sasak

Deer | rusa | rusa | piang

Bear | bruang | jugam |

Cow | sapi | chapi, banting |

Goat | kambing | bedus | kambin

Dog | anjing | uduk, ukuè | asu

Hog | babi | jani | bawi

Monkey | kra | kra |

Cat | kuching | maiau | sih

Mouse | tikus kechil | chit |

Rat | tikus | chit | balau

Squirrel | tupei | tupei | but

Bird | burong | burong |

Domestic fowl | ayam | manok | manok

Duck | itek | itek | riri

Kite | alang | menaul | bau

Sparrow | pipit | pipit | duñgus

Swallow | layang layang | lelayang |

Crow | gagak | kak |

Cage | kurong | krukor |

Snake | ular | ural | ruar

Frog | katak | rinkak rarigu | ba ningar

Fish | ikan | ikan | lauk

Crab | katam | katam |

Prawn | udang | undai | undan

Butterfly | kupu kupu | maniah |

Bee | lebah | manyik |

Fly | lalat | lalat | lalas

Mosquito | niamok | niamok |

Louse | kutu | kutu |

Ant | semut | semut | sinsam

Spider | laba laba | ampelawa |

Horn | tandok | tandok | tunjan

Tail | ikur | iku | inkuah

Feather | bulu | bulu |

Wings | sayap | sayap | sapa

Egg | telor | tuloh | turoh roh

Honey | madu | ai manyik | danum muani

Wax | lilin | lilin |

Body | tuboh | tuboh | mantuan

Head | kapala | pala | ulu

Hair | rambut | bok | rambut

Face | muka | muah | lindoh

Ear | telinga | pending | telinga

Eye | mata | mata | mata

Nose | idong | idong | ingar

Cheek | pipi | kayuh | tampilik

Mouth | mulut | mulut | baba

Lip | bibir | bibir | kulit baba

Tooth | gigit | gilit n’li | gisi

Tongue | ledah | delah | lilah

Hand | tañgan | jari | tañgan

Finger | jari | tunjok | unjok

Thumb | jari ibu | tunjok indu | unjok tangan

Nail | kuku | kukut | kuku

Belly | prut | prut | pārut

Foot | kaki | kaki |

Bone | tulang | tulang |

Flesh | daging | isi |

Skin | kulit | kulit |

Fat | gamok | gamok | manbin

Lean | krus | kurus | dejankat

Blood | dara | dara |

Saliva | ludah | ludah | lasu

Sweat | peluh | peluh |

Hard | kras | kriang |

Soft | lambut | lemeh | aloeh

Hot | panas | añgat |

Cold | sejok | chilap | barasam

Thirsty | aus | rankei rekon | niawar akar

Hungry | lapar | rapah | mosi bertanka

Sour | masam | masam |

Sweet | manis | manis | mamis

Bitter | pait | pait |

Smell | bau | bau |

Fragrant | wañgi | añgit, nyamei |

Stinking | busok | but jaii |

Sick | sakit | padis, tabin | meka

Dead | mati | parei | mateh

Eat | makan | makai, dumpah | ankan

Drink | minum | irup | minum

See | lihat | mada | meta

Laugh | tatawa | tatawa |

Weep | menangis | niabak | nangis

Kiss | chium | sium | chisum

Speak | kata | jaku | men janum

Be silent | diam | diau | la lako

Hear | dañgar | niñgar | lingar

Lift | angkat | angkat |

Walk | jalan | jalai | lambar

Run | lari | rari belanda | lari

Stand | berdiri | berdiri | kadin

Sit | dukuk | duduk | duduh

Climb | panjat | niki | mumbit

Sleep | tidor | tindok | tindoh

Awake | bañgun | dani | sadin

Recollect | iñgat | iñgat |

Know | tau | nemu | temu

Forget | lupa | na iñgat |

Ask | tania | tania | ketu anan

Answer | saut | saut |

Understand | mengarti | nemu udi |

Yes | iya | au, bisi | oh

No | tidah | ingai, nadei | nanok

Beautiful | elok | bajik, badas | mam

Ugly | rupa jahat | nda badas, jaii |

Pleased | suka | gagot hati | sa sau niawa aku

Sorry | susah |tusut, tusah hati| sakanutin

Afraid | takut | takut, rawan |

Shame | malu | malu | bawa

Love | kasih | kasih, rindu |

Hate | binchi | na’ndu | nanak meh nia

Anger | marah | riñgat | babu julu

Wish | mau | dekah | menioh

Right | betul | amai |

Wrong | salah | salah |

Good | baik | badas | mam

Bad | jahat | jain | jauh

True | benar | amai, benda | topat

False | dusta | bula |

Wait | nanti | netu | ako akoh

Come | mari | datai |

Go | pergi | nurun, pegi | andor

Meet | temu | temu |

Hide | tapok | belalei | sunyān kolu ko

Search | chari | gigah | men ari

Find | dapat | ulih | kuleh

Give | kasìh | anjong, unjok | anlat

Take | ambil | ambi | taloh

Bring | bawa | bai | iawa

Take away | angkat | angkat | tangkong

Kill | bunoh | bunoh | dunoh

I | aku | aku | tak

Mine | aku punia | akum puh | tak ampunah

Thou | angkau | nuan | ikon

Thine | angkau punia | nuan puh | ikon ampunah

He, she, it | iya | iya | ninan

His, &c. | dia punia | niam puh |

We (_inclusive_ | kita | kita |

[_or absolute_) | | |

Our (_inclusive_)| kita punia | kitampuh |

We (_exclusive_ | kami | kami |

[_or relative_) | | |

Our (_exclusive_)| kami punia | kami puh |

You | kau | nuan |

Your | kau punia | nuanpuh |

They | iya | iya |

Their | iya punia | iyampah |

This | ini | itu |

That | itu | nin, nia |

Who | siapa | sapa |

What | apa | nama, kati |

Food | makanan | makai, enkaiu |

Rice, boiled | nasi | asi |

Sugar | gula | gula |

Oil | miniak | miniak |

Milk | ayer susu | ai tusu |

Flesh | daging | isi |

Boil | rebus | sumei |

Broil | panggang | ganggang |

Salt | garam | garam |

Clothes | pakayan | kain |

Earring | antin antin | gronjong, tiñga |

Chawat | chawat | sirat | kin paroh

House | rumah | rumah | sauh

Wood | kayu | kayu |

Posts | tiang | tiang | pra kayu

Door | pintu | lāan | pintu

Ladder | tangga | tangku |

Bed | tampat tidor | penindok |

Mat | tikar | tikai | alik

Box | peti | peti |

Road | jalan | jalai |

Bridge | jambatan | jamban |

Spear | tombak | sankoh | relis

Sword | pedang | pedang |

Chopping knife | parang | duku | basi

Boat | prahu | bangkong | prauh

Canoe | sampan | bidok | bidup

Spirit | antu | antu |

Man | orang laki laki | orang laki | ber bakar

Woman | perampuan | indu | berbeneh

Husband | laki | laki |

Wife | bini | bini | arineh

Father | bapa | apai | amah

Mother | ama | indai | indu

Grandfather | nenek | aki, nineh | piang

Child | anak | anak |

Old | tuah | inai, tuai |

Young | muda | muda |

Boy | budak | biak |

Girl | anak dara | n’dun |

BALAU NAMES.

MEN. | WOMEN.

Linggi | Rata

Jelapiang | Salima

Nangga | Salam

Moramat | Saripa

Janting | Itau

Anggi | Sarika

Musit | Chula

Jisang | Rabi

APPENDIX C.

LANGUAGES OF TRIBES BETWEEEN THE REJANG AND BARAM.

------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

---- | MILANAU. | KAYAN. | PAKATAN.

------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Straight | tigah | tuto | mato’

Crooked | piko, pikok | kauwi | kaliong kaliong

Square | ampat papak, pak | tepahak | lipat, liñgit

Round | gulong | biliong | atup

Long | lalau | aruh | ijé

Broad | aiyoh | berang | uñgei

Thick | kapal, kapan | kapan | kapan

Thin | dipis | ngipi | meliring

Deep | tumal, tebun | delum | melolom

Shallow | té | |

High | regau | bo | mauo

Short | dadit, kadit | biek | ujo

Without | auīr, kauīr | auwa | api, lipo

Within | wang, kadalum | amin | lalum

Light (in weight) | paiying | nian | melang

Heavy | bahat | bahat | mawat

Above | amau, mamau | usun | mau o

Below | ibah | idah | lué

Behind | buta, likut | baleh | api lauo

Before | jau-ai | talatan | tobata

Between | patas, gahut | hang | gat

Here | kidé, idai | teni | iti

There | kidūn, inun | tenan | iri

Far | mĕjū | su | moju

Near | segah | jelang | deteri manjo

Where | gua-an, hahn | santeno | pahen

At | gnau | | to

To | tūgūn | |

From | kūman, keman | man | to maia

All | gruh | limlin | hing gaké

Many | dida, bunah | mahum | uñgat

Few | jimit, sisit | okedok | mari

Small | gomit, sisit | ok | isi

Large | ay-ung, ayoh | ayah | uñgei

Like | sama, pesoh | chepiah | jabalu

Now | ahālu, nahu | krehini | ah

When | pidang | heran | lipa

Then | sunĭ | | para

To-morrow | lesung, laumasuk | jima | lamasok

Yesterday | sabi, lau mai | dahalum | alommalom

Old | melai, garu-puhun| lumeh | matui

New | jakin, uba | maharing | uwa

Motion | lakau | tepanau |

Slow | melai, luhuei | tepat | malia

Rapid | jūk, seli | nian | maro

Strike | pŭr | nukal | bek

Break | pesa’, pelak | brong | mota

Open | kab, ukah | lueh | ukah

Shut | tabūn | kap | jinut

Lift | makat | amju | akat

Throw | galang, barang | buht | ting

Wet | basah | basah | basoh

Dry | mūang, bahung | megaang | adang

Sound | señgau, serau | nau | hau

Light | tahung | malah dan | alau

Darkness | padam, kelam | ledam | sigalup

Black | bilam | pitam | horommorom

White | putih | borah | buak

Red | sat, sak | belah | arang arang

Yellow | kunyit | jemit |

Blue | biru | using |

Green | gadong | gadong | ujang arang arang

Country | tăd | | bila

Earth | tanah | tanah | tanoh

Stone | sanau, bato | bato | bato

Gold | mas | mah |

Silver | perak | perak |

Iron | bisi | titau | malat

Mountain | tugong | ngalang | tong

Valley | deta, pating | akeng | gatong

Cave | lubong | lubang bok | bobang

Hill | tagah | ngalang ok | tong malui

Plain | lalang | nha | data

Island | sah | busong | palui

Water | anūm | atah | danum

Sea | dāt, sabung | ngeoh | kala

River | sungei | ungah | bila

Wind | pañgai, bario | bahoi | balu

Hurricane | buñgas, bario | mengah | balu makokop

| lagah | |

Cloud | mabat, duruoh | langat | aun

Rainbow | iang añgan, | lingyating | bukang

| jajiling | |

Rain | ujan | usan | langut

Lightning | skilit | kilat | bali

Thunder | litū, prah | barareh | bali

Day | lau | dau | alau

Night | lemui | malam | malam

Morning | tumu, masu | niup | alau

Sun | matalau | matadau | matalau

Noon | kedang lau | dau nagrang | alau marapuru

Sky | lanyit | lungit | lañgit

Moon | bulan | bulan | bulan

Star | betohun | lauing | letuen

Hot | lesu | anit dau | melahu

Fire | apui | apui | apui

Burn | tinū, sidap | tutong | asik

Smoke | anūs, tugun | lesun | sun

Ashes | abo | aroh | au

Cocoa-nut | nyoh | nyoh | tuporu

Plantain | balak | uteh | jusang

Paddy | padai | pareh | pari

Rice | bahar | baha | benai

Pumpkin | labo | tinun aloh | entakei

Yam | obei | oveh | ubi

Seed | bahah | wang | bah

Tree | basoh | keioh | karing

Root | akai | akah | oka

Leaf | duhun | itun | daun

Flower | bedak | idang | buñgo

Fruit | buah | buah | buah

Raw | tah | letah | ata

Ripe | sak | sak | ak

Tiger | koleh | koleh |

Bear | makop | bruang | makup

Horse | kudah | |

Buffalo | karbau | kaleo | karbau

Cow | sapi marau | |

Goat | muh | kadeng |

Dog | asau | aso | asu

Hog | babui | baboi | bauwi

Monkey | bedok | kuyal | kiat

Cat | ngau | cheng | maiau

Mouse | belabau | | chit

Rat | belabau pagong | lavoh | belauo

Squirrel | bap | telih | sirik

Bird | manōk | manok | purit

Domestic fowl | siaū | niap | siap

Duck | itek | |

Kite | kimīū kang | niau | niau

Sparrow | gerit | tegih | purit

Swallow |kalau pisan, salar| | belini

Crow | kah | | purit aromarom

Cage | sakar | bakah | lakit

Snake | dīpa, peñganan | nipa | asei

Frog | bekūrek, wak | wak | buja

Fish | jen | masih | bajo

Crab | gatām, tekeh | | nitiké

Prawn | padak | orang | suat

Butterfly | belabāng, | |

| selababang | |

Bee | añge’, señgut | iñgat | siñgut

Fly | lañg au | lañgo | lañgo

Mosquito | krias | amak | niamok

Louse | kutaū | butoh | kutu

Ant | udap | kalirang | ula

Spider | berūmong, | kalawa |

| belakawa | |

Horn | ohun | hoñg | uwong

Tail | ikui | ekoh | ikui

Feather | bulau | buloh | bulu

Wings | kalapayang, bebui| kapayang | ilap

Egg | telūi | teloh | telur

Honey | jūrū | telang | danum siñgut

Wax | lilin | laha | lilin

Body | apa, biuh | luhong | kuñga

Head | ūlaū | kahong | ulok

Hair | bok | bok | belutok

Face | jaueī | nang | ba

Ear | liñga | apang | bakit

Eye | mata | matang | mato

Nose | udong | arong | urong

Cheek | pipei | bah | ba

Mouth | bah | | bawa

Lip | bujul, bujun | | liñgil bawa

Tooth | nyipan | ipan | lañgoli

Tongue | jilah | jilah | jela

Hand | agam, pang | usuh | loñgo

Finger | brañgau | ikeng | tuju

Thumb | brañgau poh | ikeng ayah | inan tuju

Nail | silau | eloh | ilu

Belly | nai, tenaheng | butit | puong

Foot | betis, pahuh | udak | bati

Bone | tulang | tulang |

Flesh | sīn | sin | oyi

Skin | kulit | kulit |

Fat | maniak, piong | madong | mapiong

Lean | mās megaeh | niyang | me’

Blood | darah | niyang dah | dah

Saliva | lujah | lurah | danum jela

Sweat | sinak | umah | peloi

Hard | saiēk | maing | makokop

Soft | dūmūi, | lemah | meluko

| lemeik | |

Hot | lasu | lasu | lua

Cold | siñgūr, | ngam | mañgen merarum

| siñganiam | |

Thirsty | krañg | laveh | agang

Hungry | jilă | laoh | mitil

Sour | masam | masam | masom

Sweet | ngialiang | leng | mamis

Bitter | byis | paieh | mapeit

Smell | būn | bun | bun

Fragrant | jueh bun | boaram (bauarum) | jan bun

Stinking | bun madam | laiyu bun | jot bun

Sick | băjī, madam | prah | maparo

Dead | kabas, kebeh | mateh | makabo

Drink | tūtang | kuman | niup

See | nădīang, | ngiang | mipo

| ngiang | |

Laugh | paglam | keseng | mohong

Weep | nañgi | nañgi |

Kiss | anak, manak | marak | meñgaruk

Speak | oba, pubah | tanaran | pelabu

Be silent | kadap, sarawan | meloh | koring

Hear | tuyang, ta’ah | ngring | kariñgo

Lift | makh | juh | akat

Walk | sibal, lakau | panoh | makiap

Run | buraū | lap | mago

Stand | kadang | bitih | manakaring

Sit | kudu | teñgoh | muruk

Climb | tīkūd, nikad | nakar | menikit

Sleep | tedūi, melut | tuduh | matarui

Awake | pega, makat | maaur | matia

Recollect | iñgat | tedoh | katom

Know | tehu | jaieh | matiwo

Forget | lelū | adoh | jakunak

Ask | klabaū, nalabau | metang | jajam ipo

Answer | ūlang, mulang | niuneh | tañgok

Understand | tahau | jahm |

Yes | iyu, niuh | aieh | oso

No | năbe, enam | jan | di

Beautiful | dau, jiuh wah | saiyu | jan

Ugly | batau jahat, | jahak | jut bawa

| jehek wah |

Pleased | luh, agen | ikum | luko

Sorry | susah | brah |

Afraid | mamo, bout | takut | maut

Shame | mīah | tahih | meñgala

Love | tilang | masih | ilo

Hate | bĕsī | jan ikum | maparu

Anger | mūras | busak | lohoi

Wish | luh | ikum | lu

Right | tiga | marong | mato

Wrong | salah | jan marong | mela

Good | jīā | saiyu | jan

Bad | jehek | jahak | jut

True | atang, senau | lan | mato

False | pemūde, selbeh | | sakwe’

Wait | ati, lulau | kavoh | iyo

Come | lebib, kahai | nenih | labi

Go | mule, luwat | kakah | ane

Meet | batopoh | sabong | pasăba

Hide | plim, sihok | nyok | molim

Search | iniang, nginoh | ilu | ipo

Find | kena | | ala

Give | bih | maieh | tuja

Take | alap, apan | apih | apen

Bring | īgīh | grih | itong

Take away | igih, agah | grih kap | apen

Kill | benūh | itih | kabo

I | ako’ | akui | hok

Mine | ako bin | akui pun | hok laket

Thou | kawan, ikah | kalunan | ko

Thine | ikah bin | hih pun | ko laket

He, she, it. | idūn, ngiah | ikah | ero

His, &c. | ngiah bin | ikah itih pun | ero laket

We (_inclusive or | telut | itam | ta

absolute_) | | |

Our (_inclusive_) | telut bin | itam pun | ta laket

We (_exclusive or | kami | kami | kai

relative_) | | |

Our (_exclusive_) | kami pat | kami pun | kai laket

You | ikah | ikah |

Your | ikah bin | |

They | sepat | |

Their | sepat bin | |

This | īh | ini | muto

That | idun | inéh | mona

Which | han | inoh |

Who | iya saih | inoh ik | hi

What | wanau | inoh | hawa

Food | kūn | kanih | ñgoku

Rice boiled | naseh | kanan | asi

(_nasi_) | | |

Sugar | gula | jatan |

Oil | nīūh | telang, usun | nio

Milk | soh | | u

Flesh | sin | nahang | oi

Boil | isak, midah | | taring

Broil | sirai, bahang | sehe | aling

Salt | siah | niah | ijo

Clothes | asak, sungup | davan | oñgup

Earring | tading | isan | subang

Chawat | bai | bah | bai

House | lebūh | umah | lau labu

Wood | kayo | kayoh |

Posts | dirih | jeheh | patun

Door | abusukud | bataman | kobuko

Ladder | tagá | sahn | ojan

Bed | kadau tudūi | tilong | lakid maturui

| ideh | |

Mat | jalī | brat | jálí

Box | kaban | peteh |

Road | arū, sawah | ulan | anun

Bridge | jaman | palang | ojan

Bow | | |

Arrow | | |

Spear | bakit | bakir | bañgoñg

Sword | pedang | pedang |

Chopping knife | tui, barogah | malat | butut, garoja

Boat | tamui | |

Canoe | tūnan, salūi | arok | alui

Spirit | taū | toh | otu

Man | tulai, tanawan | lakeh | ale

Woman | marau | doh | oro

Husband | lai, sawah | lakeh doh | alé

Wife | maraū | doh dah | oro

Father | ama’ | ameh | aman

Mother | ina’ | indeh | inan

Grandfather | ipo’, akeh | ukuh | aki

Child | ugut | apang |

Son | anak lai | anak lakeh | anak alé

Daughter | anak marau | anak doh | anak oro

Brother | janak lai, tatat | aren lakeh | naken alé

| lai | |

Sister | janak marau, | aren dob | naken oro

| tatat marau | |

Old | lake’ | dab muku | toké

Young | jemanak | dah niam | iyong

Boy | jemanak lai | makeh | iyong isi

Girl | jemanak lūas | nyen doh | iyong oro

| _or_ marau | |

------------------+------------------+------------------+-----------------

I must draw attention to the letter represented by ng in English. In

pronouncing the words in these vocabularies, it must be remembered

that, whether marked or not, the Malay letter has the sound of the ng

in “singing,” and that the g must not be pronounced with the following

syllable.

APPENDIX D.

LANGUAGES OF NORTHERN BORNEO.

------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------

---- | IDA’AN. | BISAYA. | ADANG (MURUT).

------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------

Numerals:-- | | |

One | iso, san | | sabulang

Two | duo | | dua

Three | telo | | telo

Four | apat | | ampat

Five | limo | | lima

Six | anam | | anam

Seven | turo | | turo

Eight | walo | | walu

Nine | siam | | ewa

Ten | opod | | pulo

Eleven | opod dam iso | | pelud cha

Twenty | duo nopod | | pelud dua

A hundred | atus, san atus | |

| | |

Day | adau, tadau | adau | chaw

Night | sedap | mentiong potong | rachăm

Morning | suab nakapia | bukatadau | kamuka

Evening | tawañg-an | |

Yesterday | kăniab | kiniab | seladi

To-morrow | suab | suab | napā

Day after do. | suab dina | |

Light | okalub | miang | machang

Name | naran | |

Use | guno (muni) | |

The same | bagal | |

Food | takanan | akanakan |

Rice | ogas, wagas | nubur (nasi) |

Kaladi | gual | |

Yam | kaso | |

Kribang | wei | |

Fowl | manok | | lahal

A cock | piak | |

Salt | silan | uson |

Plaintain | punti | | ba’ong

Cocoa-nut | piasau | | bua butan

Flesh | ansi | ansi | wang

Fat | lambon, lunak | lunok | lumo’

Tobacco | sigup | |

Fish | sada | sada | lawid

Arrack | {tuak bahar | |

| {talak tinamul | |

Padi | parei | parei | pade’

Milk | gatas | |

Oil | umau | umau |

Water | waig | aig | pa

Fire | apui | apui | apui

Smoke | lisun | lisun | rapun

Ashes | ahun | a’u |

Egg | antalun | lampuni |

Price | arga | |

Charcoal | tahun | |

Tree | guas, puhn kaya | puhn | pohun

Branch | rahan | |

Leaf | rahun | daun | daun

Flower | usak | usak | usak

Bark | kulit | |

Root | gamut | amut | war

Gutta | pulut | |

Fruit | uah | buah | buah

Seed | linso | umi | ilong

Plants | tanaman | |

Pitcher do. | kaku anga | |

Rattan | tuei | |

Bambu | ragup | |

“Batang” trunk | wabañgan | |

Moss | rañgilut | |

Thorn | rugi | |

Pinang | lakang | |

Young do. | lugus | |

Country | pagun | pagun | bawang

Earth | tanah | tanah | tanah

Stone | watu | batu | batu

River | bawang | bawang | pa

Mountain | bukid | bukid | turud dita

Valley | parong | | aroi

Cave | luang | luang | lobang

Plain | kapayan | gana | balad

Sea | rahat | laut | pa nawap

Island | pulau | pulau | penulong

Wind | ibut | loñgos | bario

Storm | tañgus | |

Rainbow | meluntong | melintong | takang

Rain | rasam | rasam | mudan

Lightning | kadumaat | kaduma’at, | lalam

| | longganit |

Thunder | garut | sengkarut, lalam | lugo

Sun | matadau | mata-adau | chaw

Sand | oggis | |

Moon | ulan | bulan | bulan

Stars | rambituan | bintang | gatuan

Road | ralan | |

Forest | talunan | |

Lake | ranau | |

Deer | tambang | tambang | priau

Bear | buhuang | |

Horse | kuda | |

Buffalo | karbau | |

Cow cattle | sapi | |

Goat | kambing | |

Dog | asu | asu | okaw

Hog | bakas | bau-hi | barak

Wild hog | | ramo | baka’

Cat | tuñg-au | using | kuching

Monkey | kara | kara | koyad

Rat | ikus | tikus |

Snake | lanut | lanut | mampa’

Butterfly | galamambang | kalabang | berăpang

Beetle | anggiloung | |

Domestic bee | kalulut | |

Bee | tañgiñgat | mutit | sikan

Mosquito | sisit | kalias | tokong

Sandfly | | | ritak

Ant | kilau | kilau | dra

Horn | sungu | | nga

Hair | ulu | |

Tail | tiku | iku | iyor

Feather | alad | |

Egg | antalu | lampuni |

Honey | paha | leng | duro

Wings | tulut | alan | ilad

Half | siñggaran | |

Trade | bilian | |

A “dustar” | sigar | |

House | lamin, walei | alei |

Wood | seduan | |

Posts | trigi | rigi |

“Ataps” (mats) | tahap | |

Door | sesuanan | kārbon |

Ladder | tukat | tukad |

Window | tatiga-an | |

Fireplace | dapu-an | |

Bed (sleeping mat)| tikam modop | lubok |

Mat | tikam | ikam |

“Priok” pot | kuran | |

Hut | sulap | |

A measure | tuñgap | |

Pillow | roei | |

White man | kambura | |

Man | kadayan | mianei |

People | suang | |

A man | kusei, ngulun | mianei |

Woman | tandu | kimo |

Husband | kusei | ano’ |

Wife | sawa, sau | sau-o |

Father | ama | yama |

Mother | ina | indu |

Grandfather | adu aki | yaki |

Grandmother | adu | |

Child | anak | |

Virgin | samandak | |

Kiss | siñgud | narokadong |

Cloth | umut | |

“Chawat” | santut | sirot |

Spear | andus | bangkau |

“Parang” | dañgol | madi |

Knife | peis | |

Shield | taming | |

Sword | pedang | |

A spirit | ragun | lematei |

Iron | besi | |

Brass wire | saring | |

“Bidang” | ganap | |

Earring | anting anting | |

Needle | dalat | |

Jacket | rasuk-garong | |

Sheet | ramut | |

Body | inan | inan | burur

Head | ulu | ulu | ulu

Hair | tabuk | abuk | bok

Face | turas | rabas | monong

Ear | teliñgo | teliñgo |

Eye | mato | mato |

Eyebrow | kirei | |

Nose | tadong | adong |

Mouth | kabang | kabañg | tang

Lip | munong | |

Tooth | nipun | ipun | lipan

Tongue | lelah | lelah | lebah

Cheek | piñgas | ilan | piñg-it

Neck | lio | |

Shoulder | liawa | |

Armpit | pakilok | |

Hand | palad | loñg-on | tichu, palad

Finger | tentuduk | | buatichu

Thumb | malahing | indu loñgon | tuju tapo

Nail | sandulu | siñg-ilu | selon

Breasts | susu | |

Belly | tenai | tenai | batak

Navel | pusat | |

“Kamaluan” m | tali | |

“Kamaluan” f | tato tata’ | |

Thigh | paw | |

Knee | atud | |

Calf | dakud | |

Foot | lapak | atis | palad kukud

Bone | tulang | |

Blood | raha | ra |

Flesh | ansi | ng’giri | wang

Fat | lambon | lunok | lumo

Skin | kulit | kubil |

Saliva | luja | jimpi | aka

Sweat | tumus | umos | pana

Elbow | siku | |

Fathom | dapo | |

String, &c. | toggis | |

To roll up | lapiau | |

Cover, lid | sompon | |

Thief | penakau | |

Good | rañggoi | munsi |

Bad | arahat | rat |

Right | rañggoi, ingka | bunoi |

Wrong | sala’ | |

Tall | kawas | |

Long | naro | auad | rawir

Short | sariba | riba | benua

Sweet | momis | mamis |

Nice | wasi | |

Bitter | pait | pait |

Sharp | taram | |

Blunt | amo, katagu | |

Old (tuah) | lai-ing (lai-ag?) | kako |

Young | mulok | tari |

Old (lama) | laid, kilo | laid, matuo | maun

New | wago | ago | baro

Hot | lasu | lasu |

Cold | sagid | sagit | tenab

Wet | eiapas | masah | bah

Dry | magintu | kala’ | takaring

True | ranggoi | bunor |

False | udut | bawa |

Ugly | arahat | rat |

Pretty | osonang | monsei |

Large | gaio, kagaio | gaio | raya

Small | koré | diok | madi

Heavy | magat, bagat | magat | brat

| [wagat, ogat | |

Light | gan | gan | rahan

All | timong | sañgai | abiabi

Many | gamo, sapo | suang | mulamula

Few | koré-koré | diok | sesut

Like | bagal (“mirad”) | sama paras | pahad lea

Different | suei | |

Slow | boei | boei | dadan

Rapid | gompas | deros | mauwar

Heavy as rain | gompas | |

Thirsty | tuhan | kalalio |

Hungry | losun | mitil |

Striking | buntong | |

Sick | sagid | duol |

Dead | matei | matei |

Sorry | susah | gagau |

Angry | magulau | siau |

Straight | tulid | tulid | sŭn

Crooked | brakilong | belengkok | kelo’

Square | apat, persagi | ampat pensagi | lepingpat

Round | urud | | taburor

Broad | kalab | lebah | raya

Thick | kapah | kapah | kapal

Thin | mipis | nipis | nipi

Shallow | | | tutun

Deep | ralam | lalum |

Black | eitom | hitom | mitam

White | purak | purak | buda

Red | ragang | ragang | sia

Yellow | silau | chilau | berar

Sore | owal | |

Raw | matah’ | matah | matah

Ripe | mansak | mansak | lak

Dirty | amut | |

Clean | aro’k | |

Hard | kadau | kodau | tua

Soft | lumi | lembut | leia

Enough | ganap | |

“Korang” wanting | amo, karuñgut | |

Pregnant | betian | |

Slippery | lamau, lamo | |

Clever | tutun | |

Quick | jajaran | |

Right | ganan | |

Left | gibang | |

Rough | sanilu | |

Bold and brave | siau | |

I or we | yeho, yai dugu | jami |

You | dia | ikan |

He or they | idia | iyo |

Who | sei | iseo |

What | nono | a’an |

This | iti | tio |

That | ina | sulo |

Here | diti | ditio | dini

There | ilo, dilo | sulu | dŭng-a

Where | nambo | domboi | dapei-a

Far | sadu | sado | madi

Near | sămak, sămok | somok | monăng

Without | saribau | ribau | lemela’

Within | saralam | selalam | metakap

Above | kawas | ribau | duñgeilun

Below | sariba | sua | meilena

Behind | likud | likud | katad

Before | dibrus | derabas | lepa monong

Between | palatan | | rang

To | ka | |

Previously | gahulu | |

From | masunut | |

Not yet | eiso po | |

Yes | aw | awe |

No | eiso | ŭnjob |

Now | kirakira | kila | năpŭ

When | sañgira | memburo | idan

Afterwards | turi, tahuri | turi | muchi

In this way | inka’, pinka’ | |

In that way | inka-i | |

How many | sangkora, gamo | |

Presently | ruhei | |

More | aro | |

To eat | mengakan | |

To see | magintong | lintong |

To drink | menginum | |

To laugh | magirak | girak |

To weep | miad | giad |

To kiss | maniñgud | narokadong |

To speak | boras | betuntut |

To be silent | mada | gorom |

To hear | makinañgo | koroñgo |

To lift | kakatan | teñgañgo |

To walk | manau | manau |

To run | magidu | midu |

To stand | mindahau | kakat |

To sit | mirikau | koko |

To climb | midakud | nakod |

To sleep | modop | modop |

To awake | tumanag, tuñgag | tidong |

To recollect | insam | |

To know | pandei, mila | pandei |

To forget | aliwan | kalamuan |

To ask for | makiano | |

To wait | magandad | ninteo |

To come | sikei | mikot |

To go | mañgai, pagidu | midu |

To meet | bertemu | |

To hide | lisuk | mensusut |

To search | magi-om | yumo |

To give | noan | menak |

To bring | oito | mito |

To kill | sañgat, meniangat | metai-o |

To wound | suhat | |

To sow | memambri | |

To plant | meñgasuk | |

To fight | meñgulan, merasang| |

To trade | berdagang | |

To buy | bili | |

To sell | taranan | |

To cheat | menipu | |

To steal | menakau, menikus | |

To marry | menasawa | |

To bear children | berganak | |

To grow | samuni | |

To shout | meniangkis | |

“Ada” | warah | |

“Habis” | awi, ei, nei | |

To shade | osorong | |

To swim | samadoi | |

To arrive | korokod | |

To wash | miñg isu | |

To bathe | madsiu, padsiu | |

To want | saga | |

Don’t | ada | |

To burn | tutud | |

“He says” | kadsio | |

To play | berunsei | |

To tie | kagus | |

“Gurau” | bersibak | |

“Amput” | berkiu | |

To hug | gapus | |

To lay hold of | migit, makahei | |

To desire | saga’ | |

To return | sagulei | |

To take a wife | kasawa | |

„ husband | memañgat | |

High | | sau-at | dita

To strike | | pudo | mapar

To break | | petul | motul

To open | | bika | ngukab

To shut | | beno | nutub

To lift | | tenañg-o | năkang

To throw | | menokon | mapat

To sound | | katab | buri

Darkness | | potong | racham

Green | | |

Iron | basi | | belawan

Hill | | bukid diok | turud, murud

Hurricane | tañgus | ribut | buri mawar

West | | surapadau |

East | | matadayau |

Cloud | | | laput

Noon | | tampakadau | topud chaw

Sky | | adau |

To burn | tudo | sensuli | menunoh

To smoke | lisun | lisun | rapun

Rice | agas, wagas | agas | brah

Pumpkin | tawadak | | belabu

Yam | kaso | | ubi

Mouse | ikus | | labaw

Squirrel | | niamo |

Bird | | manok | suit

Kite | | kanio | kanio

Sparrow | | pirit | pirit

Swallow | | senkalayang | kalua

Crow | | mangkak | brengkak

Cage | | kuruñgan |

Frog | | sei | sit

Crab | | kuyu | kra

Prawn | | tentudik |

Fly | | pañgat |

Spider | | senkalang |

Wax | | | ulih

Thirsty | | kalalio | pring

Hungry | | mitil | lau

Smell | kiabau | mau |

Fragrant | | munsei |

Stinking | buntong | mutong |

Dead | matei | matei |

Answer | | sumbarau |

Pleased | | nako |

Afraid | | lemakak |

Shame | | mikum |

Love | | ngako |

Hate | | baji |

Wish | | ngako |

Right | | bunor |

Find | | malak |

Take | | lapo |

Boil | | sunsam |

Broil | | sinalau |

Earring | | subang |

Road | | langgaio |

Bridge | | pentaran |

Boat | | padas |

Canoe | | padasdiok |

Son | | mianei |

Daughter | | kimo |

Brother | | sitari |

Sister | | sitari kimo |

Girl | | anak agu |

Shallow (as water)| | | tutun

Tin | | | simara’

Sweet potato | wei | |

Kaladi | gual | |

A cock | piak | |

Ask for | makiano | |

APPENDIX E.

Though this list was given me by an educated Lanun, I doubt whether the

blanks I have left should be filled up with the Malay word, as he said,

because it is very possible that, as he had had little intercourse with

his countrymen for many years, he may have forgotten the words.

--------------+---------------+--------------

---- | MALAY. | LANUN.

--------------+---------------+--------------

Straight | lūrūs | matidu

Crooked | bengkok | becōg

Square | ampat persagi | „

Round | bulat | „

Long | panjang | melendu

Broad | lebar | maulad

Thick | tabal | makapal

Thin | nipis | manipis

Deep | dalam | madalam

High | tiñggi | mapuro

Short | pendek | mababa

Without | deluar | segămau

Within | dedalam | sisedalam

Light (in | riñgan | demaugat

weight) | |

Heavy | brat | maugat

Above | de atas | sekapruan

Below | de bawa | sekababa-an

Behind | de blakañg | selikud

Before | de muka | sesuñguran

Between | antara | „

Here | sini | sika

There | sana | ruka

Far | jauh | muatan

Near | dekat | maubé

Where | mana | autuna

At | de | „

To | ka | a

From | deri | si

All | samoa | lañgunyen

Many | baniak | madākal

Few | sedikit | meitu

Small | kechil | meitu

Large | besar | mala

Like | serūpa | magīsan

Now | sakarañg | amei

When | bila |

Then | kamudien | maŭri

To-morrow | besok | amag

Yesterday | kulmari | dua gua i dĕn

Old | lama | matei dĕn

New | bharu | bagu

Slow | lambat | malūmbat

Rapid | laju | magā-an

Strike | pukul | basal

Break | pechah | maupak

Open | buka |

Shut | tutup |

Lift | angkat | sepūat

Throw | lontar | pelāntig

Wet | basah | moasah

Dry | kring | magañgu

Sound | bunyi | uni

Light | trañg | malīwānug

Darkness | glap | malībutăng

Black | hitam | māhitam

White | putih | maputih

Red | merah | marega

Yellow | kuning | bināning

Blue | biru |

Green | ijau |

Country | negri | iñgud

Earth | tanah | lupa

Stone | batu | watu

Gold | mas | bulāwan

Silver | perak |

Iron | besi | putau

Mountain | gunong | palau

Valley | lembah |

Cave | guah | pasu

Hill | bukit | gunoñg

Plain | padang |

Island | pulau |

Water | ayer | aig

Sea | laut | kaludan

River | sungei |

Air | udara |

Wind | añgin | ūndū

Hurricane | ribut |

North | utara |

West | barat |

South | salātan |

East | timor |

Cloud | awan |

Rainbow | palañgi | datu bagua

Rain | ujan |

Lightning | kilat |

Thunder | tagar | gūntūr

Day | hari | gau-ī

Night | malam | magabī

Morning | siañg | mapīta

Sun | matahari |

Noon | tañgah hari |

Sky | lañgit |

Moon | bulan | ulan

Star | bintang | bituan

Hot | panas | mai-au

Fire | api | apūī

Burn | bakar | pegīau (ăngka)

Smoke | asap | bŭl

Ashes | abu |

Cocoa-nut | kalapa | nīūg

Plantain | pisang | saging

Paddy | padi | ilau

Rice | bras | bĕgas

Pumpkin | labū |

Yam | ubi |

Seed | biji |

Tree | puhn |

Root | akar |

Leaf | daun | raun

Flower | buñga |

Fruit | buah |

Raw | mantah | mélau

Ripe | masak | mialütū

Elephant | gajah |

Tiger | rimau |

Deer | rusa | seladŭng

Bear | bruang |

Horse | kuda |

Buffalo | karbau |

Cow | sapi betina | sapi babai

Goat | kambing |

Dog | anjing | asu

Hog | babi | babūi

Monkey | munyit |

Cat | kuching | bédŏng

Mouse |(kechil) tikus | ria (maitū)

Rat (besai) | tikus | dumpau

Squirrel | tupei |

Bird | burong | papanok

Domestic fowl | ayam |

Duck | itek |

Kite | alang |

Sparrow | pipit | papanok

Swallow | layang layang | lelāyang

Crow | gagak |

Cage | sangkar | kuroñgan

Snake | ular | nipai

Frog | katak | babak

Fish | ikan | seda

Crab | katam | leăgan

Prawn | udang |

Coral | karang buñga |

Butterfly | kūpū |

Bee | lebah | tabūan

Fly | lalat |

Mosquito | niamok |

Louse | kuku |

Ant | semūt |

Spider | laba laba |

Horn | tandok |

Tail | ikur | ikug

Feather | bulu | bumbul

Wings | sayap |

Egg | telur | urak

Honey | madu |

Wax | lilin | taru

Body | badan | gināu-a

Head | kapala | ulu

Hair | rambut | bok

Face | muka | biyas

Ear | teliñga |

Eye | mata |

Nose | idong | ngirong

Cheek | pipi |

Mouth | mulut | ngari

Lip | bibir |

Tooth | gigi | ngipan

Tongue | ledah |

Hand | tañgan | lima

Finger | jari | kamai

Thumb | ibu jari |

Nail | kuku |

Belly | prūt | tian

Foot | kaki | ay

Bone | tulang | tulun

Flesh | daging | sapu

Skin | kulit |

Fat | gumok | masăbūa

Lean | krus | megăsā

Blood | dara | rugu

Saliva | ludah |

Sweet | peluh | ating

Hard (as a | kras | matagas

[stone) | |

Soft | lunak | melemak

Hot | panas | mai-aū

Cold | sejūk | matănggan

Thirsty | aus | kaur

Hungry | lapar | megūtan

Sour | masam |

Sweet | manis |

Bitter | pait |

Smell | bau |

Fragrant | harum | mapīa bau

Stinking | anyir | maratai bau

Sick | sakit | masakit

Dead | mati | matai

Eat | makan | kuman

Drink | minum |

See | lihat | ilai

Laugh | tertawa |

Weep | tañgis | semăgŭd

Kiss | chium |

Speak | kata | taroh

Be silent | diam | gūmănŭg

Hear | duñgar | makănŭg

Lift | angkat | sepuat

Walk | jalan | lumalakan

Run | lari | melagui

Stand | dīri | tumatindug

Sit | duduk | muntud

Climb | panjat | pamusug

Sleep | tidor | tūmūrūg

Awake | bañgūn |

Recollect | kanal |

Know | tau | kataūan

Forget | lupa | kalipatan

Ask | preksa |

Answer | saut | sŭmbŭg

Understand | mengarti | matau

Yes | iya |

No | tidak | da

Beautiful | elok | mapia

Ugly | rupa jahat | marāta

Pleased | suka | mesūap

Sorry | susah |

Afraid | takut | kaluk

Shame | malu | kaya

Love | kasūka-an | masūat

Hate | binchi |

Anger | marah | membuñgūt

Wish | man | kiūgan

Right | betul | metidū

Wrong | salah | masalah

Good | baik | mapīa

Bad | jahat | marāta

True | benar |

False | dusta | būkŭg

Wait | nanti | gūmaganŭg

Come | datang | makōma

Go | pergi | sŭmong

Meet | temu |

Hide | bunyi(s)tapok | tapok

Search | chari | pengileī

Find | dapat | makūa

Give | kasih | begai

Take | ambil | kūa

Bring | bawa | sepūat

Take away | kaluarkan | gūmaū

Kill | bunoh |

I | aku | sakŭn

Mine | aku punia | quon sakŭn

Thou | angkau | sekā

Thine | angkau punia | quonka

He, she, it | diya | gīa

His, &c. | diya punia | quon gīa

We (_inclusive| | sakŭn

or absolute_)| |

Our | | quon akŭn

(_inclusive_)| |

We (_exclusive| | sakŭn

or relative_)| |

Our | | quon akŭn

(_exclusive_)| |

You | angkau | sekā

Your | angkau punia | quon kā

They | diya | gīa

Their | diya punia | quon gīa

This | ini |

That | itu |

Which | iang |

Who | siapa | antāwa

What | apa | antūna

Food | makān-an |

Rice, boiled | nasi | băgās

Sugar | gula |

Oil | miniak | lanah

Milk | susu |

Flesh | daging | sapu

Boil | rebus |

Broil | goring |

Salt | garam | timūs

Clothes | pakei-an |

Earring | krabu |

Chawat | chawat | bilad

House | rumah | wali

Wood | kayu |

Posts | tiang (rumah) |

Door | pintu |

Ladder | tangga |

Bed | tumpat tidor | tūrūgan

Mat | tikar | dŭmpas

Box | peti | kaban

Road | jalan | malakau

Bridge | jambātan |

Bow | panah |

Arrow | anak panah |

Spear | tombak | bangkau

Sword | pedang |

Chopping-knife| parang | puduk

Boat | prahu | awang

Canoe | sampan |

Spirit | hantu |

Man | lakilaki | mama

Woman | perampuan | babai

Husband | laki | karūma

Wife | bini | karūma

Father | bapa | ama

Mother | ma | ina

Grandfather | nenek |

Child | anak | wata

Son | anak laki- | wata mama

| laki |

Daughter | anak per- | wata babai

| ampuan |

Brother | sudara laki- | pegari mama

| laki |

Sister | sudara per- | pegari babai

| ampuan |

Old | tuah | lukus

Young | muda | meñguda

Boy | budak | wata

Girl | anak dara | raga

THE END.

London: Printed by SMITH, ELDER & CO.,

Little Green Arbour Court, Old Bailey, E.C.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Trusan, means a passage connecting one stream with another, or a

short cut joining two reaches of the same stream.

[2] I may remark here that the map I had with me had been constructed

during my former journeys, and I verified it as I proceeded.

[3] The Murut tribe, who formerly inhabited the Madalam branch of the

Limbang, and occupied the country round the base of the mountain of

Molu.

[4] A pikul is 133⅓ lb.

[5] A gantang is six pints.

[6] Gray shirtings.

[7] There are two ranges, which explain why I was so puzzled by the

different appearances presented by these mountains. In fact, it was

only afterwards I discovered that in ascending the Trunan we had got

under the “_child_ of Molu” as it is called by the Malays; had we

continued ascending the Madalam, we should have found ourselves under

the great peak.

[8] The best kinds are Timbaran and Damuan.

[9] _Journal of the Indian Archipelago_, vol. vi. page 562.

[10] I think it very probable that he meant that Andrew was the name of

the captain, and that he was one of the crew of _Maria Frederica_,

whose capture is referred to farther on.

[11] This horrible story was originally told us by Mr. Wyndham, but I

made many subsequent inquiries, and had every particular of the story

confirmed by trustworthy native authority. A man named Si Bungkul, who

was a captive at Tungku at the time, told me he saw an English captain

buried up to his waist, and that an elderly Lanun chief, called Rajah

Muda, who was famous for his long beard, walked up to him, and with one

blow cleft him from the shoulder to the side with his kempilan or heavy

Lanun sword.

[12] I may notice that many of the under estimates of the population

of this city arise from reckoning the houses at two thousand, and

multiplying that number by five, as the average of a family. But in

Brunei this system will not apply, as to test it, we have made above

a hundred inquiries of different men, as to the amount of inhabitants

in each of their houses, and the highest was the sultan, with seventy

in his palace, while the lowest was seven in a small fisherman’s hut.

I think in placing the average at fifteen, and reducing the number of

houses, I am understating the population, which is considered by many

to exceed forty thousand.

Transcriber’s Notes:

1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been

corrected silently.

2. Where hyphenation is in doubt, it has been retained as in the

original.

3. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have

been retained as in the original.

4. Italics are shown as _xxx_.

5. Bold print is shown as =xxx=.

6. Superscripts are represented using the caret character, e.g. D^r. or

X^{xx}.