See Wallace: Appdx.
GARANGI.
AFRICAN: dialect of the Soudan. See Bowdich: “Mission to Ashantee.”
GARO.
(1) Language of the Garo or Garrow Hills, E. Bengal.
(2) A dialect of Nipal, allied to BORRO. See Robinson’s “Assam,”
Calcutta, 1841.
GARU.
A dialect of BHOT or THIBETAN, also called GARTOP. See Gerard’s
Vocaby., “Jnl. A. S.,” Calcutta, 1842.
GASCON.
Sub-dialect of PROVENÇAL.
GASCONADE.
Nickname for bombastic speech. The name is taken from the Gascons, a
people in the S. of France supposed to be given to boasting. R. P. S.
GAUNER.
German term for “cant,” “flash,” or “slang”; “Zigeuner,” _i.e._,
“Gipsey.”
GAUR.
African: same as GEBER. “Gaiour,” “Kaffir,” _i.e._ “infidel.”
GAURA.
A name for BENGALI and other languages of N. India. _See_ PANCH.
GAWILGHURI.
Name for GOND, a dialect of the Vindhyan range.
GBE.
African: a dialect of the MANU class, allied to BASSA, DEWOI, and
KRU. See Köelle: “Afr. Pol.” H. C.
GE, GEIKO.
AMERICAN: dialect of Brazil. See Spix and Von Martius: “Reise in
Brasilien,” 3 vols., München, 1823-31. _See_ GEZ.
GEBER.
African: a term for KAFFIR. _See_ GUEBRE.
GEEZ _or_ GHEEZ.
SUB-SEMITIC or HEBRÆO-AFRICAN, the modern language of Tigré, a
province in N.E. Abyssinia, directly derived from the ETHIOPIC. See
“Institutiones grammat. ling: Geez.”
GENEVESE.
Sub-dialect of FRENCH, spoken in Switzerland. “Glossaire,” Genève,
1819.
GENS DE PITIÉ.
AMERICAN: name for the Shoshones (“root diggers”).
GENTOO.
Name for TELINGA, TELUGU, in the Madras Presidency.
⁂ Introduced by the Portuguese from “Gentile.” W. E.
GENUA, GENOVESE.
Sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Vocaby. by Casaccia, Genua, 1842. _See_
LIGURIAN.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LANGUAGES. _See_ INTRODUCTION.
GEORGE’S SOUND, KING.
District of S.W. Australia. Vocaby. in Cap. Grey, 1841.
GEORGIAN.
CAUCASIAN: a family of languages spoken in several dialects,
generally classed as TURANIAN, but mingled with ARYAN. The main
language is the vernacular speech of Georgia, a Russian province
lying between the Caspian and the Black Seas, which answers to the
ancient Iberia. The characters of its written alphabet are altered
from the ARMENIAN, which people still call the Georgians by the name
of “Virb.” See Tschoubinof: “Dict. Géorg.-Russ.-Fr.,” St. Petersburg,
1840; Vocaby. in Klaproth: “Asia P.”; Grammar by Brosset, Paris,
1837. ☞
GERAL.
American, _i.e._ “lingua geral”: a name for the GUARANI, or native
vernacular dialect of Brazil, as mingled with PORTUGUESE.
GERMAN.
A word of very doubtful etymology, used for:—
(1) GERMAN: the typical language of modern HIGH-DUTCH, which is
naturally derived from the ancient ALEMANNIC, and allied to GOTHIC,
which, however, is classed as LOW-GERMAN. It is, in many dialects,
the vernacular speech of the Empire of Germany, Prussia, Austria,
Bavaria, &c. The form of its printed letters is of the class called
Gothic, and both closely resemble Old English black-letter, but the
use of Roman letter is gaining ground. Dictys. by Heyse, Hilpert,
Sanders, Flügel, Grimm, Lucas, &c., Grammars by Grimm, Kehrein, &c.
(2) OLD HIGH-GERMAN. See Massmann: “Gedrängtes althochdeutsches
Wörterb.,” Berlin, 1846. _See_ GERMANIC.
(3) MIDDLE HIGH-GERMAN. See Benecke: “Wörterb.,” 4 vols., Leipsig,
1854-60; Ziemann, 1838. _See_ GERMANIC.
(4) NEW HIGH-GERMAN. _See_ LUTHERAN.
(5) Dialects. See Jülg’s “Vater,” pp. 84-93; Works by Hoefer,
Schmeller, Weinhold, &c.
(6) NIEDER PLATT-DEUTSCH, or LOW-GERMAN. _See_ DUTCH.
GERMANIC.
The main stem of TEUTONIC: divided into (1) HIGH-GERMAN, (2)
LOW-GERMAN.
Under (1) we class the sub-branches called OLD HIGH-GERMAN and
MIDDLE HIGH-GERMAN; from which again issue the modern dialects
of HIGH-GERMAN. Under (2) we class MŒSO-GOTHIC, ANGLO-SAXON, OLD
DUTCH, OLD FRISIAN, and OLD SAXON, from which again issue the modern
dialects of England, Friesland, N. Germany (PLATT-DEUTSCH), Holland,
and Flanders.
Eccardus: “Historia,” Hanover, 1711; Julius: “Bibliotheca,” Hamburg,
1817; Meidinger: “Vergleich. Wörterb.,” Frankfort, 1836; Hickes:
“Thesaurus,” London, 1708. _See_ SCANDINAVIAN.
GERRI.
AFRICAN: a language of the Darsaleh.
GEZ _or_ GHEZ.
PORTUGUESE of S. America. _See_ JAHYCO.
GHA _or_ GHA, _see_ GA.
GHADAMSI.
One of the African languages called BERBER, known to us as spoken
in the town of Ghadamis, which is situated S.E. of Tripoli, nearly
in latitude 30° N. and longitude 10° E. The language is very
imperfectly known to us, and seems to be of quite small extent; yet,
in spite of the geographical position, it is no mere dialect of the
Tamazight. Dr. Richardson brought home a meagre vocabulary of it, and
a translation of the third chapter of Matthew into it, which were
partly lithographed, and partly printed by the Foreign Office. F. W.
N. _See_ LIBYAN.
GHAGAR.
A GIPSEY dialect of Egypt; cf. Hagar, Gen. xvi., 1.
GHANDI.
African: dialect of the MANA class, in the W. See Köelle: “Pol. A.”
GHEGH.
An unwritten dialect of ALBANIAN. It is spoken in the more N.
districts. See Hahn’s “Albanisch. Studien,” Vienna, 1853. G. R.
GHINDZHAR _or_ GINDZHAR.
ABYSSINIAN: dialect of ADALI.
GHOND, _see_ GUNDI.
GHURBAT, _see_ KHURBAT.
GIBBERISH.
A name for nonsensical speech: it is a word peculiar to English,
derived, according to some, from Geber, the Arabian alchemist, but,
compare the words “gabble” and “jabber,” with the OLD NORSE “gifra.”
(Wedgwood.)
GIDANTSHI _or_ GIDA.
African: assigned by Barth to HAMARUA. _See_ BATTA.
GIEN.
AFRICAN: dialect of the W., about 10° N.L.
GIESSEN.
A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN.
GILIAK.
A dialect of MANTSHU, very probably a form of the word “Koriak”; it
is spoken on the N.W. coast of Asia, to the S. of the Sea of Okotsk,
in the parts about the peninsula of Saghalin, and at the mouth of the
Amúr. See Middersdorp. R. G. L.
GILOLO.
In this island are languages of the GALELA and MALAYAN families. H.
C. _See_ GANI.
GIPSEY, _under_ GY.
GIZAGANTSHI _or_ GIZAGA.
African: assigned by Barth to HAMARUA. _See_ BATTA.
GLAGOLITISH.
A name for the OLD SLAVONIC alphabet, derived from their word for the
letter “G,” _scil._ “glagol.” _See_ HIERONYMIC.
GLOSSOTYPE.
A name for an extended system of alphabets, including all possible
varieties of sound under one uniform system of symbols. See Ellis:
“Early English Pronunciation,” London, 1867-71.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE.
A sub-dialect of England. See Glossary of the Cotswold dialect by the
Rev. R. W. Huntley. W. W. S.
GNURELLEAN.
A native dialect of Australia, spoken by natives of Campaspee. See
Eyre: “Journals, &c.,” London, 1845.
GOALI.
African: dialect of the NUFI.
GOHURI.
A dialect of TAMUL, allied to BOWRI.
GOLD-COAST, _see_ OTSHI.
GOND, _see_ GUNDI.
GONGA.
Class name for the languages spoken in the S.W. of Abyssinia. They
probably lie between the SEMITIC and AMHARIC of the North and KAFFIR
forms of speech of the South. Known only by vocabularies. Beke, &c.
R. G. L. _See_ WOLAITSA, WORATTA, WORAITSA.
GOOPTA _or_ GUPTA.
NUMISMATIC: a dynasty of Indian princes. Chundra-Gupta (Sandracottus)
reigned in the Punjab, _circa_ B.C. 300, and the coinage of his
successor Asoka shows inscriptions in Sanskrit, being the very
earliest form of that language confirmed by an authentic date.
The character of the letters is the same as that of the Aryan
inscriptions on BACTRIAN coins. _See_ SASSANIAN.
GOORUNG _or_ GURUNG.
A dialect of Central Nipal, classed by some as DRAVIDIAN or
SUB-TURANIAN.
GORAM.
Dialects of MALAY. Wallace: ii., 296-7.
GORGOTOQUIENSES.
AMERICAN: dialect of Peru, known only from the following notice:
“P. Gaspar Reuz Alaman, Gramatica de la Lengua Gorgotoquiense en el
Peru.” Mentioned in Barcia’s edition of Piñelo, but not known to be
printed. Ludwig: Appendix, p. 221. R. G. L.
GOROPISER.
A nickname for unsound etymologists, derived from “Goropius,” _i.e._
“Van Gorp,” appellation borne by Jan Bécan, or Becanus (1518-1572),
author of some speculative works.
GOTHIC.
An extinct idiom of Teutonic, classed as LOW-GERMAN. The Goths
formed that large body of people who, under the names of “ostro,”
_i.e._ Eastern, and “visi,” _i.e._ Western Goths, harassed the
latter centuries of imperial Rome. The most permanent record of
their tongue is found in the “Codex Argenteus,” or “Silver Book,” an
imperfect version of the four Gospels, now preserved at Upsala in
Sweden; it has frequently been printed, and represents the dialect
of the Mœso-Goths, who were settled in ancient Mœsia, S. of the
Danube, under the Emperor Valens. This version is attributed to
Bishop Ulphilas or Little Wolf, who translated the Scriptures into
Gothic, using an alphabet constructed by himself and adapted to
their phonesis, said to be derived from the Greek, A.D. 318-378.
See Diefenbach: “Wörterb.” 2 vols, Frankfurt, 1847-51; Meyer: “Die
Gothische Sprache,” Berlin, 1869. _See_ MŒSO-GOTHIC.
GÖTTINGEN.
A sub-dialect of PLATT or LOW-DUTCH. See Quentin: “Annalen der
Braunschweig,” &c., Hanover, 1789.
GOULBURN.
District of Australia. See Eyre: “Journals,” &c., 2 vols., London,
1845.
GOULD IS.
District of S. Australia.
GRAMMAR.
A word derived from the Greek “γράμμα,” “a written character or
letter,” used to signify the science that treats of the elements of
any language; including the art of reading, spelling, and writing it
correctly. _See_ COMPARATIVE.
GRAMMATOGRAPHY.
A study of LETTERS; any work that describes or illustrates and treats
of the alphabets of various languages.
GRANADA, NEW.
The name for a class of native S. AMERICAN, superseded by Columbia.
GREBO.
African: dialects of numerous tribes on the Ivory-coast, allied to
KRU. “Vocaby,” Cape Palmas, 1837. _See_ KREPI.
GRECO-LATIN.
A class term, including Greek, Latin, and the various allied dialects
included in, or formed from, the languages so named. G. R.
GRECO-TURKISH.
A name for TURKISH, when expressed in the GREEK character, for
newspapers, correspondence, &c. H. C.
GREEK.
The typical language of the HELLENIC branch of the great
Indo-European family of languages.
(1) An extinct language, called ARCHAIC GREEK, spoken in numerous
dialects by the ancient inhabitants of Greece, Asia Minor, and
Egypt under the Ptolemies. It was thus the vernacular speech of the
most polished race of antiquity; and is the language of Plato, of
Demosthenes, of Homer, of Xenophon, and Aristotle. Lex. by Pape,
Liddell, and Scott. Grammars by Jelf, Buttmann, Curtius, Kuhner.
(2) The modern dialect of Greece, called also ROMAIC and
NEO-HELLENIC, derived directly from ancient GREEK. Lex. by
Contopoulos, “Eng. and Mod. Greek,” 2 vols., Smyrna and London,
1868-70; Sophocles: “Romaic or Mod. Greek Grammar,” London, 1866.
(3) Dialects of CLASSICAL GREEK: ÆOLIC, ATTIC, DORIC, IONIC. See
Stephanus: “Thesaurus,” Salmasius, Hermann.
(4) LATER GREEK: “χοινή,” “the common language”; BYZANTINE;
ALEXANDRIAN (of the Septuagint); Scriptural (of the N. Test.);
Cretan, &c. Lex. by Sophocles, 1871. _See_ HELLENIC.
GREENLANDISH.
A dialect of ESKIMO, spoken in Greenland, the most E. part of
Arctic America. See Kleinschmidt: “Grammatik,” 8vo., Berlin, 1851;
“Efterretninger om Grönland,” by Paul Egede.
GRIMM’S LAW.
A name for that peculiarity of speech, first systematised by Jacob
Grimm, a celebrated German philologist, by which some letters serve
as equivalents for other letters, by natural laws of speech, in
languages derived from a common original. ☞
GRÖNINGEN.
A sub-dialect of FRISIAN in Holland. See Swaagmann: “Annales Acad.:
Gröningen,” 1825.
GUACHI.
AMERICAN: spoken in the province of Matto-Grosso, Brazil. See Spix
and Von Martius: “Reise in Brasilien,” München, 1823-31.
GUADALCANAR.
POLYNESIAN: the dialect of the Solomon islanders, closely allied to
BAURO.
GUAHAM.
A dialect of LESSER-POLYNESIAN, closely allied to CHAMORI. See
Crawfurd: “Dissert.,” p. 262.
GUAJIQUIRO.
American: a dialect of LENCA, vernacular in Honduras. See Squier:
“Tr. Amer. Ethnol. Soc.”
GUANA.
American: an isolated BRAZILIAN dialect of the province of
Matto-Grosso. See short Vocaby. in Castelnau, vol. v., appendix.
GUANCHE.
A name for the aborigines of the Canary Is.; the few glosses extant
of their original language are BERBER. The modern dialect is allied
to SHELLUH. See Glas: “Histy. of the Canary Is.,” London, 1764.
GUAQUE.
AMERICAN: a dialect of New Granada. See Vocaby. by M. M. Albis: “Los
Indios del Andaque,” Popayan, 1855.
GUARANI, _see_ TUPI.
GUARPES, _see_ MILCOCAYAC.
GUASAVA.
American: a MEXICAN dialect spoken in the province of Michoacan. See
“Arte,” por P. F. Villafaña; M. S. “Ludewig,” by Trübner. London,
1858.
GUATIMALA.
A class of native dialects vernacular in Central America.
GUATO.
American: a BRAZILIAN dialect of the province of Matto-Grosso, allied
to PURUS and COROATO. See Castelnau, vol. v. H. C. _See_ QUADO.
GUATUSOS.
American: a dialect of NICARAGUA. See “Nouvelles Annales des
Voyages,” Squier in “Ath. Français.” Dec. 25, 1852. R. G. L.
GUAVAPUAVA.
Name of a district in Brazil, inhabited by the Cames, Votoroes,
Dorins, and Xocrens. Francisco dos Chagos Lima: “Memoria sobre o
Descubriement de la Colonia de Guavapuavo, Revista Trimensal.” Tom.
iv., Rio de Janeiro, 1844. Ludewig, p. 222, appendix. R. G. L.
GUAYACURU.
AMERICAN: the most E. language of the Chaco district. _See_ MBAYA.
GUBERI.
African: a dialect of the HAUSSA.
GUDA, GUDANTSHI.
AFRICAN: assigned by Barth to Hamarua; spoken by the Guda, “a very
learned people.” R. G. L.
GUDANG.
An aboriginal dialect of Australia. See “Voyage of the Rattlesnake,”
ii., 279.
GUEBE.
A dialect of PAPUAN.
GUENOA.
AMERICAN: a dialect of Brazil and Paraguay. See Hervas’ “Saggio,” pp.
228-9; Catalogo, p. 46. R. G. L.
GUHARIBO.
AMERICAN: a dialect of Venezuela; short vocabulary by Spruce.
GUIANA _or_ GUYANA.
American: a group of dialects allied to CARIB. Also called GUINAU.
See Schomburgk: “Report of B. Assot.,” 1848. _See_ TALKEE-TALKEE.
GUILDFORD.
District S.W. Australia. Vocaby., Capt. Grey, 1841.
GUINEA, NEW, _see_ PAPUAN.
GUIPUSCOAN.
A dialect of Spanish BASQUE.
GUJARATI _or_ GUZERATI.
The vernacular dialect of Gujerat or Guzerat, a peninsula of N.W.
India, between the Indus and Bombay. It is allied to HINDI, but
has a more cursive character of alphabet, derived like it from the
DEVANAGARI. It is much used by Parsees. See Dictys. by Karsandas and
Shapurjí.
GUNDI.
The dialects of the Ghonds or Gonds, spoken in Goomsúr or Gúmsúr, and
generally in the extensive province of Goandwana. It is allied to
TAMIL and TELUGU. See Caldwell “Dravid: Comp: Gram.,” London, 1861.
_See_ KHOND.
GUNUNGTELLU.
Papuan: a dialect of CELEBES or MACASSAR; allied to BUGIS.
GUPTA, _see_ GOOPTA.
GURESA _or_ GURSEA.
African: a dialect of the KOURI, closely allied to DZELANA. _See_
GUREN.
GURMUKHI.
The name for an alphabetic character peculiar to Scinde.
GURUNG, _see_ GOORUNG.
GURWHAL, GURHWAL.
A dialect of HINDI, also called SHREENAGUR; it is the vernacular
speech of Sreenaghur, a district of the Himalayas, near the source of
the R. Sutlej.
GUZERATHI, _see_ GUJARATI.
GYAMI.
A monosyllabic dialect, vernacular in N. and S.E. Thibet.
GYARUNG.
A dialect of BHOT, vernacular in N. and S.E. THIBET.
GYPSY.
(1) The _patois_ of English gipsies, also called ROMANY. The prefix
“gip” may be compared with the word “Egypt.” These people are also
known as “Gitano,” “Zincali,” “Zingari,” “Zigeuner,” and by many
other names in different countries. The prefix “Zin” may be compared
with the word “Sindh,” or “Indian,” meaning “dark.”
(2) The dialects of Gipsies in Europe and Asia; they are very
ancient, and classed as INDIAN, but with later additions from
the country in which they reside, the principal being Egyptian,
Hungarian, Spanish, and Turkish. See Grellmann: “Dissertation,”
London, 1807; Paspati: “Etudes sur les Tchinghianés,” Constantinople,
1870; translation, Newhaven, Conn.; Borrow: “Lavengro,” “Romany
Rye”; Roberts: “Gypsies,” London, 1842; Glossary by Smart: “Phil. S.
Trans.,” 1862.
ADDENDA.
GABRIEL, SAN.
American: Kizh Indians of California; classed as DIEGUNOS.
GAIOUR.
TURKISH form of “Guebre,” “an unbeliever,” applied to Christians by
Mohammedans.
GALCHAS.
PERSIAN tribe of Karategin, Central Asia.
GALGAI.
Caucasian: native name of the TSHETSH. Same as HALHAI.
GALIK.
MOGHOL: form of written character.
GANGETIC.
Class name for the BHOTIYA or Tibetan language of the Upper Ganges.
G. R.
GAULISH.
Name for the OLD CELTIC, spoken in Gaul. See “Notes on Endlicher’s
Glossary” in “Phil. Soc. Trans.,” 1868, p. 251. W. W. S.
GAYETI.
NON-ARYAN dialect of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp.
Dicty.”
GBANDI.
African: allied to DAHOMEY and WHYDAH. See “Pol. Afr.” H. C.
GBESE.
African: classed as MANDINGO. See “Pol. Afr.” H. C.
GELDERIC.
Germanic: dialect of DUTCH, spoken in Gelderland. See specimen of the
Geldersche Taal in Bosworth’s “A. S. Dicty.,” p. 111. W. W. S.
GERGO.
ITALIAN word for “cant” or “slang.” _See_ ZERGA.
GHERIN.
AMERICAN: tribe of Engerekmung. The BOTOCUDOS of Almada sur la Taipe,
Brazil.
GHILANI.
IRANIC: sub-dialect of modern PERSIAN.
GHILGHITI.
Paropamisan: a dialect of DARD, Aryan of the Himalayas. Vocaby. by
Dr. Leitner. H. C.
GHISSARI.
Same as the LOHARS. _See_ TAREMUKI.
GIAGA.
African: same as AGAG. _See_ ANGOLA.
GILI, JILI.
INDO-CHINESE: dialect of Singpho.
GIO.
African: classed by Köelle as MANDINGO. See “Afr. Pol.” H. C.
GISAN.
TATAR tribe of Central Asia.
GLATZ.
Germanic: dialect of Silesia, classed as HIGH-GERMAN.
GLOSSARY.
A vocabulary with explanations. It differs from a dictionary in
being, in general, partial or limited; as, a glossary of the
difficult words in an old author, or of a dialect. W. W. S.
GOGOYAN.
AMERICAN: same as CAYUGA.
GOJAM.
Sub-Semitic: a local dialect of AMHARIC.
GOLO.
African: a language formerly called FERTIT; it is allied to AGAW,
FALASHA, &c. Vocaby. in Rüppell; “Reisen in Nubien,” Frankfurt, 1829;
and by Dr. G. Schweinfurth, Berlin, 1873. H. C.
GOMERA.
AFRICAN: dialect of the Canary Is.
GONAAQUA.
African: mingled dialect of HOTTENTOT and KAFFIR.
GONDAR.
Sub-Semitic; dialect of AMHARIC.
GOOSE-OSTIAK.
Ugrian: same as LAKE-OSTIAK; classed as SAMOIED.
GOTHLANDIC.
SCANDINAVIAN: dialect of the I. of Gottland, Sweden. Cited in Ihre’s
“Svenskt Dialect-Lex.,” Upsal, 1766. W. W. S.
GOTHUNGIC.
SCANDINAVIAN: dialect of Sweden (Gönge district). Cited in Ihre’s
“Svenskt Dialect-Lex.,” Upsal, 1766. W. W. S.
GRIGUAS.
Mixed race of Hottentots; half-breed.
GRISONS.
Teutonic: classed as HIGH-GERMAN. See Lehmann’s “Republik
Graubünden,” Brandenburg, 1799. _See_ CHURWELSCHE.
GROS-VENTRE.
AMERICAN: French name for the MINETARE.
GRUSIAN, GRUSINIAN.
A name for the GEORGIAN, most used by Russians.
GRUTUNG.
Tribe of Gothones or Guttones; so-called Goths.
GUACHIRE, GUAIQUERI.
AMERICAN: Caribs of St. Margarita, &c.
GUAICUR, _see_ WAIKUR.
GUDSHRI.
INDIC: same as DAKHANI.
GUEBRE.
PERSIAN form of Kafir, applied to Fire-worshippers. _See_ GAIOUR.
GUEGE.
Dialect of ALBANIAN.
GUELDRES, _see_ GELDERIC.
GUENTUSE.
American: dialect of Paraguay, classed as GUAYCURU.
GUMEDDO.
Abyssinian: dialect of DANAKIL.
GURANI.
Dialect of KURDISH (Niebuhr).
GUREN, GURMA.
African: allied to GURESA, BARBA, ASHANTEE, &c. See Köelle’s “Pol.
Afr.” H. C.
GURGAVA.
A name for the GUJARATHI or GUZERATTI.
GUYPUNAVI.
American: dialect of MAIPUR.
H.
HAIDAH.
American: an insular dialect of ATNA or SELISH, spoken in Q.
Charlotte Archipelago, off the N.W. coast. See Vocaby. by Scouler:
“Jnl. Roy. Geog. Socy.,” vol. xi., London, 1841.
⁂ The Skittegat, Masset, Kumshala, and Kyganie, who speak HAIDAH, are
a remarkable people. H. C.
HAILHA.
Caucasian: a sub-dialect of INGUSH.
HAILTSA _or_ HAEELTZUK.
AMERICAN: spoken on the coast of the Pacific, between 50° and 53°
N.L. See Vocaby., “Trans. Amer. Ethnol.,” ii., 103.
HAINAMBEU, _under_ U.
HAIOO.
DRAVIDIAN: dialect of a tribe inhabiting the valleys of E. Nipal. A.
C.
HAITI, _see_ TAINO.
HAJONG.
A dialect of older DRAVIDIAN, vernacular in Nipal.
HAKKA, HAKARI.
A dialect of KURDISH, written in Arabic characters, vernacular on the
course of R. Hakarim, Lake Van, Asiatic Turkey, and at Tabreez, in
the Persian province of Azerbaijan.
HALIFAX, HALLAMSHIRE.
Dialects of England, spoken in Yorkshire. See Hunter’s “Hallamshire
Glossary, with the Words used in the W. Riding and Halifax,” new
edition by Gatty, 1869.
HAM.
African: dialect of the OTAM. See Köelle: “Pol. Af.”
HAMAH _or_ HAMATH.
Inscription: interesting series of incised stones found in N.
Syria, probably by the ancient Chetas or Hittites. They occupy an
intermediate position between picture writing, allied to Egyptian
hieroglyphs, and early SEMITIC characters. They have not been
deciphered. See Burton: “Unexplored Syria,” Burckhardt’s “Travels.” ☞
HAMALAISET, _see_ TAVASTRIAN.
HAMARUA, ADAMOWA.
Two large districts in W. Africa, as far S. as 9° N.L. Dr. Barth,
with his Batta Vocabulary, gives a list of thirty-two languages for
these parts, all represented as mutually unintelligible forms of
speech, and all names ending in “ntshi,” “nji,” or “nchi.”
HAMBURG.
A sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. Richey: “Idioticon,” Hamburgh, 1755.
HAMIAR.
A primitive dialect of ARABIC.
HAMITIC.
A name for the primitive languages of N.E. Africa and S.W. Asia,
including the EGYPTIAN, ETHIOPIC, S. ARABIAN, AKKADIAN, or early
BABYLONIAN, &c. The root of this word is supposed by some to survive
in AMHARIC and AMAZIG, names for Abyssinian and Berber dialects;
“Ham” or “Cham,” _quasi_ “dark.” _See_ HEBRÆO-AFRICAN.
HAMPSHIRE, HANTS.
A provincial dialect of ENGLISH. Vocaby. in “Warner’s Collec.,” 1795.
HANAU.
A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN.
HANDURI.
A dialect of PUNJABI.
HANOVER.
A dialect of LOW-GERMAN.
HARAFORA, _see_ ALFUROS.
HARAYA.
MALAYAN: a dialect of the Philippine Is. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila,
1841.
HARPA.
BHOT: a dialect of N. and S.E. Thibet.
HARROTI.
A dialect of HINDI, spoken in the State of Kotah, Rajpootana, N.W.
India.
HARZ _or_ HARTZ.
A dialect of LOW-GERMAN. Schulze: “Harzgedichte,” Clausthal, 1833.
HATIGOR.
A dialect of Assamese, classed as SINGHPO.
HATUSUA.
MALAYAN: dialect of Ceram.
HAUSSA, HOUSSA, _or_ HAWSA.
A native dialect of African, largely infused with ARABIC, vernacular
along the R. Chadda, a tributary of the Niger. See Schön: “Grammar,”
London, 1862; “Vocaby.,” London, 1843; “Primer,” Berlin, 1857.
⁂ BODO, &c., are related to HAUSSA; this language has vocalic
euphony. H. C.
HAVAIIAN, HAWAIIAN, HAWAIAN.
A dialect of E. POLYNESIAN, spoken by natives of Owhyhee and other of
the Sandwich Is., in the N. Pacific Ocean; it is similar in form and
construction to TAHITIAN, and the MAORI of New Zealand. It is now a
written language. See Dicty. by Andrews, Honolulu, 1865. R. G. L. (2.)
HAYU, _see_ VAYU.
HEBRÆO-AFRICAN.
An epithet invented by Dr. J. Cowles Prichard, in imitation of
Indo-European, to include a group of African languages which have
definite relations to the HEBREW. These are especially the Abyssinian
languages, the GALLA, the COPTIC, and the LIBYAN. Within the limits
of an article we cannot state all the points of relationship, but
we may note the remarkable similarity of the first and second
pronouns, the mode of conjugating, the principal tense of the verb,
the facility of forming derivative verbs from a primary (but the
languages connected with Turkish have this), the inaptitude in
compounding words, even so far as not even to prefix prepositions to
verbs. The Abyssinian languages come nearest to Hebrew, and next the
Libyan. Tutscheh notes the singular approximation of the Galla to the
Arabic in the syntax used with the plural of nouns. The Coptic is of
all the most distant from Hebrew. F. W. N.
HEBREW.