_Reine-Claude de Brignais_ (syn. of Reine Claude de Brignais), 529
Reine-Claude de Chambourcy (syn. of Chambourcy), 174
_Reine-Claude de Comte Hathen_ (syn. of Altham), 141
Reine Claude d’Ecully, 529
_Reine-Claude de Flushings_ (syn. of Imperial Gage), 251
_Reine-Claude De Guigne_ (syn. of Transparent), 360
Reine-Claude d’Ecully (syn. of Ecully), 441
_Reine-Claude de Jodoigne_ (syn. of Jodoigne), 472
_Reine-Claude de Juillet_ (syn. of July Green Gage), 474
_Reine-Claude de Lawrence_ (syn. of Lawrence), 266
Reine Claude de l’Echoisier, 530
_Reine-Claude de Meroldt_ (syn. of Meroldt), 494
Reine Claude de Mezel, 530
Reine-Claude de Monroe (syn. of Monroe), 287
_Reine-Claude de Montmorency_ (syn. of Montmorency), 499
Reine Claude de Razaimbaut, 530
_Reine-Claude de Razaimbaut_ (syn. of Reine Claude de Razaimbaut), 530
Reine Claude de Saint-Avertin, 530
Reine Claude Descarde, 530
Reine-Claude de Schuyler (syn. of Schuyler Gage), 541
Reine Claude de Vandenbrok, 530
Reine Claude de Wazon, 530
Reine-Claude de Webster (syn. of Webster Gage), 562
Reine-Claude de Woolston (syn. of Woolston), 567
Reine-Claude D’Henrietta (syn. of Henrietta Gage), 461
Reine-Claude d’Hudson (syn. of Hudson Gage), 465
_Reine-Claude Diaphane_ (syn. of Transparent), 360
_Reine-Claude Diaphane Hâtive_ (syn. of Early Transparent Gage), 440
Reine Claude d’Oberdieck, 530
Reine-Claude d’October; _Reine-Claude d’Octobre_ (syns. of Late Reine
Claude), 481
_Reine-Claude Dore_; _Reine Claude Dorée_; _Reineclaude d’oree_
(syns. of Reine Claude), 327
_Reine-Claude d’Oullins_ (syn. of Oullins), 303
_Reine-Claude du Comte d’Althan_ or _Hathem_ (syns. of Altham), 141
_Reine-Claude Geante_ (syn. of Reisenzwetsche), 531
_Reine-Claude Grosse_ (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Reine Claude group, 27-29;
origin of, 27-29;
character of, 29;
leading varieties of, 29
_Reine-Claude Hâtive_ (syn. of July Green Gage), 474
Reine Claude Hamaitre, 530
_Reine-Claude Hâtive d’Avion_ (syn. of July Green Gage), 474
_Reine-Claude Hâtive de Bavay_ (syn. of July Green Gage), 474
_Reine-Claude Impériale_ or _Impériale de Prince_ (syns. of Imperial
Gage), 251
Reine-Claude Jaune De Dana (syn. of Dana Yellow Gage), 428
Reine-Claude Jaune De Prince (syn. of Yellow Gage), 388
_Reine-Claude Latinois_ (syn. of Chambourcy), 174
_Reine-Claude mit Halbgefullter Bluthe_ (syn. of Double Flowering
Gage), 192
_Reine-Claude Monot_ (syn. of Bavay), 155
Reine-Claude Monstreuse de Bavey (syn. of Bavay), 155
Reine Claude Monstrueuse de Mezel, 530
_Reine-Claude Moyret_ (syn. of Moyret), 500
_Reine-Claudenartige Aprikosen Pflaume_ (syn. of Apricot), 148
Reine-Claude Noire de Woolston (syn. of Woolston), 567
_Reine-Claude Petite_ or _Petite Espèce_ (syns. of Small Reine
Claude), 347
_Reine Claude Précoce_ (syn. of Oullins), 303
_Reine-Claude Précoce de Razimbaud_ (syn. of Reine Claude de
Razaimbaut), 530
_Reine-Claude Rouge_ (syn. of Belle), 158
Reine-Claude Rouge Americaine (syn. of Red Gage), 527
_Reine-Claude Rouge Comte Althan_; _Rouge de Hathen_; _rouge du comte
Hethan_; _Rouge du Comte Hethan_ (syns. of Altham), 141
_Reine-Claude Rouge de Prince_ (syn. of Red Gage), 527
_Reine-Claude Rouge de Septembre_ (syn. of Belle), 158
_Reine-Claude Rouge de Van Mons_ (syn. of Belle), 158
Reine-Claude Rouge of September; _Reine-Claude Rouge Van Mons_ (syns.
of Belle), 158
Reine Claude Sagot, 530
_Reine-Claude Semi-Double_ (syn. of Double Flowering Gage), 192
_Reine-Claude tardive_ (syn. of Chambourcy), 174
_Reine-Claude Tardive_ (syn. of Late Reine Claude), 481
Reine-Claude Tardive de Chambourcy; _Reine-Claude Tardive Latinois_
(syns. of Chambourcy), 174
_Reine Claude Transparent_; _Reine-Claude Transparente_ (syns. of
Transparent), 360
_Reine-Claude Verde Perdrigon_ (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
_Reine-Claude Verte_ (syn. of Chambourcy, 174; of Reine Claude, 327)
_Reine-Claude Verte Impériale_ or _Verte Superieure_ (syns. of
Imperial Gage), 251
_Reine-Claude Verte Tiquetée_ (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
_Reine-Claude Violette_ (syn. of Blaue Reine Claude, 405; of Purple
Gage, 318)
Reine-Claude von Bavays (syn. of Bavay), 155
Reine-Claude von Boddaert (syn. of Boddaert), 165
Reine Claude von Bollwiller, 530
Reine Claude Von Brahy (syn. of Brahy), 408
Reine-Claude von Jodoigne (syn. of Jodoigne), 472
Reine-Claude von Oullins (syn. of Oullins), 303
Reine-Claudia; _Reine-Claudia Blanche La Grosse_ (syns. of Reine
Claude), 327
_Reine de Chypre_ (syn. of Red Diaper), 323
Reine des Mirabelles, 530
_Reinette Claude d’Althan_ or _Comte d’Althan_ (syns. of Altham), 141
Reine Victoria, 531
_Reine Victoria_ (syn. of Victoria), 363
Reisenzwetsche, 531
_Reitzensteiner Gelbe Zwetsche_ (syn. of Gelbe Spätzwetsche, 451; of
Reizenstein Yellow Prune, 531)
Reizenstein Yellow Prune, 531
_Reizenstein’s Yellow Prune_ (syn. of Reizenstein Yellow Prune), 531
Ransleben, M., var. orig. by, 523
_Rensselaar_, _Rensselaer_ or _Rensselvar Gage_ (syns. of Reine
Claude), 327
Reutlinger Frühzwetsche, 531
_Reutlinger Frühzwetsche_ (syn. of Reutlinger Frühzwetsche), 531
_Rex_ (syn. of Spanish King), 546
Rhinebeck Yellow Gage, 531
Rhodes, 531
Rhue, 531
_Rhue’s Seedling_ (syn. of Rhue), 531
_Rice Seed_ (syn. of Gaviota), 450
Richard Trotter, 531
Richland, 531
Riga 11, 532
_Riga 115_ (syn. of Aubert), 397
Rigny, 532
Rising Sun, 532
Rivers, Francis, var. orig. by, 403
Rivers, Thomas, var. orig. by, 149, 153, 185, 200, 233, 241, 286,
406, 425, 438, 440, 453, 459, 461, 481, 482, 489, 518, 532,
549, 550
_Rivers’ Blue Prolific_; _Rivers’ No. 4_ (syns. of Blue Prolific), 406
Rivers’ Blue Prolific; Rivers’ Early; _Rivers’ Early No. 2_;
_Rivers’ Early Prolific_ or Early Prolific Plum, Rivers’ Frühe
Fruchtbare; Rivers Frühpflaume; _Rivers’ No. 2_ (syns. of Early
Rivers), 200
Rivers Early, 532
Rivers Early; _Rivers Early Favorite_; _River’s Early Favourite_;
_River’s Early No. 1_; _Rivers Frühpflaume_; Rivers Früh
Pflaume; _River’s No. 1_ Fruhpflaume; _Rivers_’ No. 2 (syns. of
Early Favorite), 438
Rivers’ Early Apricot (syn. of Early Transparent Gage), 440
Rivers’ Early Damson (syn. of Rivers Early), 532
Rivers’ Early Transparent Gage (syn. of Early Transparent Gage), 440
River’s Late Prolific (syn. of Late Prolific), 481
Rivularis (syn. of Towakong), 554
_Robe de Sargent_ or _Sergent_ (syn. of Agen), 138
_Robe de Sergeant_ or _Sergent_ (syn. of Sergeant), 339
Robert, 532
Robert’s Freestone (syn. of Robert), 532
_Robinson_ (syn. of Miner), 281
Robinson, 329
Roby, H. R., var. orig. by, 532
Roby Yellow, 532
Roch-courbon; _Roche-Carbon_; _Roche Corbon_; _Roche Courbon_ (syns.
of Red Diaper), 323
Rockford, 532
Rocky Mountain, 532
_Rocky Mountain Seedling_ (syn. of Rocky Mountain), 532
Rodney, 532
_Rodney Gage_ (syn. of Rodney), 532
Rodt Blaue Zwetsche, 533
Rodt Frühe Grosse Pflaumenzwetsche, 533
_Rodt’s Grosse Frühe Pflaumen-Zwetsche_ (syn. of Kaiser Wilhelm), 474
Roe, William, var. orig. by, 398
Roe’s Autumn; _Roe’s Autumn Gage_ (syns. of Autumn Gage), 398
Rognon D’Ane, 533
Rognon de Coq, 533
_Rognon-de-Coq de Nikita_ (syn. of Nikitaer Hahnenpflaume), 504
_Roi_ (syn. of Royal Tours), 332
_Roi-Claude_ (syn. of Oullins), 303
Roi d’Agen (syn. of Agen), 138
Rollande Galloppi, 533
Rollingstone, 330
Rolling Stone (syn. of Rollingstone), 330
Ronald Fancy, 533
_Rood_ (syn. of Empire), 203
Rood, Ezra, var. orig. by, 204
Ros-Pruim Double, 533
Ros-pruim Double (syn. of Horse), 464
Roselle, 533
_Rosinen Pflaume_ (syn. of Bechstein Spitzpflaume, 400; of Rote
Zwetsche, 534)
Ross, 533
Ross, J. T., var. orig. by, 533
Ross Seedling (syn. of Ross), 533
Rossy Frühe Zwetsche, 533
_Rossy’s Früh Zwetsche_ (syn. of Rossy Frühe Zwetsche), 533
Rostrave Bell, 533
Rote Aprikosenpflaume or Aprikosenzwetsche (syns. of Red Apricot),
321
_Rote Claude_ (syn. of Belle), 158
_Rote Cyprische Pflaume_ (syn. of Red Diaper), 323
Rote Dattelzwetsche (syn. of Red Date), 322
Rote Diaprée; Rote Eier Pflaume; _Rote Marunke_; _Rote Masche_;
_Rote Osterei_; _Rote Ross Pflaume_; _Rothe Diapre_ or
_Diaprée_; _Rothe Eierpflaume_; _Rothe Marunke_; _Rothe Süsse
Pflaume_; _Rothe Violen Pflaume_; _Rouge Corbon_ (syns. of Red
Diaper), 323
_Rote Eier Pflaume_; Rote Kaiserpflaume; _Rote Kaiser Zwetsche_;
_Rothe Kaiserpflaume_; _Rothe Kaiserzwetsche_ (syns. of Red
Magnum Bonum), 326
_Rote Feigen Pflaume_ (syn. of Red Date), 322
Rote Früh Damascene (syn. of Damas Rouge Hâtif), 427
_Rote Herbst Zeiberl_ (syn. of Rotes Zeiberl), 533
Rote Jungfernpflaume (syn. of Red Virginal), 529
Rote Kirschpflaume (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
Rote Mirabelle, 533
Rote Nectarine (syn. of Nectarine), 291
Rote Washington (syn. of Brevoort Purple), 408
_Rote Zipper_; _Rote Zwetsche_ (syns. of Bechstein Spitzpflaume), 400
Rote Zwetsche, 534
Roter Perdrigon; Rother Perdrigon (syns. of Red Perdrigon), 528
_Roter Spilling_ (syn. of Hofinger Mirabelle), 462
_Rotes Taubenherz_ (syn. of Queen Mother), 522
Rotes Zeiberl, 533
_Rothgefleckte Goldpflaume_ (syn. of Belle de Schöeneberg), 401
_Rothe Aprikosenpflaume_ (syn. of Red Apricot), 321
_Rothe Frühdamascene_ (syn. of Damas Rouge Hâtif), 427
Rothe Jungfernpflaume, 534
_Rothe Königspflaume_ (syn. of Royal Tours), 332
_Rothe Mirabelle_ (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
Rothe Nectarine (syn. of Nectarine), 291
_Rothe Nektarine_ (syn. of Peach), 309
_Rotherham_ (syn. of Winesour), 566
_Rotgefleckte Gold Pflaume_ (syn. of Belle de Schöeneberg), 401
_Rouge Corbon_ (syn. of Red Diaper), 323
_Rouge de Bleecker_ (syn. of Lombard), 268
_Rouge de Brevoort_ (syn. of Brevoort Purple), 408
_Rouge de Denniston_ (syn. of Denniston Red), 431
_Rouge de Liegel_ (syn. of Royale Hâtive de Liegel), 535
Rouge Hâtive (syn. of Red Primordian), 528
Rouge Hâtive de Nitka, 534
_Rouge tardive de Coe_ (syn. of Saint Martin), 336
_Rouge Tardive De Coe_ (syn. of Saint Martin Quetsche), 538
Roulette, 534
Round, 534
Round Black Damson (syn. of Damson), 186
_Round Damson_ (syn. of Damson), 186
Round Leaf Wonderful, 534
Rousse De Guthrie (syn. of Guthrie Russet), 457
Rowlett (syn. of Roulette), 534
Rowley, Jos., var. orig. by, 534
Rowley, 534
Roxburgh, quoted, 51
Royal, 534
_Royal_ (syn. of Climax, 178; of Royal, 534)
Royal Bullace, 534
Royal Dauphin (syn. of Royal Dauphin), 534
Royal Dauphin, 534
_Royal Dauphine_ (syn. of Sharp, 340; of Victoria, 363)
Royal de Braunac, 535
_Royal de Vilvorde_ (syn. of Jodoigne), 472
_Royale_ (syn. of Mayer Königspflaume, 493; of Royal, 534; of Royal
Tours, 332)
Royale Dauphin (syn. of Royal Dauphin), 534
Royale de Behrens, 535
_Royale de Behrens_ (syn. of Royale de Behrens), 535
_Royale de Braunau_ (syn. of Buchner Königspflaume), 410
_Royale de Haffner_ (syn. of Haffner Königspflaume), 458
_Royale de Koch_ (syn. of Koch Königspflaume), 477
_Royale de Lucas_ (syn. of Lucas Königspflaume), 487
_Royale de Mayer_ (syn. of Mayer Königspflaume), 493
_Royale de Paris Tardive_ (syn. of Perdrigon Tardif), 515
Royale de Siebenfreud, 535
_Royale de Siebenfreund_ (syn. of Royale de Siebenfreud), 535
_Royale de Tours_ (syn. of Royal Tours), 332
_Royale de Trapp_ (syn. of Trapps Königspflaume), 555
_Royale du Dr. Koch_ (syn. of Koch Königspflaume), 477
_Royale Hâtive_ (syn. of Early Royal), 201
_Royale Hâtive_ or _Hâtive de Liegel_ (syns. of Royale Hâtive de
Liegel), 535
Royale Hâtive de Liegel, 535
_Royal Hâtive de Nikita_ (syn. of Early Royal of Nikita), 440
_Royale tres-grosse_ (syn. of Royal), 534
Royale Violette de Keindl, 535
_Royale Violette de Keindt_ (syn. of Royale Violette de Keindl), 535
_Royal Green Gage_ (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Royal Hâtive (syn. of Early Royal), 201
_Royale Hâtive de Nikita_ (syn. of Early Royal of Nikita), 440
Royal of Tours (syn. of Royal Tours), 332
Royal Pea, 535
_Royal Plumb_; _Royal Red_ (syns. of Royal), 534
_Royal red Plum_; _Royal Tours_ (syns. of Royal Tours), 332
Royal Tours, 332
Royer Aprikosen Pflaume, 535
Ruben Burgunder Zwetsche, 535
Ruby, 535
Rudolph, 536
_Rudolph’s Pflaume_ (syn. of Prune de Rudolphe), 521
_Rudolphspflaume_ (syn. of Rudolph), 536
Rue, 536
Rue, J. B., var. orig. by, 536
Ruff Choice, 536
Ruff Spanish, 536
Runde Brisette (syn. of Late Mirabelle), 263
_Runde Rote Damascene_ (syn. of Liegel Rote Damascene), 484
Runyon, O. R., var. orig. by, 359
Russian Mirabelle, 536
Russian No. 2, 536
Russian No. 3, 536
_Russian plum 20 M._ (syn. of Burbank), 170
Rutland Plumcot, 333
_Sabel Pflaume_ (syn. of Hungarian), 246
Sada, 536
Saffold, 536
Sagetsuma (syn. of Sagetsuna), 536
Sagetsuna, 536
St. Anne, 537
Saint Antoine, 537
Saint Antonio, 537
Saint Aubert (syn. of St. Aubert), 537
St. Aubert, 537
_Sainte Barnabé_; _St. Barnabée_ (syns. of Early Yellow), 203
Saint Catherine, 334
St. Catharine; _Saint Catherine_; _Sainte Catherine_;
_Sainte-Catherine_; _Sainte-Catherine jaune_, _ordinaire_ or
_de Tours_; St. Katharine (syns. of Saint Catherine), 334
_Sainte-Catherine_ (Belgien) (syn. of Red Magnum Bonum), 326
_Saint Clair_; _St. Claire_; _Saint Claire_; _Sainte-Claire_ (syns.
of Bavay), 155
_Saint Cloud_ (syn. of Goliath), 231
_Saint Cyr_ (syn. of Morocco), 288
St. Etienne, 537
St. James, 537
St. James’ Quetsche (syn. of St. James), 537
_Saint-Jean_ (syn. of Noire de Montreuil), 504
_Saint Jean_ (syn. of Early Tours), 202
_St. Jean_ (syn. of Early St. John), 440
St. John, 537
_St. Julian_; St. Julien; _Saint Julien_; Saint Julien Petit (syns.
of Saint Julian), 335
Saint Julien, 335
St. Julien group, discussion of, 41, 42
St. Lawrence, 537
_Saint Loo_ (syn. of Valence), 557
Saint Martin, 336
_Saint_ (or _St._) _Martin_ or _Martin Rouge_ (syns. of Saint
Martin), 336
Saint-Martin; Saint Martin’s; _Saint Martin’s Quetsche_ (syns. of
Saint Martin Quetsche), 538
Saint Martin Quetsche, 538
Saint Maurin; _St. Maurin_; _Saint Mauriniana_ (syns. of Agen), 138
Saint Pierre, 538
St. Remo, 538
Sainte Theresa, 537
Sandall, var. orig. by, 538
Sandall, 538
Sandall’s Plum (syn. of Sandall), 538
Sanders, 538
Sanderson, 538
Sandle, 538
Sandoz, 538
Sand Plum, 538
_Sanguine_ (syn. of Satsuma), 337
_Sankt-Julians Pflaume_ (syn. of Damson), 186
_Sankt-Michel’s Pflaume_ (syn. of September Damask), 542
Sannois, 538
Sannois Quetsche (syn. of Sannois), 538
_Sans Noyau_ (syn. of Stoneless), 353
Sans-Noyau (syn. of Stoneless), 353
Sansoto, 539
Santa Rosa, 539
Sapa, 539
Saratoga, 539
Sargent, quoted, 97
Saskatchewan, 539
Satin, 539
Satsugon, 539
Satsuland, 539
Satsuma, 337
_Satsuma_ (syn. of Berger), 160
Satsuma Blood (syn. of Satsuma), 337
_Sauere Weinpflaume_ (syn. of Winesour), 566
_Sauere Wein Pflaume Von Yorkshire_ (syn. of Winesour), 566
Saunders, 339
_Saunders Seedling_ (syn. of Saunders), 339
Sauvageon, 539
_Savoy_ (syn. of Isle-Verte), 470
Sayer Favorite, 540
Scaldatello (syn. of Scaudatella), 540
Scaldatone, 540
Scanarda, 540
_Scanarda_ (syn. of Scanarda), 540
_Scarlet Gage_ (syn. of Long Scarlet), 485
Scaudatella, 540
Schamal, 540
Schamal, M., var. orig. by, 525, 540
_Schamal_ (syn. of Schamal), 540
_Schamals Frühzwetsche_ (syn. of Quetsche Précoce De Schamal), 525
_Schamals Herbstpflaume_ (syn. of Schamal), 540
Scheidweiler, M., var. orig. by, 205
Schenectady, 540
_Schenectady Catharine_, _Catherine_ or Catherine Plum (syns. of
Schenectady), 540
Schieblers Eier Pflaume, 540
Schiebler Luisante, 540
Schlachter Früh Zwetsche, 540
_Schlehen Pflaume_ (syn. of Damson), 186
Schley, 540
Schley, Philip, var. orig. by, 425
_Schley’s Large Red_ (syn. of Schley), 540
Schmidt Rote Zwetsche, 541
Schneider, quoted, 44
Schoenthal, 541
_Schöne September Königspflaume_ (syn. of Belle), 158
_Schöne von Lowen_ (syn. of Belle de Louvain), 400
Schöne von Riom, 541
_Schöne von Schöneberg_ (syn. of Belle de Schöeneberg), 401
Schuyler, General, var. orig. by, 541
Schuyler Gage, 541
_Schuyler Gage_ (syn. of Schuyler Gage), 541
_Schuyler_ or _Schuyler’s Gage_ (syns. of Reine Claude), 327
_Schwarze Mirabelle_ (syn. of Norbert), 505
_Schwarze Muskateller Pflaume_ (syn. of Musk Damson), 501
_Schwarze Reine-Claude_ (syn. of Blaue Reine Claude), 405
_Schwarzer Perdrigon_ (syn. of Normand Perdrigon), 506
Schweizer Pflaume (syn. of Suisse), 549
_Schweizer Zwetsche_; _Schweizerzwetsche_ (syns. of Italian Prune),
253
_Schweizer Zwetsche_ (incor.) (syn. of Large English), 262
Scioto, 541
Scott & Co., var. orig. by, 211
Scribner, 541
_Sea_ (syn. of Howell), 465
Sea-Egg, 541
Semiana, 541
Semiana (syn. of Suisse), 549
_Semiana_ (syn. of Italian Prune), 253
Semiana of Boston (syn. of Semiana), 541
_Semi-double flowering Reine Claude_ (syn. of Double Flowering Gage),
192
Semina (syn. of Semiana), 541
_Semis de Bury_ (syn. of Golden Drop), 229
_Semis de Dorr_ (syn. of Dorr Seedling), 434
_Semis de Dry_ (syn. of Dry Seedling), 436
_Semis de Pond_ (syn. of Pond), 314
Seper, 542
_Seper’s Peach_ (syn. of Seper), 542
September, 542
_September Damascene_ (syn. of Perdrigon Tardif), 515
_September Damascene_, _Damask_ or _Damson_ (syns. of September
Damask), 542
September Damask, 542
_Serdali Irek_ (syn. of Gelbe Kirschpflaume), 450
Sergeant, 339
_Shailer’s White Damson_ (syn. of White Damson), 374
Shaker, 542
Sharp, 340
Sharp; _Sharpe’s Emperor_; _Sharp’s Emperor_; _Sharps Kaiserpflaume_
(syns. of Sharp), 340
Sharp; _Sharpe’s Emperor_; _Sharpe’s Emperor_; _Sharp’s
Kaiserpflaume_ (syns. of Victoria), 363
Shaw, 542
Shedd Cluster, 542
_Sheen_ (syn. of Fotheringham), 212
Sheldon, 542
Sheldrake, 340
Shepherd Bullace, 542
Shepherd’s White (syn. of Shepherd Bullace), 542
_Shepler_ (syn. of Red Magnum Bonum), 326
Shepway Bulleis, 542
Shilling, 543
Shipper, 341, 543
_Shipper_ (syn. of Marketman), 491
_Shipper Pride_; Shipper’s Pride; _Shippers’ Pride_ (syns. of
Shipper), 341
Shirata Bene, 543
Shiro, 342
_Shiro Smomo_ (syn. of Berger, 160; of Ogon, 298; of Red June, 324)
Shropshire, 344
_Shropshire Damson_ (syn. of Shropshire), 344
Shviata Bene, 543
Siamese, 543
Sidone, 543
Siebenbürger Pflaume, 543
_Siebenburger Pflaume_ (syn. of Early Yellow), 203
_Siebenburger Zwetsche_ (syn. of Quetsche de Transylvanie), 523
_Siebenfreud’s Königspflaume_; Siebenfreund’s Königspflaume (syns. of
Royale de Siebenfreud), 535
Sierra, 543
Sierra Crimson (syn. of Sierra), 543
Silassy, 543
Silas Wilson, 543
_Silberblattrige Zwetsche_ (syn. of Quetsche à feuille argentée), 523
Silva Köning Claudie, 543
_Silver Prune_ (syn. of Golden Drop), 229
_Simiana_ (syn. of Semiana, 541; of Suisse, 549)
Simon, 345
Simon, Victor, var. orig. by, 551
_Simon_; _Simon’s Chinese Apricot Plum_; Simon’s Peach; Simon’s Plum
(syns. of Simon), 346
Simpson, 346
Simpson, W. B., var. orig. by, 414.
_Sinomo_ (syn. of Kelsey), 258
_Sir Charles Worsley’s_ (syn. of Royal), 534
Sirocco, 544
Sisson, 544
Sixby, 544
Six Weeks, 544
_Skorospielka_ (syn. of Early), 437
Skuya, 544
Slee-Pruim (syn. of Sloe), 544
Sloe, 544
Sloe Plum, 59
Small, quoted, 80
Small Black Damask (syn. of Black Damask), 404
_Small Damas_ (syn. of Black Damask), 404
Small Green Drying, 544
_Small Green Gage_ (syn. of Small Reine Claude), 347
_Small Mirabelle_ (syn. of Mirabelle), 284
_Small Queen Claude_ (syn. of Small Reine Claude), 347
_Small Red Damask_; Small Red Damson (syns. of Queen Mother), 522
Small Reine Claude, 347
_Small Round Damson_ (syn. of Damson, 186; of White Damson, 374)
_Small White Damask_ (syn. of Small White Damson), 545
Small White Damson, 544
Smiley, 545
Smith, Captain John, quoted, 84, 93
Smith, var. orig. by, 348
Smith, 545
Smith, A. M., var. orig. by, 545
Smith, C. A., var. orig. by, 545
Smith, E. F., quoted, 131
Smith, W. & T. Co., quoted, 118
Smith October, 545
Smith Orleans, 348
Smith Prolific, 545
_Smith Prune_ (syn. of Diamond), 191
Smith Red, 545
_Smith’s Herrn Pflaume_; _Smith’s large Orleans_; _Smith’s Orleans_;
Smith’s Orleans Pflaume (syns. of Smith Orleans), 348
Smith’s large October (syn. of Impératrice), 249
_Smith’s Orleans_ (syn. of Cooper), 423
Smith’s Prune (syn. of Diamond), 191
_Smith’s Prune_ (syn. of Kingston), 476
Smith’s Red (syn. of Smith Red), 545
Snelling, 545
Snelling, W. H., var. orig. by, 546
_Snooks_ (syn. of New Ulm), 293
Snyder, 546
Sophie, 349
Souris, 546
_Sour Wine Plum of Yorkshire_ (syn. of Winesour), 566
South Cumberland, 546
Southern Beauty, 546
Southern Golden, 546
_Souvenir de Madame Nicolle_ (syn. of Madame Nicolle), 488
Spanish (syn. of Spanish King), 546
Spanish Damascene; _Spanish Damask_; Spanish Red Damask (syns. of
Spanish Damask), 546
Spanish Damask, 546
Spanish King, 546
_Spanish King_ (syn. of Lombard), 268
_Späte Dattel Pflaume_ (syn. of Hungarian), 246
_Späte Herrn Pflaume_; _Späte Königs Pflaume_; _Späte Königs Pflaume
aus Paris_; _Später Perdrigon_ (syns. of Perdrigon Tardif), 515
_Späte Mirabelle_ (syn. of Late Mirabelle, 263; of Saint Catherine,
334)
Späte Muskateller; Späte Muskatellerpflaume (syns. of Late
Muscatelle), 264
_Späte Muskateller Pflaume_ (syn. of Tardive Musquée), 551
_Späte Schwarze Damascene_ (syn. of Musk Damson), 501
Späte von Chalons (syn. of Late Chalons), 480
Späte Zwetsche Von Karlstadt, 546
Spath, M., var. orig. by, 395
Spaulding, 350
Speckled Gage, 546
Speer, 547
_Spelge_ (syn. of Gemeiner Gelbe Spilling), 451
Spicer, 547
_Spilge_ (syn. of Gemeiner Gelbe Spilling), 451
Spilling Jaune-double, 547
Spilling Jaune-simple (syn. of White Wheat), 565
_Spindel Pflaume_ (syn. of Gemeiner Gelbe Spilling), 451
_Spitszwetsche_ (syn. of Quetsche Pointue), 524
_Spitzige Rote Pflaume_; _Spitz Pflaume_ (syns. of Rote Zwetsche), 534
_Spitzige Rote Pflaume_ (syn. of Bechstein Spitzpflaume), 400
_Spitz Pflaume_ (syn. of Bechstein Spitzpflaume), 400
Spitzzwetsche (syn. of Quetsche Pointue), 524
Splendid, 547
Splendor, 547
Spotted Gage, 547
Springer, 547
Stabeler Seedling, 547
_Stambul Erik oder Irek_ (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
Standard, 548
_Standard of England_ (syn. of Standard), 548
Stanton, 352
Stanton’s Seedling (syn. of Stanton), 352
Stark Brothers, quoted, 116, 213
Stark Green Gage, 548
Starnes, H. N., quoted, 131, 376
Steer’s Emperor; _Steers’ Emperor_ (syns. of Goliath), 231
Steinlose Zwetsche (syn. of Stoneless), 353
Steinman, 548
Steinman, C., var. orig. by, 548
Stella, 548
_Stengel Pflaume_ (syn. of Werder’sche Frühzwetsche), 563
Stephens, John D., var. orig. by, 533
Steptoe, 548
Sterling, 548
Stickney, 548
Stint, 548
Stintpflaume (syn. of Stint), 548
Stocks, varieties of, 114-120
Stoddard, 352
Stoddart (syn. of Stoddard), 352
Stoneless, 353
_Stoneless_ (syn. of Stoneless), 353
Stonewood, 549
Stout, var. orig. by, 549
Stout, 549
Strachey, quoted, 84
Strawberry, 549
_Strawberry_ (syn. of Berger), 160
Striped-leaved, 549
Strong, William, var. orig. by, 512
Stumpe (syn. of Howe), 464
Stumpe, Mrs., var. orig. by, 465
_Stumpy_ (syn. of Howe), 464
Sucker State, 549
_Sucree de Trauttenberg_, or Sucree-Douce De Trauttenberg (syns. of
Trauttenberg), 555
_Sucrin Vert_ (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Sugar, 354
Sugar Prune (syn. of Sugar), 354
_Suisina Grossella Piccola_ (syn. of Musk Damson), 501
Suisse, 549
Sultan, 549
_Sultan_ (syn. of Occident), 295
Sultaneck Erick, 549
_Sultaneck Erik_ (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
_Summer Damson_ (syn. of Damas d’Ete), 426
Sunrise, 549, 550
Sunset, 550
Superbe de Denniston (syn. of Denniston Superb), 431
Superbe de Huling (syn. of Hulings), 245
_Superior Gage_; _Superiour_ or _Superior Green Gage_ (syns. of
Imperial Gage), 251
_Superior Gage_; _Superior Green Gage_ (syns. of Washington), 368
Supreme (syn. of Yellow Egg), 386
Surpasse Monsieur, 550
Surprise, 355
Susina Di Santa Caterina (syn. of Saint Catherine), 334
_Susina Massina Piccola_ (syn. of Apricot), 148
Susina Regina (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
_Susina Settembrica Quialla_ (syn. of Reizenstein Yellow Prune), 531
Susina Torla d’Nova di Borgogna (incor.) (syn. of Burgundy Prune), 412
Susina or Susino Vecchietti (syns. of Catelano Violaceo), 416
_Susina Verdachia Longa_ (syn. of Grüne Dattel Zwetsche), 456
Susino Catalano (syn. of Catalano), 415
Susino Damaschino Settembrino (syn. of Damaschino Settembrino), 426
Susino Scaudatella (syn. of Scaudatella), 540
_Suwanee_ (syn. of Wild Goose), 378
Svedske Tidlig Leipziger, 550
Svedske Ungersk, 550
Swan, 550
Swan (syn. of Swan Golden), 550
Swan Golden, 550
Swan’s Yellow (syn. of Swan Golden), 550
_Sweet Botan_ (syn. of Abundance, 136; of Berckmans, 159)
Sweet Damson, 550
_Sweet Damson_ (syn. of Fürst Damson, 448; of Horse, 464)
_Sweet Prune_ (syn. of German Prune), 220
Swift, 550
_Swiss_ or _Switzer’s Plum_ (syns. of Suisse), 549
_Swiss Prune_ (syn. of Italian Prune), 253
_Syrische Pflaume_ (syn. of Mirabelle), 284
Szillassy Piros, 550
Tabor, G. L., var. orig. by, 207
Tante Anne (syn. of Aunt Ann), 397
_Tardif_ or _Tardive de Chalons_ (syns. of Late Chalons), 480
_Tardive de Chambourcy_ (syn. of Chambourcy), 174
Tardive de Corny, 551
Tardive de Fourqueux, 551
Tardive de Genes, 551
_Tardive de Rivers_ (syn. of Late Rivers), 481
Tardive Musquée, 551
Tarleton, 551
Tatge, 551
Tawny, 551
Taybank, 551
_Tchernaya Arabskaya_ (syn. of Black Arabka), 404
_Tchernaya vengerskaya_ (syn. of Black Prune), 404
Tecumseh, 552
Temperature, phases of, 102
Temple, 552
Tenant or Tennant Prune (syns. of Tennant), 357
Tennant, 357
Tennant, Rev. John, var. orig. by, 357
Tenneha, 552
Tennessee, 552
Tennessee Plum (syn. of Tennessee), 552
Terrell, 552
Terry, 552
Terry, H. A., life of, 242;
var. orig. by, 193, 238, 242, 280, 391, 393, 402, 406, 408, 410,
415, 416, 419, 421, 422, 424, 425, 429, 431, 432, 434, 435,
441, 443, 444, 447, 448, 451, 453, 462, 469, 471, 472, 473,
483, 484, 485, 486, 490, 491, 492, 494, 503, 509, 513, 518,
519, 522, 529, 536, 542, 543, 552, 558, 559, 561, 562, 564,
566, 568
Terry De Soto, 552
Terry’s Desota (syn. of Terry De Soto), 552
_Teutsche blaue Zwetsche_ (syn. of German Prune), 220
Texas Belle, 552
Texas Gauge, 552
Thanksgiving, 553
Thanksgiving Prune (syn. of Thanksgiving), 553
_The Beauty_ (syn. of Corymbus), 423
The Coe’s Plum (syn. of Golden Drop), 229
The Cook’s Choice (syn. of Cook Choice), 422
_The Czar_ (syn. of Czar), 184
The Dosch (syn. of Dosch), 435
The Gem (syn. of Gem), 451
_The Great Damask Plum_ (syn. of Lange Violette Damascene), 479
The Green Damosine Plum (syn. of Mirabelle), 284
The Impératrice Plum (syn. of Impératrice), 249
The Imperial Plum (syn. of Red Magnum Bonum), 326
The Myrobalane Plum (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
The Nectarine Plum (syn. of Nectarine), 291
_The New Apricot Plum_ (syn. of Apricot), 148
The Purple Myrobalan (syn. of Pissardi), 516
The St. Julian Plum (syn. of Saint Julien), 335
The Washington Plum (syn. of Washington), 368
The White Impératrice Plum (syn. of White Impératrice), 375
Theresa, 553
Thomas, 553
Thomas October, 553
Thomaspflaume (syn. of Thomas), 553
Thompson’s Golden Green, 553
Thorndyke Gage, 553
Thousand-And-One, 553
Thresher, 553
Throop, 553
Throop, Calvin, var. orig. by, 548
Throop No. 1, 554
Throop No. 2, 554
Throssel, 554
Tillemond, 554
Tinsley, J. H., var. orig. by, 383
_Tobe’s Gage_ (syn. of Deaton), 429
Tobias Gage, 554
_Togari_ (syn. of Kelsey), 258
Togo, 554
Tokeya, 554
Tomato, 554
Tomlingson, 554
Tomlinson’s Charlotte (syn. of Charlotte), 417
Topaz (syn. of Guthrie Topaz), 457
_Topaze de Guthrie_ (syn. of Guthrie Topaz), 457
_Torlo d’Ovo_ or _d’Uovo_ (syns. of Saint Catherine), 334
Towakong, 554
_Townsend_ (syn. of Miner), 281
Trabesche, 555
Trabeshe (syn. of Trabesche), 555
Tragedy, 358
Traer (syn. of De Soto), 189
Tradescant, John, var. orig. by, 326
Tragedy Prune (syn. of Tragedy), 358
Transparent, 360
_Transparent_ (syn. of Macedonia, 488; of Yellow Transparent, 570)
Transparente, 555
_Transparent Gage_, Gage Plum or Green Gage (syns. of Transparent),
360
_Transparent Yellow_ (syn. of Yellow Transparent), 570
Trapps Königspflaume, 555
Traubenpflaume, 555
Trauttenberg, 555
_Trauttenbergs Aprikosenpflaume_ (syn. of Abricotée de Trauttenberg),
391
_Trauttenberg Zuckersüsse_ (syn. of Trauttenberg), 555
Trayer (syn. of De Soto), 189
Trianon, 555
Trinkle, John W., var. orig. by, 555
Trinkle No. 4, 555
_Triomphe Garcon_ or _Valet_; _Trompe Garcon_ or _Valet_;
_Tromp-Valet_ (syns. of Reine Claude), 327
Trostle, 555
Trotter, Lillian A., var. orig. by, 443
Trotter, Richard, var. orig. by, 473, 484, 511
_Trouvée de Vaunêge_ or Vonêche (syns. of Trouvée de Voueche), 555
Trouvée de Voueche, 555
_True Large German Prune_ (syn. of German Prune), 220
_True Sweet Botan_ (syn. of Berckmans), 159
Truro, 556
Tucker, 556
Tucker, Ezra W., var. orig. by, 556
Tudor, 556
Tupper, var. orig. by, 190
Turkey, 556
Turkey Plumb (syn. of Turkey), 556
Turkie (syn. of Turkey), 556
_Türkische Gelbe Pflaume_ (syn. of Imperial Ottoman), 467
_Türkische Kirsche_ (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
_Türkische Zwetsche_ (syn. of Hungarian, 246; of Red Date, 322)
_Turkish Prune_ (syn. of Italian Prune), 253
Turkish Prune, 556
_Turkish Quetsche_ (syn. of German Prune), 220
Turky (syn. of Turkey), 556
Turner, Stephen H., var. orig. by, 552
Twice Bearing, 556
Twins, 557
Tzaueron, 557
_Uchi Bene_; _Uchi-Beni_ (syns. of Berger), 160
_Uchi Beni_ (syn. of Chabot), 172
Ulysses, 557
Uncle Ben, 557
Ungarische (syn. of Ungarish), 361
_Ungarische Blaue Eier_ (syn. of Kaiser Wilhelm), 474
Ungarische Dattelzwetsche (syn. of Hungarian), 246
Ungarische Dattel Zwetsche, 557
_Ungarische Pflaume_, _Sabel Pflaume_ or _Zwetsche_ (syns. of
Hungarian), 246
_Ungarische Späte Bouteillen Zwetsche_ (syn. of Ungarische Dattel
Zwetsche), 557
_Ungarische Zwetsche_ (syn. of Red Date), 322
Ungarish, 361
Ungarish Prune (syn. of Ungarish), 361
Union, 557
_Union Purple_ (syn. of Union), 557
_United States_ (syn. of U. S.), 557
_Ura-Beni_ (syn. of Berger), 160
Uryany, 557
U. S., 557
_Usum Erreck_ (syn. of Traubenpflaume), 555
Utah, 362
Utah Hybrid (syn. of Utah), 362
_Uwase_ (syn. of Shviata Bene), 543
_Vail’s Seedling_ (syn. of Large Golden Prolific), 479
Vakanzpflaume (syn. of September Damask), 542
Valence, 557
Valentia, 558
Valienciennes, 558
Value, 558
Van Benschoten, 558
Van Buren, 558
Van Deman, 558
Van Dieman (syn. of Van Deman), 558
Van Houten, 558
Van Mons, var. orig. by, 158
_Van Mons Königspflaume_ (syn. of Belle), 158
Van Mons’ Red; _Van Mons Red Gage_ (syns. of Belle), 158
Variegated Plum (syn. of Lombard), 268
_Veilchen Pflaume_ (syn. of Violet Diaper), 365
Venetianische Zweimal Tragende, 558
Venus, 558
_Verdacchia rotonda_ (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Verdacchio, 588
Verdache, 558
_Verdacia_ (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
_Verdage D’Italie_ (syn. of Quetsche Verte D’Italie), 525
_Verdoch_; _Verdochia_; _Verdochio_; _Verducia_ (syns. of Reine
Claude), 327
Verdock (syn. of Verdacchio), 558
_Veritable Imperatrice_ (syn. of Imperatrice), 249
Vermilion, 558
Vermilon Hâtif, 559
_Vertage d’Italie tres-grosse_ (syn. of Quetsche Verte D’Italie), 525
_Vert_ or _Verte Bonne_; _Verte d’Espagne_; _Verte Tiquetée_ (syns.
of Reine Claude), 327
Verte à Secher de Knight (syn. of Large Green Drying), 479
_Verte Tardive de Guthrie_ (syn. of Guthrie Late), 236
Vesuvius, 559
Vick, 559
Victoire de Nelson (syn. of Nelson), 503
Victor, 559
Victoria, 362, 559
_Victoria_ (syn. of Sharp, 340; of Victoria, 363)
Victoria-Pflaume; _Victoria’s Kaiserzwetsche_ (syns. of Victoria), 363
Victor Sand Cherry, 559
_Vilmot’s Green Gage_, _Late Green Gage_ (syns. of Reine Claude), 327
_Vineuse acidule_ (syn. of Winesour), 566
_Vinisour_ (syn. of Winesour), 566
_Violet_ (syn. of Early Tours), 202
Violet, 559
Violet Damask (syn. of Damas Violet), 427
_Violet de Tours_ (syn. of Early Tours), 202
Violet Diaper, 365
_Violet Diaper_ (syn. of Violet Diaper), 365
_Violet Empress_ (syn. of Imperatrice), 249
_Violet Gage_ (syn. of Purple Gage), 318
Violet Imperial, 559
_Violet Perdrigon_ (syn. of Blue Perdrigon, 164; of Cooper, 423; of
Smith Orleans, 348)
Violet Plumb (syn. of Violet), 559
_Violet Queen Claude_ (syn. of Purple Gage), 318
Violet Royal, 559
_Violette Hâtive_ (syn. of Early Tours), 202
_Violette_ (syn. of Imperatrice), 249
Violette (syn. of Violet), 559
Violette Americaine, 559
_Violette Dattelzwetsche_ (syn. of Agen, 138; of Hungarian, 246)
_Violette de Galopin_ (syn. of Galopin), 449
_Violette de Jerusalem_ (syn. of Jerusalem), 472
_Violette de Tours_ (syn. of Early Tours), 202
Violette Diaprée (syn. of Violet Diaper), 365
_Violette d’Octobre_ (syn. of Saint Martin), 336
_Violette Fasanenpflaume_, _Fasanen Pflaume_, _Huhnerpflaume_,
_Huhner Pflaume_, or _Rebhuhn Pflaume_; _Violetter Perdrigon_;
_Violettes Rebhühnerei_ (syns. of Blue Perdrigon), 164
Violette Galopin (syn. of Galopin), 449
_Violette Hâtive_ (syn. of Early Tours), 202
_Violette Jerusalem_ (syn. of Jerusalem), 472
_Violette Jerusalemspflaume_ (syn. of Jerusalem), 472
_Violette Kaiserin_ (syn. of Dunkelblaue Kaiserin, 437; of
Impératrice, 249)
_Violette Kaiser Pflaume_ (syn. of Blue Egg), 405
Violette Königspflaume (syn. of Early Royal), 201
_Violette October Pflaume_ (syn. of Saint Martin Quetsche), 538
_Violette Octoverpflaume_ (syn. of Saint Martin), 336
_Violette oder Blaue Kaiserpflaume_ (syn. of Red Magnum Bonum), 326
_Violette Oktoberpflaume_ (syn. of Saint Martin), 336
_Violette Queen Claude_; Violette Reine-Claude (syns. of Purple
Gage), 318
Violette Reine-Claude Von Brignais (syn. of Reine Claude de
Brignais), 529
_Violetter Perdrigon_ (syn. of Smith Orleans), 348
_Violette Violen Pflaume_ (syn. of Violet Diaper), 365
Virgata, 559
Virgie, 560
_Virgin_ (syn. of Red Virginal, 529; of White Virginal, 565)
_Virginal à Fruit Blanc_ or _Rouge_, _à gros Fruit blanc_, Blanc;
_Virginale_; _Virginale à Fruit Rouge_; _Virginale Blanc_ or
_Rouge_ (syns. of Red Virginal), 529
_Virginal à gros fruit blanc_; _Virginal blanc_; Virginale;
_Virginale à Fruit Blanc_, _à gros fruit blanc_, Virginale
blanche (syns. of White Virginal), 565
_Virginale_ (syn. of Apricot), 148
_Virginale_ (syn. of Red Virginal), 529
_Virginale Blanche_ (syn. of Yellow Impératrice), 569
Virginia Damson, 560
_Virginian Cherry_ (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
_Virginische Ludwig’s Pflaume_ (syn. of Hungarian), 246
_Virginische Pflaume_ (syn. of Red Diaper), 323
_Von Flotows Mirabelle_ (syn. of Mirabelle de Flotow), 497
Von Berlepsch Zwetsche, 560
Von Bose Rote Zwetsche, 560
Von Lade Späte Mirabelle, 560
Von Hartwiss’ Gelbe Zwetsche (syn. of Hartwiss), 459
Von Moro Reine Claude, 460
_Von Trapp’s Königs Pflaume_ (syn. of Trapps Königspflaume), 555
Von Trauttenberg’s Aprikosenpflaume (syn. of Abricotée de
Trauttenberg), 391
Von Trauttenberg’s Zuckersüsse (syn. of Trauttenberg), 555
_Von Wangenheim Pflaume_ (syn. of Wangenheim), 368
Voronesh, 365
Voronesh Blue (syn. of Blue Moldavka), 405
Voronesh Yellow (syn. of Voronesh), 365
Voslauer Zwetsche, 560
Vulcan, 560
Wabash, 560
Wady, 560
_Wady’s Early_ (syn. of Wady), 560
Wager (syn. of Orange), 300
Wagner, 560
Wagner, J. F., var. orig. by, 411, 462, 560
Wagner No. 9 (syn. of Wagner), 560
_Wahre Aprikosen Pflaume_ (syn. of Apricot), 148
_Wahre blaue Eierpflaume_ (syn. of Jerusalem), 472
_Wahre Caledonian_ (syn. of Goliath), 231
Wahre Frühzwetsche, 560
_Wahre Königspflaume_ (syn. of Royal), 534
_Wahre Schlehen Damascene_ (syn. of Damson), 186
Wahre Weisse Diaprée, 561
_Wahre Zwetsche_ (syn. of German Prune), 220
Wakapa, 561
Walker Seedling, 561
Wallace, 561
Wales, 366
Walker, A. W., var. orig. by, 561
Walter, 561
Walter, Herr, var. orig. by, 561
Walther Pflaume, 561
Wangenheim, 367
_Wangenheim Hâtive_, _Wangenheims Frühzwetsche_ (syns. of
Wangenheim), 368
Wangenheims Früh Zwetsche (syn. of Wangenheim), 368
_Waran Erik_ (syn. of Noire de Montreuil), 504
Ward October Red, 561
Warner, 561
Warner’s Late or Late Red (syns. of Warner), 561
Warren, 561
_Warren_ (syn. of Newman), 292
Washington, 368
_Washington_; _Washington Bolmar_, _Gage_, _Jaune_, _Mammot_, or
_Yellow_ (syns. of Washington), 368
Washington or _Washington Purple_ (syns. of Brevoort Purple), 408
Washington Seedling (syn. of Ives), 470
_Wasse-Botankio_ (syn. of Lutts), 487
_Wasse Botankyo_ (syn. of Sagetsuna), 536
_Wasse Sumomo_ (syn. of Earliest of All), 198
_Wassu_ (syn. of Burbank), 170
Wastesa, 561
Waterloo Pflaume, 561
_Waterloo_ (syn. of Golden Drop, 229; of Kent, 476; of Reine Claude,
327)
_Waterloo of Kent_ (syn. of Kent), 476
Watson, 562
Watson, D. H., var. orig. by, 463, 505, 518, 525, 562, 569
Watts, 562
Watts, Dr. D. S., var. orig. by, 562
Waugh, 562
Waugh, Frank A., life of, 85-86;
quoted, 65, 66, 86, 87, 99, 141, 393
Wax, 562
_Wax Plum_ (syn. of Wax), 562
Wayland, 370
Wayland, Dr., var. orig. by, 288
Wayland, Prof. H. B., var. orig. by, 371
Wazata, 562
Weaver, 372
Weaver, var. orig. by, 372, 476
Webster, J. B., var. orig. by, 416
_Webster Gage_; Webster’s Gage (syns. of Webster Gage), 562
Webster Gage, 562
Weedsport German Prune, 220
Weeping Blood, 562
_Weichharige Schlehen Damascene_ (syn. of Saint Julien), 335
Weinsauerliche Pflaume or Zwetsche (syns. of Winesour), 566
_Weisse Aprikosen Pflaume_ (syn. of Apricot), 148
_Weisse Diaprée_ (syn. of White Perdrigon), 375
_Weisse Hollandische Pflaume_; _Weisse Kaiserin_ or _Magnum Bonum_;
_Weisser Kaiser_ (syns. of Yellow Egg), 386
_Weisse Indische Pflaume_ (syn. of Grüne Dattel Zwetsche), 456
_Weisse Jungfernpflaume_ (syn. of White Virginal), 565
Weisse Kaiserpflaume (syn. of White Imperatrice), 375
_Weisse Kaiser Pflaume_ (syn. of Yellow Egg), 386
Weisse Kaiserin, 563
_Weisse Kaiserin_ (syn. of Weisse Kaiserin), 563
_Weisse Königin_ (syn. of White Queen), 564
Weisser Perdrigon; _Weisses Rebhuhnerei_ (syn. of White Perdrigon),
375
_Weisse Zeiberl_ (syn. of Weisses oder Grünes Zeiberl), 562
Weisses oder Grünes Zeiberl, 562
_Weisse Violen Pflaume_ (syn. of Jaspisartige Pflaume), 471
Welch, 562
Welcome, 562
_Wentworth_; Wentworth Plumb (syns. of Yellow Egg), 386
Werder’sche Frühzwetsche, 563
Wetherell, 563
Wetherill’s Sweet, 563
_Wetschen_ (syn. of German Prune), 220
Whatisit, 563
Wheat, 563
_Wheaten_; _Wheaton_; Wheat Plum (syns. of Wheat), 563
Whitacre (syn. of Whitaker), 563
Whitaker, 563
Whitby, 563
White Apricot or Apricot Plum (syns. of Apricot), 148
_White Bonum Magnum_ (syn. of Yellow Egg), 386
_White Blossomed Sloe_ (syn. of Sloe), 544
White Bullace, 373
White Bulleis (syn. of White Bullace), 373
White Corn, 564
_White Damascene_ or _Damson_; White Damask (syns. of White Damson),
374
White Damask (syn. of Large White Damson, 480; of Small White Damson,
545)
White Damson, 374
White Date or Date Plum (syn. of Date), 428
White Diaper, 564
White Diapred (syn. of Diaprée Blanche), 432
_White Egg_ or _Egg Plum_, _Holland_, _Imperial_ or Imperial Bonum
Magnum, Magnum Bonum, _Mogul_ (syns. of Yellow Egg), 386
_White Empress_ (syn. of White Imperatrice), 375
_White-fleshed Botan_ (syn. of Berckmans), 159
_White Gage_ (syn. of Small Reine Claude), 347
_White Gage_ (syn. of Yellow Gage), 388
_White Gage_ (syn. of Imperial Gage), 251
_White Gage of Boston_ (syn. of Imperial Gage), 251
White Honey Damson, 564
White Imperatrice, 375
_White Imperatrice_ (syn. of White Imperatrice), 375
_White Indian_ (syn. of Green Indian), 455
_White Kelsey_ (syn. of Georgeson), 218
_White Matchless_ (syn. of Matchless), 492
_White Mirabelle_ or Mirable (syns. of Mirabelle), 284
White Mirobalane (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
White Muscle, 564
_White Mussell_ (syn. of White Muscle), 564
White Mussell (syn. of Muscle), 501
White Nicholas (syn. of Nicholas), 295
White Otschakoff, 564
White Pear, 564
White Peascod, 564
White Perdrigon, 375
_White Perdrigon_ (syn. of White Perdrigon), 375
White Pescod (syn. of White Peascod), 564
White Prune, 564
_White Prune Damson_ (syn. of White Damson), 374
White Prunella (syn. of Sloe), 544
White Queen, 564
White Sweet Damson, 564
White Virginal, 565
_White Virginale_ (syn. of Red Virginal, 529; of White Virginal, 565)
White Wheat, 565
White Wheate (syn. of White Wheat), 565
_White Winter Damson_ (syn. of White Damson), 374
Whitley, 565
_Whitlow_; _Whitton_ (syns. of Wheat), 563
Whyte, 565
Whyte, R. B., var. orig. by, 565
Whyte’s Red Seedling (syn. of Whyte), 565
Wickson, 376
Wickson, E. J., quoted, 75, 76, 548
_Wickson Challenge_ (syn. of Formosa), 447
_Wiener Mirabelle_ (syn. of Mirabelle), 284
Wier, 565
Wier, D. B., var. orig. by, 466, 468, 469, 565
Wier Large Red (syn. of Wier), 565
Wier No. 50, 565
Wier’s No. 50 (syn. of Wier No. 50), 565
Wier’s Large Red (syn. of Wier), 565
Wiezerka (syn. of Wyzerka), 568
Wilder, 565
Wilde, 565
Wild Goose, 378
Wild Goose Improved, 566
Wildrose, 566
Wilkinson, 566
Willamette (syn. of Pacific), 305
Willamette, 566
Willamette Prune (syn. of Pacific), 305
Willard, 379
Willard, Samuel D., life of, 149;
quoted, 208;
var. orig. by, 214
Willard Japan; _Willard Plum_ (syns. of Willard), 379
_William Dodd_ (syn. of Miner), 281
Williams, 566
Williams, Theodore, var. orig. by, 392, 397, 402, 407, 409, 412, 413,
436, 441, 442, 444, 447, 448, 454, 475, 478, 481, 482, 483,
498, 499, 509, 513, 514, 520, 527, 529, 548, 557, 558, 559,
563, 568, 569
Williamson, H. M., quoted, 305
Wilmeth Late, 566
_Wilmot’s Early Orleans_, _Large Orleans_, _Late Orleans_, _New Early
Orleans_ or _Orleans_ (syns. of Early Orleans), 199
_Wilmot’s Green Gage_, _Late Green Gage_ or _New Green Gage_ (syns.
of Reine Claude), 327
_Wilmot’s Late Orleans_ (syn. of Goliath), 231
_Wilmot’s Russian_ (syn. of Red Date), 322
Wilson, 566
Wine Plum, 566
_Winesour_ (syn. of Winesour), 566
Winesour, 566
_Winesour Plum_ (syn. of Winesour), 566
Winnebago, 566
Winslow, Edward, quoted, 93
Winsor, E. W., var. orig. by, 393, 402
Winter Creke, 567
Winter Damson, 567
_Winter Damson_ (syn. of Winter Damson), 567
Wiseman, 567
Wiseman’s Prune (syn. of Wiseman), 567
_W. J. Bryan_ (syn. of Bryan), 410
Wohanka, 567
Wolf, 380
Wolf, D. B., var. orig. by, 380
Wolf and Japan, 567
Wolf Cling (syn. of Wolf Clingstone), 567
Wolf Clingstone, 567
_Wolf Free_ or _Freestone_ (syns. of Wolf), 380
_Wonder_ (syn. of Osage), 510
Wood, 381
Wood, Joseph, var. orig. by, 382
Woolston, 567
_Woolston Black_; Woolston Black Gage; _Woolston’s Black Gage_;
Woolston’s Violette Reine-Claude (syns. of Woolston), 567
Woolston Gage (syn. of Woolston), 567
Wooster, 567
Wooten, 568
Wootton (syn. of Wooten), 568
World Beater, 383
Worth, 568
_Worth_ (syn. of Royal Tours), 332
Wragg, 568
Wragg, John, var. orig. by, 477
Wragg Freestone, 568
Wunder von New York, 568
Wyandotte, 568
Wyant, 384
Wyant, J. B., var. orig. by, 384
Wyant and Japan, 568
Wyckoff, 568
Wyedale, 568
Wyzerka, 568
Yates, 569
_Yeddo_ (syn. of Georgeson), 218
Yellow Americana, 569
_Yellow Apricot_ (syn. of Apricot), 148
_Yellow Aubert_ (syn. of Aubert), 397
_Yellow Bonum Magnum_ (syn. of Yellow Egg), 386
_Yellow Damask_ (syn. of Drap d’Or), 195
_Yellow Damson_ (syn. of White Damson), 374
Yellow Date (syn. of Date), 428
Yellow Diaprée (syn. of Diaprée Blanche), 432
Yellow Egg, 385, 569
_Yellow Egg_ (syn. of Yellow Egg), 386
Yellow Egg group, 32;
origin of, 32;
specific characters of, 32
_Yellow Fleshed Botan_ (syn. of Abundance), 136
Yellow Gage, 388
_Yellow Gage_ (syn. of Drap d’Or, 195; of Small Reine Claude, 347)
Yellow Impératrice, 569
_Yellow Impératrice_ (syn. of Yellow Impératrice), 569
Yellow Imperial, 569
Yellow Jack, 569
_Yellow Japan_ (syn. of Abundance, 136; of Chabot, 172)
Yellow Jerusalem, 569
Yellow Magnum Bonum, 570
_Yellow Magnum Bonum_ (syn. of Yellow Egg), 386
Yellow Moldavka (syn. of Voronesh), 365
Yellow Nagate, 570
_Yellow Nagate_ (syn. of Ogon), 298
Yellow Oregon, 570
Yellow Panhandle, 570
_Yellow Perdrigon_ (syn. of Drap d’Or), 195
Yellow Plum, 59
Yellow Roman Bullace, 570
_Yellow St. Catharine_ (syn. of Saint Catherine), 334
Yellow Sweet, 570
Yellow Transparent, 570
Yellow Voronesh (syn. of Voronesh), 365
Yellow Wildgoose, 570
Yellow Yosemite, 570
Yellow, 43 Fischer, 569
Yohe, 571
Yohes Eagle (syn. of Yohe), 571
_Yonemomo_; _Yonesmomo_ (syns. of Satsuma), 337
_Yorkshire Winesour_ (syn. Winesour), 566
York State Prune, 571
_York State Prune_ (syn. of York State Prune), 571
_Yosebe_ (syn. of Earliest of All), 198
Yosemite (syn. of Purple Yosemite, 521; of Yellow Yosemite, 570)
Yosemite Purple (syn. of Purple Yosemite), 521
Yosemite Yellow (syn. of Yellow Yosemite), 570
Yosete (syn. of Earliest of All), 198
_Yosobe_ (syn. of Earliest of All), 198
Young, 571
Youngken Golden; _Younken’s Golden Cherry_; Yunkin Golden (syns. of
Golden Cherry), 228
_Young’s Seedling_ (syn. of Young), 571
_Young’s Superior Egg_ (syn. of Yellow Egg), 386
Yukon, 571
Yuteca, 571
Zahlbruckner Damascene, 571
_Zahlbruckner’s Violette Damascene_ (syn. of Zahlbruckner Damascene),
571
Zekanta, 571
_Zipperle_ or _Zipperlein_ (syns. of Damson), 186
Zuccherino (syn. of Damaschino Estivo), 426
Zucchetta Gialla, 571
_Zucker Zwetsche_ (syn. of Red Date), 322
Zulu, 571
Zuzac, 571
_Zweimal Blühende und Zweimal Tragende Bunte Pflaume_ (syn. of Twice
Bearing), 556
Zweimal Tragende (syn. of Twice Bearing), 556
Zwergpflaume, 571
_Zwespe_ (syn. of German Prune), 220
_Zwetsche_, _Zwetschen_ or _Zwetschke_ (syns. of German Prune), 220
_Zwetsche Frühe Von Buhlerthal_ (syn. of Quetsche Précoce de
Buhlerthal), 524
_Zwetsche Leipziger_ (syn. of Merunka), 494
Zwetsche Professor Wittmack, 572
_Zwetsche Ungarische_ (syn. of Ungarish), 361
_Zwetsche von Dätlikon_ (syn. of Italian Prune), 253
Zwetsche Von der Worms, 572
Zwetsche Von Létricourt (syn. of Quetsche Dr. Létricourt), 524
FOOTNOTES
[1] Bailey, L. H. _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =38=:43. 1892.
[2] Heideman, C. W. H. _Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 187. 1895.
[3] Waugh, F. A. _Vt. Sta. Bul._ 53. 1896.
[4] Bechstein _Forstbot._ Ed. 5. 424. 1843.
[5] Schneider, C. K. _Hand. Laub._ 631. 1906.
[6] Bailey, L. H. _Cyc. Am. Hort._ 1447. 1901; Hudson _Fl. Anglic._ 212.
1778.
[7] Heer _Pflanz. Pfahlb._ 27, fig. 16.
[8] Bostock and Riley _Nat. Hist. of Pliny._ =3=:294. 1892.
[9] Koch, K. _Dend._ =1=:94, 96. 1869. Ledebour. _Fl. Ross._ =2=:5. 1829.
Boissier. _Fl. Orient._ =2=:652.
[10] Koch, K. _Deut. Obst._ 146. 1876.
[11] Kalm, Peter _Travels into North America_ =3=:240. 1771.
[12] _Watson’s Annals of Philadelphia_ =1=:17. 1844.
[13] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Collections_, 1st Ser. =1=:118.
[14] Josselyn, John, Gent. _New England Rarities_ London. 1672.
[15] Samuel Deane, D.D. _The New England Farmer or Georgical Dictionary_
265. 1797.
[16] Beverly, Robert _History of Virginia_ 279. 1722. Reprint 1855.
[17] Lawson, John _History of North Carolina_ 110. 1714.
[18] Ramsey’s _History of South Carolina_ =2=:128, 129, Ed. 1858.
[19] Forbes, James Grant _Sketches of the Floridas_ 87, 91, 170. 1821.
[20] In 1763 Dr. Andrew Turnbull established a colony of fifteen hundred
Greeks and Minorcans at New Smyrna, Florida, for the cultivation of sugar
and indigo. But they cultivated other plants as well, among the fruits
grown there being the grape, peach, plum, fig, pomegranate, olive and
orange. Forbes, James Grant _Sketches of the Floridas_ 91. 1821.
[21] Bartram, William _Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia,
East and West Florida, etc._ Dublin: 1793.
[22] Prince, William _Treatise of Horticulture_ 24. 1828.
[23] _Ibid._ p. 28.
[24] Prince, William _Treatise of Horticulture_ 23. 1828.
[25] The frontispiece of _The Plums of New York_, showing a likeness of
William Robert Prince, dedicates the book to this distinguished American
pomologist. It is appropriate that the following biographical sketch of
Mr. Prince, written for _The Grapes of New York_, should be reprinted
here. “William Robert Prince, fourth proprietor of the Prince Nursery and
Linnaean Botanic Garden, Flushing, Long Island, was born in 1795 and died
in 1869. Prince was without question the most capable horticulturist of
his time and an economic botanist of note. His love of horticulture and
botany was a heritage from at least three paternal ancestors, all noted
in these branches of science, and all of whom he apparently surpassed
in mental capacity, intellectual training and energy. He was a prolific
writer, being the author of three horticultural works which will always
take high rank among those of Prince’s time. These were: _A Treatise
on the Vine_, _Pomological Manual_, in two volumes, and the _Manual of
Roses_, beside which he was a lifelong contributor to the horticultural
press. All of Prince’s writings are characterized by a clear, vigorous
style and by accuracy in statement. His works are almost wholly lacking
the ornate and pretentious furbelows of most of his contemporaries
though it must be confessed that he fell into the then common fault of
following European writers somewhat slavishly. During the lifetime of
William R. Prince, and that of his father, William Prince, who died in
1842, the Prince Nursery at Flushing was the center of the horticultural
nursery interests of the country; it was the clearing-house for foreign
and American horticultural plants, for new varieties and for information
regarding plants of all kinds.”
[26] Manning, Robert _Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc._ 33. 1880.
[27] Coxe, William _A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees_ 6. 1817.
[28] Landreth’s _Rural Register and Almanac_. 1872 and 1874.
[29] _Bulletin of the Essex Institute_ =2=:23.
[30] Downing, A. J. _Hovey’s Mag._ =3=:5. 1837.
[31] _Boston Palladium_, Sept. 9, 1822.
[32] The horticultural books published in America between 1779 and
1825 were: _The Gardener’s Kalender_ by Mrs. Martha Logan, Charleston:
1779; _The American Gardener_ by John Gardiner and David Hepburn,
Washington: 1804; _The American Gardener’s Calendar_ by Bernard McMahon,
Philadelphia: 1806; _A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees_ by William
Cox, Philadelphia: 1817; _The American Practical Gardener_ by an Old
Gardener, Baltimore: 1819; _The Gentleman’s and Gardener’s Kalendar_ by
Grant Thorburn, New York: 1821; _American Gardener_ by William Cobbett,
New York: 1819; and _The American Orchardist_ by James Thacher, M. D.,
Boston: 1822.
[33] During the quarter ending in 1825 two agricultural publications were
in existence in the United States: _The American Farmer_, established
in Baltimore in 1819, and the _New England Farmer_, founded in Boston
in 1822. To these should be added the _Massachusetts Agricultural
Repository_, not a journal in the strict sense of the word but published
by the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, established in
1793, and continued until the _New England Farmer_ was started in 1822.
The Repository was the first agricultural periodical of the New World.
[34] At least three agricultural societies were founded soon after
the close of the Revolution; the Philadelphia Society for Promoting
Agriculture and the Agricultural Society of South Carolina were founded
in 1785, and the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture in
1792, while the first strictly horticultural society, the New York
Horticultural Society, was not established until 1818.
[35] _P. domestica cereola_ L. (_Sp. Pl._ 475. 1753), _P. claudiana_
Poir. (_Lam. Encycl._ =5=:677. 1804), _P. italica_ Borkh. (_Handb.
Forstb._ =11=:1409. 1803).
[36] For a bibliography of this group see an article by Waugh in _Gard.
Chron._ =24=:465. 1898.
[37] Koch, K. _Deut. Obst._ 149. 1876.
[38] Schneider, C. K. _Hand. der Laub._ 630. 1906.
[39] Columella =10=: lines 404-406.
[40] _The Natural History of Pliny._ Translated by John Bostock and H. T.
Riley =3=:294. London: 1892.
[41] Hogg, Robert _The Fruit Manual_ Ed. =5=:704. 1884.
[42] Targioni-Tozzetti, Antonio, _Cenni storici sulla introduzione di
varie piante nell’ agricoltura ed horticultura Toscana_. Florence: 1850.
[43] Parkinson, John _Paradisus Terrestris_ 576. 1629.
[44] Rea, John _A Complete Florilege_ 208. 1676.
[45] Ray _Historia Plantarum_ =2=:1529. 1688.
[46] Gallesio, Giorgio =2=: (Pages not numbered). 1839.
[47] Phillips, Henry _Comp. Orch._ 306. 1831.
[48] These are the plums which Linnaeus called _Prunus domestica
galatensis_ (_Sp. Pl._ 475. 1753); Seringe, _Prunus domestica
pruneayliana_ (_DC. Prodr._ =2=:533. 1825); and Borkhausen, _Prunus
œconomica_ (_Handb. Forstb._ =2=:1401. 1803).
[49] Prince, William _A Short Treatise on Horticulture_ 27. 1828.
[50] “Of the prune, or, as they are termed in German, ‘Quetsche,’ there
are a number of varieties, all which are of fine size, and considered as
the best plums for drying as prunes; this is one of the largest of the
varieties; the principal characteristic of these plums is that the flesh
is sweet and agreeable when dried. I am informed that the ‘Italian Prune’
ranks highest as a table fruit when plucked from the tree. The process
of drying prunes seems to be so very easy that I should suppose it might
be undertaken in this country with a certainty of success, and so as to
totally supersede the importation of that article.” _Ibid._
[51] _United States Patent Office Report_: xxix. 1854. The following
description of this distribution is of interest: “The scions of two
varieties of prunes, ‘Prunier d’Agen,’ and ‘Prunier Sainte Catherine,’
have been imported from France, and distributed principally in the states
north of Pennsylvania, and certain districts bordering on the range of
the Allegany Mountains, in order to be engrafted upon the common plum.
These regions were made choice of in consequence of their being freer
from the ravages of the curculio, which is so destructive to the plum
tree in other parts as often to cut off the entire crop. It has been
estimated that the State of Maine, alone, where this insect is rarely
seen, is capable of raising dried prunes sufficient to supply the wants
of the whole Union.”
[52] Wickson, E. J. _California Fruits_ Ed. =2=:82. 1891.
[53] Hedrick, U. P. in Bailey’s _Cyclopedia American Horticulture_ 1440.
1901.
[54] Miller says in his _Gardener’s Dictionary_ of the variety Perdrigon,
“Hakluyt in 1582, says, of later time the plum called the Perdigwena was
procured out of Italy, with two kinds more, by the Lord Cromwell, after
his travel.” Miller, Philip _Gardener’s Dictionary_. Edited by Thomas
Martyn, =2=: (no page). 1707.
[55] In the first edition of _Species Plantarum_ Linnaeus called these
plums _Prunus domestica pernicona_; in the second edition the varietal
name was changed to “Pertizone.” In the Prodromus Seringe designates the
group as _Prunus domestica touronensis_.
[56] The _Prunus domestica aubertiana_ of Seringe. (_DC. Prodr._ =2=:533.
1825.)
[57] Rea, John _A Complete Florilege_ 209. 1676.
[58] Parkinson, John _Paradisus Terrestris_ 576. 1629.
[59] Koch, K. _Deut. Obst._ 560. 1876.
[60] Bauhin _Pin._ 443 _n_ 23.
[61] _Bul. Soc. Dauph._ fasc. VIII. 1881.
[62] _Ibid._
[63] _Dendrol._ 316. 1893.
[64] _Rhein. Reise-Fl._ 67. 1857.
[65] _Handb. Laubh._ =1=: 631. 1906.
[66] Pickering, Charles _Chron. Hist. Plants_. 218. 1879.
[67] Heer _Pflanz. Pfahl._ 27, fig. 16c.
[68] Hooker _Fl. Brit. Ind._ =2=: 315. 1879.
[69] The reader who desires fuller information regarding the botany of
this species should consult the references given with the botanical
description of _Prunus insititia_.
[70] McMahon, Bernard _Gardener’s Calendar_ 587. 1806.
[71] Samuel Deane, D.D. _New England Farmer_ 265. 1797.
[72] Koch, Karl _Deut. Obst._ 150. 1876.
[73] This subject is well discussed in an article by E. A. Carrière in
_Revue Horticole_ 438. 1892.
[74] _Handb. Laubh._ 628. 1906.
[75] _Fl. Siles._ =1=:2, 10. 1829.
[76] _Fl. Nied. Ostr._ 819. 1890.
[77] _Fl. Siles._ =1=:2, 10. 1829.
[78] _Enum. Pl. Trans._ 178. 1866.
[79] _Handb. Laubh._ =1=:630. 1906.
[80] _Flora_ =9=:748. 1826.
[81] _Sched. Crit._ 217. 1822.
[82] _Boiss. Diag._ 2nd Ser. 96. 1856.
[83] _Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien._ 435. 1864.
[84] _Flor. Or._ =11=:625. 1872.
[85] In pre-Linnaean literature _Prunus cerasifera_ is mentioned by
Clusius as _Prunus myrobalanus_ (_Rar. Plant. Hist._ 46 fig. 1601), and
by Tournefort under the same name (_Inst. Rei Herb._ 622. 1700).
[86] Ledebour _Ind. Hort. Dorp._ Suppl. 6. 1824.
[87] Schneider _Handb. Laubh._ 632. 1906.
[88] Dippel _Handb. Laubh._ =3=:633. 1893.
[89] Jack _Gar. and For._ =5=:64. 1892.
[90] Bailey _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =38=:34. 1892.
[91] _Handb. Laubh._ =1=:633. 1906.
[92] _Beitr. Nat._ =6=:90. 1791.
[93] _Handb. Forstb._ =11=:1392. 1803.
[94] _Fedde Repert._ =1=:50. 1905.
[95] _Pl. David_ =2=:33. 1888.
[96] _Ill. Bot. His. Mountains and Fl. of Cash._ =1=:239. 1839.
[97] Several apricots and the loquat of southern Japan are also called
Japanese plums. The name Triflora for common usage avoids this confusion
and conforms with the growing usage in horticulture of using the specific
name alone.
[98] Bailey says, (_Cornell Sta. Bul._ =62=:6. 1894) speaking of these
specimens: “I have no hesitation in saying that our Japanese plums are
the same.” The writer examined the specimens in the summer of 1909 and
recognized them at once to be the same as the cultivated Triflora plums.
[99] February 23, 1909.
[100] pp. 10, 45.
[101] March 12, 1909.
[102] _Fl. Indica_ 501. 1824.
[103] Forbes and Hemsley _Jour. Linn. Soc._ =23=:219. 1886-88.
[104] _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =62=:3. 1894.
[105] Berckmans, L. A. _Rpt. Ga. Hort. Soc._ 15. 1889.
[106] Bailey, L. H. _Cornell Sta. Buls._ =62=, =106=, =139=, =175=.
[107] Waugh, F. A. _Plum Cult._ 1901.
[108] Georgeson, C. C. _Amer. Gard._ =12=:74. 1891.
[109] For references and synonymy see the Simon plum.
[110] Carrière, E. A. _Rev. Hort._ 152. 1891.
[111] The New York Agricultural Experiment Station stands on the site
of the old Indian village of Kanadasaga, founded by the Seneca Indians.
The records of Sullivan’s raid just after the Revolution show that when
this village was destroyed by the Whites there were orchards of apples
and plums (see Conover’s _Kanadasaga and Geneva_ (Mss.) Hobart College)
crudely cultivated. On the adjoining farm of Mr. Henry Loomis descendants
of these old trees still grow. The plums are Americanas, and Mr. Loomis,
now in his 94th year, says that when a boy the Indians and Whites alike
gathered them, soaked them in lye to remove the astringency of the skins
and then cooked, dried or otherwise preserved them.
[112] Poiteau =1=: (Unpaged). 1846.
[113] Waugh, F. A. _Plum Cult._ 51, 282-307. 1901.
[114] Goff, E. S. _Wis. Sta. Bul._ =63=:4. 1897.
[115] The _Prunus mollis_ of Torrey (_Fl. U. S._ =1=:470. 1824) was
_Prunus nigra_, as Torrey’s specimen, now in the herbarium of Columbia
University, plainly shows.
[116] A brief account of the life of Liberty Hyde Bailey appeared in _The
Grapes of New York_ (page 142), but his work with plums deserves further
mention. The foundation of our present knowledge of the cultivated
species and races of American and Triflora plums was laid by the
comprehensive study of these fruits made by Bailey in the closing decade
of the Nineteenth Century. His examination of plums may be said to have
begun in 1886 with the setting of an orchard of native plums—probably
the first general collection of these plums planted—on the grounds of
the Michigan Agricultural College, Lansing, Michigan. The results of
his studies have largely appeared in the publications of the Cornell
Agricultural Experiment Station, the first of which was _The Cultivated
Native Plums and Cherries_ published in 1892; _The Japanese Plums_,
1894; _Revised Opinions of the Japanese Plums_, 1896; _Third Report upon
Japanese Plums_, 1897; _Notes upon Plums_, 1897. Beside these bulletins
a monograph of the native plums was published in _The Evolution of our
Native Fruits_ in 1898 and a brief but complete monograph of the Genus
Prunus in the _Cyclopedia of American Horticulture_ in 1901. These are
but the chief titles under which his studies of plums have appeared,
several minor contributions having been printed from time to time in
the horticultural press. While Dr. Bailey has given especial attention
to all fruits grown in eastern America, it is probable that pomology is
most indebted to him for his long and painstaking work with the difficult
Genus Prunus with which he has done much to set the varieties and species
in order.
[117] _Bot. Gaz._ =24=:462. 1896; _Cornell Sta. Bul._ 170. 1897; _Ev.
Nat. Fruits_ 194-208. 1898.
[118] _Gar. and For._ =10=:340, 350. 1897. _Plum Cult._ 60-66. 1901.
[119] Waugh, F. A. _Vt. Sta. An. Rpt._ =14=:277. 1900-01.
[120] Hakluyt _Voyages_ =3=:258.
[121] _Torrey Bot. Club Bul._ =21=:301. 1894.
[122] _Silva of North America_ =4=:28. 1893.
[123] Jack, J. G. _Gard. and For._ =7=:206. 1894.
[124] _Gar. and For._ =3=:625. 1890.
[125] Sandberg, J. H. _Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb._ =3=:221. 1895.
[126] Coville, F. V. _Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb._ =5=:99. 1897; and Chestnut,
V. K. _Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb._ =7=:356. 1902.
[127] Wickson, E. J. _California Fruits_ 52. 1891.
[128] Wickson, E. J. _Calif. Fruits_ Ed. =4=:35. 1909.
[129] _Pittonia_ =3=:21. 1896.
[130] The first published account of this plum is a brief non-technical
description of it by Dr. Kellogg in _Hutching’s Mag._ =5=:7. 1859.
[131] _Torrey Bot. Club Bul._ =25=:149. 1898.
[132] The writer has examined the type specimen of Michaux’s _Prunus
chicasa_ in the herbarium of the _Jardin des Plants_ in Paris and
found it, though incomplete and poorly preserved, plainly not _Prunus
angustifolia_ but more likely some form of _Prunus umbellata_.
Undoubtedly, however, the references which follow Michaux’s are to
_Prunus angustifolia_.
[133] “The Chicasaw plumb I think must be excepted, for though certainly
a native of America, yet I never saw it wild in the forest, but always in
old deserted Indian plantations: I suppose it to have been brought from
the S. W. beyond the Mississippi, by the Chicasaws.” Bartram _Travels
Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, etc._
38. 1793.
[134] Bailey _Ev. Nat. Fr._ 193. 1898.
[135] “The wild Plums of America are of several sorts. Those which I can
give an account of from my own Knowledge, I will, and leave the others
till a farther Discovery. The most frequent is that which we call the
common _Indian_ Plum, of which there are two sorts, if not more. One of
these is ripe much sooner than the other, and differs in the bark; one
of the barks being very scaly, like our _American_ Birch. These Trees,
when in Blossom, smell as sweet as any Jessamine, and look as white as a
Sheet, being something prickly. You may make it grow to what Shape you
please; they are very ornamental about a House, and make a wonderful fine
Shew at a Distance, in the Spring, because of their white Livery. Their
Fruit is red, and very palatable to the sick. They are of a quick Growth,
and will bear from the Stone in five years, on their Stock.” Lawson, John
_History of Carolina_ 105. 1714.
[136] “The third was known among the later colonists as the Indian cherry
and was the product of a tree hardly exceeded by the English peach tree
in girth and height, and showing an inclination for the soil of the
valleys of the rivers, and of the narrow bottoms of the smaller streams.
This variety was considered to be of extraordinary excellence in flavor;
when ripe it was colored a dark purple, and there was only a single
cherry to the stalk. There were two varieties of plums, resembling, both
in size and taste, the English Damson.” Bruce, Philip Alexander _Economic
History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century_ =1=:94. 1896.
[137] Frank A. Waugh was born in Sheboygan Falls, Wisconsin, July 8,
1869. On his father’s side he is of Scotch descent, though the family
has long been in America; his mother came from Germany. He was educated
in the public schools of Kansas and in the Kansas State Agricultural
College, graduating from the latter place in 1891. In 1893 he became
professor of horticulture in the Oklahoma Agricultural College and
horticulturist at the Experiment Station, a place which he held for
nearly three years, going late in 1895 to take the same position in the
University of Vermont. After eight years of arduous service in Vermont,
during which time he became well known by his writings on horticultural,
botanical and agricultural subjects, he left Vermont to take charge of
horticulture in the Massachusetts Agricultural College and the Hatch
Experiment Station. Professor Waugh’s study of plums began in the West,
Kansas and Oklahoma, but his reports in regard to this fruit have come
from Vermont where his work has been mainly done. The chief titles under
which his studies have been published in the bulletins and annual reports
of the Vermont Station are: _The Pollination of Plums_, _Classification
of Plums_, _A Monograph of the Wayland Group of Plums_, _Hybrid Plums_,
_Types of European Plums_, _Propagation of Plums_, _The Myrobalan Plums_,
_A Review of the Americana Plums_ and _The Grouping of Japanese-Hybrid
Plums_. In 1901 he published _Plums and Plum Culture_, a popular
presentation of the various phases of his botanical and horticultural
work with this fruit. The titles given do not represent the extent of
his studies with this fruit for there were third and fourth reports upon
several of the subjects mentioned. In particular he has been helpful
to American pomology in the classification of native plums, in his
study of sex in plums and in setting forth the hardiness of the various
species and groups. Besides his papers on plums, Professor Waugh’s
chief contributions to horticulture have been a book entitled _Fruit
Harvesting, Storing, Marketing_, another under the title _Systematic
Pomology_ and two works on apples. He has also published two books on
Landscape Gardening which have given him high standing in this division
of horticulture. Professor Waugh will long be remembered in horticulture
for the great extent of his work, for his versatility in the profession
and for his ability to present well to both readers and hearers, either
technically or popularly, horticultural knowledge.
[138] “The Sand Plums” _Country Gentleman_, Jan. 27, 1898.
[139] Thomas Volney Munson, after whom it has been a pleasure to name
this species, though best known as a viticulturist, has also rendered
invaluable service to plum-culture. A sketch of his life appeared in
_The Grapes of New York_ (page 122) in which his services to viticulture
were briefly mentioned. While his name is not commonly connected with
the study of plums, it is not too much to say that without his aid the
publications of those who have written during the last quarter century on
native plums would have lacked much of the information they contain in
regard to the species of the Southwest. He has an intimate knowledge of
the wild plums of Texas and has freely given of it to all who have asked,
often supplementing information with herbarium specimens or plants. The
authors of _The Plums of New York_ wish to give him credit for much of
the information, furnished directly or indirectly, in regard to the wild
and cultivated plums of the region in which he lives, in recognition of
which his name is given to one of the most important species of native
plums. Mr. Munson has grown and introduced a number of hybrid plums of
note, chief of those of his own growing being Nimon, Minco and Burford.
Many of his experiments in hybridizing plums, though unproductive of new
varieties, are of much value as a guide to other workers with this fruit.
[140] Lawson, John _History of Carolina_ 105. 1714.
[141] Waugh _Vt. Sta. An. Rpt._ =12=:235. 1899. Bailey _Cyc. Am. Hort._
1449. 1901.
[142] _Cont. Bot. Lab. University of Pa._ =2=:216. 1899-1900.
[143] DeVries, Hugo _Species and Varieties, etc._ 57. 1905.
[144] The references given contain these quotations.
[145] Waugh, F. A. _Vt. Sta. An. Rpt._ =11=:273. 1897-98.
[146] Hedrick. U. P; _The Relation of Weather to the Setting of Fruit_.
Bul. 299. 1908.
[147] Waugh, F. A. _Vt. Sta. Bul._ =53=:51. 1896.
[148] Goff, E. S. _Wis. Sta. An. Rpt._ =18=:302. 1901.
[149] Waugh, F. A. _Plum Cult._ 297-300. 1901.
[150] Hansen, N. E. _S. D. Sta. Bul._ =93=:67. 1905.
[151] Carrière, E. A. Prunier Saint Julien. _Revue Horticole_ 438-439.
1892.
[152] Waugh _Plum Cult._ 247. 1901.
[153] Hansen, N. E. _S. D. Sta. Bul._ 87. 1904. _Ibid._ =93=:68. 1905.
[154] Wickson, E. J. _California Fruits_ 348. 1891.
[155] A prune is a dried plum. The requisite for a prune-making plum
is that it have a large proportion of solids, particularly sugar.
Comparatively few varieties of plums bear sufficient amounts of solids so
that they may be successfully cured into a firm, long-keeping product.
Only varieties of the Domesticas are used in making prunes, though
possibly some of the Insititias might be so used. Prunes are chiefly
used in cookery though some of the finer grades from France are sold as
confections.
Prunes are either dried in the sun as in California; partially cooked
in ovens and the curing completed indoors, as in European countries; or
wholly dried in evaporators, as in the Pacific Northwest. Sun-drying is
the most economical method where the climate permits. The half cooking
does not make so attractive a product but when skillfully done the prunes
are possibly more palatable, as the cooked flavor is liked by consumers.
Beyond question the best prunes are made, however, all things considered,
in well-managed evaporators. In evaporators the changes of curing take
place most perfectly and uniformly so that, as a rule, the prune looks
better, keeps longer, is not so tough and has a more natural taste of the
green fruit.
In prune-making the fruit is allowed to remain on the trees until ripe
enough to fall to the ground, as the maximum proportion of solids is thus
obtained. After picking, the plums are passed over graders to remove
rubbish and to secure uniformity in size, this being essential to obtain
evenness in curing, since the small fruits dry more rapidly than large
ones. Usually before evaporation begins the fruit is dipped in boiling
lye or pricked by needles in a pricking machine to make tender the tough
skin and so allow the moisture to escape more readily. The dipping
consists of immersing the fruit for a minute or less in a solution of
lye in the proportion of 1 pound of concentrated lye to from 10 to 50
gallons of water maintained at the boiling point. The fruit is carried
mechanically through the lye vat and a rinser by a modified endless
chain, or it may be dipped in wire baskets. After rinsing the plums are
ready for curing.
Exposure to the sun in curing varies from five to twelve days, depending
upon the heat of the sun and the size and the variety of the plum. Curing
in evaporators varies with the fruit and with the make of the machine.
In general the temperature in the evaporator is from 120° to 140° at the
start, increasing to from 160° to 180° and decreasing when the prunes
are taken out. Too much heat at first causes the cells of the fruit to
burst, thereby producing drip and discoloration. Important factors in
evaporating in machines are the circulation of air, convenience, cost of
fuel and power. The time required for curing ranges from twelve hours for
a small plum to forty-eight hours for a large, juicy one. If not cured
enough fermentation and molding result; if cured too much the weight is
lessened, the quality is injured, the prune is harsh and coarse and has a
dried up appearance.
When sufficiently dried the prunes are put in bins or piles to sweat,
a process taking from one to three weeks, after which they are graded,
processed and packed. In grading, the prunes are separated into sizes
indicating the number of prunes required to make a pound, as 30’s to
40’s, 40’s to 50’s and so on to the smallest size, 120’s to 130’s. The
processing is done by dipping the prunes in boiling water and glycerine
or by steaming or by using some special preparation in the final dipping
or by rattling in a revolving cylinder. Processing is reputable if it
adds beauty to the color, or kills insects’ eggs or sterilizes the
prunes. It is disreputable when the aim is to add to the weight. The best
prunes are packed in boxes, in which process lining with paper, filling
facing, pressing and labeling are important details. A well cured prune
is soft and spongy, the pit is loose but does not rattle, the skin is
bright, the product is free from drippings or exudation, the flesh is
meaty, elastic, and of a bright, lively color.
The custom has been to bleach light colored prunes with sulphur fumes.
This process injures the quality and possibly makes the product somewhat
poisonous. Sulphuring is now regulated by the Federal Pure Food Law.
If poorly managed or if the plums are not of the best, several
difficulties are encountered in curing prunes. Thus, a syrupy liquid
sometimes oozes from the prunes, besmearing and making unattractive the
final product. Again, the finished prunes may be covered with globules of
sugar, rendering them sticky and destroying the lustre. Fruit grown on
poor soils, on unhealthy trees or picked green may cure into small prunes
of an abnormal shape called “Frogs” or they may ferment and swell up in
large soft prunes called “Bloaters.”
The plum chiefly used in California in making prunes is the Agen, usually
called Petite, a prune curing into a bright amber-colored product.
This plum is easily cured, and the prune from it needs little sugar in
cooking. In the states north of California the Italian Prune is the
favorite, producing a dark red, almost black product, more tart but
on the whole rather better flavored than the prune from the preceding
variety. Other varieties more or less used are Golden Drop, the product
from which is known as the Silver Prune; Reine Claude, which makes a
fancy product often used as a confection; Yellow Egg, which sells as the
Silver Prune when evaporated; the German Prune, making a product much
like the Italian Prune; “Hungarian Prune,” from a very large plum and
making a fancy product but very difficult to cure; the Tragedy Prune, an
early plum of the Italian type; Golden Prune, much like the Silver and
possibly better; and the Champion, Willamette, Pacific, Tennant, Steptoe
and Dosch, all of the Italian type.
[156] Farlow, W. G. The Black Knot, _Bulletin Bussey Institution_
440-453. 1876. Halsted, B. D. Destroy the Black Knot, etc. _N. J. Sta.
Bul._ =78=:1-14. 1891.
[157] Smith, E. F. Peach Rot and Peach Blight _Journ. Myc._ =5=:123-134.
1889. Quaintance, A. L. The Brown Rot, etc. _Ga. Sta. Bul._ =50=:237-269,
figs. 1-9. 1900.
[158] Atkinson, G. F. Leaf Curl and Plum Pockets _Cornell Sta. Bul._
=73=:319-355, Pls. 1-20. 1894.
[159] Ibid.
[160] Sturgis, W. C. A Leaf Curl of the Plum _Conn. Sta. Rpt._ =19=:183,
Pl. 2. 1895.
[161] Arthur, J. C. Plum Leaf Fungus _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._ =5=:276-281,
Pls. 6-10. 1887.
[162] Duggar, B. M. _Fungous Diseases of Plants_ 314, figs. 147, 148.
1909. Pierce, N. B. A Disease of Almond Trees _Jour. Myc._ =7=:66-67,
Pls. 11-14. 1892.
[163] Scribner, F. L. Leaf Rust of the Cherry, etc. _U. S. Dept. Agr.
Rpt._ 353-355. Pl. 3. 1887. Hedrick, U. P. Prune Rust _Oreg. Sta. Bul._
=45=:67. 1897.
[164] Stewart, F. C. _N. Y. Sta. Bul._ =191=:323-324. 1900. Rolfs, F. M.
Die Back of Peach Trees _Science_ =26=:87. 1907.
[165] Duggar, B. M. _Fungous Diseases of Plants_ 226. 1909.
[166] Smith, E. F. and Townsend, C. O. A Plant Tumor of Bacterial Origin
_Science_ =25=:671-673. 1907. Toumey, J. W. Cause and Nature of Crown
Gall _Ariz. Sta. Bul._ =33=:1-64, figs. 1-31. 1900. Hedgcock, G. C. Crown
Gall, etc. _U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind. Bul._ =90=:15-17, Pls. 3-5.
1906.
[167] Smith, E. F. _Science_ =17=:456-7. 1903. Ibid. =21=:502. 1905.
Clinton, G. P. Report of Botanist _Conn. Sta. Rpt._ 273. 1905.
[168] Hedrick, U. P. Gumming of the Prune Tree _Oreg. Sta. Bul._
=45=:68-72. 1897.
[169] Stewart, F. C. _N. Y. Sta. Bul._ _191_:324-326. 1900.
[170] Pammel, L. H. New Fungous Diseases of Iowa _Jour. Myc._ =7=:99-100.
1892.
[171] Jones, L. R. Studies upon Plum Blight _Vt. Ex. Sta. Rpt._
=15=:231-239. 1902.
[172] Smith, E. F. The Peach Rosette _Jour. Myc._ =6=:144. 1891.
[173] Waugh, F. A. _Plum Cult._ 329. 1901.
[174] Ibid.
[175] Starnes, H. N. Japan and Hybrid Plums _Ga. Sta. Bul._ =68=:22-24.
1905.
[176] Hedrick, U. P. Curl-leaf of the Italian Prune _Oreg. Sta. Bul._
=45=:72-74. 1897.
[177] Smith, E. F. Field Notes _Jour. Myc._ =6=:108. 1891.
[178] Riley, C. V. _An. Rpt. State Entomol. Mo._ =1=:50-56. 1869;
=3=:11-29. 1871.
[179] Ibid. =3=:39-42. 1871.
[180] Beutenmüller, W. _Sesiidae of America, etc._ 266-271. 1901.
[181] Ibid. 291-292. 1901.
[182] Riley, C. V. _An. Rpt. State Entomol. Mo._ =1=:46-47. 1869.
[183] Lowe, V. H. _N. Y. Sta. Bul._ =180=:122-128. 1900.
[184] Wilson, H. F. The Peach-tree Barkbeetle _U. S. D. A. Bur. Ent.
Bul._ =68=:91-108. 1909.
[185] Hunter, W. D. The Aphididæ of N. A. _Ia. Sta. Bul._ =60=:103. 1901.
[186] Ibid. 107, 108.
[187] Ibid. 108, 109.
[188] Gillette, C. P. A Few Orchard Plant Lice _Col. Sta. Bul._ =133=:41.
1908.
[189] Ibid. 39.
[190] Marlatt, C. L. The San Jose or Chinese Scale _U. S. D. A. Bur. Ent.
Bul._ =62=:1-89. 1906.
[191] Lowe, V. H. The New York Plum Lecanium _N. Y. Sta. Bul._ =136=:583.
1897.
[192] For references to these scales see Fernald, Mrs. M. E. Coccidae of
the World _Mass. Sta. Bul._ =88=:1-360. 1903.
[193] Lowe, V. H. The Apple-tree Tent Caterpillar _N. Y. Sta. Bul._
=152=:279-293. 1898.
[194] Riley, C. V. _An. Rpt. State Entom. Mo._ =2=:94-103. 1870.
[195] Ibid. =7=:83-90. 1875.
[196] Saunders, W. _Insects Injurious to Fruits_ 95, 96. 1883.
[197] Riley, C. V. and Marlatt, C. L. The Clover Mite _Insect Life_
=3=:45-53. 1890.
[198] Saunders, W. _Insects Injurious to Fruits_ 159. 1883.
[199] Ibid. 150-153. 1883.
[200] Lowe, V. H. The Pistol Case-bearer _N. Y. Sta. Bul._ =122=:221-232.
1897.
[201] Riley, C. V. _Insect Life_ =1=:133. 1889.
[202] _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =62=:27. 1894.
[203] _Tex. Sta. Bul._ =32=:488. 1894.
[204] Professor Joseph Lancaster Budd was a native of New York, having
been born July 3, 1835, at Peekskill, Westchester County. On his father’s
side he was of French ancestry, but his mother was of English descent, a
member of the Lancaster family, early settlers on the Hudson River. He
was educated in the public schools of Monticello, Monticello Academy and
at Hiram College, though he did not finish at the last named institution
because of financial distress at home. In 1857 the young man moved west
and for a year taught in an academy at Rockford, Illinois, and in the
Wheaton schools of the same state. In 1858 he moved to Benton County,
Iowa, where he established the Benton County Orchards and Nurseries. He
soon became identified with horticulture in Iowa, especially through its
State Horticultural Society, an organization of which he was secretary
from 1873 to 1885 and from 1892 to 1895, serving in all seventeen years.
In 1876 he was elected to the chair of Horticulture and Forestry in the
Iowa Agricultural College, a position which he held until 1899, when he
retired as professor emeritus, having spent twenty-two years in pioneer
work in this college. In 1882 Professor Budd visited Russia to study the
hardy plants of that country and imported from there many varieties of
fruit, as well as other plants, which he thought suited to the climate
of the Northwest. After his return his work was largely given up to
originating and testing varieties which he thought would prove of value
to the States of the Plains. He was preeminent in America for his work
with Russian fruits and was one of the first to see the possibilities
of our native plums. The frequency with which his name is mentioned
in this book as a breeder of hardy fruits indicates his interest in
securing plums adapted to the region in which he lived. The horticultural
library of Charles Downing, by the wish of the owner, was given to the
Iowa Agricultural College with the expectation that Professor Budd
would revise Downing’s famous _Fruits and Trees of America_. Ill health
prevented the accomplishment of this task, although as senior author
he published, in 1902, the _American Horticultural Manual_ in two
volumes. During the greater part of his active life he was a constant
correspondent of the horticultural press. Professor Budd was a teacher as
well as a pomologist and did much for American pomology in imparting to
the men who came in contact with him both knowledge and enthusiasm. He
died in Phoenix, Arizona, December 26, 1904.
[205] Samuel D. Willard was born August 24, 1835, near Cayuga, New
York. He was educated in the district school, Canandaigua Academy, and
Temple Hall, Geneseo, having been graduated at the last named place
in 1854. After a successful business career of a decade and a half
following his schooling, Mr. Willard engaged in the nursery business
in Geneva, New York. He prospered in tree-growing and soon embarked in
fruit-growing as well, rapidly attaining distinction as a nurseryman and
as a fruit-grower. He early began to specialize in plum culture and soon
became one of the leading growers of plums, one of the chief authorities
on varieties, and one of the largest importers of new sorts. In 1897,
with Dr. L. H. Bailey as co-author, Mr. Willard prepared Bulletin 131,
_Notes upon Plums_, of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment
Station. In this bulletin Mr. Willard put on record the results of
his long experience in growing plums and gave descriptions of seventy
varieties, nineteen of which he had imported from Europe. Besides
this bulletin he has published but little on plums, but his spoken
words regarding them may be found in nearly every report of the two
horticultural societies of New York since 1880, as they are also to be
found in the reports of horticultural societies in neighboring states and
the provinces of Canada. Besides his work in horticultural societies,
Mr. Willard was one of the earliest and foremost institute speakers in
New York. He was, too, for many years active in the development of the
state fair in New York, having charge of the horticultural department,
a position which he also held at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo
in 1901. For nearly a half-century Mr. Willard has been prominent in
his profession in the state and nation; he is known by all eastern
fruit-growers and his vigorous and enthusiastic utterances in the press,
from the platform and in conversation have made him a favorite authority
with the fruit-growers of this generation.
[206] Prosper Julius A. Berckmans was one of the noted horticulturists
and pomologists of the generation just passing. He was born at Aerschat,
near Antwerp, Belgium, October 13, 1830, his father being Dr. Louis
Edouard Berckmans, author of the splendid pomological work, _Album
de Pomologie_, and as noted in Europe as was the son in America, in
horticulture and pomology. The younger Berckmans was educated in Tours,
Belgium and Paris, attaining distinction as a student in botany. In
1850 father and son came to America and the following year settled
at Plainfield, New Jersey. Six years later the son moved to Augusta,
Georgia, and established near that place a horticultural plantation,
which he called “Fruitlands,” the nursery of which has become famous
throughout the world. Soon after locating in Georgia, Mr. Berckmans
became interested in horticultural organizations and later his activities
were extended to the promotion of horticulture in the Nation. In 1859
he became a member of the first horticultural society in Georgia. In
1876 he helped to organize and was the first president of the Georgia
State Horticultural Society, a position which he held until his death.
In 1860 he became a member of the American Pomological Society and was
at once intrusted with important committee work in that organization.
His work here was done so well that in 1887 he was elected president of
the society and later was four times re-elected. Mr. Berckmans was a
member of a number of state and national horticultural and scientific
organizations other than those named and was an honorary member of many
similar societies in Europe. In 1893 he was chosen to make the opening
address of the Horticultural Congress held at the World’s Fair in Chicago
that year. Mr. Berckmans was eminent in entomology as well as in botany
and horticulture and was interested in all the sciences. Through much
reading, study and travel he became versed in literature and art as well
as science. Mr. Berckmans’ fellow-workers in horticulture, his business
associates and the patrons of his nursery, justly esteemed him for his
amiability, integrity and public spiritedness. At his death, November 8,
1910, a well spent life was ended.
[207] Luther Burbank, known the world over for his work in bringing into
being new plant forms, was born in Lancaster, Massachusetts, March 7,
1849. He was educated in the common schools and in the local academy, his
school-training being supplemented by much reading in the well-stocked
library of which every New England town boasts. After leaving school,
some time was spent in a factory in Worcester, Massachusetts, but,
following a strong natural inclination to work with plants, he left the
factory to grow vegetables and seeds. It was while so engaged that he
grew the Burbank potato, most widely known and most valuable, if gauged
by the monetary value of the crops produced, of all of his new plants.
In 1875 Mr. Burbank went to California and a few years later began in a
small way the plant-breeding nursery at Santa Rosa in which most of his
work has since been done. The years preceding this beginning and several
following it constitute a time of hard labor, sickness and of financial
distress through which only a man of remarkable strength of character
could have lived and kept the desire to continue his work. Following a
decade, more or less, of difficulties after the start at Santa Rosa, Mr.
Burbank’s career as a world-wide figure in plant-breeding may be said to
have begun. One cannot briefly catalog the new forms of plants that have
gone forth from his private place in California; they must number well
into the hundreds; his biographer, in 1905, said that Mr. Burbank has
worked with over two thousand five hundred distinct species (Harwood,
W. S., _New Creations in Plant Life_ 1. 1905). Among these have been
practically all of the species of plums now under cultivation, from which
have been obtained, according to Mr. Burbank, hundreds of thousands of
plum-seedlings of which the breeder has selected a score or more of very
distinct sorts, all interesting and a few of them very valuable. The many
other fruits, flowers and forage plants which Mr. Burbank has sent out,
each involving the handling of countless seedlings, cannot be mentioned
here. Nor can his methods and results be discussed, except to say that
in them he is a unique figure in plant-breeding and that they have been
such that he has exercised a powerful influence toward the improvement of
plants. The practical results of Mr. Burbank’s work have been as great
or greater than those secured by any other person in plant-breeding,
yet they have been magnified out of all bounds in the popular press and
his work has been caricatured by calling the man a wizard and ascribing
to him occult knowledge. Of the plants introduced by Mr. Burbank the
proportion of really valuable commercial ones seems now to be small, but
what he has done cannot be measured by money values; he has awakened
universal interest in plant-breeding; has demonstrated that things
unheard of before his time can be done with plants; and, all in all, his
contributions in new forms of plants to horticulture and agriculture, in
their intrinsic and educational value, make him the master worker of the
times in improving plants.
[208] Statement in a letter from Mr. Burbank.
[209] Mr. Kerr in a letter written in 1909 says: “Wassu, as I have it, is
radically different from descriptions of both Waugh and Bailey. The tree
is as slovenly in habit as is that of the Burbank—there all resemblance
ceases.”
[210] This French plum proved to be the well-known Peach. See
_Horticulturist_ =1=:115. 1846.
[211] Mas _Le Verger_ =6=:61. 1866-73.
[212] Mr. Kerr writes: “As I have them here, Yeddo and White Kelsey
are the same. If there is a difference between Georgeson and Mikado, I
have failed to discover it, but Georgeson and White Kelsey or Yeddo are
plainly distinct. The former is larger, rounder and more greenish in skin
color.”
[213] Introduced by Wiley and Company of Cayuga, New York in 1892. See
_Cornell Sta. Bul._ =131=:193, fig. 47. 1898.
[214] _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =106=:52. 1896.
[215] _Pom. Mag._ =3=:148. 1830.
[216] _Can. Hort._ =18=:117. 1895.
[217] H. A. Terry was born in Cortland County, New York, July 12th, 1826.
His parents were from New England having come as pioneers to New York
from Worcester, Massachusetts. The spirit of pioneering seems to have
been strong in the Terry family for in 1836 the parents moved again to
Livingston County, Michigan. The son, leaving his parents in 1845, again
went westward to Knox County, Illinois, and still again in 1846 farther
west to Pottawattamie County, Iowa. After this there were still more
wanderings in which Mr. Terry and his family, he having married in 1848,
were as far east as New Haven, Connecticut, for two years and again west
to several places in Iowa. He finally engaged in the nursery business at
Crescent, Iowa in 1857; he lived here for over fifty years, giving to the
world his best services in the production of new fruits and flowers, and
here his death occurred February 14th, 1909. Mr. Terry was noted as a
peony and a plum specialist. Of plums he is the originator of over fifty
sorts nearly all from the native species—a record unsurpassed in point
of numbers for new varieties by any other plum-breeder. Several of Mr.
Terry’s plums are of surpassing merit for varieties of their species;
among these may be named such well-known sorts as Gold, Hammer, Hawkeye,
Nellie Blanche, Crescent City, Downing and Milton. Most of his varieties
are offspring of _Prunus americana_ but there are a few from _Prunus
munsoniana_ and _Prunus hortulana_. Unfortunately there is little in
regard to Mr. Terry’s method of breeding plums on record for he seems to
have written or spoken little for publication. He was long a prominent
member of the Iowa State Horticultural Society and for a number of years
had charge of one of the experiment stations of this society. Of his work
with peonies, of which he produced more than one hundred named sorts, and
with other plants, space does not permit discussion. The last half of his
life of more than four score years was a tireless effort to improve the
fruits and flowers of the Mississippi Valley.
[218] Lauche _Deut. Pom._ No. 2. 1882.
[219] _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =106=:53. 1896.
[220] Orville Morell Lord was born in China, Wyoming County, New York,
April 20, 1826. When he was eleven years of age the Lord family moved to
Lapeer, Michigan, where the subject of this sketch attended the district
school and then for a time was in a private school at Pontiac, Michigan.
In 1852 Mr. Lord moved to Winona County, Minnesota, where he built a
saw mill, and for some years owned and managed a lumber yard. It was
only after middle life that he became interested in horticulture and he
then chose the native plums as fruits with which to work. He was not a
breeder of plums and the Rollingstone, brought in from the wild and sent
out by him in 1882, is the only addition to pomology, in the way of a
new variety, made by him. The work with this fruit which has given him
a name as a plum specialist was in testing hardy varieties. He tried
thoroughly all the native plums to be obtained, and much of the present
information as to the hardiness of plums for the cold northwest is due
to knowledge gained from Mr. Lord’s experimental orchard. He became a
member of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society in 1884 and in 1889
was made an honorary life member of this organization. For some years
he was a Farmers’ Institute lecturer on horticulture and was for a time
horticultural editor of _Farm, Stock and Home_. He was not only known
in the Northwest as a plum specialist but carried on correspondence
with plum growers throughout the whole country giving much valuable
information regarding this fruit. Beside giving attention to plums he
tested many apples for his region and was the originator of one or two
varieties now very generally grown in his State. During his life he
filled several places of public trust, being a member of the Territorial
Legislature in 1853-4 and of the State Legislature in 1873-4. He also
served at various times in minor offices in his County and in his State
being at the time of his death a member of the Forest Reserve Board of
Minnesota. With Peter Gideon he was one of the pioneer fruit-growers
in the Northwest and while he has left few fruits of his own breeding
and few records in print of the work he did, yet his long and faithful
service in developing fruit-growing in the Northwest makes him one of the
men of note in American pomology. Mr. Lord died July 21, 1906.
[221] Of this fruit Burbank writes to this Station under date of December
6, 1909, as follows:
“I have this season also about 65,000 or 75,000 Plumcot seedlings,—a
wholly new fruit which promises great things for localities where it
can be grown. These Plumcots vary more astonishingly from seed than
anything which I have ever produced. No pure Apricots or pure Plums are
produced, but every possible variety and every possible combination
and all qualities are brought out strongly. The range of colors is
astonishing,—some new combinations of colors never before seen in fruits
have been produced. The best California judges of fruits—the great
growers and shippers—have pronounced some of these varieties the best
fruit ever produced on this earth. Most of these fruits have a beautiful
downy skin—many of them smooth—flesh orange, yellow, white, crimson or
green; pits peculiar. The fruits vary from about the size of a medium
peach down to the size of Green Gage plums, though the various ones are
of every possible size, form, flavor, color, time of ripening, etc. The
trees, in some cases, grow faster than any other fruit tree. Sometimes
branches grow on even quite young trees twelve feet in length and an inch
in diameter in a single season. Others are quite slow growers or even
dwarfs.”
[222] _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 105. 1891.
[223] J. W. Kerr, one of the best informed and most enthusiastic
cultivators of native and Triflora plums, was born in York County,
Pennsylvania, January 23, 1842. He is of Scotch-Irish lineage paternally
and of English ancestors maternally. His education at the village school
was supplemented by several years teaching and much reading and study
in horticultural literature, fondness for which seems to have been
inborn. In his early manhood Mr. Kerr engaged in growing trees for sale,
a business with which he soon combined a fruit plantation in which he
collected and tested all the plums that could be grown in his climate,
comprising the great majority of the varieties of American species and
of the Oriental plums. This work began in 1870, since which time no man
has done more to popularize and improve native plums than Mr. Kerr. His
most valuable work has been in testing varieties, where his knowledge
of this fruit, his judgment and his sense of discrimination have made
his opinion, as set forth in his nursery catalog and in the reports of
horticultural societies, authoritative. He has, too, done considerable
work in breeding plums, Choptank, Sophie and Maryland probably
representing the best of his endeavors in originating new plums. It is a
duty and a pleasure to acknowledge here the great services rendered by
Mr. Kerr in the preparation of _The Plums of New York_.
[224] Emmett Stull Goff was born at Elmira, New York, Sept. 3, 1852.
He was educated in the public schools and in the Elmira Free Academy,
graduating from the last named place in 1869. The following years were
spent on his father’s farm until in 1880 he became Associate Editor of an
agricultural paper, but finding the work uncongenial he returned to the
farm for a short time leaving again to accept in 1882 a position at the
New York Agricultural Experiment Station which had just been established.
Here for seven years Professor Goff gave his attention to vegetables. His
classification of a number of vegetables, the pea, tomato, cabbage and
onion in particular, are still standard in American vegetable culture.
During his work at this Station he did much pioneer work in spraying
plants and invented a device for mixing kerosene and water. In 1889
Professor Goff moved to Madison, Wisconsin, where he became professor
of horticulture in the University of Wisconsin and horticulturist of
the Wisconsin Experiment Station. Here for fourteen years he gave his
attention to various phases of fruit-growing and vegetable-growing.
His bulletin 87 on “Native Plums” is the outcome of several years’
experiments in testing and breeding plums of such of our native species
as will grow in Wisconsin. His work with plums is particularly valuable,
as he was able, in his location, to do much to ascertain the degree
of hardiness of many varieties of the species of cultivated plums.
From his work with sterility and fertility of varieties came valuable
recommendations regarding the cross-pollination of such varieties as
are self-sterile. He is the author of _Principles of Plant Culture_ and
_Lessons on Fruit-growing_, text books much used in high schools and
agricultural colleges. Professor Goff was a modest and retiring man but
singularly independent of view in all things regarding his work and all
things that concerned men—a serene, lofty-minded, unselfish man. His
death occurred at Madison, June 6th, 1903.
[225] Aug. Royer _Annales De Pomologie Belge et Etrangere_ 63. 1859.
[226] William Prince, born in 1725, was the second proprietor of the
famous Prince nursery at Flushing, Long Island, a nursery established by
his father, Robert Prince, about 1730. The first of the American Princes
was one of the Huguenots who settled at New Rochelle and on the north
shore of Long Island, bringing with them a great number of French fruits
and the love of the French people for horticulture. The nursery, one
of the first, and certainly the most important one in America at this
time, grew rapidly until the Revolutionary War. The establishment was of
such public importance that during a part of the war the British placed
a guard over it to protect it from depredation. With the establishment
of peace came an increased trade and the nursery soon attained even
greater prominence than before the war. An effort was made by William
Prince, then in charge, to import all of the valuable European fruits
beside which he grew many seedlings, selecting carefully from them new
varieties. Thus in 1790 twenty-five quarts of Reine Claude plum pits
were planted from which came Yellow Gage, Imperial Gage and probably the
Washington plum. Prince died in 1802, his business having been divided
between two sons; Benjamin Prince keeping the original place under the
name The Old American Nursery and William Prince occupying a new place
called the Linnean Botanic Garden and Nursery. William Prince seems not
to have had the inclination to write as did his son and grandson but
had, even more than they, business energy. His European exportations
and importations made his name famous in horticulture abroad as well
as at home. To him Americans owe the introduction of many varieties of
foreign fruits and ornamental plants; his was the first of the great
nurseries of the country, soon to be followed by others, to import and
exchange plants with foreign countries; his is the first recorded attempt
to breed fruits in America on an extensive scale and the fact that the
three plums sent out by him are still valuable varieties indicates his
judgment as to worth in fruits. The reputation made by his son, William
Prince, the second, and by William Robert Prince, a grandson, as writers
on horticultural subjects, is in large measure due to the information
acquired for them and the training given them by the William Prince of
this sketch.
[227] Gilbert Onderdonk was born in Sharon, New York, September 30, 1829.
As a boy he showed a taste for horticulture and while a lad planted seeds
of potatoes, made selections and developed several varieties more or
less widely grown in the middle of the last century. Mr. Onderdonk was
educated in the Cortland Academy at Cortland, N. Y., and in the State
Normal College at Albany. After having taught in the district schools of
New York for a few years, he found it necessary to go to a warmer climate
because of bronchial trouble and in 1851 moved to Texas, where he became
a cowboy, a rancher and finally a fruit-grower. In the region in which
he had settled there were wild grapes and wild plums in abundance. The
luxuriance of growth and the number of these fruits so impressed him with
the possibilities of fruit culture in southwestern Texas that he began
planting fruit trees. Of necessity these came from the north and for most
part failed. Not to be discouraged, Mr. Onderdonk began the improvement
of the wild varieties about his home. From 1855 to the present time his
work has been the testing for the region in which he lives, of every
variety of fruit to be had in Europe and America, and the improvement of
the wild fruits growing about him. The plum, in particular, has received
attention from Mr. Onderdonk, and his chief work with this fruit has
been the hybridization of Triflora and Munsoniana varieties from the
crossing of which he has grown some valuable plums. In 1887, the United
States Department of Agriculture employed Mr. Onderdonk to work with
plums, grapes and peaches in the southwest, the results of which are to
be found in the reports of the Department immediately following the year
mentioned. He has also done considerable work for the French in sending
resistant vines to France. Mr. Onderdonk is one of several workers in
horticulture who have unremittingly served Texas and the southwest in the
production of new varieties of fruits and in testing varieties from other
regions. The value of the foundation these men have laid for horticulture
in the southwest cannot now be estimated.
[228] _Mich. Sta. Bul._ =118=:52, 54. 1895.
[229] Thomas _Am. Fruit Cult._ 493. 1897.
[230] Joseph L. Normand was born at Marksville, Louisiana, January 14,
1853. He was educated in the public schools of the parish in which he
lived. After leaving school he followed the vocation of a printer for a
number of years, though from childhood horticulture had been an avocation
with him. Before middle life he gave up office work to begin actively
the growing of nursery and fruit trees. His work in horticulture early
developed into plant-breeding and towards the close of his life all of
his energies were devoted to the production of new types of plants. In
his plant-breeding Mr. Normand became noted as a hybridizer and a great
majority of the fruits and ornamentals sent out by him were hybrids.
Among these may be named the Carnegie Orange, a hybrid more or less
frost resistant, which he obtained by crossing the Louisiana Sweet
Orange with _Citrus trifoliata_. Mr. Normand also devoted much time to
the testing of figs and sent out the New French Fig, selected from some
seventy varieties which he had grown. Pears, apples and plums received
his attention and in all these fruits he developed original types by
hybridization. Possibly his most meritorious work with the plum has been
in testing Triflora and native varieties, although he has sent out not
a few hybrids of this fruit most of which, however, do not thrive in
northern climates. Mr. Normand did for his region what Kerr, Munson,
Terry, Lord and Williams have done in other parts of North America
in testing plums. All who knew Mr. Normand say that in this day of
commercialism he worked almost wholly for the love of plants—to improve
them for his fellow fruit-growers regardless of the money to be made
in his calling. He lived and worked in a region where his achievements
were at first little known and little understood, quite content to work
for his work’s sake, but in the end he gained distinction among the
fruit-growers of his State and attracted the attention of plant-breeders
all over the United States. Mr. Normand died in the town of his birth,
April 17, 1910.
[231] A. L. Bruce, whose name appears so frequently in the pages of _The
Plums of New York_ as a breeder of native plums, is of Scotch descent.
His father, however, came from Illinois to Texas, settling at Basin
Springs, Grayson County, in 1845, where he planted the first orchard in
that part of Texas. The son, subject of this sketch, was born October 6,
1861, and was educated in the common schools at Basin Springs, Texas. His
work in growing and breeding trees began in his youth, for in 1877 he
established himself as a grower and collector of native plums to which
he added many of the Triflora varieties that were soon after introduced
from Japan. Mr. Bruce’s first definite problem in breeding plums was to
find extra early and extra late sorts for Texas; his Six Weeks, Red May,
Dayton and several other plums were the results of these efforts. In 1902
Mr. Bruce moved to Donley County in the Panhandle of Texas from which
place he has sent out and continues to send out Triflora, native and
hybrid plums of unusual merit. Beside working with plums Mr. Bruce is a
breeder of peaches, pears, raspberries, dewberries and apples, to all of
which fruits he has made more or less notable contributions. Mr. Bruce is
still in the prime of life, has many plant-breeding problems projected
and his work promises much for horticulture in the Southwest and in the
country at large.
Transcriber’s Notes
Words surrounded by _ are italicized.
Words surrounded by = are bold.
Illustrations were relocated to correspond to their references in the
text.
The illustration “October” was apparently omitted from the book (three
different copies checked).
Obvious printer errors corrected and inconsistent spellings have been
kept, including inconsistent use of hyphen, accents, capitalisation, and
proper names.
Index entries that do not match their referenced text corrected (except
where the text is an obvious printer error). Index entries that refer to
non-existent text have been deleted.