We were passing over a somewhat level country, when Pedro pointed to a
line of blackened walls and charred timbers in the distance.
"Yonder is the place you seek, Senor," he said, in a tone of
commiseration which touched my heart. "You are seeking for parents whom
you have known, and their memory is dear to you. I, alas! have never
known any parents to love, and my heart is vacant."
I knew he wished to utter words of consolation, but I have no
recollection of what more he said. My mind was too full of the work
before me. I urged on my mule, for I felt an eager desire to search
through the village; yet what information could I expect to find in
those deserted ruins? As we approached, we saw a wretched half-starved
dog skulking among the walls. He looked at us to see if we were friends
whom he knew, and then fled away. Not a human being was to be seen. We
passed through the desolate streets. Some of the walls had been cast
down, and the roofs of all the houses had been burned and fallen in.
The church only was standing; but the doors were open, and the interior
presented a scene of horror which baffles description. Numbers of the
unfortunate inhabitants had fled there as their last place of refuge,
but it had proved no sanctuary to them. In every part of the building,
on the steps of the altar, and by the altar itself, were seen heaped
together the mangled remnants of the forms of human beings. Their
dresses showed that they were those of men, women, and children; but
weeks had now passed since they were slain, and their bones alone
remained. The beasts and even the birds of prey had been there, or it
would have been impossible to enter into that charnel-house.
Pale and trembling I wandered through it, scarcely able to draw breath
from the foul air which filled the place; but no sign of those I sought
could I find. At length I staggered out again into the open air, where
Pedro, who was holding our mules, waited for me. I determined next to
search each of the houses separately.
As we were wandering through one of them, an object met my sight which
riveted my attention. It was a silk handkerchief. With a trembling
hand I picked it up. It was exactly such a one as I remembered to have
seen my sister Lilly wear round her neck. It was of an ordinary sort; a
little three-cornered handkerchief with a pink fringe. There might be
many such in the country. This might have been the property of some
Spanish girl or young Chola, for there was no mark on it to distinguish
it; but still, as I looked at it, I felt almost confident that it had
been my sister's. How it had escaped being burned or trampled on I
could not tell. Perhaps it had been dropped near one of the outside
walls, which the fire did not reach, and had been blown by the wind into
the corner of the room, where I found it. Pedro was of the same
opinion. I placed it carefully in my bosom, though how it could prove
of use I could not tell. We searched and searched in vain through every
other house in the village; but no other trace or sign which I could
recognise could we find. The whole day was thus spent, and night almost
surprised us while we were still in the ruins.
Near the village was a meadow, where Pedro had led our mules to feed;
and we had, besides, found some Indian corn, which we had given them; so
they were in good condition to proceed. But after the example of the
state of the country we had seen, it was impossible to say where we
could hope to find shelter for ourselves. I asked Pedro if he would
object to remain in the ruins all night.
"Oh, may the good saints defend us from such a thing!" he answered with
a look of dismay. "After the sights we have seen, how can you think of
doing so, Senor?"
"The dead cannot hurt us, you know; and we can easily fortify ourselves
against any attack of wild beasts," I answered. "We will shut our mules
up in a room of one of the houses where no people have been killed; and
we can sleep in a room next to them. We shall find plenty of timber to
barricade ourselves in, and they will give us good warning if any wild
beast comes near to attempt an entrance."
For a long time Pedro was not convinced of the wisdom of my proposal; or
rather, his dislike to the idea of remaining prevented him from being
so. His objections were very natural; and I own that had I not been
desirous of making a further search in the neighbourhood the following
morning, I would myself have much rather proceeded, if there had been
sufficient daylight to enable us to find another resting-place. This
was, however, now totally out of the question; so Pedro was obliged to
accede to my wishes. I fixed upon a house on the outskirts of the
village, which had, it appeared, been the residence of a person of
superior wealth and rank. Some of the rooms had been but little
injured. One of them I selected as our abode for the night, and an
adjoining one as a stable for our mules. Having collected some food for
our trusty little animals, we brought them inside the house. We first
cleared away the rubbish out of the rooms, and then placed against the
doorway some timbers and planks, which we tore up from the floors, so as
effectually to prevent the ingress of any wild beasts.
By the time we had thus fortified ourselves it had become perfectly
dark; and I must own that a feeling such as I had never before
experienced, crept over me, as I thus found myself shut up with my young
companion in that abode of the dead. I knew that I must arouse myself,
or it would master me completely.
"Come, Pedro," said I, "we must now light a fire. It will serve to
cheer our spirits, and to keep us warm, for I feel the evening chilly."
The floor of the room we were in was composed of bricks, so that we
could make our fire in the middle of it; and as there was no roof, we
had no fear of being incommoded by the smoke. From among the rubbish I
managed to pick out several smaller bits of timber, which had escaped
being totally consumed, and some of the dry grass we had collected for
our mules served as lighter fuel to kindle a flame. Having thus
collected sufficient materials, we piled some of them up in the middle
of the room, and kept the rest in a corner, to feed our fire as it
required.
A flame was soon kindled; and as it burned up brightly, it contributed
very much to banish the feelings which had before oppressed me, aided, I
suspect, by the exertions which it had been necessary to make to collect
the fuel. I have always found that exertion both of mind and body is
the best, I may say the only, remedy for melancholy and foreboding
thoughts. The light enabled us to find more fuel, which we agreed it
would be requisite to husband with care, so as to make it last till
sunrise. We had no wish to be again left in darkness.
The light, however, served to show us more clearly the desolation of the
place. The walls were bare, and not a particle of furniture had been
left; for the Indians had carried off from the village everything that
had escaped the flames. Above our heads a few charred timbers only
remained of the roof, beyond which the stars were seen shining from out
of the dark sky.
"We might have been very much worse off," I observed to Pedro, as we sat
by the fire eating the provisions which we had brought with us. After
supper we lay down in the cleanest spot we could find, and tried to
recruit our strength by sleep.
I was awoke by Pedro's hand touching my shoulder. I looked up, at first
scarcely able to remember where I was. He had just before thrown some
chips on the fire, which made it blaze brightly. I saw that he had his
fingers on his lips to enforce silence, so I did not speak; but his
looks showed that something had alarmed him. I soon discovered the
cause, from hearing the footsteps of several persons in the
neighbourhood. I was about to inquire, in a whisper, who they could be,
when I observed him glance up at the top of the wall above us. I turned
my eyes in the same direction, and then I saw, by the light of the fire,
the elf-like locks and red-coloured countenance of a wild Indian, who
was gazing down upon us. He looked as much surprised to find us there
as we were to see him.
"Pray, friend, who are you, and what do you seek here?" asked Pedro, in
the Quichua language.
The stranger made no answer, and presently afterwards a dozen other
Indians sprung up to the top of the wall. They were dressed and painted
as the warriors of a distant tribe, dwelling in the northern part of the
country. After looking at us for an instant, they fixed their arrows in
their bows, and were drawing the strings when Pedro shouted out to
them:--
"Stay your hands. We are friends of the Indians, and under the
protection of the Inca Tupac Amaru." At the same time he held up a gold
ring with which Manco had provided him.
The Indians evidently supposed we were Spaniards, and were accordingly
about to put us to death. They did not seem inclined to alter their
purpose, for they drew their arrows to the heads; and I believed that
our last moments had arrived, when the name of the Inca restrained them.
"We will hear what account you have to give of yourselves," said the man
who had at first appeared, letting himself down from the top of the
wall. He was followed by the rest, and others who had climbed up; and
we were soon surrounded by a large body of Indians. I endeavoured to
look as unconcerned and as little alarmed as possible, so I re-seated
myself on the block of wood which I had before occupied. One who seemed
to have authority over the rest, took a seat opposite to me, while they
stood round the room Pedro forthwith began to give a history of our
proceedings, and the cause of our present wanderings. The chief, after
some time, appeared satisfied.
"We have vowed to destroy all the white men we meet," he exclaimed; "but
though your skins are white, your hearts are with the Indians, and we
will not injure you."
On hearing these words, I breathed more freely; for I had my misgivings
that the Indians would not believe Pedro, and would torture us before
they put us to death, as they had lately too often treated their white
captives. We soon became on very friendly terms. The chief told Pedro
that he and his followers belonged to the very war party which had
destroyed the village; that they had swept the country for some way
farther to the north, burning all the houses, and murdering all the
white inhabitants they encountered; and that now, laden with booty, they
were returning to their own homes in the far distant interior. The army
now lay encamped at a little distance from the village, in a strong
position, where they could not be surprised by any Spanish force which
might be near them. He and his band had, he said, come to the place for
the purpose of carrying off some of the spoil which they had concealed
when last there. They had found it undisturbed, and were consequently
in a very good humour.
I told Pedro to endeavour to learn from them, whether they had heard of
any English people being in the village when they attacked it. Pedro
put the questions I desired.
"If any English people were there, or other strangers, they shared the
fate of the rest," answered the chief with a look of fierceness. I
shuddered as he spoke. "It was not a time for us to distinguish people.
We had years and years of bitter cruelty and wrong to revenge on the
heads of the Spaniards. No one escaped. We came upon them in the
night, suddenly and without warning. We surrounded the village, and
then burst in upon them while they slept in fancied security, despising
the poor Indians whom they so long had trampled on. As they rose from
their beds and attempted to fly, we cut them down at the doors of their
houses. We threw burning brands upon the roofs, and closed them in till
the fire had destroyed them. We drove them shrieking through the
streets, and shot them down with our arrows. Some took refuge in the
church; but it did not save them. When the morning broke, not a soul
remained alive. But we were not content. We had begun to taste the
sweets of vengeance, and we rushed on through the country, burning and
destroying in our course. We have still more work to perform. Our
swords must not be sheathed till the Inca sits once more on the throne
of his ancestors, and till not a Spaniard remains alive to boast that
his people once held sway in the land."
As I watched the countenance of the speaker, it wore an almost terrific
expression, full of an intense hatred, and a desire for vengeance; yet,
before the outbreak, he had probably been like most other Indians, a
mild, peaceable, and patiently suffering man. The account he had given
of the destruction of the place almost banished the hope which still
existed within my breast. Yet I resolved to persevere in my search. My
dismay was very great, when I learned from Pedro that the old chief
intended to remain in the village with his followers till the morning,
and then to carry us along with him as prisoners.
"He believes our story," said Pedro; "but still he thinks that if we
continue our journey, we may give information to the Spaniards of the
road the army is taking. He will, I dare say, treat us well, and
release us when he fancies we can run no chance of injuring his people."
The news caused me great vexation, for, though I had no fear that the
Indians would injure us, I was afraid that we should be led a long way
out of the road in which we could hope to make any effectual inquiries,
if, indeed, further search was of any avail. I was anxious also to
examine the country surrounding the place where the body of Ithulpo was
said to have been discovered; and I told Pedro to entreat the chief,
before he commenced his march, to allow us to go out for a few hours as
soon as it was light, promising faithfully to return. Pedro made the
request, but the old chief, when he understood the object, said it would
be useless to grant it.
"Your friends were all killed," he said, "You search for those who are
not to be found."
"Then we must appeal to the head chief commanding the army," I said to
Pedro in Spanish. "Try and learn who he is."
After making inquiries, Pedro told me that he was a powerful _cacique_,
who had assumed the title of Tupac Catari; and though he was, as most of
the _caciques_ were, descended from an Inca noble, he was only in a
remote degree connected with Tupac Amain. He did not consider himself
in any way under the orders of the Inca, and was inclined, it appeared,
to set up as the Inca himself. It argued ill for the Indian cause, that
there should be this division in their forces. From what I heard of
him, I was afraid that there was very little probability of his granting
the request which had been denied by his inferior, the old chief.
"If, then, we are to be treated as prisoners, we must endeavour to make
our escape should any opportunity present itself," I whispered to Pedro,
whom I had drawn aside.
Not to excite the suspicions of our captors, I pretended to be contented
with the arrangement, when I found that there was no chance of altering
the old chief's determination; and returning to the fire, I sat down,
desiring Pedro to say that I was very tired, and wished to be allowed to
sleep till daylight. The Indians apparently finding themselves in
tolerably comfortable quarters, wrapped their ponchos round them, and
lay down on the ground round the fire, to follow my example. I was,
however, too much excited to sleep, and had lost myself in forgetfulness
but a very short time when daylight appeared, and the whole party sprung
to their feet.
Pedro and I were allowed to mount our mules, and accompanied by the
Indians, who bore the spoils they had collected, set out to join the
main body, which was already on its march to the northward. We came in
sight of them about three miles to the west of the village, as they were
passing over a wide sandy plain, bordered by a range of thickly wooded
hills. There appeared to be about thirty thousand of them,--a body, as
far as numbers were concerned, fully able to compete with any Spanish
force which could be sent against them; but they were in a very
undisciplined and disorganised state, and were, from what I heard, more
intent on obtaining plunder, and on destroying the defenceless whites,
than on pushing their first successes with vigour against the common
enemy. There were some four or five hundred horsemen among them armed
with spears; the rest were infantry, who carried slings, and bows, and
axes, and heavy wooden clubs. The cavalry guarded the flanks, and the
footmen marched in separate bodies under their respective chiefs, with
banners at their head; but there were a great number of stragglers, and,
as far as my eye could reach, I observed small bodies who appeared to be
scouring the country in search of plunder or provisions. The booty was
distributed among the soldiers, each of whom bore a load on his back,
consisting of woollen and other goods, household utensils, furniture,
and clothing of every description.
The chief, Tupac Catari, rode at the head of his forces, surrounded with
banner-bearers. He was a fierce, wild-looking Indian, with a forbidding
expression of countenance; and his dignity was not increased by his
having dressed himself in the uniform of a Spanish officer, whose cocked
hat he wore with the points resting on his shoulders. The lower parts
of his legs were bare, except that he had sandals on the soles of his
feet, fastened with leather thongs, and a huge pair of silver spurs to
his heels. His wife came behind him in a sort of litter, covered with
coloured cotton, and supported on men's shoulders. His followers were
habited in every variety of costume, which they had picked up in their
expedition; a few of the better organised bodies only retaining their
national costume. Is this, I thought, the sort of character who is to
aid in the liberation of his native land?
A force like his may, as it has proved, have the power to lay desolate a
country, and to murder the defenceless inhabitants; but will they be
able to sustain an attack from disciplined troops, when such are sent
against them? The general--for so I may call him--halted when we
appeared, and made inquiries of the old chief about us. A long
conversation then ensued, the result of which was that we were ordered
to accompany him. He wanted a secretary, we were told, to write
despatches to the other chiefs, and to communicate with the Spaniards;
and he thought that either Pedro or I should be able to answer his
purpose. In vain we pleaded the necessity of proceeding as we had
intended. He refused to listen to any appeal we could make.
"You may consider yourselves fortunate in not losing your lives," he at
last answered. "We have sworn to kill every white man we meet; and you
have to thank your friend Manco, on account of the love all the Indians
bear him, that we have not killed you; so be content and say no more."
The old chief who had first taken us prisoners, finding himself thus
unceremoniously deprived of our company, left us to our fate, and for
some time we rode on in silence among the general's body-guard. Every
man in the army seemed to be talking at the same time. They were, I
found, boasting to each other of the deeds of valour they had performed,
of the enemies they had slain, and of the booty they had collected. The
general after some time called us to his side, and asked us if we could
inform him what the Spaniards were about, and whether they were likely
to attack the Indian armies.
"Tell him," I said to Pedro, "that the Spaniards will never consent to
yield up the country to the natives. They are only waiting to assemble
their forces, to endeavour to regain the places they have lost. If they
have not men enough here, they will send to Spain for more, and for guns
and artillery, and all the munitions of war. They will soon appear,
well armed and disciplined; and a hundred of their troops will be a
match for a thousand or even two thousand Indians. The only chance of
success the Indians have is to be united, to act under one chief, and to
follow up each advantage, till they have driven the Spaniards from their
shores."
"Very good," said the general. "I will be that chief, and will follow
the advice of the English stranger."
And he drew himself up proudly in his saddle, as if he was about to
become Inca of Peru. I saw after this, that any advice I could offer to
him would be thrown away; besides, I doubted much whether I was
justified in offering encouragement to the Indians. I felt that they
had been most unjustly and cruelly treated, and certainly desired to see
them obtain their emancipation; but at the same time, I saw that there
was little or no hope of their ever regaining their country, or
restoring the ancient dynasty of the Incas; and that the attempt would
only cause a vast amount of bloodshed, and too probably end in their
total destruction. As an Englishman, too. I regretted that I had no
business to interfere in a cause which, just as it certainly was, if
maintained properly, was not my own; and I resolved, therefore, to be
silent for the future.
The dreadful cruelties committed by the Indians had horrified me; and
the romance with which I had at first invested their brave attempt at
emancipation, had vanished on a nearer inspection of the means by which
they were carrying it out. I never did and never can believe that the
end justifies the means. God's righteous laws must be implicitly
obeyed; and no reasons which we may offer can excuse us for neglecting
them. Yet we may be allowed to believe that he weighs our actions of
good or evil by the knowledge we possess through the light of His word;
and acts which, committed by us, might be unpardonable, may, when
perpetrated by ignorant savages, be overlooked through His mercy in the
day of judgment.
From the time that the Christian and the civilised Europeans first
landed in Peru, they treated the ignorant and heathen natives with the
greatest cruelty; and thus taught by their task-masters, they, on the
first opportunity, showed that they had not forgotten the lessons they
had received, but treated them as they themselves had been treated. Had
the Spaniards taught the Peruvians mercy, justice, and piety, by their
own example, this terrible outbreak would never have occurred, and the
weaker race would have become willing servants to the stronger. We
ought always to bear in mind that it is by the just administration of
good laws, and by the conduct of the rich, the educated, and the
powerful, that the lower orders are educated, as much, or even more,
than by the lessons given them by their nominal instructors.
Ministers of religion will preach in vain from the pulpit, and
schoolmasters will find their efforts useless, unless the upper orders
set a good example. I entreat my young friends to recollect that they
belong to the educated classes, whose behaviour is sure to be imitated
by those below them. If their conduct is unchristian, irreligious, or
immoral, they will not only have their own sins to answer for at the day
of judgment, but the sins of those whom they by their example have led
astray. The dreadful excesses committed by the lower orders during the
French Revolution were the results of the irreligious and immoral
conduct and teaching of the upper classes in France. The Peruvian
Indians, who were guilty of the terrible atrocities I have mentioned,
were mostly, in name at least, Christians, and had Christian priests
ministering to them; but their teaching appears to have had no effect in
restraining them from acts totally at variance with all the principles
of Christianity. How could they, indeed, have faith in a creed
professed by men who, from the time of their first appearance in their
country, had not scrupled to murder, to plunder, to ill-treat, and to
enslave them?
It is worthy of remark, that when the Indians destroyed every other
human being in the places they attacked, they in many instances saved
the lives of the priests. I suspect, however, that they did so, not so
much that they respected their sacred character, but because in their
superstition they fancied they were possessed of supernatural powers,
which might be exercised for their punishment if they ventured to injure
them. There were many enlightened and patriotic men among the Indians;
and from all I heard of Tupac Amaru and his family, they were worthy of
a happier fate than befell them. I shall have to describe their
subsequent history as I proceed in my narrative.