VANCOUVER’S ISLAND.
AMERICAN: (1) The COWICHAN may be spoken by about 4,000 people. (2)
The QUAKWOLTH, by about 2,000. (3) The KOSKEEMO by only two or three
hundred; while (4) the AHT is spoken in its different dialects in
Vancouver’s Island and southwards along the shores of the mainland
of Washington Territory to nearly the Columbia river by about 4,500
people; indeed the Chinook, spoken by the Chinooks who once thickly
lined the lower shores of that river, is a dialect of the AHT (see
Irving’s “Astoria”). (5) The “Chinook Jargon,” a rough trading
jargon, founded on the CHINOOK, but mixed up with corrupted CANADIAN
FRENCH, ENGLISH, a few SPANISH, two HAWAIAN, and numerous words
from other Indian languages, and universally understood by traders,
travellers, and colonists of any “standing” in the region. (_Vide_
Vocaby. by George Gibbs, published by the Smithsonian Institution.)
R. B.
VANDAL.
A form of the word WEND. “Histoire” by Marcus, Paris, 1836.
VAN DIEMEN’S LAND.
TASMANIAN: dialects were, according to authorities, four, six,
eight; or many more, according to Mr. G. Robinson, the Protector of
Aborigines. Mr. Clarke, catechist on Flinders Island, recognised
ten dialects in 1834 among the two hundred native exiles. A _Lingua
Franca_ was of necessity made among them. Dr. Milligan prepared, from
Messrs. Dove, Jorgenson, Geary, King, Labillardière, Peron, Robinson,
Scott, Sterling, and Lhotzky, a vocabulary of 2,500 words, only one
or two of which were true reduplicatives. According to Mr. Logan,
the Tasmanian was an ancient form of the tongues once spoken in
south-eastern Asia. The language was defective in abstract names. J.
B.
VANIKORO.
Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN, somewhat allied to TANEMA.
VANNETAIS, VANNETEUSE.
Celtic: sub-dialect of BAS-BRETON, spoken at Vannes. Dicty. by
Armerie, Leyden, 1774: Grammar by Guillome, Vannes, 1836.
VARANGIAN.
Put for WARANGIAN, a form of the word Varini for the Warrings.
See paper by Mr. Hyde Clarke in “Ethnol. Journal,” but compare
the Slavonic word “warjazi,” allies. The Varangian guard at
Constantinople was recruited from N. Europe. _See_ FERINGEE.
VASKISH, _see_ BASQUE.
VASSE R.
District of S.W. Australia. Vocaby. by Captain Grey, 1841.
VATIALAISET.
TSCHUDIC: a name for the VOD.
VAUDOIS (PAYS DE VAUD).
ROMANCE: vernacular language of the Waldenses, formed from the
old Provençal, or LANGUE D’OC, still spoken in Switzerland.
“Observations,” &c., by Develay, Lausanne, 1824.
VAYU.
NON-ARYAN: a dialect of Nipal, somewhat allied to CHEPANG. Vocaby. in
Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
VEDAS.
The sacred writings of the Brahmins, from the word “vid,” _i.e._,
wit, knowledge.
VEDDAHS.
CINGHALESE: low race of Ceylon.
VEDIC.
The language of the Vedas; the oldest form of SANSKRIT.
VEI, VEY.
African: dialect of the MANA class, vernacular at Great Cape Mount,
W. Africa; using a native alphabetic character of recent origin,
which is stated to be founded on ARABIC, called the Vey Phonetic
(Forbes). Grammar by Kölle, London, 1853.
VELAY.
ROMANCE: dialect of Provençal. Vocaby. in “Mems. de la Société des
Antiq.,” vol. ix.
VENDEE.
ROMANCE: _patois_ of France, largely CELTIC. Grammar in “Memm. de
l’Acad. Celtique,” 1809.
VENEDI, VENDES.
GERMAN name for Slavonians. _See_ WENDIC.
VENETIAN.
Romance: dialect of ITALIAN. Dicty. by Boerio, Venice, 1829.
VENEZUELAN, _see_ WAPISIANA.
VERDEN, _see_ BREMISCH.
VERKHOVI.
Ugrian: SAMOIED dialect of the River Obi.
VERNACULAR.
Literally “native”; the natural speech of a race or country.
VERONESE.
Romance: dialect of ITALIAN. Vocaby. by Angeli, Verona, 1821.
VES, _see_ VOD.
VESP, _see_ TSCHUDIC.
VICENZA.
Teutonic: HIGH-GERMAN of Italy.
VICTORIA.
AUSTRALIAN: dialects of Port Phillip, once numerous, now nearly all
lost. Some of them, says Mr. Parker, called after their negatives, as
some in N.S. Wales from their affirmatives. J. B.
VIENNAISE, VIENNESE (WIEN).
Teutonic: HIGH-GERMAN of the Austrian Empire, as spoken at Vienna;
the ancient VINDOBONA.
VIKANERA, _see_ BIKANIRA.
VIKINGAR, VIKINGS.
So-called Sea-Kings, or “Creekers”; pirates of the Baltic.
VILELA.
American: LULE dialect of the Gran Chaco and republic of Cordova.
VINCENT (ST.) ISLAND.
(1) See W. INDIES. (2) (Gulf of) Native AUSTRALIAN. Köler “Notice”
by, Berlin, 1842.
VINGOUR, _see_ UNGARN.
VIRAT, _see_ BUTTANIR.
VIRGINIAN.
American: called NEW ENGLAND INDIAN, and classed as MOHEGAN.
VITI, _see_ FEEJEEAN.
VLACK.
Crude form of the word WALLACHIAN. ☞
VOD.
Tschudic: same as the Vadjalaine (sing.), or Vadjalaiset (in the
plural), who speak a dialect of the FIN, called VES.
VOGUL, WOGUL.
Ugrian: a branch of the TSCHUDIC stem, representing the dialects
of FIN spoken along the course of the River Volga. Klaproth
distinguishes four dialects: (1) the TSCHUSSOWAIA; (2) WERCHOTURIE;
(3) TSCHERDYN; (4) BERESOV. _See_ MORDVINIAN.
VOIGHTLANDIC.
Teutonic: dialect of HIGH-GERMAN.
VOLGA-FINNISH.
TCHUDIC: same as MORDVINIAN.
VOLSCIAN.
Extinct dialect of ancient Italy, closely allied to OSCAN and
UMBRIAN. See Fabbretti’s Glossary, Turin, 1858.
VOSGES, _see_ RENNES.
VOTIAK, _see_ WOTAGIAN.
VULGAR-TONGUE.
A name once used for true idiomatic ENGLISH; the term “vulgar” is
used for the language of the lower orders. See Dicty. by Grose, 1785,
since reprinted (1868). _See_ LINGUA VULGARIS.
VUTA-HUILLIGHE.
AMERICAN: Vuta or Huilliche. This latter word means “Men of the
South,” and is an Araucanian name. Hence it applies to the tribes
between Chili and Tierra del Fuego. The Chonos of the Island of
Chiloe is decidedly Chileno. Elsewhere the division between their
language and the Patagonian is not known in detail. Falkner’s
“Description of Patagonia,” Hereford, 1774. Darwin in “Voyage of the
Beagle.” R. G. L.
W.
WAAG.
Abyssinian; a name for HHAMARA, _i.e._, the AGAU dialect of Lasta.
WAAILATPU, WILLATPOO.
American: same as CAYUS; spoken in Oregon to the S. of Lower Columbia
R.
WACCOA.
American: same as WOKKON; extinct dialect of N. Carolina. _See_
WOCCON.
WACOE.
American: Pawnee Indians; the word is an English corruption of the
Spanish HUECO applied to the TALLEWITSU.
WADEY, WADREAGH.
Sub-Semitic; Berber races speaking TUARIK.
WAHABEES.
Name for Mohammedan sectaries or reformed Moslemim, a very fanatical
body.
WAHITAHO.
Polynesian; dialect of the Friendly Islands, allied to MAYORGA.
WAHKYECUM, WAKAIKAM.
American: sub-division of CHINOOK.
WAHTANI.
American: same as MANDAN.
WAHTOHTANI, WAHTOKTAK.
American: same as OTO.
WAIGIU.
Negrito: PAPUAN dialect to the N.W. of New Guinea.
WAIHU.
POLYNESIAN: dialect of Easter Island. _See_ TEAPY.
WAIKNA.
AMERICAN: dialect of the Mosquito coast.
WAIKUR, WAICURI.
American: also called GUAICUR and MONQUI; language of Lower
California with dialects known as ARIPE and CORA.
WAISAMU.
MALAYAN; dialect of Ceram.
WAIYAMERA, WOYAWAI.
American: dialects of British Guyana, classed by Schomburgk as
CARIB-TAMANAQUE.
WAKAMBA.
African: Kaffir dialect of the SUAHILI class.
WAKASH.
American: same as YUCUATL; ATNA or SELISH dialect of Vancouver Is.;
also called NOOTKA or NUTKA. Vocaby. “Amer. Ethnol.” vol. ii. _See_
TLAOQUATSH.
WAKHI.
Tribes of Shiah-Mohammedans in Wakhan, Central Asia.
WALCHEREN.
DUTCH: provincial dialect of Holland.
WALDENSIAN, _see_ VAUDOIS.
WALING.
Non-Aryan: language of the KIRANTI group, E. Nipal. Vocaby. in
Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
WALLA-WALLA.
American: dialect of Sahaptin, closely allied to KLIKETAT. Vocaby.:
“Amer. Ethnol.” vol. ii.
WALLACHIAN (VLACK).
Romance: a mingled dialect of LATIN and SLAVONIC, also called ROUMAN
or RUMANYO. It is divided into (1) Northern dialect, called DACIAN
or DACO-ROMAN, spoken in Moldavia, Bessarabia, &c.; (2) South of
the Danube, called MACEDO- or KUTZO-WALLACHIAN. The people called
Rumanje are by some stated to be Thracians, by others Illyrians by
descent, but the language is that of the Roman colonists settled
in Dacia under the Emperor Trajan. They still use the old CYRILLIC
alphabet for liturgical purposes, but a more simplified character is
in general use. Grammar by Iszer, Kronstadt, 1855; Dicty. by Cihao:
“Dictionnaire d’Etymologie Daco-Romane,” Francfort, 1870.
⁂ This language has the peculiarity, like the BASQUE, of postposition
of the article: thus, “ochiu’l (oculus ille)” = “the eye”; “omu’l” =
“man the,” for “the man.” Farrar. ☞
WALLAMETTE, _under_ WI.
WALLIS ISLANDS.
Polynesian: same as UEA. _See_ LOYALTY IS.
WALLON _or_ WALLOON (ROUCHI-FRANCAIS).
Romance: FRENCH _patois_ of Flanders and Belgium. Dicty. by
Grandgagnage, Liége, 1845-50. _See_ LIEGEOISE.
WAMMA, WAMMER.
MALAYAN: islands of the lesser Sunda group, peopled with Alfuru.
_See_ AROO.
WANAMI.
American: same as UNAMI. Turtle-tribe of Delawares.
WANAT.
American: quoted in Jülg’s “Vater” as IROKESE.
WANDAMIN.
Negrito: PAPUAN dialect of New Guinea.
WANGEROG.
Teutonic: sub-dialect of FRIESIC. See Hœfer’s “Zeitschrift,” Berlin,
1845.
WANGPO.
Indian: dialect of KUNAWARI.
WANICA, WANIKA, WONICA.
African: Kaffir dialect of the SUAHILI class.
WANUMBAE, _see_ AROO.
WAPANACHKI.
American: form of the word ABENAKI.
WAPISIANA (WAPISIAN, WAPITYAN).
American: dialect of CARIB, spoken in Demerara and Venezuela.
WAPISIAN-PARAUANA.
American: Schomburgk’s class name for a division of the CARIB
languages of British Guyana.
WARACHIN, WARATSHIN.
Caucasian: chief dialect of the UDE, on which Schiefner’s Grammar is
founded. H. C.
WAROW, WARROW.
AMERICAN: unclassed language of British Guyana.
⁂ Spoken between the Orinoco, along the coast, and in the lowlands of
the Delta. On the strength of these conditions the Warows have been
described as people living on trees. They are good boatmen. R. G. L.
WARSAU.
AFRICAN: dialect of the Gold Coast.
WASCO, _see_ CHINOOK.
WASHA, WAWAH, WAWASH.
American: names for the OSAGE.
WASHINGTON IS., _see_ MARQUESAN.
WATELEI, _see_ AROO.
WATIALAISET, WATLANDIC.
Tschudic: FIN dialect, much Teutonized.
WATIE, WATJE.
African: dialect of the MANA class.
WATLAKA, WATLALA (CASCADE INDIANS).
American: dialect of ATNA or SELISH, known as UPPER CHINOOK, Vocaby.
in “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.
WATTASUN.
American: MANDAN name for the Black-shoe tribe of Crows. _See_
UPSAROKA.
WAWU.
African: NIGRITIAN dialect adjoining Dahomey.
WAYAPO.
MALAYAN: dialect of Booro. Vocaby. by Wallace.
WEA.
American: ALGONKIN of the Illinois division, and closely allied to
PIANKESHAW. See Primer, “Cherokee Mission Press,” 1837.
WEE-O-HOW, _see_ SHASTA.
WEITSPEK, WEIYOT, WISHOSK.
American: Indians of N.W. California, on the Clamat, and somewhat
allied to TSAMAK.
WELLINGTON.
Australian: dialect of KAMILAROI.
WELSH (CYMRAEG).
Celtic: pre-Roman dialect of Britain, closely allied to ARMORICAN or
Bas-Breton, to CORNISH, the extinct dialect of Cornwall, and still
spoken by the Cymru, natives of the principality of Wales in Great
Britain. It is a language of the same class as ERSE or IRISH, GAELIC
and MANX, but more largely influenced by LATIN. Grammars by Rowland,
3rd ed., Bala, 1864; and Spurrell, 1870; Dictys. by Evans, Pughe,
Pryse, Richards, and Spurrell.
WENDIC, WENDISH.
(1) Same as SLAVO-WENDIC or LETTO-SLAVONIC; class-name for combined
stem of languages comprising OLD-PRUSSIAN and its varieties, with
others of the SLAVONIC family.
(2) Same as SORBO-WENDIC; also called SORABIC, or SORBIAN, the
language of Lusatia, N. Germany. They use the GERMAN character.
Grammar by Jordan, Prag, 1841; by Schmaler, Bautzen, 1852; Dicty. by
Zwahr, Spremberg, 1846-7. _See_ WINIDI.
WEST INDIES.
Long extinct; a few words only are known, taken from the language of
St. Domingo. _See_ TAINO.
WESTMORELAND.
Provincial dialect of England. Glossaries by Wheeler and Gough.
WESTPHALIAN.
Teutonic: classed as LOW-GERMAN.
WETTER.
MALAYAN: a small island of the Timor group, peopled with Alfuru.
WHIDAH, WIDAH (ATYE).
African: also called FIDAH; NIGRITIAN dialect of Guinea; it is allied
to DAHOMEY and to CARIB. H. C. _See_ JUDA.
WHITE-RUSSIAN.
SLAVONIC: dialects of the governments of Smolensko and Moghilov. It
has no literature, except the Lithuanic Code.
WIDAH, _see_ WHIDAH.
WIEN, _see_ VIENNAISE.
WIHINASHT, WIHINAST.
AMERICAN: Western Shoshones; Snake Indians of Texas. Vocaby.: “Amer.
Ethnol.,” vol. ii.
WILLAMET, WALLAMETTE.
American: Indians of Oregon, closely allied to CAYUSE. Vocaby. “Amer.
Ethnol.,” vol. ii.
WILTSHIRE, WILTS.
Provincial dialect of Wiltshire in England. Glossary by Akerman.
WILTZIAN.
SLAVONIC. Same as LUITIZIAN.
WINDIC.
Slavonic: SLOVENIAN dialect of Windismark (Styria, Carinthia, and
Carniola) in Austria.
WINEBAGO.
American: also called NIPPEGON; SIOUX dialect of Wisconsin. Vocaby.:
“Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.
WIRADUREI.
AUSTRALIAN: dialect of Kamilaroi, spoken near the N. border of N.S.
Wales. Mr. Horatio Hale found “o” repeated sixty-seven times to six
of “u.” J. B.
WISHOSK, _see_ WEITSPEK.
WITCHITA, WITSHITA.
American: dialect of Texas, spoken on the Red R., and classed as
PAWNEE.
WITOURO.
Australian: Kamilaroi dialect, allied to WIRADUREI, spoken N. of
Adelaide. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.
WLACHISH, _see_ WALLACHIAN.
WOCCON, WOKKON (WACCOA).
AMERICAN: primitive dialect of N. Carolina.
⁂ Along with Catawba, they are the best representatives of the
native population. This is indicated because the Pamticoughs and
the Tuscaroras, with whom they are associated in respect to their
geography, are intrusive. From both of these the Woccon and Katawba
are widely separated, and (as far as we are informed by our scanty
data) they are, as separate languages, divided from one another. Each
is known from a single specimen, viz.: that of Lawson, &c., London,
1709. Both the Woccon and the Catawba have long been extinct. R. G. L.
WODDOWRONG.
Australian: allied to KOLIGON; spoken to E. of Lake Colac, Victoria.
See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.
WOGUL, WOGULIAN, _under_ V.
WOKAN, WOKKAM.
MALAYAN: island of the lesser Sunda group. _See_ AROO.
WOKKON, _see_ WOCCON.
WOLAITSA, WORAITSA, WORRATTA.
African: dialects of the GONGA class, spoken in Abyssinia, about 10°
N.L., and allied to KAFFA. _See_ YANGARO.
WOLAROI.
AUSTRALIAN: district distinguished by a dialectical variation of
speech.
WOLF INDIANS.
AMERICAN: tribes of Delawares (called Minsi), and Mohigans (called
Mech-chaooh).
WOLLONDILLY.
AUSTRALIAN: river name.
WOLOF (OUOLOFE).
AFRICAN: dialect of Senegambia. Grammar by Boilat, Paris, 1858;
Dicty. by Dard, Dakar, 1855. _See_ JALLOOF.
WOOLWA, WULWA.
American: tribe on R. Mico, Honduras, speaking the CHONTALES
language; called Caribs by the Spaniards. They “have themselves a
vague tradition that they came originally from the shores of Lake
Managua.” Squier, &c. R. G. L.
WORATTA, _see_ WOLAITSA.
WOTAGIAN, WOTIAK.
Tschudic: dialect spoken by the Ugrians of Viatka (Votiaks) in
Russia, classed as PERMIAN FINS. See Gabelentz in Höfer’s “Zeitschr,”
Berlin, 1845.
WOYAWAI, _see_ WAIYAMERA.
WUCH, _see_ MOULTANI.
WUGI, _see_ BUGIS.
WULWA, _see_ WOOLWA.
WUN.
African: NIGRITIAN dialect of Timbuctoo.
WURGELAH.
Sub-Semitic: Berber race speaking TUARIK.
WYAGO.
MALAYAN: Dyak fishermen of Borneo. _See_ BAJAU.
WYANDOT.
American: same as HURON; Mohawk Indians classed as Huron-Iroquois. It
is spoken at Caughnawaga, near Montreal in Canada.
ADDENDA.
WABRO, WAIKY-WAIKY.
AUSTRALIAN: dialects of the McLeay river. J. B.
WATTY-WATTY.
AUSTRALIAN: dialect of New England, N.S. Wales. (C. Hodgkinson.)
WEEAHS.
AMERICAN: tribes of Indian territory. _See_ SHASTI.
WEST SAXON.
Main dialect of ANGLO-SAXON, spoken in Wessex, and the South
generally, while a distinct dialect, NORTH-ANGLIAN (Northumbrian),
was spoken in the North. See papers by Mr. J. M. Kemble in the
“Proceedings of the Philological Society,” 1845-7. G. R.
WESTERN-PORT.
AUSTRALIAN: dialect of Port Philip. Vocaby. by Dr. Bunce. J. B.
WINIDI.
A form of WEND. GERMAN name for the Slavonians.
WIRAIROI.
AUSTRALIAN: dialect of the boundaries of Queensland and N.S. Wales,
derived, says Mr. Ridley, from the affirmative “wirai.” J. B.
WIRALHERE.
Australian: a dialect of KAMILAROI.
X.
XAVIER, SAN.
American: mission of old California, closely allied to the San Borgia
Mission, and classed as LAYAMON.
XEBERO.
AMERICAN: word for word, it is JEBERO; the languages, however, are
different; so is the ZAPARA, which also seems to be the same word.
The Cutinana, Paranapura, Chayabita, and Munich are classed as
XEBERO. See “Mithridates,” vol. iii., p. 583. R. G. L.
XUMANO, _see_ CHOMANO.
Y.
YABU, _see_ YARRIBA.
YACANA CUNNY.
AMERICAN: tribe of Araucans. _See_ TEHUELET.
YAGBA, _see_ YORUBA.
YAGUA.
AMERICAN: Indians of Brazil; their dialect is allied to OREGONES.
YAHGAN, _see_ YAKANAKU.
YAHOO.
African: a form of the word DJABU. _See_ EYO.
YAHUA.
American: same as QUICHUA.
YAIRY-YAIRY.
AUSTRALIAN: dialect near Hastings River, N.S. Wales. J. B.
YAK.
A name for the Eskimo people.
YAKAMA, YAKEMA.
AMERICAN: same as JOAKEMA; tribe of Sahaptins. Grammar by Pandosy,
1862.
YAKANAKU.
AMERICAN: Pesherai Indians, natives of Tierra del Fuego. The separate
tribes are named (1) Kamentes, (2) Karaikas, (3) Kennekas.
YAKHA.
Non-Aryan language of India, belonging to the Kiranti group, E.
Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
YAKHAIN.
INDO-CHINESE: native name for the RUKKENG of Arracan.
YAK-KUMBAN.
AUSTRALIAN: dialect of Darling district, somewhat allied to BORAIPER,
spoken from the N.W. bend of the Murray northwards to Laidley’s
Ponds, and S.W. to Mount Bryant. Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845. J.
B.
YAKUMBA.
AUSTRALIAN: spoken N. of Warialda and in S. Queensland. Vocaby. by
Ridley. J. B.
YAKUT, YAKOUT (JAKUT).
ALATYAN: dialect of the Sokhalar Turks of the Lena, closely allied to
YENESEIAN. Grammar, &c., by Boehtlingk, St. Petersburg, 1851. ☞
YAKUTSK.
Alatyan: a dialect of TUNGUS, closely allied to LAMUT. Small Vocaby.
in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 76.
YALA.
African: NUFI dialect of the Gaboon.
YAMEA, YAMEO.
AMERICAN: dialect of Ecuador.
YAMKALLIE.
American: Willamet Indians of Oregon, closely allied to KALLAPUIAH.
YANESEI, _see_ YENISEIAN.
YANGARO.
African: dialect of Abyssinia, classed by Dr. Beke as GONGA. It has
been suggested that it is the same word as ZINZERO. See Latham’s
“Elements,” p. 544.
YANKEE.
ANGLO-AMERICAN: a corruption by native Indians of “_les Anglais_,”
as used by French settlers of the English. See Bartlett’s “Dicty. of
Americanisms.”
YANKITLAN.
American: MISTECO Indians of Oajaca in Mexico.
YANKTON, YANKTOANON, YANKTONAN.
American: SIOUX dialect allied to WINNEBAGO. Vocaby. in “Amer.
Ethnol.,” vol. ii.
YAOI.
American: CARIB Indians of Trinidad and Venezuela.
YAP (EAP).
POLYNESIAN: dialect of the Carolines, somewhat allied to ULEA.
YAQUI, _see_ HIAQUI.
YARKUNDI.
Alatyan: TURKISH dialect of Yarkund, Central Asia.
YARRA-BANDINI.
AUSTRALIAN: dialect of McLeay River (C. Hodgkinson). J. B.
YARRA-YARRA.
AUSTRALIAN: dialect of river so named; spoken for fifty miles from
its mouth. The comparative formed by adding “un”; the superlative by
“unun.” J. B.
YARRIBA, _see_ YORUBA.
YARURA.
American: JAPURIN Indians of New Granada.
YATSHVING (JACZWING, JATWAG).
Wendic: an extinct language of the LITHUANIC class.
YEBU.
African: dialect of the YORUBA class, closely allied to EYO.
Sometimes used as a class-name.
YECONOACAMPAS.
American: VILELA Indians of Cordova.
YEKA, YREKA.
American: the SHASTA-BUTTE Indians, called Ho-te-day. _See_ SHASTI.
YELABUGA.
Ugrian: a local dialect of VOTIAK, largely infused with TURKISH.
YEMEN.
SEMITIC: local dialect of S. W. Arabia; also spoken at Cairo.
YEMUT.
TATAR tribe of Central Asia.
YENGEN.
Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN, somewhat allied to INDENI or NITENDI.
YENISEIAN.
ALATYAN: a dialect of TUNGUS, closely allied to YAKUT. Klaproth’s
name for what has been known as the OSTIAK of the R. Yenisei.
YEPPOK.
AMERICAN: tribes of Patagonian Indians.
YERUKALI.
Non-Aryan language of India, classed as KHOND, and closely allied to
the dialect of Gaddapur.
YESO, YESSO.
Kurilian: AINO dialect of the Japanese group.
YETE.
American: OMAGUA Indians of New Granada.
YEZIDI (JEZIDI).
KURDISH: dialect of the so-called “devil-worshippers,” from the ARYAN
word “deva,” “to shine.”
⁂ Their real name is SHAITANI. W. S. W. V.
YLOKO, _see_ ILOCANA.
YO.
ARRACANESE: same as RO.
YOMUD, YOMUT.
TURKOMAN tribes of Central Asia.
YORK (CAPE).
Australian: local dialect, closely allied to MASSIED.
YORKSHIRE.
Local dialects of England. The chief varieties are classified as
CRAVEN, HALIFAX (HALLAMSHIRE), MORLEY, SHEFFIELD, E. Riding, W.
Riding.
YORUBA (YARRIBA, YEBU).
AFRICAN. It touches the Atlantic near the mouth of the R. Formosa,
and on the frontier of Dahomey. It extends far inland, bounded
chiefly by the Haussa on the north and the Nufi on the south. The
following vocabularies are Yoruba, Dsekiri, Dsubu, Dsumu, Egbe, Eki,
Idsesa, Ife, Ondo, Oto, Oworo, Yagba; Grammar by Bowen, Washington.
1858. R. G. L.
YPAPANA.
American: TOTONACA Indians of Puebla and Vera Cruz.
YREKA, _see_ YEKA.
YUCATECAN, _see_ MAYA.
YUCUATL.
American: native name of the NOOTKA or WAKASH Indians of Vancouver
Island. _See_ TLAOQUATSH.
YUGIA-KARTA.
Malayan: dialect of JAVANESE (Balbi).
YUKAHIRI (JUKADSCHIRI).
Alatyan: language of certain tribes, now nearly extinct, on the
rivers Omolon and Kolyma, in E. Siberia. The native name is
ANDONDOMNI. It is allied to YAKUT.
YUKAI.
American: dialect of U. California, spoken on Russian River, and
somewhat allied to KULANAPO and KHWAKLALAMAYU.
YULA.
African: KOURI dialect, closely allied to KASM.
YULE.
American: CHOLO dialect of New Granada, spoken on the Lower Atrato.
R. G. L.
YUMA.
American: Indians of U. California; same as CUCHAN; class-name for
the MOHAVE-CUCHAN, comprising Mahaos, Hahwalcoes, Yampaio, and
Cocopah. _See_ PUEMAJA.
YUNGA.
AMERICAN: dialect of Peru, spoken on the E. slope of the
Andes. Hervas calls their language MOCHIKA DI YUNCAS; Adelung,
YUNGA-MOCHIKA; Rivero and Tschudi call it a dialect of the QUICHUA.
Ludewig pronounces the language to be “totally different from the
Quichua,” and he quotes an “Arte de la Lengua Yunga, &c.,” Lima,
1644, “unknown to the authors of ‘The Mithridates;’” he is probably
right. He does not quote it as his authority. R. G. L.
YURACARES.
AMERICAN: spoken on the E. slope of the Andes, about 13° S.L. The
Tucana, Maropa, and Apolista are stated to speak either dialects of
the YURACARA or allied languages. R. G. L.
YURAK (JURATZ).
Ugrian: classed as a sub-dialect of N. SAMOIED. (Klaproth.)
YURIBA (JURIBA).
African: a form of YORUBA.
YURIMAGUA.
AMERICAN: Indians of the Upper Amazons, on the frontier of Brazil,
Ecuador, and Peru.
Z.
ZACAPULAN, ZACATECAN.
American: extinct dialects of NAHUALTAC. _See_ ZAPOTECAN.
ZACONIAN, _under_ TZ.
ZAMBOE (SAMBOE).
Term in ethnology; issue of African and native American Red Indian.
ZAMIAN.
Semitic: alphabetic system in SYRIAC, whereby the vowels are attached
to consonants, as in ETHIOPIC and SANSKRIT.
ZAMUCAN, ZAMUCU.
American: a language of the Chiquitos Mission in Bolivia; dialects
are CAIPOTORADE and MOROTOCO.
ZANGIAN.
African: large genus of Kaffir, classed by Dr. Bleek as BANTU.
ZANZIBAR.
African: geographical term for languages of the SOUAHILI class.
ZAPARA, ZAPARI, ZAPARO.
American: language of Upper Peru, but quite distinct from the ANDOA
and SHIMAGAC of the same locality.
_See_ XEBERO.
ZAPIBOKONI, _under_ S.
ZAPOTECAN (CAPOTECAN).
AMERICAN: dialect of Oajaca, otherwise Oaxaca or Guaxaca in Mexico.
_See_ ZACAPULAN.
ZAVOLAX.
A Russian compound of “za” = over, on the other side, and “volak” = a
mountain range or watershed; as such it is a word like “transmontane”
and “transalpine.” It applies most specially to the KARELIAN division
of the FIN languages, as opposed to the TAVASTRIAN. R. G. L.
ZAVULI, ZAWELY.